Major-General Anthony Wayne and the Pennsylvania line in the Continental Army

Preface

. It has often been remarked by students of American history (in this part of the country at least) that in both popular and standard works on the Revolutionary and pre-Revolutionary eras there is a singular failure to give any adequate account of the part taken by Penn sylvania in the struggles of those days, or of the in fluence of her statesmen and soldiers in moulding the national policy. Impressed with a belief that such opinions are not without foundation, and with the hope of calling the attention of students to what I venture to term certain "lost" chapters of our American history, I prepared some time ago a biography of that illustrious Pennsyl vania statesman John Dickinson, — a man who for various reasons is little known to this generation, but who, in the formative period of our history, so guided the policy of the country that his controlling influence is readily recognized as shaping that policy from the date of the Stamp Act to that of the Declaration of Independence.

With the same object in view I now present another chapter of that neglected history, that which relates to the achievements of a most distinguished soldier of Pennsylvania, — General Anthony Wayne. The materials for a memoir of General Wayne,

PREFACE.

. which are exceedingly abundant and valuable, have been preserved with great care by his family, and are now deposited with the collections of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania. A study of these papers has enabled me to give to the public a full and, I hope, a trustworthy account of the career of General Wayne. These papers embrace copies of the letters written by him during his campaigns, or rather the rough draughts of those letters, letters received by him from the most eminent personages of the Revolution, and many other documents illustrating his life. My object has been to allow these letters to tell their own story, connecting them only by such an account of the events of the time as may seem necessary to explain the true value and character of General Wayne's achievements and those of the men he commanded, — for the most part officers and soldiers of the Pennsylvania line.

On the death of General Wayne in 1 796 his papers passed into the possession of his son, Colonel Isaac Wayne. Colonel Wayne was a man deeply imbued with filial reverence for the memory of his father, and with a very high conception of the glory which he had achieved by his military exploits. In 1829 he printed in a magazine called "The Casket" a brief memoir of his father, illustrated by numerous letters of the general, then, for the first time, made public, which were at once recognized as extremely valuable and interesting con tributions to our Revolutionary history. Not satisfied with this, however, he asked at different times two of his friends, the Hon. Charles Miner and the Hon. Joseph J. Lewis, of West Chester, to complete the Work which he had begun. Neither of these gentle-

PREFACE.

. V men seems to have been able to comply fully with his request, although it appears that each of them wrote portions of a memoir of General Wayne. The " Sup plementary Chapter" in this book was prepared by Mr. Lewis, and I think no one who reads it can help feeling regret that he did not write "The Life of General Wayne" with the same spirit which inspired this chapter of it. The only printed account of any of General Wayne's achievements which is fully illustrated by his own letters is the story of the capture of Stony Point in 1779 by the late Mr. Henry B. Dawson. This work is in the shape of a paper read before the Historical Society of New York in 1863. It was privately printed, — only two hundred and fifty copies having been struck off. It seems to me one of the fullest and most satisfactory narratives of a great historical event with which I am acquainted.

The gentlemen above named have left their work unfinished. They have given us but a glimpse or an outline of the character and career of our illustrious soldier. With the material at my disposal I have felt it a duty which I owed not only to the memory of Gen eral Wayne, but also to the reputation of the State whose son he was, to make an effort to complete the work which others have begun, and to portray the general as he appeared to our fathers, — a typical hero. It is much to be regretted that the material for il lustrating the career of many of the brave men he commanded has not, after diligent search, proved as abundant as that which has been preserved for bringing before us the life of their chief.

PREFACE.

. VI I must express my great obligations to the librarian of the Historical Society, Mr. F. D. Stone, for his careful supervision of the text of my book, as well as to those kind friends of the Society who have aided me in completing the work while suffering from an attack of illness. March, 1893. CONTENTS.

Chapter I

— (Pages 1-23.) EARLY TRAINING AND DISCIPLINE. Position of General Wayne in American History, 1. Sketch of his Family and Character of his Early Training, 4. Sent to Nova Scotia as a Surveyor — Work there, 8. Return to Waynesborough, and Marriage, 10. Beginnings of the Revolution in Pennsylvania, 13. Wayne's Position before the Outbreak, 14. Chester County under his Leadership, 17. Raises a Battalion for the Continental Service, and is appointed Colonel, 18. The Revolutionary Sentiment in Chester County, 21-23.

