The Land of the Monuments: ... With an introduction by the Rev. W. Wright ... Second edition

Introduction

BY THE REV. W. WRIGHT, D.D. WITH MAP AND FIFTEEN ILLUSTRATIONS SECOND EDITION LONDON HODDER AND STOUGHTOM 27, PATERNOSTER ROW THE FOLLOWING PAGES ARE DEDICATED TO MY DEAR AND VALUED FRIEND, THE RIGHT REV. BISHOP MITCHINSON, D.D., D.C.L., IN MEMORY OF THE CLOSE FRIENDSHIP AND HAPPY ASSOCIATIONS OF THE PAST THIRTY YEARS. V

INTRODUCTION.

THE privilege of association with Mr. Pollard in studies bearing on the Bible has made me familiar with the growth, extent, and thoroughness of his Egyptian researches, and constitutes my chief qualification for writing this Introduction. He has for many years employed the comparative leisure of a country gentleman in mastering the literature of the monuments ; he has constructed an elaborate dictionary of the hieroglyphics for his own use ; and his regular attendance at meetings of learned societies, and friendly intercourse with the members, has given him full opportunity of knowing all that is known of the latest discoveries. His journey to Egypt was undertaken after thorough preparation. He was accompanied by an artist familiar with the East and its wealth of colour ; and the illustrations that accompany the book are from the portfolio of one of his daughters.

The book produced under such favourable circum stances is one that has been long looked for, and it will be welcomed by many. It is written in good, simple English, .with little show of learning, and with an absence of archæological jargon. An ordinary reader who knows nothing of Egypt will read it

INTRODUCTION.

VI through as a revelation, without stumbling, and with out skipping. And even those who have laboured through the works of specialists will be grateful for this lucid summary in outline of all that is known. None of the great problems are evaded, but they are dealt with in the calm and dispassionate manner of a scholar who has no theory to advocate, and whose logic of cumulative facts carries conviction. The author knew what to look for and where to find it, and he describes what he saw ; and in his pages, temples and palaces, obelisks, sphinxes, tombs and statues, and the marvellous objects and associa tions that make the Nile valley an enchanted ground, are seen in the rich light of Oriental colours. The eager explorer will find this book a pleasant guide among the monuments ; it will help the artist in search of leading features in the landscape ; and the devout student will be thankful for the light that shines from its pages on many a dark passage in the Bible.

To all who are on the look-out for a compre hensive and readable book on Egypt I recommend this volume, in the full confidence that it will com mend itself to the reader. W. WRIGHT. THE publication of the Second Edition of "The Land of the Monuments " affords me an opportunity of expressing my thanks to numerous friends for letters and appreciative notices of the volume in various papers and periodicals. It also enables me to notice briefly some of the most interesting and important discoveries that have been made during the last eighteen months, since the publication of the first edition, and to add a few explanatory remarks. Among other interesting discoveries recently made at Negadeh was a Royal Tomb which appears to have belonged to Mena, the founder of the united Egyptian Monarchy. The question of the owner ship of the tomb was solved by Dr. Borchardt, who, whilst cataloguing the objects found within it, read upon a plaque of ivory the name and titles of this king.

This is a particularly interesting fact, as it shows that the hieroglyphic system of writing was already fully developed at that very remote period, and that Mena was styled King of Upper and Lower Egypt. The beautifully illustrated volume just issued by the Egypt Exploration Fund, " Deshasheh," contains the details of Professor Petrie's researches in that

Preface

TO THE SECOND EDITION region where he found inter alia the Tombs of Kings and other important personages of the period of the Vth Dynasty. Amongst other treasures was a magnificent statue which is now in the British Museum. This is probably the finest piece of Egyptian statuary that has yet reached Europe ; very few figures in Egypt are equal to it in vigour and character. It was found with others more or less broken in the Serdab of one of the Tombs (p. 159) and was probably sculptured about 3570 B.C. Messrs. Grenfell and Hunt, also working for the Egypt Exploration Fund, were most successful in their researches at Behnesa, the ancient Oxyrhynkhos, where they found an enormous collection of papyri in rolls, and fragments consisting of classical litera ture and early Christian MSS., amongst them was the single leaf of the " Logia Jesou," supposed to have been written at Alexandria about 120 A.D., which has excited so much interest in the literary world.

