A Smaller History of Rome ... New and thoroughly revised edition by A. H. J. Greenidge, etc

Front matter

Is S| Isa ill E° ■al i_ all iBos °s H-i-mo hM3 oh « -^t- Temple of Vespasian. Arch of Severus. Temple oi Saturn. Basilica Julia. THE ROMAN FORUM LOOKING EAST. Frontispiece. A SMALLER HISTORY OF ROME FROM THE EARLIEST TIMES TO THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE EMPIRE By Sir WILLIAM SMITH, D.C.L., LL.D. NEW AND THOROUGHLY REVISED EDITION By A. H. J. GREENIDGE, M.A LECTURER AND LATE FELLOW OF HERTFORD COLLEGE, LECTURER IN ANCIENT HISTORY AT BRASENOSE COLLEGE, OXFORD WITH COLOURED MAP, PLANS AND ILLUSTRATIONS LONDON JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET LONDON : PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWE* AND SONS, LIMITED, STAMFORD STREET AND CHARING CROSS, PEE FACE. In this new edition of the " Smaller History of Rome " care has been taken not to alter any of the essential characteristics which have long made this book such a valuable instrument of education.

Its original proportions have been, as far as possible, preserved, and no special department of history has been allowed to curtail the space which was due to others. Such alterations as those which deal with the original populations of Italy and the constitutional arrangements of Rome, are merely the inevitable result of the progress of recent historical research in these directions. Throughout the work the language has been simplified as much as possible, and the quantities of names, where necessary, have been added in the index. All the maps and a large proportion of the illustrations have been specially prepared for this, edition. Some of the latter were suggested by the editor ; but whatever merit this feature of the work may possess is due far more to the publishers than to him. A. H. J. G. Oxford, May, 1897.

LIST OF MAPS. PAGE Coloured Map of Italy and the adjoining coasts, with plan of Rome .. .. .. .. .• .. To face 1 The Environs of Rome . , . . . . . . . . . . 40 Map of the coasts of the Mediterranean, illustrating the history of the Punic Wars, aud showing Haunibal's route . . . . 100 Plan of Syracuse .. ... .. .. ., .. ,. 115 Plan of Carthage .. .. .. .. .. .. . 171 Map of the Provinces of the Roman Empire at the death of Caesar 300 Plan of Actium ..318 Julius Caesar. CONTENTS.

Chapter I

The Peoples of Italy. Page Position of Italy 1 Its boundaries 1 Its two Divisions 2 The name " Italia " 2 1. The Gauls 2 2. The Ligurians 3 The Veneti 3 3. The Etruscans 3 4. The Italian races 4 The Umbrians 5 The Volscians 5 The Aequians 5 The Hernicans .. .... . . 5 Page The Sabines 5 The Picentines 5 The Paeligni and neighbouring tribes 5 The Sabellian races 5 The Samnites 5 The Lucanians (J The Bruttii 6 The Latins 6 The Latium . 5. The Iapygians V 6. The Greeks 7 CHAPTER IJ. The Early Kings and the Original Constitution of Rome, 753-617 b.c. B.C. B.C. 753-716.Reign of Romulus .. .. 11 Position of Rome 8 Its inhabitants 8 Asylum 11 1. Latins 8 Rape of Sabines . . . . 11 2. Sabines 8 War with Latins . . . . 12 3. Etruscans 9 War with Sabines . . 12 Remarks on early Roman history 9 Tarpeia 12 Sabiae women . . . . 12 Legend of Æneas 9 Joiot reign of Romulus and Titus Tatius . . 13 Legend of Ascanius 10 Foundation of Alba Longa 10 Legend of Rhea Silvia . . . . 10 Rirth of Romulus and Remus 10 Their recognition by Numitor 10 753 Foundation of Rome . . . .