CHAPTER 1

1.— (Pages 24-59.) CANADIAN CAMPAIGN AND TICONDEROGA. Efforts of Congress to secure the Sympathy and Aid of the Canadians, 25. The Quebec Act, 26. Wayne's Regiment sent to reinforce Sullivan and Arnold, 28. Battle of the Three Rivers, 29. Wayne's Conduct in the Retreat, 31. The Army retires to Ticonderoga, and Wayne placed in Command, 34. Letters describing his Life there and the Condition of the Garrison, 35-59.

Chapter III

— (Pages 60-134.) BRANDYWINE, GERMANTOWN, AND VALLEY FORGE. Wayne appointed Brigadier-General, 60. Joins Washington's Army at Morristown, 61. Organization of the Pennsylvania Troops in that Army, 62. The Fabian Policy of Washington at Morristown, 63. Condition of the Army, 64-67. Political Condition of Pennsylvania, 67-71. The British Army embark for the Chesapeake, 72. The Americans move towards the Head of that Bay, 74. Wayne's Plan of Attack before Brandywine, 75. The Battle of the Brandywine, and the Conduct of Wayne's Division of the Pennsylvania Line, 77-80. The British move towards the Upper Fords of the Schuylkill, 81. Washington's Pursuit, 82. " Paoli Massacre," and Wayne's Defence before the Court-Martial, 83-92. The Battle of Germantown, and the Part taken in it by Wayne and the Pennsylvania Line, 93-98.

Pennsylvania vn CONTENTS. VIII Regiments at Brandywine and Germantown, 98-102. S.ege and Defence of Fort Mifflin, 103-106. Wayne's Anxiety that more Active Measures should be adopted, 106-112. Condition of Affairs at Valley Forge during the Winter, 1 12-128. Foraging in New Jersey, 128-134-

Chapter IV

— (Pages 135-181.) MONMOUTH. Evacuation of Philadelphia by the British Army, and the Pursuit of Washington, 135-140. Council of War at Hopewell, 141. Wayne's Letters to the Commander-in-Chief urging Active Measures, 143. Battle of Monmouth, 144- 154. Delusions concerning the French Alliance, 155-158. Sufferings of the Army during the Winter of 1778-79. '59- Demoralization of Congress and the State Assembly, 161. Provisions made for the Wants of the Army, 162-165. Violence of Party Feeling in Pennsylvania, 165. Difficulties connected with the Appointment of St. Clair to supersede Wayne in Command of the Pennsylvania Line, 167-171. Disputes about Rank, i73-'79- General Wayne promised the Command of a New Light Infantry Corps, 180, 181.

Chapter V

— (Pages 182-210.) STONY POINT. Value of Stony Point as a Strategetical Position, 182-184. Light Infantry Corps under Wayne's Command — How made up, 185. Reconnoissance by Washington, and his Orders to assault the Fortress, 186-189. Wayne's Order of Battle, 190. His Last Letter to Delany, 193. Assault and Capture, 193- 197. Special Military Qualities exhibited by Wayne and his Troops on this Occasion, 202-206. Origin of the Sobriquet " Mad Anthony," 207-210.

Chapter VI

— (Pages 211-262.) Arnold's treason, and the revolt of the Pennsylvania line. Attachment of the Officers of the Light Infantry to General Wayne as shown on the Disbandment of the Corps, 211-215. Gloomy Prospects for the Campaign of 1780, 216. Expedition against the Block-House at Bergen, 219- 222. Wayne's Letters to Washington and President Reed at this Crisis, 223. Renewed Disputes about Rank, 229-232. Part taken by the Pennsylvania Line in counteracting the Effect of Arnold's Treason, 233. Signs of Mutiny in the Line, and Causes thereof, 239. Narrative of the Revolt, 242. Its Result, 244. Substantial Justice of the Demands of the Soldiers, 246-250. Irish-Americans in the Line, 248. Wayne's Conduct during the Revolt, 251. Correspondence relating thereto, 252-262. CONTENTS. IX

Chapter VII

— (Pages 263-285.) VIRGINIA CAMPAIGN AND YORKTOWN. Wayne in Command of a Detachment of the Line sent to reinforce General Greene in South Carolina, 264. Mutinous Spirit of the Soldiers, 265, 266. Ordered to join La Fayette in Virginia, 267-270. Battle of Green Spring, 271-275. Washington's Plans for the Capture of Cornwallis, 277-280. Reception of the French Allies, 282, 283. Siege and Surrender of Yorktown, 284, 285.