Another fragment, the first leaf of a papyrus book contained a portion of the Gospel of St. Matthew, written in the third century A.D. This MS. is older by a century than any other MS. of the New Testament at present known. Besides the large collection of papyri in different forms brought to Oxford, 150 rolls, the most perfect of all these treasures, have been retained in Egypt at the Ghizeh Museum. Professor Petrie has stated that "The publication of this unparalleled collection of literature and documents will probably occupy a decade or two, and will place our knowledge of the Roman and early Christian age on a new footing." M. Amelineau has also made some important discoveries at Abydos, and has succeeded in finding that which Mariette sought for in vain, the Tomb of Osiris, and other Tombs of Kings of the First Dynasty (p. 412).

This discovery was confirmed by a despatch dated Feb. 15, 1898, Luxor: " Tomb of Osiris quite authentic. The cavern with unburnt brick walls is original. The cenotaph of granite appears to be of later date, perhaps even of the period of Seti I., though it affects archaic forms. It is probably an exact reproduction of the original cenotaph. There is a representation of this same cenotaph on the walls of the Temple of Seti I. at Abydos, which is a perfect image of the monument found by M. Amelineau. The whole has been reburied in sand from motives of prudence. I shall probably on my return have the cenotaph transported to the Museum. (Signed), Loret " (the director of the Department of Antiqui ties at Cairo). The Times of April 14, 1898, contained a notice of an important discovery in Western Thebes.

It had long been known, from the fact of relics of Amenophis II. being offered for sale, that the tomb of this monarch had been found by the Arabs. M. Loret, acting upon the information he obtained, visited Thebes and found the Royal Tomb. His discovery will ever rank among the most interesting and important of its kind, from the circumstance of the mummy of the King being found in the sarcophagus as it was originally deposited, a fact which has never before rewarded the research of any explorer. The sarcophagus of sandstone is artificially coloured with a bright rose red, and is placed upon a massive block of alabaster ; within it, decorated with wreaths and garlands of flowers lay the body of the King Amenophis II., a monarch of the XVIIIth Dynasty, who lived about 1566 B.C. In a small chamber to X the right of the sepulchral hall were found the mummies of seven other Egyptian kings, viz., Thothmes IV. and Amenophis III., the immediate successors of the owner of the tomb ; Seti II. or Merenptah, the reputed Pharaoh of the Exodus, and Set-Necht, both of the XIXth Dynasty ; and Rameses IV., VI., and VIII. of the XXth Dynasty.

These Royal mummies were most probably placed here for preservation about the time when the Royal mummies which were found in 1881 (and are now in the Museum of Antiquities at Ghizeh) were concealed near Deir el Bahari. There were also four other bodies within the tomb, two of men, one of a woman, and one of a boy. None of these had been embalmed but they were in a perfect state of preservation ; they had evidently met with violent deaths, but bore the peaceful expression of sleep. Further information respecting this unique discovery is earnestly awaited both with regard to Merenptah and the other Royal mummies, and also to the unembalmed bodies which, from their appearance, have suggested the possibility of human sacrifices having been made upon the burial of the King. No evidence of the existence of any such practice has been obtained before the present extraordinary discovery of apparently slaughtered bodies found within the tomb.

The word used in the Hebrew MSS. for " wall " in the passage, " And the waters were a wall unto them on the right hand and on the left " — Exodus xiv. 22 (p. 11) — is Chomah, noin ; the Greek word, teiclws, rtiyoc., is used in the Septuagint Version. Both these words imply " protection," as by a fortification, citadel, or other means of strategic defence. The same words are used in 1 Samuel xxv. 16, where Nabal's shepherds describe David and his followers as " a wall unto us both by night arid by day " ; in Zechariah ii. 5, " I will be unto her a wall of fire round about her " ; and in Nahum iii. 8, where the passage forms a parallel with that of Exodus, " Art thou better than populous No, that was situate among the rivers, that had waters round about her, whose rampart was the sea,1 and her wall was the sea J " ?