II Death of Titus Tatius .. 13 Sole reign of Romulus .. 13 Translation of Romulus 11 715-673. Reign of Numa Pompilius 13 institutions ascribed to Roma Quadrata . . . . . . 11 Numa Pompilius .. 14 Flamens H Pomerium 11 Death of Remus 11 Vestal Virgins.. .. CONTENTS, VIII Tage Page Salii H b.c. ia»e 642-617. Reign of Ancus Marcius 15 War with the Latins.. 15 B.C. Temple of Janus . . 14 ■642. Reign of Tullus Hostilius 14 War with Alba_Longa 14 Battle of tbe'Horatii 1 nslitution of Fetiales . . 16 673- Ostia 16 Janiculum 16 Pons Sublicius . . . . 16 and Curiatii . . . ■ 14 War with the Etruscans 15 Death of Ancus Marcius 16 The original constitution of Rome 16 Punishment of Mettius Fuffetius, Dictator of Alba Longa .. .. 15 Destruction of Alba Longa 15 The Patricians .. .. 16 The Plebeians .. .. 16 The king 17 The Tatrician tribes .. 17 Removal of its inbabit- The Curiœ 18 The Comitia Curiata . . 18 ants to Rome . . . . 15 Death of Tullus Hos- The Senate 18 The priestly colleges . , 18 tilius 15

Chapter III

The Last Three Kings of Rome, and down to the Battle of the the Establishment of the Republic, Lake Regillus, 016-498 B.C. 616- -579. Reign of Tarquioius Priscus 20 535-510. Reign of Tarquinius Superbua 27 Dis tyranny 27 His early history.. .. 20 His removal to Rome. . 21 Becomes king . . . . 21 His alliance with the Latins 27 His war with the Vol- His wars 21 The Cloaca? 21 scians 27 Foundation of the temple on the Capitoline Hill 28 The Sibylline books . . 28 Circus Maximus . . . . 21 Increase of the Senate.. 21 Increase of the Vestal Virgins 21 Legend of the Sibyl . . 28 Early history of Servius Tullius . . . . . . 21 Capture of Gabii . . . . 28 King's sons and Brutus sent to consult the Death of Tarquinius Priscus 22 oracle at Delphi . . 28 Lucretia 29 578* 535. Reign of Servius Tullius 22 I. Reform of the Roman Expulsion of the Tarquins 30 Constitution. . . . 23 1.

Division of the Ro- 509. Establishment of the Republic 30 man territory into Four Tribes . . . . 23 Tbe Consuls 39 First attempt to restore the 2. Census 23 Tarquins 31 Five Classes . . .. 24 Execution of the eons of The Equities .. .. 24 Number of the Cen- Brutus 31 War of the Etruscans with turies 24 Rome Rome 31 Death of Frutus 31 Comitia centuriata. . 25 Two assemblies — 31 Defeat of the Etruscans . . 31 Comitia Centuriata, Comitia Curiata . . 25 II. Increase of the city walla of Servius Tul- Valerius Publicola 32 Dedication of tbe Capitoline Temple by M. Horatius . . 32 508. Second attempt to restore the Tarquins 32 lius 25 III. Alliance with the Latins 26 Death of Servius Tullius 26 Lars Porsena 32 Horatius Codes 32 CONTENTS. IX B.C. Page Mucius Scaevola 33 Cloelia 33 ■19?. Third attempt to restore the Tarquins 33 B.C. Page War with the Latins . . . . 33 496. Battle ofthe Lake Regillus . . 34 Death of Tarquinius Superbus 34 Page

Chapter IV

From the Battle of the Lake Regillus to the Decemviuate, 498-451 B.C. Struggles between the Patricians and Plebeians . . . . 35 Institutions of the Tribunes of the Plebs 37 Ascendency of the Patricians 35 Sufferings of the Plebeians .. 36 Law of debtor and creditor . . 36 Ager Publicus 36 Object of the Plebeians to ob- 486. Agrarian Law of Sp. Cas&ius 38 League between the Romans, Latins, and Hernicans . . 38 Foreign wars 38 488. I. Coriolanus and the Voltain a share in the political power and in the public land 37 494. Secession to the Sacred Mount 37 Fable of Menenius Agrippa 37 scians 39 477. II. The Fabia Gens and Veientines . . . . 40 458. II L Cincinnatus and the Aequians 40 CHAPTER v. The Decemvjrate, ;, 451-449 B.C. 471. Publilian Law, transferring election of the Tribunes from the Comitia of Curiœ to the Concilium of the Trines . . 44 Two new Tables added. making twelve in all . . 45 449.

