Ædes Hartwellianæ, or notices of the Mansion of Hartwell. (Addenda, etc.)

Front matter

ADDENDA fO THE ÆDES HARTWELLIANÆ. ADDEND A TO THE EDES HARTWELLIANÆ BY ADMIRAL W. H. SMYTH, K.S.F., D.C.L. F.R.S., F.S.A.. F.R.A.S., F.R.G.S., ETC LONDON : prints o for (Circulation hr_ JOHN BOWYER NICHOLS AND SONS, PARLIAMENT STREET. SI.DCCC.LXIV TO JOHN LEE, ESQ., LL.D., F.R.S., F.S.A., F.R.A.S., F.G.S., &c. St. John's Lodge, 21— 1— '64. My dear Friend, The turmoils of the press having subsided, I am now enabled to place this volume in your hands. The "why and the wherefore" of its appearance is so fully accounted for in the following Introductory Matter, as to require no further mention here ; except that a word or two may be added in aid of the general argument. In this light, allow me expressly to call your attention to the Climature, and its monthly phenomena around Hartwell, which constitute a calendar expressly drawn up from personal observation, unremitting inquiry, gleanings of folk-lore, and a careful reduction of your voluminous meteorological records.

This summary, it is to be hoped, will prove at once correct and trustworthy, since I have taken great pains and bestowed much labour to render it so ; therefore it may be unhesitatingly stated, that, in any further inquiry of the kind, this Manor may henceforth be enrolled among the known instant "ur worthy of being relied upon. The descriptions given in illustration of the Geology of the Hartwell area are entitled to a similar confidence, being about as complete as the present advance of the science admits of; for, though the palæontology of the district is still open to an enlarged scrutiny, the stratification of its inorganic beds is not likely to be materially altered. I need hardly advert to the Historical and Archæological portions of the h INTRODUCTORY

Letter. II

Avork, since you are well acquainted with most of the occurrences. It will not, however, escape your eye that I have again dipped into your muniments and papers as freely as before ; but I can still aver, as then, that " I have directly steered the course between public or general interest, and personal confidence ; and that in no instance has the line of propriety been violated, or even strained, beyond a proper latitude." Moreover, in the printing of letters or parts of letters from some of my esteemed correspondents, it has only been where they act as correlatives of the text, or are in answer to given queries. In now referring you to the volume itself for further particulars, I will only take leave to add, that though many of the inquiries, and much con flictiug evidence, were somewhat troublesome during its composition, it was a real pleasure in retired age — blessed with mens sana in corpore sano— -to continue my endeavours to diffuse a streamlet of information which may, in any degree, be available to the flowing tide of wholesome instruction, so ob vious in the present intellectual — and I hope moral — progress of the human race.

It so happens that I am winding up this agreeable labour on my natal day, yet without any ominous foreboding of its being my last literary under taking ; wherefore, Adieu only for the present ; and, with earnest wishes for your continued health and happiness, believe me to remain Yours very truly, TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Chapter I. Additional Remarks In Continuation Of The First Chapter Of The

ÆDES HARTWELL- IANÆ: INTRODUCTORY MATTER : THE CHOROGRAPHICAL NOMENCLATURE: ARCHÆOLO- GICAL COLLECTANEA: HARTWELL PARISH : HARTWELL RECTORY AND PARK : THE LOCAL SCHOOLS, AND REFLECTIONS ON REFORMATORIES. Illustration*. Page 9. Fictile utensils found at Stone ..... Wood. 10. The ancient Bucket ....... Wood. 20. Ground-plan of Hartwell Church ..... Wood. 21. The Hartwell Bridge Wood. 29. The Old and New Schools Plate I. 34. The Akbar school-frigate ...... Wood. 38. The Porch and Cable-bitt ....'.. Wood.