A great difference of opinion exists with regard to the veneration paid to animals and the worship of them. Our knowledge at present is too limited and imperfect for any theory to be formed with regard to it (p. 87). From the time of the earliest inscriptions, the Hawk and the Bull appear as symbols of Divinity and of royalty. The Hawk was the emblem of the Sun, Ra, the traditional ruler of Egypt, and of Horus his suc cessor. The title of " Horus " and " The Golden Horus " was borne by every individual king or Pharaoh of each successive dynasty, and the figure of a hawk, occasionally wearing one or both of the crowns of Egypt, was the emblem of the king. The worship of Bulls as emblems of Divine power is not peculiar to Egypt, but is met with in all ancient religions. The inhabitants of India exhibit as great a veneration for the Bull and for the bovine race as that which prevailed in Egypt 5,000 years ago.

This was observed during the recent famine, when Hindoos were to be seen prostrate in adoration before the huge statues of the Bull which represent to them Nandi — the God of nature and abundance — imploring 1 I.e., the Nile. him to avert from them the terrors of starvation, and to grant them an abundant harvest. Of all figures of animal gods no one is more familiar to us than that of the Jackal Anpu or Anubis so constantly represented upon mummy cases, papyri, stelæ, etc. This divinity is mentioned as far back as the First Dynasty, 4,400 B.C. Anpu signifies " the fierce young one of a wild beast," and the name was probably given to this animal from the tradition that the jackal was the son of Nepthys and of Osiris, a poetical idea suggested by the early nocturnal habits of the jackal, which leaves its secret hiding-place about sunset.

Nepthys was the goddess of the Evening twilight and lovely afterglow which so constantly attends the sunset in Egypt. Osiris was the Sun after he had sunk below the horizon. At Siut-Lycopolis the Jackal-god was also known as Ap-uat, "the opener of the road " (p. 191), it being his duty to guide the boat of the Sun through the underworld during the hours of darkness. A representation of this exists at Edfou, where the boat of the Sun appears in Hades with the various divinities attendant upon the Sun-god. A jackal-headed figure is at the prow piloting the boat, and above his head is the name of Ap-uat. (This scene is depicted in Champollion, vol. ii., plate 132.) Another duty of this divinity was to conduct the souls of the "Justified" to the presence of Osiris. The ancient town of Kasa or Cynopolis was also dedicated to Anubis, the Jackal-god.

" Probably these were the two places which the Egyptians had in view when speaking of the Anubis of the South and the Anubis of the North, and placing upon funerary stelæ two jackals as guardians of the deceased. This procedure illustrates the fact that though the Egyptians recognised that divinities of the same name in different centres of worship were distinct, yet this did not imply any belief in more than one Anubis." * " Ap-uat, the Jackal of Siut, was changed into Anubis. [To my mind, at least, this is an obvious conclusion from the monuments of Siut, in which the Jackal is called Ap-uat, the living God, Lord of the City, and Anpu, the master of embalming.] " + " Anubis, the Jackal, is Ap-uat, the Guide of the Ways." J Professor Petrie mentions among the animal gods -" Anpu, or Ap-uat, the Jackal," || thus implying identity.

From this it appears that Anubis and Ap-uat were different forms only of the Jackal-headed god, and not distinct divinities. " It is absolutely necessary to bear in mind that different Divine names do not necessarily imply different personalities. A name expresses but one attribute of a person or thing, and one person having several attributes may have several names " (Renouf, " Proc. Soc. Bibl. Arch.," xx. p. 7). The Sacred Beetle, or Scarabeus, was an object of veneration from the earliest times. Its figure carved in stone was highly prized as an amulet or charm against evil and magic. It was also used by em balmers (p. 98). Scarabs are also important historical records, from the fact of the name of the reigning monarch of the period being generally engraved upon the under side. ■■• Wiedemann, " Religion of the Ancient Egyptians," p. 230. t Maspero, "Dawn of Civilization," p. 116. t Ibid., p. 550.