The Decemviri continue in office 45 462. Proposal of theTribune Terentilius ArBa for the appointment of Decemviri . . . . 44 Death of Sicinius Dentatus 46 Death of Verginia . . . . 46 Second secession to the Sacred 454. Appointment of three Commissioners to visit Greece. . 44 Mount 47 Resignation of tbe Decemvirs 47 452. Their return to Rome . . . . 44 451. Appointment of the Decemviri 44 The Ten Tables 45 Election of ten Tribunes . . 47 Valerian and Horatian Laws 48 450. New Decemviri appointed . . 45 Their tyranny 45 Death of Appius Claudius . . 48 The Twelve Tables 48

Chapter VI

From the Decemvirate to the ; Capture of Rome by the Gauls, 390 b.c 448- B.C. 443. Institution of the Censorship 51 4 45, Third secession to the Janiculum 50 421. Quaestorshlp thrown open to the Plebeians 51 Les Canuleia for inte* - marriage between the two orders 50 440. Famine at Rome 51 439. Death of Sp. Maelius . . . . 52 Institution of Military Tribunes with consular powers 51 Foreign wars 52 Roman colunies 52 War with the Etruscans . , CONTENTS. X Page Page B.C. E.C. 396. Appointment of Camillus as Dictator 53 437. Spolia Opima won by A. Cornelius Cossus 53 426. Capture and destruction of Fldenæ 53 Capture of Veii 53 39 1. Surrender of Falerii . . . . 53 406. Commencement of siege of Veii 53 Unpopularity of Camillus . . 54 391. He goes into exile 54 Tale of Alban Lake . . . . 53

Chapter VII

From the Capture of Rome by the Gauls to the Final Union of the Two Orders, 390-367 b.c Tbe Gauls 55 385. Distress at Rome 59 391. Attack of Clusium by the Senones 56 384. M. Manlius comes forward as a patron of the poor . . . . 59 His fate 60 Roman ambassadors sent to Clusium 56 376. Licinian Rogations proposed 60 They take part in the fight against the Senones . . . . 56 Violent opposition of the Patricians 61 Tbe Senones march upon Rome 56 367. Licinian Rogations passed . . 61 366. L. Sextius first Plebeian Consul 61 390. Battle of the Allia 56 Destruction of Rome . . . . 57 Institution of the Praetorship 61 Siege of the Capitol . . . . 57 356. First Plebeian Dictator . . . . 62 ■joo. r iisl rieueiau uiciaior . . , . os 351. First Plebeian Censor . . . . 62 Legend of M. Manlius . . 57 Appointment of Camillus as Dictator 57 Legend of his delivering Rome from the Gauls . . 58 Rebuilding of the city . . . . 58 Further Gallic wars . . . . 58 337.

First Plebeian Praetor . . . . 62 300. Lex Ogulnia, increasing the number of the Pontiffs and Augurs, and enacting that a certain number ot them should be taken from the Plebeians 62 361. Legend of T. Manlius Torquatus , . 59 339. Publilian Laws 62 349. Legend of M. Valerius Corvus 59 287. Lex Hortensia 63 Equalisation of the orders . . 63