Chapter II. The Geology, Climature, And Husbandry Around Hartwell

: GEOLOGICAL NOTICE OF THE HARTWELL AREA: THE WEATHER OF HARTWELL AND ITS MONTHLY PHENOMENA: ON THE HUSBANDRY AROUND HARTWELL: A DEFENCE OF BIRDS: PAST AND PRESENT FARM PRICES. Illustrations. Page 40. Geological map of the vicinity ..... Plate II. 44. Sections of Strata and Fossil Fish .... Plate III. 85. Plot of the Hartwell Farms Plate IV. 103. An old Windmill Wood. b CONTENTS. IV

Chapter III. Intersocial And Residentiary Notices

: THE GENERAL SODALITY OF HARTWELL AT THE CONQUEST: THE HAMPDENS : THE LEES OF QUARENDON : SIR GEORGE LEE, PRINCE FREDERICK, AND THE PRINCESS OF WALES: THE LEES OF COLWORTH, &C. Illustrations. Page 114. Mary Hampden's signature ...... Wood. 127. John Hampden's signature ...... Wood. 129. The exterior of Quarendon Chapel .... Wood. 130. The interior of Quarendon Chapel .... Wood. 131. Present state of Quarendon Chapel .... Wood. 133. A fragment, and the Lee Bearings .... Plate V. 136. Quarendon Chapel restored ...... Wood. 137. Medal to the Privateers ...... Wood. 143. Medallets of the Princess ...... Plate VI. 144 Equestrian Statue of the Prince ..... Wood. 145. Statue of George the Second ..... Wood. 151. Lee Antonie's funereal tablet ..... Plate VII. 157. The prudent Warrior ....... Wood.

Chapter IV. Another Visit To The Hartwell Museum

: A FRAGMENT OF SCULPTURE, PROBABLY BY PHIDIAS: GREEK INSCRIPTION ON GOLD: ANALOGIES OF EGYPT AND MEXICO; CERTAIN EGYPTIAN RELICS : FINDINGS IN NORTH AFRICA. Illustrations. Page 159. The head of Hebe Wood. 1G2. Greek inscription on gold ..... Wood. 104. Mexican and Egyptian royal symbols . . . Wood. 165. Masks of Mexico and Magna Græcia . . . Wood. 166. Hellenian and Syro-Egyptian vases . . . Wood. 167. Sicilian and Peruvian vases ..... Wood. 170. A Dog-faced Baboon and Cartouch . . . Wood. 171. Hawk with a human head ..... Wood. 172. The Kilometer Wood. CONTENTS. V Page 173. The eye of Osiris Wood. 175. Emblem of Isis, or Athor Wood. 176. Mummified figure of Osiris ..... Wood. 177. Rameses the Great Wood. 183. Statuette of Pharaoh Hophra .... Wood. 184. Egyptian lotus vase ...... Wood. 185.

Shoshannim head-dress ...... Wood. 186. An alabaster scent-bottle ..... Wood. 188. A coin of Septimius Severus ..... Wood. 190. Horseman from Ghirrza ...... Wood. 192. Eyes of Divinity Wood.

Chapter V. Half-a-dozen Sketches In The Vicinity Of Hartwell

: CONCERNING COLD HARBOURS: ON THE PURSUIT OF ARCHÆOLOGY, AND ON RUBBINGS: ON CERTAIN RELICS FOUND NEAR AYLESBURY: ON A " DOUBLE-FACED " BRASS IN STONE CHURCH: A WORD MORE ON THE "DOUBLE-FACED" BRASS: THE SIEGES OF BOARSTALL, WITH RELICS OF OLIVER CROMWELL STILL IN EXISTENCE. Illustrations. Page 197. The hooded Serpent ...... Wood. 204. Taking a rubbing ...... Wood. 209, Shakspeare's epitaph ...... Wood. 211. The Font in Stone Church Wood. 212. The palimpsest inscription ..... Wood. 224. Shield of the Gurneys ...... Wood. 226. Signatures of Lee, Mayne, and Beke . . . Wood. 230. View of Stone Church Wood. 233. Nigel receiving honour ... . . Wood. 234. Nigel's Horn . Wood. 236. View of Boarstall Tower Plate VIII. 240. A pass from General Fairfax . . . . . Wood. 244. Cromwell's Sword and Chair at Chequers . .