J| " Religion and Conscience in Ancient Egypt,'' p. 76. Professor Petrie has published " Historical Scarabs," a small volume which contains drawings of an exten sive selection of specimens from public and private collections. The series commences with Mena (?), and exhibits in order the names of the larger number of the Kings of the various Dynasties up to the end of the thirtieth, when the Egyptian Empire virtually came to an end and scarab-making ceased. These amulets were usually covered with a brilliant glaze, bright azure blue being the colour most highly prized. In cases where the original glaze has disappeared, it may generally be stated that brown Scarabs were covered with a green, and white (with some few exceptions) with a blue glaze. The Scarab with expanded wings represents Khepera the god of the rising Sun.

He constantly appears in the boat of the Sun, having a human body and a Scarabeus with expanded wings for the head. In the fifteenth chapter of the " Book of the Dead " this divinity is addressed : " Hail to thee, Horus of the two horizons, who art Khepera, self-originating," &c. It has been suggested that the winged globe, which forms such a marked feature in Egyptian decoration, originated in the flying Scarabeus. The male insect, it is stated, forms a ball of earth and other matter, and, placing it between his horns, flies with it to his consort. The instance witnessed by us, a single one, does not favour the idea ; the ball was too large and too heavy for the insect to have raised upon its head, while it rolled it along with the greatest ease (p. 343). This action of the Scarabeus attracted the attention of the ancient Egyptians.

They observed that a living scarabeus subsequently emerged from the ball, hence they gave it the title of " self-originating," " self- ■existent " ! They were probably not aware of the sexes of the beetle nor of the deposition of the egg ! Had they known, and had they witnessed the subse quent changes of insect life from the egg, with what wonder and veneration would they have regarded the young Scarabeus, perfect in all its parts, on its issuing from the mummy-form case of the chrysalis and com mencing its active life ! The winged globe is stated in the legend at Edfou to have originated in the Hawk soaring in the air. " Then Horbedhuti (the golden sparrow-hawk of the South) flew up to the Sun as a great winged disk, therefore was he thenceforward called the Great God, the Lord of Heaven."

The expression " From the time of Ra " was equi valent to " primeval." The Egyptians believed that the Sun-god originally reigned over Egypt, and that every King in the long succession of Pharaohs was an absolute incarnation of Ra. The late Sir Gardner Wilkinson suggested in A.D. 1827 that the title of "Pharaoh" was derived from this myth. He observed that the word in Hebrew was ny"]D — "Phrah" — and that the Coptic forms of it were Pira, or Phra=the Sun (p. 229). His theory was accepted, and remained intact until 1878, when the last edition of "The Ancient Egyptians " was published. The late Dr. Birch, the editor, appended a note to vol. i. p. 31 : "The last idea is that it is derived from Per-aa — — the great house, or court," and this derivation has since that ■date been adopted as the origin of the name of " Pharaoh."

It is analogous to the title " The Sublime Porte " which is applied to the Sultan of Turkey — originating in the Oriental custom of a Court sitting ±0 administer justice in "the Gate of the City," a custom frequently alluded to in the Bible. Abraham's purchase in the Gate of Hebron of the Cave of Mach pelah is the earliest instance on record. An interesting relic of this custom existed some years ago, and pro bably still exists, in the city of Valencia, in Spain, where a court was held every Thursday at noon before the west door of the cathedral, the most public place in the city. Here all disputes with regard to irrigation and other rural affairs were settled viva voce. In the time of the Moorish occupation this court sat in " the Gate of the City ; " after the expul sion of the Moors in the fifteenth century it was removed by the Christians to " the Gate of the Apostles," at the entrance to their " House of God."

Three important works have recently been pub lished on the subject of the Religion of the Ancient Egyptians. i. "The Ancient Egyptian Doctrine of the Immor tality of the Soul." Dr. A. Wiedemann. 1896. Twenty-one illustrations. 3s. 2. " The Religion of the Ancient Egyptians," by the same author. 1897. Seventy-three illustrations. 12s. 6d. Both published by H. Grevel and Co., London. 3. " Religion and Conscience in Ancient Egypt," a series of lectures delivered by Professor Petrie at University College, London. 1898. Methuen, 2s. 6d. JOSEPH POLLARD. High Down, May, 1898.

PREFACE.