Chapter VIII

From the Licinian Rogations to the End of the Samnite Wars, 367-290 B.C. 362. Pestilence at Rome 64 They solicit the assistance of Rome 65 343-341. First Samnite War . . 66 Death of Camillus 64 Tale of M. Curtius 64 Extension of Roman dominion over Southern Etruria, Volsci, and Latins 65 Battle of Mount Gaurus 66 Peace concluded . . . . 66 Reasons for the conclu- The Samnites 65 sion of peace . . . . 66 Their history 65 34C-338. The Latin War .. .. 66 The armies meet near Conquer Campania and Lucania 65 Mount Vesuvius . . 67 Tale of Torquatus . . 67 Samnites of the Apennines attack the Sidicini . . . . 65 Decisive battle . . . . 68 Campanians assist the Sidicini 65 They are defeated by the S-imnites 65 Self-sacrifice of Decius 68 Battle at Trifanum . . <ss CONTENTS. XI B.C. Page B.C. Page Capture of Latin towns 68 Conclusion of the war 68 Ignominious treaty rejected by the Romans 71 314-304.

Third Period. Dissolution of the Latin league 68 Success of the Romans 71 330. Conquest of the Volscian town of Privernum 69 311. War with the Etruscans 71 Defeat of the Etruscans 71 Defeat of the Samnites 71 Origin of the Second Samnite War 69 304. Peace with Rome.. .. 71 327. The Romans attack Palaeopolis and Neapolis . . . . 69 300. Conquests of Rome in Central Italy "2 Coalition of Etruscans, Umbri- 326-304. Second Samnite War . . 69 First Period. ans, and Samnites, against Rome 72 Romau arms successful 69 326. Quarrel between L. Papirius Dictator and Q. Fabius, his master of the horse 69 298-290. Third Samnite War . . 72 295. Decisive battle of Sentinum 72 Self-sacrifice of the younger Decius. . . . 72 292. C. Pontius taken prisoner and put to death 72 321-315. Second Period. Success of the Samnites 70 321. Defeat of the Romans at tbe Caudine Forks by C. Pontius 70 Results of the wars 73

Chapter IX

War to the Subjugation of Italy, From TnE Conclusion of the Samnite 290-265 B.C. 283. War with the Etruscans and Gauls 74 He returns to Greece .. .. 80 272. Subjugation of Tarentum .. 80 Battle of the Lake Vadimo . . 74 Supremacy of Rome in Italy 80 282. State of Magna Graecia .. .. 74 The Romans assist Thurii . . 74 Their fleet is attacked by the Tarentines 75 273. Embassy of Ptolemy Philadel - phus to Rome 81 Organisation of Italy . . . . 81 Three classes of Italian population : — Roman embassy to Tarentum 75 281. War declared against the Tarentines 75 I. Cives Romani, or Roman Citizens . . 81 1. Of the Thirty-three Tribes 81 They apply for aid to Pyrrhus 75 Pyrrhus arrives in Italy . . 75 289. His first campaign against the Romans 76 2. Of tbe Roman Colonies 81 3. Of the Municipal Towns .. .. 81 Battle near Heraclea . . . . 76 Remarks of Pyrrhus on the victory 77 He attempts to make peace with Rome 77 II.

Municipia 81 III. Socii, or Allies . . . . 81 (i.) Latini 81 Failure of his minister Cineas 77 He marches upon Rome . . 77 Retires into winter-quarters at Tarentum 78 Embassy of Fabricius .. .. 78 (ii.) Civitatesliberaeajid foederatae . . . . 81 312. Censorship of Appius Claudius 82 His dangerous innovation as to the Freedmen 82 279. Second campaign of Pyrrhus 78 Battle near Asculum . . . . 78 30*. Repealed in the Censorship of Q. Fabius Maximus and P. Decius Mus 82 278. Treachery of the servant of Pyrrhus 79 Truce with Rome 79 312. The Appian Way 82 The Appian Aqueduct .. .. 82 Publication of the forms of law by Cn. Flavius . . . . 83 Pyrrhus crosses over into Sicily 79 276. He returns to Italy 79 275. Defeat of Pyrrhus CONTENTS. XII