Wood. 246. Cromwell's Drogheda and Naseby swords . . Wood. 248. Cromwell's pass to Whelocke ..... Wood. 252. Ground-plan of Boarstall Tower .... Wood. CONTENTS. VI

Appendix

. ADMIRAL SMYTH'S PUBLISHED AND privatelyprinted works, in dr. LEES POSSESSION; WITH NOTES AND REMARKS IN ILLUSTRATION. THEY ARE AS FOLLOWS : Page 271. Prospectus for a Geographical Society. „ Columbretes on the Coast of Spain. „ Royal Awards for Geographical Discovery in 1850. ,, Address to Geographical Society. „ Allocution on Royal Premiums. 272. Anniversary Address to Geographical Society in 1851. 273. Hints to Travellers. ,, Archytas on Hydrography. ,, Telegraphic Communication. 274. Archytas on the British Navy. ,, Popular View of Meteorology. ,, Fate of La Perouse. ,, United Sendee Museum established. 275. Maritime Supremacy of Britain. 276. Sam Sprit to Heditur, on grievances. ,, Services of Major Herbert Beaver. ,, Dibdin's Sea Songs. ,, Naval Gunnery. „ Death of a Corsican Chief. 277.

Sam Sprit to the Heditur, on sea life. „ Memoir of Admiral Sir Charles Penrose. ,, Story of Ja'far of Wadai. 278. The King's Own reviewed. „ Description of Algiers. ,, Sam Sprit to the Heditur, on Rodney. ,, Career of Captain Peter Heywood ,, A Galley Yarn. 279. Discipline of the Mercantile Marine. ,, Naval Battles, power of steam. „ Theory of the Universe. „ On Naval Timber. ,, The Bounty again. 280. On Naval Literature Page 256. Memoir on Sicily and its islands, 4to. 257. Sketch of the Island of Sardinia. „ Life of Captain Philip Beaver, R.N. ,, Catalogue of Roman Imperial Medals 258 Observations on the Port of Cardiff. 259. Cycle of Celestial Objerts. 260. Ædes Hartwellianæ. ,, Memoir on the Mediterranean. 261. Catalogue of Roman Family Coins. 262. Speculum Hartwellianum. „ Rise, present state, and progress of the Royal Society Club. 263.

Addenda to Ædes Hartwellianæ. ,, Popular Astronomy by Arago. 264. History of the New World by Benzoni. 265. Biographies of Scientific Men by Arago. 266. Site of Graham Island. ,, Fluid-Lens Telescope experimented. 267. Scientific Career of von Humboldt. ,, Cyclopean Remains at Goza. „ Ancient Bath at Lipari. „ Roman Vestigia at Kirkby Thore. ,, Society of Antiquaries Coins and Tokens. 268. Society of Antiquaries' Astrological Clock. ,, Cold Harbour designation. ,. Sir John Hawkins, temp. Elizabeth. ,, Supplement to Astrological Clock. 269. Roman Coins from Rev. T. Kerrich. „ Digest of Tidal Tables off Dover. ,, Private Observatory at Bedford. ,, Observations of Halley's Comet. 270. Observations of y Virginis. „ Address to Royal Astronomical Society. ,. Necrological Notices, list of. CONTENTS.

Page 280. On Commander Woodley's Divine System of the Universe. ,, Naval Operations of the Burmese War. „ A word upon " Youngsters." „ " Cavendish " reviewed. ,, Sam Sprit at a Masquerade. ,, Sebastian Cabot. 281. An Officer's Affidavit. ,, The Nautical Almanac „ Voyage of Hanno the Carthaginian. ,, On the Occult Principle. ,, On Plague and Quarantine. „ Sam Sprit's Visit to Portsmouth. 282. On Breaking the Line. „ The Currents of the Atlantic. „ Steam Navigation. 283 Our Failure at Brest. 284. Modern Greece and Kanaris. ,, Nautical Astronomy. „ The Polar Lions. „ Naval Officers' Widows. ,, Thoughts on Impressment. ,, Biography of Admiral SirC. Cunningham „ The late Admiral Sir E. Thornborough. 285. ■ Sir R. Keats. „ Pirates and Piracy. 286. Naval Tactics considered. „ Colonies and Colonization. 287.