' I serial publication of papers entitled, "Notes Jof a Visit to Egypt," has led to numerous and repeated requests that an extended account should be published, including the voyage up the Nile to Wady Halfah and the Second Cataract, with notices of the monuments of Ancient Egypt. The present volume has, therefore, been compiled, and is offered with the earnest hope that " The Land of the Monu ments " may meet with the same kind approval which was accorded to the " Notes of a Visit to Egypt." A few illustrations have been introduced from original sketches taken from time to time during the voyage by my daughter. I have no knowledge of Arabic as a language, and wherever Arabic words occur they are rendered phonetically. I desire to express my thanks to Dr. W. Wright for writing the introduction to this volume ; to Dr. W. Robertson Nicoll, Rev. G. Wilson, Mr. R.

PREFACE.

XVIII J. A. Morrison, Mr. R. Hamilton Lang, and Mr. H. A. Harper, for general information, literary assist ance, revising MSS., &c. ; to Sir P. le Page Renouf, Dr. W. M. Flinders Petrie, and Dr. E. A. Wallis Budge for scientific information most kindly and ■courteously imparted at various times. J. POLLARD. High Down, 1896. I'AGH I 15 34 45 CONTENTS

Chapter I

The Voyage — Gibraltar — Naples — Straits of Messina — Scylla and Charybdis — Port Said — Suez Canal — Kantarah " The Way of the Philistines " — Tell-el-Defenneh — Daphnæ or Tahpanes — The " Field of Zoan " — El-Gisr — Lake Timsah — Site of the Exodus ......

Chapter II

Ismailia — The monuments from Tell-el-Maskhutah — The discovery of Pithom — The treasure cities of Pharaoh — Bricks made by the Israelites — The Pharaohs of the Oppression and of the Exodus — The railroad to Cairo — The Desert — Tell-el-Khebir — The Land of Goshen— Oriental customs and Bible illustrations — Bubastis — Tell-el-Yahoudeh — Site of the Jewish Temple in Egypt — Approach to Cairo

Chapter III

Cairo — "Shepheard's Hotel" — The Syce or " herald " — Water-carriers — The " bottle " of Scripture — The name of Cairo — Masr-el-Kahira — Strong position of the city — The seven streams of the Delta — Fulfilment of prophecy— Karkar — Babylon — Coptic convent and service — Tradition — Fostat — The birthplace of Moses ?.....

Chapter IV

Cairo — Extent of the city — Walls — Gates — Streets — The Muskee — Arab funerals — Cemeteries — " The Trial of the Grave " — Feeding the poor near the tomb of the late Khedive Tewfik Pasha ........ CONTENTS XX

Chapter V. Tage

Cairo— The Bazaars— Citadel— Joseph's Well— Views from the ramparts — Tombs of the Mamelukes — Rubbish heaps — — Massacre of the Mamelukes by Mehemet Ali 55

Chapter VI

Cairo — Mosque of Mehemet Ali — Mosque — Garni — Styles of architecture of mosques — Arab, Mameluke, Osmanli — The Muristan — Museum of Arab antiquities 64

Chapter VII

Abbassiyeh — Overland route to India — Palace of Kubeh — Matarieh — Sacred sycamore-fig tree — The tradition — Balm of Gilead — An ostrich farm — On, An, Heliopolis — The Obelisk — University — Temple of the Sun — Mnevis Bulls 74

Chapter VIII

Museum of Egyptian antiquities — Mariette Bey — The earliest statues — Ra Hotep and the Princess Nefert — Painting of geese — Wood-carving — The Soul represented revisiting the Body — Jewellery — Flowers — Hall of the Royal Mummies — The discovery at Deir-el-Bahari — Thothmes III. — Rameses III.— "The Hornet"— Rameses II. . . . . 88

Chapter IX

The Pyramids of Ghizeh — Mena House — Mastabas and tombs — The Great Pyramid — The Second — The Third — Its interior — The six small Pyramids — The Zodiacal Light — The Sphinx — The Temple of the Sphinx — Moonlight and sunrise on the Pyramids — The geology and botany of the plateau — A Bedouin encampment . . . 103

Chapter X

The Nile — Herodotus — Speke — The Victoria Nyanza — Baker — The White Nile — Khartoum — The Albert Nyanza — Bruce — The Blue Nile— The Nile Valley— The god Hapi— The inundation — Gradual elevation of the land — " The Night of Weeping of the Great Goddess " . CONTENTS XXI PAGE '33 H5 157 168 178 191

Chapter XI

The voyage up the Nile — Bedresheyn — Memphis — Mena, the first King of Egypt — The Apis bull — Temple of Ptah— Statues of Rameses II. (the Great) — Raising the buried Colossus — Records of Rameses the Great — Cruel treatment of the prisoners of war .