Chapter X

The First Punic War, 264-241 b.c. B.C. Page Page B.C. He restores confidence to the Carthaginians 90 825. Foundation of Carthage.. .. 84 Its empire 85 Defeat and capture of Regulus 90 Its government 85 Its army 85 Destruction of the Roman fleet by a storm 90 Its foreign conquests .. .- 85 Conquest of Messana by the Mamertini 85 The Romans build another fleet 90 253. Again destroyed by a storm . . 90 Hiero attacks the Mamertini 86 The war confined to Sicily . . 91 250. Victory of Metellus at Panormus 91 They apply for assistance to Rome 86 Embassy of the Carthaginians to Rome 91 261. The Consul Ap. Claudius crosses over to Sicily to aid them 87 Heroic conduct of Regulus . . 91 He defeats the forces of Syracuse and Carthage . . . . 87 263. Hiero makes peace with tbe Romans 87 250. Siege of Lilybaeum 92 249.

Defeat of the Consul Claudius at sea 92 Destruction of the Roman fleet a third time 92 262. Capture of Agrigentum by the Romans 87 247. Appointment of Hamilcar Barca to the Carthaginian command 93 260. The Romans build a fleet . . 87 Naval victory of the Consul Duilius 88 He entrenches himself on Mount Hercte, near Panormus 93 256. The Romans invade Africa . . 89 Naval victory at Ecnomus .. 89 Prilliant success of Regulus iu Africa 89 The Carthaginians sue in vain for peace 90 He removes to Mount Eryx . . 93 241 . Roman victory off tbe Aegatian islands 93 Peace with Carthage . . . . i»4 255. Arrival of the Lacedaemonian Xanthippus 90 End of the War 94 Sicily a province 94

CHAPTER XL

The Conquest of Northern Italy. The Carthaginians in Sfain. 240-219 B.C. 240-238. War of the Mercenaries 225. Gallic War 97 Defeat of the Gauls at Telawith Carthage . . . . 95 She owes her safety to Hamilcar S5 mon in Etruria .. .. 97 224. Conquest of the Boii . . 97 238. The Romans seize Sardinia and Corsica 96 223. The Romans cross the Po 97 222. Conquest of the Insubres 98 Hamilcar goes to Spain . . 96 235. Temple of Janus closed . . 96 Completion of the Thirty-five Roman Tribes 96 Marcellus wins the Spolia Opinia 98 220. The Via Flaminia from Rome to Ariminum 98 213. Foundation of Colonies at 229. Illyrian War 96 Conquest of Teuta, queen of the Illyrians .. .. 96 Placentia and Cremona . . 98 236. Hamilcar in Spain . . . . 98 228. Honours paid to the R.omans in the Greek cities . . . . 97 Oath of Hannibal 93 228.

Death of Hamilcar . . . . 98 Hasdrubal succeeds him iu 232. Agrarian law of the Tribune Flaminius 97 , the command CONTENTS. XIII B.C. B.C. Page 228. Treaty with Rome . . . . 98 ?21. Death of Hasdrubal . . . . 99 Hannibal succeeds him in the command 99 I B.C. Page 219. Siege of Saguntum . . . . 99 Its capture 99 War declared against Carthage 100

Chapter XII

The Second Punic War : First Period down to the Battle of Cannae, 218-216 B.C. 218. Preparations of Hannibal . . 101 His march to the Rhone . . 102 Arrival of the Consul Scipio at Massilia 102 Great defeat of the Romans 105 Q Fabius Maximus appointed Dictator 106 Hannibal crosses the Rhone 102 His policy 106 Scipio sends his brother to Spain, and returns himself to Italy 102 Rashness of Minuciiis the Master of tbe Horse . . . . 106 216. Great preparations of the Romans 107 Hannibal crosses the Alps . . 103 Skirmish on the Ticinus . . ] 03 Battle of the Trebia .. .. 104 Battle of Cannae 107 Great defeat of the Romans 107 Defeat of the Romans . . . . 104 217. Hannibal's march through Etruria 104 Revolt of Southern Italy . . 108 Hannibal winters at Capua 103 Note on Hannibal's passage across the Alps 108 Battle of the Lake Trasimenus 105