Admiral Sir B. Hallowell Carew. „ On Nautical Surveying. 288. On Modern Naval Novels. 289. Registry of Merchant Seamen. „ Circular Sterns for Men of War. „ On Naval Architecture. „ Economy of a Man-of-War. 290. A Society for Naval Improvement. ,, On Marine Insurance. „ A Voice from the Fleet. „ Naval History and Captain Brenton. 291. Biographical Sketch of Dampier. 292. The Cinque Ports „ On Nautical Superstition. 293. On Naval Biography. Earl St. Vincent and Captain Brenton. Page 293. A Recollection of Tobago. „ Nautical Inventions and Improvements. 294 A Call to all Men on State of the Navy. ,, Examination of the Law of Storms. 295 Career of Sir Sidney Smith. „ Admiral Sir Henry Trollope. „ Captain James Clark Ross's Antarctic Expedition. „ Raper's Practice of Navigation. 296. Voyages of "Adventure" and " Beagle." „ Anson's Expedition. „ Sovereignty of the Seas. 297.

On Telluric Magnetism. ,, On Oceanic Surf. 298. A Yam about Sharks. 299. Hygeia's Visit to the Fleet. ,, Nelson vindicated from vanity. 300. The last of the Pandoras. ,, Recent Operations in Lycia. „ Advance of Steam Navigation. ,, The Pandora again. 301. Dry-rot and Remedies for it. ,, Hurricanes of the Atlantic. ,, On Professional Clubs. „ On Lightning Conductors. „ The Goodere Tragedy. ,, A Glance upon Spain. ,, France and Morocco. 302 The " Mary Rose" and the French. „ A Seaman's Visit to Windemiere. The " Athenien" and the Skerki. 303. Thoughts on Naval Tactics. 304. Kolapoor and Sawunt-Warree. ., Nelson's First Visit to Naples. „ A word on the Trade-winds. ,, Nelson's Second Visit to Naples. 305. Thoughts upon Tides. „ Matthew Hanley, a sea-ballad. ,, On Manning the Navy. „ The Submarine Propeller. ,, Lampedusa and its Legends. „ The latest Legend of Lampedusa. 306.

Marvels of Marine Natural History „ On Oceanic Currents. CONTENTS. Page 306. Incidents of a, Surgeon's Mate. Page 307. On Coals for the Steam Navy. 308. A Chapter on Anchors. Biographical Sketch of Admiral Thomas Mathew, of Llandaff. „ A Requiem on Duelling. „ Strictures on Whewell's Ind. Sciences. 307. Autobiography of Sir J. Barrow. „ A Hint on the Navigation Laws 309. Reliquiæ Nelsonianæ. ,, A postscript on Sardinia. Captain Johnson and the Compass. HARTWELLIANÆ.

Chapter I. Additional Remarks, In Continuation Of The First Chapter Of The

ÆDES HARTWELLIANÆ. The stately Homes of England, how beautiful they stand. Amid their tall ancestral trees, the gloiy of our land. § 1. INTRODUCTORY MATTER. Although the interesting mansion and manor of Hartwell were rather amply set forth by the present writer in a former work, a residence of twelve years on an adjoining spot, since the launch of that volume, has matured his acquaintance with many local peculiarities, not only of the immediate site, but also with those features of the neighbourhood which may be looked upon, in some degree, as connected with the traditions and fortunes of the House of Hartwell. Such instances were from time to time duly jotted down, or, as the redoubtable Captain Cuttle would have had it, "made a note of," in order to their being inserted in an interleaved copy of the above-cited Ædes.

On discussing some of these points with my worthy compeer, Dr. Lee, and showing him a portion of the conclusions which I had arrived at, that gentleman expressed himself desirous of their being printed for general cir culation ; thereby adding such strength to the former statements as would convey a tolerably complete representation of the estate with respect to position, J! HARTWELLLANÆ. history, climate, capacity, and other relative moot points. In a word, to exhibit the chief events during an interval between the Conquest and the year of our Lord 1864. To this proposition I readily assented, since, besides fur nishing much new matter, I should thereby be enabled to amend two or three of my former statements; and likewise make a tilt at the comments of a batch of petty critics who, unacquainted with the difficulties of truthful in quiry, sneer at antiquarianism, and imperiously demand that their meat shall be roasted to a turn.