CHAPTER VII

I.— (Pages 286-299.) THE GEORGIA CAMPAIGN. Wayne joins General Greene in South Carolina, 281. Sent to Georgia to establish the Authority of the United States, 287. His Force, 288. His Plans for the Reduction of Savannah, 289. Defeats the Garrison and the Indians in their Attempt to form a Junction, 288-290. Wayne's Strategy during the Campaign, 291-293. Evacuation of Savannah, 291. Wayne appointed a Major-General by Brevet, 293-295. Correspondence concerning the Society of the Cincinnati, 296, 297. Disbandment of the Army, 297. Mutiny of the Lancaster Recruits, and Conduct of Wayne's Troops on their Return Home, 298, 299.

Chapter IX

— (Pages 300-314.) WAYNE IN CIVIL LIFE. Wayne's Return to Pennsylvania — Welcomed by his Old Friends, 300, 301. Elected a Member of the Council of Censors, and his Course, 301-303. Elected a Member of Assembly in 1784 and 1785, 303. His Course in Regard to the Repeal of the Test and Confiscation Acts, 304. Nature of these Acts, 305-308. Financial Troubles and the Georgia Plantation, 309-313. Wayne returned as a Member of Congress from Georgia, 314.

Chapter X

-(.P^« 315-348.) CAMPAIGN AGAINST THE NORTHWESTERN INDIANS. Wayne appointed Commander-in-Chief of the Army, and Difficulties of his Position, 316. The Country northwest of the Ohio, and the Efforts made to conciliate the Indians in Possession of it, 317. Harmar's Expedition, 318. St. Clair's Expedition and Defeat, 319. Reorganization of the Army under Wayne — Legion of the United States, 321. Wayne's Preparations for a Campaign in Ohio, and Embarrassments, 322-326. Wayne's Magnanimous CONTENTS. X Spirit, 327. Advance to Fort Recovery, 328, and to the Rapids of the Miami, 329, 330. Signal Victory over the Indians, 33I-336- Fruits of the Victory— Treaty of Greeneville, 337, 338. Wayne's Triumphal Return to Philadelphia, 339, 340. Effect of his Campaign on the Adoption of Jay's Treaty, 341. Wayne appointed Commissioner to receive the Surrender of the Forts, 342.

His Sickness and Death at Presqu'isle, 343, 344- Inscrip tion on his Monument, 345. General Sketch of his Character and Services, 346-348. SUPPLEMENTARY C H APTER.— (Pages 349-373-) Ceremonies at the Reinterment of General Wayne's Remains at St. David's, 350. His Estate, 351-354. His Will, 355. Mr. Irving's Estimate of Wayne's Military Genius, 356. Characteristics of his Generalship, 357-360. His Conduct during Councils of War, 361, 362. Origin of the Sobriquet " Mad Anthony," 364, 365. General Sketch of Wayne's Character and Peculiarities as an Officer, 365-368. Colonel Isaac Wayne the Younger, 370. His Efforts to prepare a Suitable Memoir of his Father, 372. General Wayne's Descendants, 373. APPENDICES. PAGB Appendix I. Promotions in General Wayne's Division, December 20, 1777 . 375 " II.

Arrangement of the Officers of the Pennsylvania Line (Wayne's Division, Eight Regiments), August, 1 778 .... 376 " III. Arrangement of the Officers of the Pennsylvania Line, January, 1781 (Six Regiments) 383 " IV. Muster-Roil of the Officers in the Legion of the United States, '793 389 " V. Stony Point Documents 306 " VI. Description of Medals voted by Congress for the Capture of Stony Point

Chapter I. Early Training And Discipline

The renewed interest which has of late been awakened in the study of American history, and especially in the history of the Revolution, has drawn attention to the wonderful career of General Wayne. By many his memory is cherished as that of a popular idol ; still, not much seems to be known of his character and achievements even in his native State, where his fame should have been preserved as a precious heritage. Some, it is true, recall the strange sobriquet of " Mad Anthony" by which he was known in his lifetime, and are curious to know how it happened that a man who accomplished such great deeds should have been called a madman. Others have not forgotten that he was the most brilliant and picturesque figure in the Revolutionary army, with the possible exception of the young Marquis de La Fayette.