Chapter XIII

Second Punic War: Second Peiuod, from the Revolt of Capua to the Battle of the Metaueus, 215-207 B.C. 215. Plan of the war Ill War in Spain— Hannibal's repulse before Nola Ill 212. Surprise and death of the two Scipios 116 Macedon and Syracuse negotiate with Hannibal .. .. Ill Siege of Capua 110 21 I.Hannibal marches upon Rome 110 214. He attempts in vain to surprise Tarentum 112 Is compelled to retreat . . 117 The Romans recover Capua 117 213. He obtains possession of Tarentum 112 War in Sicily — Punishment of its inhabitants 117 2 19. The Romans recover Tarentum 117 216. Death of Hiero 112 208. Defeat and death of Marcellus lia Succession of Hieronymus 112 His assassination . . . . 112 207 . Hasdrubal marches into Italy 1 18 He besieges Placentia . . . . 118 214. Arrival of Marcellus in March of the Consul Nero to join his colleague Livius in Umbria 118 Sicily 112 lie takes Leontini .. .. 113 He lays siege to Syracuse 113 Defence by Archimedes . . 113 ?12. Capture of Syracuse . . 113 Battleofthe Metaurus .. 119 Defeat and death of Hasdrubal 1 1 CONTENTS. XIV

Chapter XIV

Second Punic War: Third Peeiod, from the Battle : of tie Metaurus to the Conclusion of the War, 206-201 B.C. b.c. rage His project is opposed by the Senate 123 Preparations in Sicily . . . . 124 204. He arrives in Africa .. .. 124 203. He defeats the Carthaginians and Syphax 125 Masinissa and Sophonisba . . 125 The Carthaginians recall Hannibal 125 202. Battle of Zama, and defeat of Hannibal 126 201. Peace with Carthage . . . . 127 b.c. Fag* Character and early life of Scipio 120 210. He is elected Proconsul for Spain 121 He takes New Carthage .. 121 206. He subdues Spain 121 He crosses over into Africa and visits Syphax . . . . 123 Surrender of Gades .. .. 123 Scipio returns to Rome .. 123 205. His Consulship 123 He prepares to invade Africa 123 XV. CHAPTER Wafs in the East: the MACr.DnsrAX, Stkias, akd Galatiax Wars, 214-188 B.C. Results of the Punic Wars 128 State ofthe East 128 Syria 128 Pontus !28 Galatia !28 Pergamus 128 Egypt 129 State of Greece 129 Macedonia 129 Achaean League . . . - 129 Aetolian League . . . . 129 Rhodes 129 Athens 129 Sparta 129 2U-205.

First Macedonian War — Its indecisive character 130 211. Treaty of the Romans with the Aetolian League 130 205. Conclusion ofthe war 130 Philip renews hos tilities 130 He assists the Carthaginians at the battle ofZama 130 His conduct in Greece and Asia 130 200-196. Second Macedonian War— 20C. First campaign : the Consul Galba . . . . 131 199. Second Compaign : the Consul Villius .. 131 198. Third compaign: the Consul Flaminin-s 131 197. Battle of Cynoscephalae 131 196. Peace with Philip . . 131 Declaratibn of Greek independence at the Isthmian Games . . 132 191-190. Syrian War— Antiochus the Third 132 Intrigues of the Aetolians in Greece . . 133 They invite Antiochus to Greece 133 Hannibal expelled from Carthage 133 He arrives in Syria . . 133 His advice to Antiochus 133 192. Antiochus crosses over to Greece 133 191.

