Newfoundland to Manitoba. A guide through Canada's maritime, mining and prairie provinces ... Reprinted, with ... additions, from the 'Times.' With ... illustrations

Front matter

I 9 ¥ I i tt i i æ i NEWFOUNDLAND TO MANITOBA. WORKS BY W. FRASER RAE. WESTWARD BY RAIL: a Journey to San Francisco and Back, and a Visit to the Mormons. NOTES ON ENGLAND. Ey H. Taine, D.CL. Oxon. Translated, with a Biographical and Critical Introduction. WILKES, SHERIDAN, FOX: the Opposition under George III. ENGLISH PORTRAITS by Sainte-Beuve. Translated, with a Biographical and Critical Introduction. COLUMBIA AND CANADA. Notes on the Great Republic and the New Dominion. NEWFOUNDLAND TO MANITOBA A GUIDE THROUGH CANADA'S MARITIME, MINING, AND PRAIRIE PROVINCES r.r W. FRASER RAE REPRINTED, WITH LARGE ADDITIONS, FROM "Cimcs WITH THREE MAPS AND TWO ILLUSTRATIONS EonUoii SAMPSON LOW, MARSTON, SEARLE, & RIVLNGTONs CROAVN BUILDINGS, 188, FLEET STREET 1881 [All rights reserved] LONDON : PRINTED BY GILBERT AND RIYINGTON, LIMITED, ST. JOHN'S SQUARE.

PEEFACE. I visited and described the Province of Manitoba and a part of the New West in the United States, as a Corre spondent of The Times, during the summer and autumn of 1878. Last autumn and winter I visited Newfound land, landed on the North American continent, journeyed across it from Halifax on the Atlantic Ocean to Rapid City on the Little Saskatchewan River, and athwart it from the Red RiArer of the North in Manitoba to the Rio Grande in New Mexico. The letters written on the spot, which are reprinted in the following pages, have been recast, so as to embody the fresh particulars which I gathered, and the conclusions at which I arrived after traversing the Canadian Far West for the second time, while the contents of many pages are entirely new. The Province of British Columbia is the only important section of the Dominion which is not treated in this work.

I propose reproducing in another volume my experiences and observations in those States and Territories of the Union which constitute the remarkable New West, extending from the Territory of Dakota to the Territory of New Mexico, and from the State of Kansas to the Territory of Wyoming. Whilst gratefully acknowledging my indebtedness to many Canadians for great courtesy and attention, I must return special thanks for the information and aid which I received from Mr. John Lowe, Secretary to the Depart ment of Agriculture at Ottawa, and Mr. William Hespeler, Dominion Immigration Agent at Winnipeg. Mr. Hespeler is one of the many cultured Germans who have made Canada their home, who do credit to the country of their birth, and who render genuine and patriotic service to the land of their adoption. CONTENTS.

Chapter I

England's oldest colony. tage Earliest Notices of Newfoundland 3 Products of the Island ........ 5 Rich in Minerals ......... 7 Sir Humphrey Gilbert's Mission ...... 9 Daniel discovers Silver ........ 11 Result of Mineral Discoveries 13 AVTiitbourne's Account . . 15 First Colonists 17 Laws of Charles I. . 19 Settlement Impeded 21 Condition of the Fishermen ....... 23 Increase of Pauperism ........ 25 Responsible Government granted ...... 27 Views of the Islanders .29 The Capital of Newfoundland 31 Public Buildings 33 Legislative Assembly . . . . . . . 35 The Soil and Climate 37 Newfoundland Railway 39 Agricultural Prospects ........ 41 Opposition to a Railway 43 Newspaper Press ......... 45 Notes on Newspapers 47 Compulsory Education 49 Principal Imports 51 Mines and Mining ......... 53 French Claims 55 Fish, Game, and Dogs 57

Chapter II. The Land Of The

" BLUE NOSES." The Founder of Nova Scotia 61 The " National Policy " 63 "Old Fossils" 65 Gol-dMines Contents. PAGE Nova Scotian Collieries 69 Scenery and Climate ........ 71 The Capital of Nova Scotia 73 Halifax Hospitality 75 Governor Archibald 77

Chapter III. The Province Of New Brunswick

The Puritans and New Brunswick 81 Foundation of St. John 83 New Denmark . . . . . . ■ • .85 The St. John River 87 Churches in Fredericton 89 Headquarters of the Intercolonial ..... 91 A Forest on Fire 93 New Brunswick Land Laws ....... 95 Cattle-Bearing 97