Chapter XII

Pyramids of Sakkarah — Ptah Socharis Osiris — Mummies, processes of embalmment — The Step Pyramid — Mariette Bey's house — Strabo's account of the Serapeum — Mariette's discovery — Khamuas— Translation of the tablet of an Apis bull — The order of Monks of the Serapeum

Chapter XIII

Tomb of Ti— The Ka, or false door — Statues — Serdab — Interesting series of illustrations — The Pyramid of Unas — Interior — Inscriptions and important texts — Mitraheny

Chapter XIV

The Pyramid region — Dashoor — Medum — Professor Petrie's discoveries in the Fayoom — Portraits of mummies painted on panel — Occupations of the Fellahin — Women with water-jars — Sandbanks — Bird-life — Ghebel-el-Tur — Migration of birds — Pigeons — Dovecotes

Chapter XIX

Temple of Luxor — Majestic columns — Statues of Rameses the Great — Princess Nefert-ari — "Pharaoh's daughter" — Sculptures — Procession represented entering this temple — Records of Rameses the Great — Ghawazee performance — Snakes — Asp — Uræus the emblem of royalty

Chapter XX

Ennent an ancient sacred city — The Vulture — Esneh — Grand capitals of columns — Khnoum, the ram-headed divinity — Intelligent scholars — El-Kab — Interesting inscriptions of the time of Joseph — Edfou — Imposing appearance of the Temple of Horus — The Hawk divinity — Horus the name and emblem of royalty — Shrine of grey granite in which the living hawk was kept — Hawk mummies — Important astronomical inscriptions — Visit to the temple by moonlight

Chapter XXI

The great quarries and inscriptions of Silsilis — Euphorbias — Sacred crocolile of Kom-Ombos — Sculptures in the temple — Assouan, the ancient Syene — Tropic of Cancer — Juvenal — Island of Abu or Elephantine — The Isle of Flowers — The tombs in the Western Hills — Cemetery — Quarries — Obelisk — Romantic scenery — Mahatta CONTENTS XXIII PAGE '58 •69 :8o 296 306 319

Chapter XXII

Nubia — Philæ — The Land of Cush, or Ethiopia — Beautiful scenery at Bab-el-Kalabshe — Stars — Nubian temples — Dakkeh — Chameleons ......

Chapter XXIII

Korosko — Amada, its temple and sculptures — Derr — Date palms — Cotton — Castor-oil plants — Crocodiles — Toski — Abou-Simbel — Sunrise in the Great Temple — Fareg — Rafts of bulrushes .......

Chapter XXIV

Wady Halfah — Second Cataract — "Down the Nile" — Abou- Simbel — Its inscriptions, records, sculptures, and paintings — The battle at Kadesh — The Carian inscription — View from the summit — The constellation of the Southern Cross — Early morning in the Great Temple

Chapter XXVIII

The Shrine of Amen-Ra — Hymn of adoration to the god — Illustrations of natural history sculptured during the reign of Thothmes III. — Records of Shishak's invasion of CONTENTS XXIV PAGE 329 344 361 377 393 Southern Palestine— Temple of Mut— Coptic Convent near the Eastern Desert — A living Scarabeus— Ruins of Medamot — Karnak ......

Chapter XXIX

Western Thebes— Its great necropolis— Goorneh— Valley of the Tombs of the Kings— Bab-el-Moluk— The tombs of Seti I., Rameses IV., Rameses IX., Meneptah, and of Rameses III., the " Harper's Tomb " .