The Romans defeat him at Thermopylae 133 He returns to Asia . . 133 190. The Romans invade Asia 134 Battle of Magnesia . . 134 Defeat of Antiochus by Scipio Asiaticus .. 134 Terms of peace .. .. 13 1 Hannibal flies to Prusias, king of Bithy nia 134 189. Aetolian War — Fulvius takes Ambracia 13 4 Terms of peace CONTENTS. XV Page b.c. Page 188. Organisation of Asia .. .. 135 187. Manlius returns to Rome . . 135 Effects of the Eastern conquests upon the Roman character 136 B.C. 189. Galatian Wat: — Manlius attacks the Galatians without the authority of the Senate or the People 136

Chapter XVI

Waes in the West: the Gallic, Ligubian, and Spanish Wars, 200-175 b.o. 200. The Gallic War— The Gauls take Placentia 197. Two Provinces formed in Spain 139 195. The Spanish War— The Consul M. Porcius Cato sent into Spain . . . . 139 His success 139 The Spaniards again take up arms 140 179. The war brought to a conclusion by Ti. Sempronius Gracchus . . . . 140 178. The Isteian War . . . . 140 177-175. The Sardinian and Corsican War . . . . 140 and lay siege to Cre mona 138 196. Conquest of the Insubres and Cenomani . . . . 138 191. Conquest of the Boii .. 138 189. Colony founded at Bononia 138 180. Via Aemilia 138 200. The Ligurian War — Continued with intermissions for nearly 80 years 138 Character of the war . . 138

Chapter XVII

The Roman- Constitution and Army. Review of the history of the Roman Constitution . . 141 2. The Comitia Centuriata: change in its constitution 146 3. The Comitia Tributa and Political equality of the Patricians and Plebians . . . . 141 tbe Concilium Plebis 147 I. The Magistrates — The Lex Annalis . . . . 142 Tbe Tribunes 147 IV. Finance — Curule and non-curule . . 142 Ordinary and extraordinary 142 1. The Quaestors .. .. 142 2. The Aediles .. .. 142 Tributum .. . . .. .. 147 Vectigalia 148 V. The Provinces 148 148 VI. The Army— 3. The Praetors .. .. 143 Number of the Legion .. 149 4. The Consuls . . . . 143 1. First Period — Servius 5. The Dictator . . . . 144 Tullius 149 6. The CenBors . . . . 144 2. Second Period — The (a) The Census ,. 144 (V) Control over the morals of tbe Great Latin War, b.c. 340 149 Hastati 149 citizens . . .. 144 Principes . . . . 149 (c) Administration of the finances Triarii 149 3.

Third Period — During the wars of the younger Scipio 149 Two legions assigned to each Consul .. .. 149 of the state . . 145 II. The Senate— Its number 145 Its mode of election . . . . 145 Its power and duties . . 14 5 III. The Popular Assemblies— Division of the le- 1. The Comitia Curiata .. 146 gion CONTENTS. Page B.C. Page B.C. Armour and mode the times of the Grac chi to the downfall of of fighting . . . . 150 The Horse-soldiers 150 the Republic .. .. 151 Changes introduced by Marius . . . . 151 A Roman triumph . . . . 152 Infantry and cavalry of the Socii .. 150 4. Fourth Period — From

Chapter XVIII

Internal History of Rome during the Macedonian and Strlan Wars. Cato and Scipio. Effectof the Roman conquests in the East 153 191. Cato serves in the battle of Thermopylae 157 Debasement of the Roman character 154 Prosecution of the twoScipios 158 Haughty conduct of Scipio Africanus 158 1^6. Worship of Bacchus . . . . 154 Gladiatorial exhibitions . . 154 Condemnation of Scipio Asiaticus 158 Rise of the new nobility . . 154 181. Law against bribery .. .. 155 Prosecution of Scipio Africanus 158 Decay of tbe peasant proprietors 155 He leaves Rome 159 M. Porcius Cato 156 183. His death 159 234. His birth 156 Death of Hannibal .. .. 160 His early life 156 184. Censorship of Cato .. .. 160 204. His Quaestorship 156 He studies Greek in his old age 160 198. His Praetorship 156 195. His Consulship 157 His character 160 Repeal of the Oppian Law 157