Those also who have read in the history of the Revolution of the most striking and wonderful exploit of the war, the midnight assault of Stony Point under Wayne's leadership, or of the manner in which he restored the fortunes of the day at Monmouth, or of the extraordinary ability with which, supported by an insignificant force, he contrived to rescue the State of Georgia from the British and their 1 Indian allies in one campaign of three months' duration, naturally seek to know something of the character of a man whose life was rendered illustrious by these and similar exploits. Here is a man whose career extends from fighting with well-trained British soldiers in Can ada to the successful blockade of the English garrison at Savannah, from the desperate conflict at Monmouth to the final conquest and subjugation of the Indians of the Northwest ; who, beginning as a surveyor and a simple farmer of Chester County, raised one of the first regi ments in Pennsylvania for the Continental army, and closed his career twenty years later as the General Com manding-in-Chief of the Armies of the United States, appointed to that high office by Washington himself; yet, according to the editor of the most voluminous and accurate history of the country which has been published, " his life is yet to be written."

It seems that the time has come when an effort should be made to portray him as he really was, and not as he appears in the popular legend, which in many respects is mislead ing, and to give some account of his career, gathered chiefly from his correspondence, which presents his career not merely as a soldier, but as a patriot, in the most striking and attractive light. To get a true view of Wayne's life, however, we must at the outset divest our minds of certain prepossessions concerning his career which usually make up the whole of the picture presented to us, but which form in reality only the background of that of which Wayne is the central figure. There is a general impression, for in stance, that he was simply a beau sabreur, — a sort of reckless dare-devil, who could be relied upon, and was at all times called upon, to lead with unshrinking courage the most desperately dangerous operations.

People forget that he many times proved to the satisfaction of his great chief not merely that he was impetuous in action, but that while he was quick in conception and prompt in execution he was most cautious and careful in preparation and unfailing in resources. If we are to judge Wayne simply as an intrepid leader for whom personal danger had a certain positive charm, and not as a great soldier possessing that rare combination of qualities which go to make up the illustrious gen eral, we shall fall into great error. We might as well regard Sheridan, for instance, as he restored the for tunes of the day and rallied his army in the valley of the Shenandoah, as having thereby established his fame as a great general, or judge Grant as a general by the brilliant operations which led to the surrender of Donelson.

The very brilliancy of Wayne's reputation as a fighting general has somewhat blinded the eyes of his countrymen to those military qualities which he possessed in common with all great soldiers. For the moment it is only necessary to say that no important strateget ical movement was undertaken by Washington while Wayne was under his command without consulting him. His illustrious chief knew that he could trust him thoroughly for the execution of his part in any plan assigned to him, for his heart was in his work ; every faculty of his mind was bent to its accomplishment, and he never disappointed those who trusted him. The career of General Wayne has for us in this State a special interest. Not only is his fame part of the heritage of glory in achieving our national independence of which we, as Pennsylvanians, may justly claim our share, but we can never forget that his great deeds were achieved by the aid of the men of Pennsyl vania, whom he had trained as soldiers, and who, under his command, throughout the Revolution formed a corps d' elite in the American army called " the Pennsyl vania line."

The services of these men, rendered with a courage which never failed amidst all the dangers and trials of the Revolutionary campaigns, have been in a great measure unchronicled, or the story is told in documents and correspondence which have never been printed. It seems that the present is a fit time, when, as we have said, a new interest appears to have been aroused in our Revolutionary history, that an effort should be made to do away with that self-reproach which always oppresses us as we stand over the graves of our forgotten heroes and strive to bring before our minds a true picture of the deeds of those who suffered and died that we might live. Surely State pride, if not reverence for their memory, founded upon gratitude for their services, should teach us to honor these men by recounting their achievements as well as those of their intrepid leader.