Chapter XXX

The Western Valley — Tombs of Amenophis III. and of Ai — The Biban-el-Moluk— Visit to No. 15, the tomb of Seti- Mer-en-ptah : circumstantial evidence of the sudden death of this prince, " who sat on the throne " with his father, Mer-en-ptah — Champollion — The proclamation of the righteousness of the deceased, or Mat-Kheru

Chapter XXXI

Deir-el-Bahari — Queen Hatasou — Newly discovered large altar — Tomb of Rekmara, &c, &c. — The Ramesseum, prostrate Colossus — Inscriptions — Deir-el-Medenet — Small Temple, with sculptured scene of the Judgment of the Heart in the Hall of Truth — " The Negative Confession " of " the Book of the Dead " .

Chapter XXXII

Medenet-Abou, its palace and temples — Coptic Ostraka — The only remaining portion of the Memnonium of Amenophis III.— The Sitting Statues of the Plain— The Vocal Memnon.

Chapter XXXIII

Keneh— The potter's wheel— Weight of an ordinary water-bottle— Abydos— Temples— Thinis, the cradle of Egyptian monarchy — Coptic Convent — Assiout — Mans alout — Black pigs— Testimony of Herodotus to the abhorrence of swine CONTENTS XXV PAGE 410 427 445 453 by the Egyptians — Cairo — Ghizeh — Goshen — Ismailia— The Mirage — Levant — Brindisi — Malta — Coast of Portugal ■ — Finisterre — Eddystone Lighthouse — Plymouth

Chapter XXXIV

Concluding remarks — Biblical customs — Bedouin Arabs — Alabaster Vases, "Box of ointment of spikenard" — Fulfilment of prophecy — The papyrus plant — Ancient Papyri — Professor Petrie's discoveries of various MSS. — The sceptre and staff — The beard — The immortality of the soul — The Egyptian religion adapted only to the learned — The teaching of the Law of Moses adapted to every individual ........ NOTES INDEX LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS I. THE TOMB OF MENEPTAH OR MER-EN-PTAH, THE PHARAOH OF THE EXODUS . . Frontispiece (see p. 354) MAP ....... To face p. I 2. MUSHREEBEYAHS, CAIRO ... ,,46 3. FEEDING THE POOR AT THE TOMB OF THE LATE KHEDIVE, TEWFIK PASHA „ 53 4. MOSQUE OF EL-AZHAR . . . . „ 7 1 5. ONE OF THE OLDEST PANELS OF WOOD-CARVING IN EXISTENCE .... ,,93 6. THE SOUL REVISITING THE BODY . . • „ 95 7.

DAWN ON THE GREAT SPHINX . . ,, Il6 8. COLOSSAL STATUE OF RAMESES THE GREAT AT MEMPHIS ..... ,,138 9. THE GREAT TEMPLE OF DENDERAH . . „ 200 10. COLUMNS AT LUXOR „ 218 II. A SAKIYEH ....... 273 12. SUNRISE IN THE TEMPLE OF ABOU-SIMBEL . „ 278 13. THE GREAT TEMPLE OF ABOU-SIMBEL . . „ 293 14. HYPÆTHRAL TEMPLE, PHILÆ . . „ 309 15. SARCOPHAGUS OF Al . . . . „ 365 DYNASTIES OF EGYPT ANCIENT EMPIRE. ' " Livre des Rois," Cairo, 1887. DYNASTY. FROM NO. OF KINGS. | NAME OF FIRST KING. DATE B.C. MARIETTE. BRUGSCH. CONTEMPORARY EVENTS, ETC. 1 Thinis 8 Mena Butau 5004 44OO \ 4133 j Memphis, capital of Egypt. Portions of Book of the Dead in existence. Pyramids built at Sakkarah. Worship of Apis and Mnevis Bulls established. 2 9 4751 3 4 S 6 7 8 9 10 Memphis 9 8 9 8 Tatai Seneferu Userkaf Teta 4449 4235 3951 3703 3500 3358 I 3249 3966 3766 3566 33O0 Pyramids of Medum and Ghizeh, &c. Pyramid of Unas. „ (Elephantine) Heracleopolis [ 23 Nefer Ka MIDDLE EMPIRE. 11 12 Thebes »» 22 8 Antes Amenemhat Rakhutaui Ai Nubti Apepi 3064 2851 2398 2214 22466 \ 2233 Thebes, capital of Egypt.