There are, moreover, certain plural units of a still lower grade, the dread We, who, under pretence of overhauling my book, have therefrom fabricated wholesale contributions to magazines and other periodi cals. This is an artifice springing, perhaps, from the urgent necessities of the "serial" conductors of the day; but their names shall not share even in the short-lived destiny of these pages. Their process is abundantly easy, even to the meanest capacity : it consists in making a few acknowledged extracts from the doomed work in small print, and then filching a page or two of filling-in between them from the same, in a larger type, to appear as though written by the Zoilus himself; and this rechauffe, smudged with faint praise or a quantum of didactic advice to the victimized author, is published and sold as a Review.

Omne ignotum pro magnifico est ! In reply, however, to some presumptuous though pointless vituperation on the subject, I will at once hoist my colours, openly pronouncing Topography to be a deeply interesting branch of investigation and study, not only because a love of ancestry is a passion incident to the very nature of elevated minds, but also on account of its importance in faithfully illustrating our domestic, parochial, and national antiquities. Properly speaking, Topography may be designated a minor or minute geography, adding an incorporation of various particulars relative to the natural, civil, political, and statistical history of the place under treatment ; together with biographical and archæological incidents and details. It is therefore a branch of knowledge which can flourish only among a people who love their homes, cultivate the fine arts, and entertain a reverence for their betters : and in this spirit it was ably enunciated by my VALUE OF LOCAL RESEARCHES. late learned friend Sir Francis Palgrave, in his preface to the Parliamentary Writs, that " The general history of a country can never be well understood without a complete and searching analysis of the component parts of the community as well as the country.

Genealogical inquiries and local topography, so far from being unworthy of the attention of the philosophical inquirer, are amongst the best materials he can use ; and the fortunes and changes of one family, or the events of one upland township, may explain the darkest and most dubious portions of the annals of a realm." § 2. THE CHOROGRAPHICAL NOMENCLATURE. This is a subject which has occasioned many a wordy war, and, after provoking vehement ventilation, has too often left us as ive were ; nor can it well fare otherwise when the subtle sophisms of unsound etymology — by which words, screwable into any form — are appealed to. Now, in opening the volume intituled Ædes Hartwellianæ, it will be found that I derived the appellation of Buckingham from what I then conceived — on the authority of Camden, Spelman, and Browne Willis, and to which I still adhere — to be its most probable derivation, namely, from the British word Bwc, the which was Saxonized into Boc or Buc, either in allusion to its forests of beech-trees, or to the deer that roved therein.

But one of the aforesaid critical cavillers, anxious to establish the early civilization of this "Heart of South Britaine," has demanded why I did not likewise cite Lysons's source of the county name from Boch or Book as the most probable origin, because it is indicative of charter-land, and thereby at once distinguishable from folk-land ; the one being freehold and the other copyhold ? To this my answer is, that I adopted the discriminative term which appears to be at least as plausible as any other suggested specification ; and, as to the dictum of Lysons, there could be no inducement for lugging it in, seeing that he utterly fails in supporting his point. Wherefore the antecedents of Buckingham, Aylesbury, and Hartwell, remain as given in the Ædes. b Meanwhile, another astute quill-driver throws all our honest pioneers over board, and sturdily insists that the county is evidently designated after a re cognized gang of Saxon squatters who rejoiced in the euphonous and well rounded denomination of Buckings : these, by his showing, must have ousted a family of the Cattieuchlani tribe, and then occupied their berths.