The family of Wayne was originally of English stock, and at the time of the outbreak of the Revolu tion it had been seated for three generations in Ches ter County. The grandfather of the general during the reign of Charles II. had removed his family from Yorkshire and had taken possession of an estate in the County Wicklow in Ireland. He was a Protes tant, and joined the forces of William of Orange in his contest with King James II. He commanded a troop of dragoons in the service of King William at the battle of the Boyne, and he greatly distinguished him self by his gallantry in that decisive battle. It is said that the ancestor of General William Irvine, Wayne's distinguished Lieutenant, had been an officer in the same battle. Wayne was not of the race called, in our classification of the population of Pennsylvania, the Scotch-Irish, as were so many of his friends and neighbors in Chester County, Wicklow being a part of Ire land into which the translated Scotch never penetrated.

For some reason which it is now impossible to explain, his grandfather gave up his estate in Ireland and came to Pennsylvania in 1722, one of the years in which a great tide of Scotch-Irish emigration flowed in upon us from the northern part of that kingdom. The elder Wayne brought with him four sons, who are said to have been carefully educated at home, and with them, it would appear, a considerable worldly substance. In the year 1724 he purchased an estate in Chester County of nearly sixteen hundred acres on the border of that most beautiful of valleys, the great valley of that county, which he called Waynesborough. Upon his death this estate was divided among his sons ; his youngest, Isaac, the father of the future general, receiving as his share about five hundred acres, which, by a strange coinci dence, lay near by the spot known in after-years as the scene of the Paoli massacre.

Isaac Wayne is described as having been a man of strong mind and of great in dustry and enterprise. He frequently represented the county of Chester in the Provincial Assembly, and as a commissioned officer distinguished himself in expeditions against the Indians.1 After a long life of useful ness to his country, to his family, and to his friends, he died in 1774, leaving one son and two daughters.2^ His only son, Anthony, was born at Waynesborough, in the township of Easttown, in Chester County, on the 1st of January, 1 745. Of Anthony Wayne it may be said, if it can be truly said of any one, that he was born with the instinct of a soldier. He had all his mother's force of character and his father's love for military adventure and enter prise. He seems from the first to have been a manly and self-reliant boy, although hardly taking kindly to the course of instruction designed for him by his father.

His uncle Gilbert, whose pupil he was, found that he had little taste for the study of the ancient languages, then, as it is now, the basis of all truly liberal education, but that he made great progress in the elementary mathematics. As a boy his ambition seems to have been to lead the life and do the work of a soldier. His uncle writes to his father, " What he may be best quali fied for I know not. He may perhaps make a soldier. He has already distracted the brains of two-thirds of the boys under my charge by rehearsals of battles, sieges, etc. During noon, in place of the usual games and amusements, he has the boys employed in throwing up 1 Captain Isaac Wayne was a captain in the Provincial service, commissioned by Governor Morris, and was stationed during the winter of 1756 first at Nazareth and afterwards at Fort Allen.

He married Elizabeth, daughter of Richard Iddings, of Chester County, who is spoken of as a woman of remarkable force and earnestness of character. ' Moore's Life of Wayne, p. 8. redoubts, skirmishing, etc." Thus early did the hero of Stony Point show the unmistakable bent of his genius. We may remember that many generals in embryo, Napoleon foremost of them all, have been distinguished in their boyhood by just such decided tastes ; moreover, that the preference of such boys has generally been for mathematical rather than for classical studies. Wayne's wise father, while probably recognizing the very strong bent of his son's mind for a military life, was perfectly aware that no such career was open in the British army for a provincial without a home influ ence such as he could not command.

He therefore made up his mind to try once more to train him in clas sical studies. He was accordingly sent, when sixteen years old, to the Academy in Philadelphia, no doubt with the expectation that a change of school studies would bring about a change of tastes. Apparently the hoped-for result was not attained.1 His fondness for an out-of-door life and for mathematical studies was at this time his strong characteristic, and led him at last, as his hopes of becoming a soldier vanished, to adopt the profession of a surveyor. In those days this occu pation resembled in this country more nearly that of a soldier than any other, and the adventurous life which the surveyor was forced to lead in the wilderness in the practice of his profession, the discipline in which he was trained by the dangers, hardships, and constant vigilance which made up part of his daily occupation, formed an excellent preparation for his future work as 1 His name is not found among those of the matriculates of the Academy.