Chapter XIX

The Third Macedonian, Achaean, and Third Punic Wars, 179-146 b.c. 179. Death of Philip and accession of Perseus 162 166. One thousand Achaean3 sent to Italy 165 172. Attempted murder of Eumenes king of Pergamus. . 163 17 1-16*. Third Macedonian War— 150. The survivors allowed to return to Greece 165 149. A pretender lays claim to the throne of Macedonia . . 166 168. Battle of Pydna. . . . 163 Defeat of Perseus by L. Aemilius Paullus .. 163 He is defeated and taken prisoner 166 167, Aemilius Paullus punishes the Epirotes 164 His triumph 164 147-146. The Achaean War— 146. Corinth taken by L. Mummius . . . . 167 Final conquest of Greece 167 His domestic misfortunes . . 164 Relations of Rome with Eastern powers 164 Creation of the province of Macedonia Embassy to Antiochus Epiphanes 164 and Achaea . . . . 167 Rome jealous of Carthage .. 167 Treatment of Eumenes king of Pergamus 164 Advice of Cato 167 151.

War between Masinissa and Mean conduct of Prusias king of Bithynia 165 Carthage i6g Conduct of the Romans .. 168 Treatment of the Rhodians. . CONTENTS. XVII D.C. -|,age 149-146. sniKD Punic War— 147. Scipio Africanus the B.r. Tage His character .. .. 170 146. lie takes Carthage .. 170 younger, Consul .. 169 His parentage and adoption 169 Formation of the Roman province of Africa 171 Later history of Carthage . . 171

Chapter XX

Spanish Wars, 153-133 b.c First Servile War, 134-132 b.c. 153. War with the Celtiberians . . 173 152. Peace with the Celtiberians. . 173 133. He takes Numantia .. .. 176 Increase of slaves 176 151. War with the Lusitanians . . 173 They rise in Sicily . . . . 177 150. Treacherous murder of the Lusitanians by Galba . . 174 Success of Viriathus against the Romans 174 The Celtiberians again take up arms — the Numautine War 174 They elect Eunus as their leader 177 Eunus assumes the title of king 177 124. He defeats the Roman generals 177 132. Is himself defeated and taken prisoner 177 140. Murder of Viriathus .. .. 175 133. Death of Attalus, last king of Pergamus 177 138. Brutus conquers the Gallaeci 175 137. The Consul Hostilius Mancinus defeated by the iN'u mantines 175 He bequeaths bis kingdom to the Romans 177 He signs a peace with the Numantines 175 131.

Aristonicus lays claim to the kingdom of Pergamus . . 177 The Senate refuse to ratify it 175 142. Censorship of Scipio Africanus 175 130. Is defeated and taken prisoner 178 129. Formation of the province of Asia 178 134. Consul a second time . . . . 176 He carries on the war against Numantia 176 Extent of the Roman dominions 178

Chapter XXI

The Gracchi and the Attack on the Government, 133-121 b.c. Renewed opposition to Tiberius 183 Necessity for reform .. .. 179 Economic condition of Italy 179 Early life of Tiberius Gracchus 180 He becomes a candidate for the Tribunate a second time 1 83 Riots 18*4 137. Quaestor in Spain 181 133. Tribune 181 Death of Tiberius 184 132. Return of Scipio to Rome .. 184 Biings forward an Agrarian Law 181 He opposes the popular party and champions the Italians 185 Opposition of the landowners 182 The Tribune Octavius puts his veto upon it 182 Deposition of Octavius.. .. 182 The Agrarian Law enacted . . 183 Three Commissioners elected 183 Proposed distribution of the treasures of Pergamus amongst the Roman people 183 129. Death of Scipio .. .. .. 185 126. Expulsion of the Allies from Rome 186 125.