Chapter IV. Prince Edward Island

Oysters, Mackerel, and Lobsters 101 Tield and price of Potatoes . 103 Highland Settlers 105 Subdivision of the Land 107 Landlords and Tenants 109 Settlement of the Land Question Ill Summerside 113 Charlottetown and its Suburbs ...... 115 Governor John Ready's Administration . . . .117

Chapter V. Intercolonial, Grand Trunk, And Northern Railways

Intercolonial : Origin and Character ..... 121 Workshops at Moncton 123 Scenery along the Line ..'...... 125 Newcastle . 127 Mr. Justice Henry 129 Mr. Hickson's Management of Grand Trunk .... 131 Glut of Traffic 133 Muskoka Lakes 135 Future Prospects of Northern Railway ..... 137

Chapter VI. Across Lake Superior

The North Shore Route I39 A Landlord's Career Contents. ix PAGE Tempestuous Weather ........ 143 The Bruce Mines 145 Homes for Indian Children ....... 147 Fishing in the Rapids 149 A Historic Ceremony 151 Panegyric on Louis XIV 153 Michipicoten Island . . . . . . . .155 Discoveries of Copper 157 Value of Native Copper 159 Copper Mining Comj^anies 161 Mineral Riches 163 Silver, Copper, and Iron Deposits ...... 165

Chapter VII. Duluth To Winnipeg

Mr. Proctor Knott's Speech 169 Delights of Duluth 171 Geographical Ignorance 173 Manufactures and Trade . . . . . . .175 Land Speculators . . .177 A Hint to Emigrants 179

Chapter VIII. On The Red River Of The North

Course of the Red River 181 Mammoth Farms 183 By Water to Winnipeg 185 Lake Minnetonka . . . . . . . . .187 Stern Wheel Steamers 189 Onslaughts of Insects ........ 191 Scenery on the Banks 193 First View of Winnipeg ........ 195

Chapter IX. The City Of Winnipeg

University of Manitoba 199 Historical and Scientific Society 201 Public Markets 203 Fruit and Flowers 205 A Journalistic Experiment 207 The Hudson Bay Company 209 Mr. Brydges 211 St. Boniface 213 Archbishop Tache 215 Advice to Electors . 217 A French Newspaper 219 a x Contents.

Chapter X. The Province Op Manitoba

' PAGE Opinions about the Region ....... 221 Extent of the Province 223 Farming in Manitoba 225 Red River Farmers 227 Prairie Grasses 229 Grasshoppers 231 Manitoba Homesteads 233

CHAPTER XL MENNONITES AND ICELANDERS IN MANITOBA.

Mennonite Homes ......... 237 Mennonite Doctrines and Habits 239 Failings of the Mennonites 241 Mennonite Exclusiveness ....... 243 New Iceland 245 Discord among the Icelanders ...... 247

Chapter XII. The North-west Territories

Western Roads 249 Mudholes 251 Prairie Hotels 253 Royal Commissioners in Manitoba 255 Journalism at Rapid City ....... 257 Successful Farmers 259 Home of the Buffalo ........ 261 Sale of Intoxicants Prohibited 263

Chapter XIII. The Canadian Far West

Western Winters 267 Climate, Soil, and Minerals 269 Sir George Simpson's Prophecy . . . . . .271 Canadian Pacific Railway ....... 273 Hudson Bay Route 275 Rival Regions 277 Perfect Wheat Plants . 279 The "Land of Misery" ........ 281 A Terrestrial Paradise ........ 283 Canada's Future 285 SUPPLEMENTARY CHAPTER. WEEDS IN NORTH AMERICA. Weeds in North America MAPS AND ILLUSTRATIONS. PAGE 1. Map of Newfoundland Frontispiece 2. Do. Manitoba 233 3. Do. Dominion of Canada ..... 295 4. Winnipeg as it was in 1870 I!1" 5. Do. as it is NEWFOUNDLAND TO MANITOBA,

Chapter I

England's oldest colony. I. Newfoundland was discovered in the reign of Henry the Seventh and incorporated with the English realm in the reign of Queen Elizabeth. It is an Island presenting many and marked con trasts to the Fiji Islands which have been added to the British Empire in the reign of Queen Victoria. In Fiji every prospect pleases and man does the reverse, owing to a taste for eating his fellows. Nature often wears a rude and for bidding aspect in Newfoundland ; the aborigines, on the other hand, were too mild and inoffensive to survive the invasion of savage Mic-Mac Indians and the effects of civilized vices imported by white men from Europe. B Money is made in Fiji by growing and crushing sugar-cane ; in Newfoundland fortunes have been accumulated by catching and curing fish. The colonists of Fiji are envied for basking in summer weather all the year round, while the Newfoundlanders are pitied for having to sustain a struggle for existence amid the icy gales and fogs of the Northern Atlantic.