But surely under such an assumption the Bucklands, the Bucklers, the Buckstons, et hoc genus omne, might put in and substantiate a claim. Now it was because tradition by becoming silent had left the topic open to conjecture, that I chose to steer in the wake of trustworthy pilots ; and even brought the judicious Camden's conclusion to bear in unison with Hart-weW., as illustrated by an ancient seal in the family archives, on which is represented a deer slaking its thirst at a well. {See Ædes, pages 3 and 4.) With the above explanation I also mentioned that one of the seals to a deed in Dr. Lee's possession, dated in March 1570, bears a peacock's head erased, which was the crest of the Hampdens of Hartwell ; and have since found that a further reason may be adduced for the presence of such numbers of those splendid fowls around the mansion immemorially.

This reason is evinced by the fact that the crest of the ancient family of the Harcourts — so closely allied by marriage and by friendship with the Lees — -was a peacock, though differently represented from that of the Hampdens. Indeed, the pea cock was esteemed a very distinguished heraldic ornament, and a criterion of nobility ; so that, being a bird of high fame in chivalry, it was held in reverence by all true and loyal knights. We probably are indebted to the Romans for the introduction and domestication of the genus in Britain, and their beautiful crests appear to have been among the regal ornaments of our early sovereigns. Ducange gives a florid panegyric on them; but the sage Aldrovandi tells us that the Italians describe them as having the plumage of an angel, the gait of a thief, and the voice of a devil.

As accuracy in the names of places is of the gravest importance in the history of a district, we may now proceed to a further view of other local nomenclature ; and, together with that of the towns and villages, intermingle a CHOROGRAPHICAL NOMENCLATURE. 5 few of the archaisms still lingering among the peasantry in various parts of Buckinghamshire. These are distinctly traceable to that olla podrida of British, Teutonic, and Scandinavian tongues which formed the copious and excellent language known as Old English, now by common consent called Anglo-Saxon. In behalf of our early chronicles, plays, poems, folk-lore, and literature, the dialectical peculiarities of this vernacular polyglot ought to be cherished as valuable relics of what was once spoken all over England, and still has an' extensive existence, though under various modes of pronunciation.

In utterance, many of these archaisms recall their ancient orthography, and explain the peculiarity called provincial dialect. In the following list the names of places are in capital letters — the other terms in italics : — Ac, or Aak. An oak-tree. Cœrfel. Chervil, wild parsley. Amel corn. Otherwise called Spelt, which see. Assart. Broken-up woodland. Cærn. Corn. A common enunciation. Chalgkave. A wood where a ceorl could exercise his proper rights. Aston. East town. A frequent prefix. Awne. The beard of corn. Charlock. Sinapis, or wild mustard-plant. Bavin. A faggot of brushwood. Chetwode. A cottage \_cyte~] or habitation in a wood. Balk. A slip of land between ground and ground. Beachampton. A vill in a watery district. Beost, or Byst. First milk of a cow after calving. Bitnam. An angle or turning in a road.

Chough. Anglo-Saxon ceo, a jackdaw. Clavvcrs. Bur-weeds in corn. Comb, or Coombe. British Kum, a low situation. Corn. This Anglo-Saxon term is applied as well to beans as to wheat, barley, and oats. Bledlow Ridge. Bloody height. Blencorn. Wheat mixed with rye. Boddle. Weeds in corn. Crag. British word for steep rock. Crendon. Compounded of the words gren, green ; and don, a hill. Bolter-end. A dwelling in common land of Fingest. Bor, or Bour A place of shade. Croft. A small tenement. Crone. An old ewe. Bottom. Low or depressed ground. Culver. Anglo-Saxon culfre, dove or pigeon. Bremel. The bramble or blackberry-bush. Brouze. Rough fodder. Den. A district of wild pasture land. Burg. A burrough, town, or castle. Burn, or Bourne. A brook or rivulet. Bury. A house or castle. A frequent ajfix. Butt.