MAJOR- GENERAL WA YNE. 8 a soldier. Such was the school in which Washington was trained, and in it Wayne acquired the qualities of a true soldier. In those days the country in which the surveyor was called upon to do his work of tracing courses and distances and settling boundaries was for the most part a dense and untrodden forest, often occupied by hostile Indians. While thus in the performance of his duty he led a life of constant exposure and hard ship, his body became hardened and disciplined, and his mind ready and resourceful in times of difficulty. Young Wayne seems to have gained reputation as a surveyor rapidly. We find that before he was twenty one years old he was employed to survey and settle — that is, to colonize — two vast tracts of wild lands which had been purchased by Dr. Franklin and his associ ates, capitalists in Philadelphia, in Nova Scotia.

No better proof could be given of the character which he had already established than that he, a mere boy in years, should have been employed upon such an errand of colonization by a man as sagacious as Dr. Franklin. These lands had been purchased in 1765 under the im pression that the peace of 1763 opened a large and profitable field of English enterprise in that quarter.1 Wayne was sent to Nova Scotia by these gentlemen not merely to survey their lands and to fix their bound- 1 It appears from the records of the Crown Land Office at Hali fax that on the 31st of October, 1765, a grant passed under the seal of the Province for one hundred thousand acres on the St. John's River to Alexander McNutt, Matthew Clarkson, Edward Duffield, Gerardus Clarkson, John Nagle, Benjamin Franklin, Anthony Wayne, and various others, and on the same day a grant was made to the same parties of one hundred thousand acres on the Piti coodzack River. aries, but also to establish upon them a colony of settlers who would cultivate them, — a most remarkable proof, as we have said, of the confidence which Wayne as a young man was able to inspire.

Of course Nova Scotia at that time was an untracked and un known wilderness, and it speaks well for Wayne's courage and adventurous spirit that he was willing to embark on so formidable an undertaking. We are unfortunately without the means of knowing the course he pursued in overcoming the obstacles which were interposed in the way of performing the duties assigned to him, but it is very clear that he could only have maintained himself at all in his position by the exercise of great force of character. As the agent of the com pany he seems to have justified the confidence reposed in him. The following are the points recommended to this boy to be observed, by the principal agent of the associates, Mr. John Hughes, a great favorite of Dr. Franklin's, who had been appointed through the Doc tor's influence distributor of stamps for this district.

He was told to ascertain whether "the land proposed to be bought and settled upon was, i. Good & supplied with navigable waters. 2. To observe where were the heads of navigation in Rivers, that is, the tide. 3. Con venient places for ferries. 4. Passes through the mountains. 5. Iron ore & cole mines. 6. Mill Seats & other waterworks. 7. Places where the roads meet. 8. Beaches or islands with black sand washed up. 9. Mast lands or pure swamps. 10. Lime stone or other stones. 11. Meadow lands and marsh. 12. Large Springs or any mineral Springs." A pretty extensive catalogue of subjects to be investigated and reported upon by a boy, even if he was as promising as young Wayne. In the course of a year he had not only made a first survey of the lands, but had led into the wilderness and settled in their new home a colony abundantly pro vided with implements of husbandry and provisions.

He continued in charge of this settlement until 1767, when the company, finding, it is said, its operations menaced by the controversy which had arisen between the mother-country and the Colonies, abandoned its scheme of colonization. It is worth while to recall this period of Wayne's early life, for what he went through during the two years he was engaged in this work proved invaluable in the military career he was des tined to follow. Having given up his position as superintendent of the Nova Scotia lands and returned home, he was married in May, 1766, to the daughter of Mr. Bartholomew Penrose, a prominent merchant of Philadelphia. From that time until the outbreak of the Revolution he culti vated his farm at Waynesborough, and established, be sides, an extensive tannery upon it. He was regarded by his neighbors, young as he was, owing to his exten sive experience, as an expert surveyor, whose profes sional opinion upon the various perplexing questions which arise in a newly-settled country in regard to boundaries was received as of final authority.

During these years he grew in the affections and confidence of his neighbors, and was recognized as a leader among a population of unusual intelligence and public spirit. He was chosen to fill several unimportant county offices, and when the first murmur of resistance to the ministerial measures was heard in 1774, his counsel was re garded as that of a recognized interpreter of public opinion in Chester County. His father died during this year, and he is spoken of in the address of con dolence sent by the officers of the regiment which the son was then organizing, as a "man conspicuously friendly to the great cause now depending between Great Britain and her Colonies." From this address, and from other circumstances, we may infer that the father was a shining example of that patriotic devotion with which the son's whole career was inspired.