If the lot of the latter were as sad as is commonly supposed, they would be pardoned for repining and complaining that it was intolerable. Though not more con tented than other mortals or reluctant to exercise the truly British prerogative of grumbling, yet their grievances are not those for which Nature can fairly be held responsible. They are proud of their Island despite its fancied drawbacks, loving it with a deA'otion which nothing can impair. The intensity of a Newfoundlander's patriotism is a striking and admirable trait in his character. His patriotism is evidently as genuine as it is profound. Even new comers soon learn to vie Avith the native-born inhabitants in ex tolling the Island's charms. Life in Newfound land has many compensations and enjoyments which are unsuspected by a stranger.

For many years after the month of June, 1497, when John Cabot discovered this Island, nothing was done by Englishmen to profit by its Earliest Notices of Newfoundland. 3 natural advantages. The earliest notices of it are to be found in the records of Henry the Seventh's privy purse expenses ; the first of these references is dated the 10th of August, 1497, and is to the effect that 10/. were given " to hym that found the new Isle;" the last is dated 25th August 1 505, and is a reward of 13.s. 4d. to Clays for going to Richmond " with wilde catts and popingays of the Newfound Island." Entries between these dates relate to two payments of 20/. and one of 30/. made to merchants that had voyaged to Newfoundland, and to a reward of 1/. "to one that brought hawkes from the New founded Island." It was not till 1540 that Englishmen sailing from the ports of Biddeford, Barnstable and Bristol systematically engaged in the Newfoundland fisheries.

As early as 1504, the Portuguese had begun to catch cod there; fifteen years later, the crews of forty ATessels belonging to Portuguese, Spaniards and French men were thus employed. In 1578, England had 50 vessels, Portugal 50 and France and Spain 150 occupied in reaping the harvest of the sea in the North Atlantic. The value of Newfoundland as a fishing station having been demonstrated, it was resolved to send colonists thither. The first essay towards carrying out this resolve was made by Mr. Robert e Thorne of Bristol, in 1527; the second, by Mr. Hore of London, a man whom Hakluyt describes as " of goodly stature and great courage and given to the study of Cosmography." Mr. Hore persuaded many gentlemen and others to join with him in an undertaking which Henry the Eighth regarded with approval.

The party to the number of " about six score persons whereof thirty were gentlemen " embarked at Gravesend, towards the end of April 153b, in the Trinity and Minion. Before embarking, the entire party " mustered in warlike manner and received the Sacrament." They returned home in October after visiting Newfoundland, getting a glimpse of the natives, obseiwing that the land was covered with fir and pine trees, undergoing such great privations through lack of provisions that the strong killed the weak and ate their flesh. The survivors took forcible possession of a French ship and sailed in it to England. It is related by Hakluyt that Mr. Thomas Buts, one of the party, "was so changed in the voyage with hunger and misery " that his father and mother Sir William and Lady Buts, of Norfolk, "knew him not to be their son, until they found a secret mark which was a wart upon one of his knees."

The subsequent action of the French crew, whom the English had shamefully used, gave Products of the Island. 5 Henry the Eighth an opportunity to display the better side of his character. Hakluyt records that these Frenchmen reached England certain months after " and made complaint to King Henry the Eighth : the King causing the matter to be examined, and finding the great distress of his subjects, and the causes of the dealing so with the French, was so moved Avith pity, that he punished not his subjects, but of his own purse made full and royal recompense unto the French." » The most detailed account of Newfoundland as it appeared to the early visitors is contained in a letter of Mr. Anthony Parkhurst of Bristol to Mr. Richard Hakluyt of the Middle Temple, dated 13th of November 1578. Parkhurst had made several voyages to the Island, and Hakluyt having applied to him for information, Parkhurst said in reply that he hoped Hakluyt would use his influence to induce men in power to help in christianizing Newfoundland or rather, as he phrases it, " to redeem the people of Newfound land and those parts from out of the captivity of that spiritual Pharaoh, the devil."