Arable land short at the sides of a field.* Bytel, or Bytylle. A beetle or mallet. Denham. Home or habitation in a dale. Denshe. An old word meaning Danish. Dinton, or Dynton. Probably Dane's town. Ditted. Anglo-Saxon dytten, clogged with dirt. Dorton. A village in a narrow valley ; a humid place. Caddow. A name for a jackdaw. Dredge. A mixture of oats and barley. * Our local archæologists consider an adjacent field which is called the " Butts " as a place where the former inhabitants of Stone were wont to exercise their archery ; but Mr. Walter Crook— tenant of the spot — to whom I am indebted for unravelling numerous provincialisms, assures me that the term, in this instance, can only allude to a measure of land, or a boundary. Earth. For animals to lodge in barrows, as the fox, the badger, &c. Anglo-Saxon Ear5.

Grendon. From gren, green, and don, an eminence. Griff. The graft of a tree. Grip. From grœp, a draining trench or ditch. Haddenham. Compounded of the words had, heath, Edders, or Ethers. Intertwining twigs, fence headings. Eddish, or Etch. Ground where corn was grown the year before. and ham, a village. Hade, or Hades. A ridge of land, a mill-hill. Hagh. From the Anglo-Saxon haga, a hedge. Essart, see Assart. Eythrop. From Ea, water ; and thorp, a vill. Farmer. From feorme, signifying both farm and food. Ferme. The Anglo-Norman for farm, whence the Fermarii and Firmarii of our early laws. Ham. A dwelling or village, an inclosure. Hartston. A homestall where harts congregated. Haulm. Heelm, straw of corn, stalks of plants, stubble. Haw-ridge. A coppice on an elevation. Flam. A low marshy place near a stream.

Fleet-milk. Anglo- Saxon filet, skimmed milk. Hay-ward. A night guardian of a farmyard. Head-lortds. Spaces left for horses to turn a plough. Feeet-marston. From filett, a fixed habitation ; and meerston, drain of marshy land. Heah-worth. A high farm, or residence. Fligged From fliogan, fledged, full-feathered, fullflopped, full-figged. Hedge-greens. Synonymous with head-londs. Hirste. A branch or bough. Hobby. Anglo-Norman hobyn, an active small horse. Fluff. Nap, down, or gossamer-like filaments. From the Anglo-Saxon fioh. Hockey. From hœcce, a pastoral staff; the classic pedum. Fog. The aftermath, or second crop of grass. Hoe, or Hoo. A hill or eminence. Ford, or Foor. A place where a stream may be forded or crossed. Hog-shaw. A shaw or wood in which hogs were fed. Holi-hoc. Anglo-Saxon for holly-hock.

Fream. Land which has been worked too much. Furlong. The line of direction of ploughed lands. Holm. Flat grounds ; a river islet. Holt. A wood or grove. Anglo-Saxon furlang, length of a furrow. Fuzz, or Fuzzen. Furze or gorse. Gawcott. Formerly chauves-cote, or chaff-barn. Gawney. An awkward simpleton, a gawkey. Gay-hurst, or Gate-hurst. A farmyard in a wood. Gilli-vor. The old term for gilly-flower. Hor-mead. A boundary meadow. How-ridge. A crest of land, a boundary. Howse. To take a habitation. Hulcott. A dwelling on a hill. Hurdle. The continued Anglo-Saxon hyrdel, both as a noun and verb. Gis-ground. Untilled green sward. Hurst. A woody place ; wooden cottages. Glade, or Glyde. An open pathway through a wood. Goff An old game played by striking balls with clubs. Goldfinch. A bird familiar to the Saxons as gold-fine.

Goss. From Anglo-Saxon gorst, gorse, furzen, furze. Gowk. The cuckoo or gœc of our Saxon ancestors. Graff. From grafan, to dig. The hole dug by the Hwæ'te. Wheat or bread-corn, in old English. Ickford. A watery way ; a passage through. Ing. A low meadow. Ing-wyrt, meadow-wort. Ixhii.l. An eminence in a watery swamp. Jibber. A horse that is restive under the collar. Joist. To agist or pasture cattle for a stipulated sum. grafting-tool. Jurnut. The earth-bunium, or pignut. Grattan, or Gratten. The stubble of common fields. Grattanground. Arable lands under a commonable, Kestrel. An old name for the stannel-hawk. Kimbee-Grange. The ecclesiastical farm and granary of Kimbel. or open-right, state.* * Grattening-up is a word applied to ploughing before Christmas ; but I am amused with an etymology suggested by my ready bucolic correspondent, Mr. A. K. Fowler, of Aylesbury On inquiring of him for an explanation, he replied, " I have often wondered at this word, as it is used thus — gratten barley, gratten oats, &c. meaning spring com grown after the stubble is ploughed in the autumn.