He gives a glowing picture of the Island. He says that the soil is good and fertile, that, in sundry places, he had " sown wheat, barley, rye, oats, beans, peas, 1 Hakluyt's Works, ed. 1810, vol. 3, pp. 168—170. England s Oldest Colony. and seeds of herbs, kernels, plumstones, nuts, all of which have prospered as in England. The country yieldeth many good trees of fruit, as filberts in some places, but in all places cherry trees, and a kind of pear tree meet to graft on. As for roses they are as common as brambles here; strawberries, dewberries and raspberries, as common as grass. The timber is most fir, yet plenty of pineapple trees ; few of these two kinds meet to mast a ship of three score and ten [tons] ; but near Cape Breton, and to the South ward, big and sufficient for any ship. There be also oaks and thorns, there is in all the country plenty of birch and alder, which be the meetest wood for cold, and also willow, which will seiwe for any other purposes.

As touching the kinds of fish beside cod, there are herrings, salmons, thornebacke, plaice, or rather we should call them flounders, dog fish, and another most exr cellent of taste called by us a cat, oysters and muscles, in which I have found pearls above forty in one muscle, and generally all have some, great or small. I heard of a Portugal that found one worth 300 ducats. There are also other kinds of shell fish, as limpets, cockles, wilks, lobsters and crabs ; also a fish like a smelt which cometh on shore, and another that hath the like property, called a squid." He calls the climate temperate and far pleasanter than might be supposed from the tales of " foolish mariners." He depicts the land as being intersected with rivers and covered Rich in Minerals. 7 in places with lakes full of fish : " There are plenty of bears everywhere, so that you may kill of them as oft as you list ; their flesh is as good as young beef, and hardly you may know the one from the other if it be powdered but two days.

Of otters we may take like store. There are sea gulls, murres, ducks, wild geese, and many other kind of birds store, too long to write, especially at one island named Penguin, where we may drive them on a plank into our ship, as many as shall lade her." Deer, hares, foxes and Avolves abounded. In addition to possessing a fruitful soil, and many varieties of trees, animals and fish, the Island was believed by Parkhurst to be rich in minerals ; he had found and brought home with him specimens of iron aud copper ore. The foregoing particulars, which Parkhurst communicated to Hakluyt, were doubtless known to many persons and increased their desire to colonize the Island. In the year that Parkhurst's letter was written, Sir Humphrey Gilbert pro cured Letters Patent from Queen Elizabeth autho rizing him to search for and occupy unknown lands or places which were not in the occupation of the subjects of any Christian potentate.

In those days, as at a later time, the natives of a country whose skins were dark and who had never heard of Christ, were denied any rights which white-faced Christians were bound to respect. The Christians considered themselves justified in taking possession of the lands of these heathen barbarians on the plea that they would teach them to read the Bible and rescue them from the dominion of Satan. Sir Humphrey Gilbert's first attempt at exploration failed after he had collected a fleet and persuaded many persons to join him. He returned to England without accomplishing anything, and with the loss of a vessel. Sir Walter Raleigh, his half-brother, who was associated with him in the enterprise,was to have accompanied him when he set out the second time, from Causes bay near Plymouth, on the 11th of June 1583 ; but R aleigh did not go and the vessel which he had fitted out put back to port shortly after sailing.

However, Raleigh sent a letter to Sir Humphrey Gilbert, immediately before the latter sailed, containing a message from Queen Elizabeth to the effect that she wished him " as great good hap and safety to his ship as if she herself were there in person," this letter being accompanied with a jewel from the Queen in the form of an anchor guided by a lady. A narrative of the expedition has been written by Captain Hayes, one of the few survivors. He says the fleet consisted of five vessels, the Delight, 120 tons burden, the Raleigh Sir Humphrey Gilbert's Mission. 9 200 tons, the Golden Hind 40 tons, the Swallow 40 tons, and the Squirrel 10 tons. The party numbered about 260, " among whom we had of every faculty good choice, as shipwrights, masons, carpenters, smiths and such like, requisite to such an action ; also mineral men and refiners.

Besides, for solace of our people, and allurements of the savages, we were provided of music in good variety : not omitting the least toys, as morris dancers, hobby horses and Maylike con ceits to delight the savage people, whom we intended to win by all fair means possible. And to that end we were indifferently furnished of all pretty haberdashery wares to barter with those simple people." Their first mischance, as has been stated, was that the Raleigh parted company soon after sailing, and put back ; their second was that the crew of the Swalloio engaged in piracy. However, they reached the harbour of St. Johns, Newfoundland on the 3rd of August. The next day being Sunday, Sir Humphrey and his company went on shore under the escort of the English merchants, " who showed us their accustomed walks unto a place they call the Garden.

But nothing appeared more than Nature itself without art, wTho con fusedly hath brought forth roses abundantly, wild, but odoriferous and to sense very com fortable. Also the like plenty of raspberries, which do grow in every place." On the following day, Sir Humphrey Gilbert read his Letters Patent and took possession of the country in the Queen's name. A fortnight was spent in ex ploring the country and in trying to communicate with the aborigines. It was found that there were no natives in the Southern part, and it was supposed that this arose from the south coast " being so much frequented by Christians." In the Northern part they found savages who were "altogether harmless." The country pleased them. They liked the climate ; they were struck with the abundance of fish and game and with the fine flowers which grew luxuriantly.

Indeed, Captain Hayes ex presses his thankfulness to God for having super abundantly replenished the earth with creatures for the use of man, though man hath not used a fifth part of the same, and this consideration, in his opinion, " doth aggravate the fault and foolish sloth in many of our nation, choosing rather to live indirectly, and very miserably to live and die within this realm pestered with inhabitants, than to adventure as becometh men, to obtain a habitation in those remote lands, in which Nature very prodigally doth minister unto men's en deavours, and for art to work upon." Captain Hayes notes that there are traces of minerals in many places, that iron is plentiful, and that lead Daniel Discovers Silver. 1 1 and copper are to be met with. Sir Humphrey Gilbert's avowed desire was to discoArer silver or gold.

" Amongst other charges given to inquire out the singularities of this country, the General (Sir Humphrey) was most curious in the search of metals, commanding the mineral man and refiner, especially to be diligent. The same was a Saxon born, honest and religious, named Daniel, who after search brought at first some sort of ore, seeming rather to be iron than other metal. The next time he found ore, which with no small show of contentment he delivered unto the General, using protestation, that if silver were the thing which might satisfy the General and his followers, there it was, advising him to seek no further : the peril whereof he undertook upon his life (as dear unto him as the Crown of England unto her Majesty, that I may use his own words) if it fell not out accordingly." Captain Hayes avows that he was sceptical about the value of the " mineral man's " discovery, and adds Sir Humphrey was so thoroughly satisfied that he took pre cautions to keep the discovery a secret lest the Portuguese and French, who were in force there, might seize the Delight freighted with the precious ore.

The Delight was lost soon after on Sable Island, the island on which the Cunard steamer Britannia grounded for a short time when Charles Dickens crossed the Atlantic in 1842. A man of letters, who was a passenger on board the Delight, England s Oldest Colony. 12 perished when that vessel was wrecked. This was Stephanus Parmeuius, a learned Hungarian who, in the language of Captain Hayes, " of piety and zeal to good attempts, adventured in this action, minding to record in the Latin tongue, the gests and things worthy of remembrance, happening in this discovery, to the honour of our nation, the same being adorned with the eloquent style of this orator and rare poet of our time." The only record of the voyage, which this learned Hun garian hasleft, isa Latin epistle writtenat St. Johns and addressed to Hakluyt who has turned it into English.

What impressed Parmenius the most was the incredible abundance of fish, " Avhereby great gain grows to them that travel to these parts : the hook is no sooner thrown out, but it is eftsoones draAvn up with some goodly fish : the whole land is full of hills and woods. The trees for the most part are pines and of them some are very old, and some young : a great part of them being fallen by reason of their age, doth so hinder the sight of the land, and stop the way of those that seek to travel, that they can go no whither : all the grass here is long and tall, and little differeth from ours. It seemeth also that the nature of this soil is fit for corn : for I found certain blades and ears in a manner bearded, so that it appeareth that by manuring and sowing, they may easily be framed for the use of man : here are in the woods bush berries or rather strawberries, growing up like trees, of great sweetness.

Bears also appear Result of Mineral Discoveries. 13 about the fishers' stages of the country, and are sometimes killed, but they seem to be white, as I conjectured by their skins, and somewhat less than ours." Another passenger whose loss was even more lamented was Daniel, " our Saxon refiner and dis coverer of inestimable riches." Sir Humphrey Gilbert deeply mourned the loss of Daniel and of the ore on board the Delight as well as of his own notes and books. The discovery of ore had altered his opinion as regards Newfoundland and he intimated that, whereas he previously had a great pre dilection for the southern part of the North American Continent, now he was Avholly in favour of the northern. Had he been spared, it is probable that the colonization of Virginia might not haATe taken place for a longer space of time.