Now the foundation of good farming is ploughing, or disintegrating the soil, which last may have been corrupted to disintegrattening ; and that being a long word for use, the leading syllables have dropped off." LOCAL NOMENCLATURE AND ARCHAISMS. 7 Ktrnmel. A tub for household purposes. Kinsey. King's-way; a marshy vicinity. Lade. A canal, or way for water. I Pleck. From plœc, a small plot of ground Podder-gratten. The stubble of beans, peas, or vetches Port-way. Port-wœg, a guarded passage over a ford. Porwiggle. A tadpole. Laier. The nature of the soil. Lamport. Lam, clay or loam, and port, a gate. From the Romans. Prod or Prodd. A goad for oxen, a small arrow. Proud. Said of grain which is growing too hi«h. Puggens. The husks of barley. Laying-up. The first ploughing after harvest. Lea, Lee, or Ley.

Fields ; as clover-lea, grass-lea, &c. Untilled greensward. Quainton. A town in an oak forest. Quaker-grass. The totter or quaking grass, a briza. Qucumer. The Anglo- Saxon for cucumber. Leasow. From Lce'su, pasture land. Linslade. Compounded from len, a spring, and lade, a channel for it. Quice. Quitch, or couch-grass. Radclive. A red eminence : rudu and clyf. Lithe-wort. The plant Forget-me-not. Raven. From the Anglo-Saxon hroefen, the large corvus. Rig, or Ridge. Hric, the back or summit of an elevation. Rowens. i The second mowing of grass for hay. Ryx. A term still used for butcher's-broom, rushy land. Shardloes. A place in the opening of a wood. Little-worth. From lytel-worlS, an inclosed homestead. A small farm. Loch-spit. A small cut with a spade in the turf. Long-wick. An extent of marshy land.

Lome, or Loom. Anglo-Saxon lotna, household utensils. aCowc Anglo-Saxon hlœ'w, a small hill, a barrow. Ludgarsual, or Lotegarshale . Verge of a stagnant Shaw. A spinney, small wood, thicket. Shrikes An old term for the butcher-bird race Skip. A chaff-basket. or marshy pool. Skuppat. A scoop used in draining. Mœ d. A mead, grass field, or meadow. Marston. A vill or town near a marsh. Slade. Slœd, a breadth of grass in ploughed land, a valley, a sloping hollow, dry bed of a torrent. Slipe. Anglo-Saxon for a narrow portion of land. Slough. The Anglo-Saxon slog, a miry place. Souse. Broth and vegetables given to farm-labourers. Spelter. Wheat-grass, vetches, or a species of triticxtm. Spiert or Speort. A willow plantation. Mestling. Mixed corn of wheat and rye sown together. Moot-hall. Anglo-Saxon mot and heal, a place of assembly.

A town-hall. Morton. A vill on a moor or waste land. Mow. Anglo-Saxon mowe, a heap, a stack. Spinney. A shaw or woody plot, a streamlet. Squash. A soft watery place. Mowe-burnt. Damaged corn. Hay stacked too soon. Nether. Anglo-Saxon nySer, lower or downward. Nightingale. Well-known to our Saxon ancestors as Stan-ford. A pass made with stones across a brook. Stare. From Anglo-Saxon stær, a starling. Stead. Anglo-Saxon stœde, a farmhouse and offices. Steb, or Stybbe. A boll, stock, or haulm. the nyht-gale. Notley. A slat ground with nut-trees. Okeley'. Aclai, a plain with oak-trees. Offal. Poor corn or grain of any kind. Olney. A place in a watery situation. Ope-land. Land under constant tillage. Padbury. From jb<8$, a path, and burg, a hill. Pannage. Mast for swine feeding in the woods. Perwinc.