The failure of his expedition to Newfoundland directed all the thoughts and efforts of Sir Walter Raleigh and others towards effecting the settlement of Virginia. Sir Humphrey's confidence was so extreme that he believed he could persuade Queen Elizabeth to lend him 10,000/. wherewith to pro secute his enterprise the following spring. His hopes were destined to die with him and that speedily. Sir Humphrey Gilbert's death is one of the tragic episodes in the annals of adventure. He resolved to sail home in the Squirrel a cockle shell of 10 tons. He was entreated to leave that vessel and take passage in the Golden Hind, being urged to make the exchange on the ground that he ran great risk by remaining in the Squirrel. His admirable reply was " I will not forsake my little company going homeward, with whom I have passed so many storms and perils."

Soon after he had thus spoken the wind blew a gale and the sea raged tumultuously so that both vessels were in extreme peril. On the afternoon of Mon day the 9th of September 1583, the Squirrel nearly foundered, but the vessel recoArering, Sir Humph rey was seen by those in the Golden Hind seated on the deck with a book in his hand, and he was heard exclaiming, whenever the vessels ap proached within speaking distance of each other, " we are as near to heaven by sea as by land." Captain Hayes adds : " The same Monday night, about 12 of the clock, or not long after, the Squirrel being ahead of us in the Golden Hind, suddenly her lights were out, whereof as it Avere in a moment, we lost the sight, and withal our watch cryed, the General Avas cast away, which was too true." The tangible result of Sir Humphrey Gilbert's expedition was the formal addition of Newfound land to the English realm.

After he had read Whilbourne's Account. 15 his Letters Patent ; " had delivered unto him (after the custom of England) a rod and a turf of soil," set up the arms of England, en graved on lead, in a conspicuous place, there could be no dispute as to which European State had professed to have taken possession of the Island. He followed the ceremony of taking possession with an act of legislation, promulgating three Laws which were to take immediate effect, the first ordaining that the public exercise of religion should be after the pattern of the Church of England ; the second enjoining the pains and penalties of high treason against the persons who should question or attack the Queen's title to the country; the third providing that " if any person shall utter words sounding to the dishonour of her Majesty, he should lose his ears, and have his ship and goods confiscate."

Captain Richard Whitbourne, the author of the first bookwritten about Newfoundland,was present on this occasion. He confirms the reports of other observers as to the fruits ulness of the land. Fruits, flowers and herbs he saw growing in great pro fusion ; moreover, there was " great store of deer's flesh in that country, and no Avant of good fish, good fowl, good fresh water, and store of wood. By which commodities people may live very pleasantly." He argued with great show of reason that such a country was well adapted for settlement. He held, not only that people could make new and comfortable homes for them selves there, but also " that by a plantation there and by that means only, the poor mis-believing inhabitants of that country may be reduced from barbarism to the knowledge of God and the light of his truth, and to a civil and regular kind of life and government."

Both Captain Hayes and Captain Whitbourne saw strange monsters during their visits to New foundland. The latter minutely describes an animal which he fancies to be a merman or mer maid, but which was probably a seal. The former thus describes a monster which bears a resemblance to that represented in the accounts of the sea serpent: "Upon Saturday in the after noon the 31st of August [1583] we changed our course, and returned back for England, at which very instant, even in winding about, there passed along between us and towards the land which we now forsook a very lion to our seeming, in shape, hair and colour, not swimming after the manner of a beast by moving of his feet, but rather sliding upon the Avater with his whole body (excepting the legs) in sight, neither yet diving under, and again rising above the Avater, as the manner is..

First Colonists. 17 of whales, dolphins, tunnies, porpoises and other fish ; but confidently shoAving himself above water without hiding, notwithstanding we presented ourseh^es in open view and gestnre to amaze him, as all creatures will be commonly at a sudden gaze and sight of men. Thus he passed along turning his head to and fro, yawning and gaping wide, with ugly demonstration of long teeth, and glaring eyes, and to bid us a farewell (coming right against the Hind) he sent forth a horrible voice, roaring and bellowing as doth a lion, which spectacle we all beheld so far as we were able to discern the same, as men prone to wonder at every strange thing, as this doubtless was, to see a lion in the Ocean sea, or fish in shape of a lion."2 The colonization of Newfoundland was one of Bacon's favourite projects ; he believed that the country was well suited for settlement and that the surrounding sea contained even more precious treasure than that which was embedded in the mountains of Mexico and Peru.