The History of Progress in Great Britain ... With ... illustrations by William Newman, etc

Preface

. I submit this volume of the " History of Progress" to the Reader's attention, believing that it contains some interesting facts and records not hitherto known, or, at least, not heretofore applied to demonstrate the growth of the British mind, and the development of our nation's material resources. Having preferred to divide the progress of the several branches of national industry and skill into distinct Sections, and to trace the growth of each separately, I must solicit the Reader and the Critic not to set down as omissions the absence of some matters which are not included in the present volume, solely on account of the classification I have adopted. For instance : the Section upon Horticulture, which remains to be written, will impart completeness to the Progress of Agriculture, herein contained ; and in like manner, the Section upon Commerce will be found an essential addition to the Progress of Shipping, Navigation, and Geogra phical Discovery.

The Reader should remember two things. First, that the history is necessarily rapid, concise. In this volume there are contained four distinct Progresses, either of which might easily have been elaborated to the dimensions of the whole volume. Second, the Sectional Histories are brought down to the period which meets the introduction of steam power and machinery. The age of steam forms a strongly marked epoch, and will be fully considered in the Progress of Steam Navigation, Locomotion, etc. I trust that, though concise, the History is not superficial. I have endeavoured to throw myself as far as possible into the moral and mental atmosphere which surrounded our fathers ; I have striven to realize their life, thoughts, fears, and difficulties. And

PREFACE.

. the Reader will find that, having done this, I frequently quote their words, in preference to using my own ; feeling convinced that no language' of mine could so aptly explain the old notions of vegetation (for instance) as those which have been given from Goodge, Platt, Gabriel Plattes, Markham, and other "ingenious husbandmen," who undertook to enlighten mankind upon their favourite theme ; and that the notes by Pigafetta upon Magalhaen's voyage most significantly show the scantiness of knowledge of natural phenomena and history in the sixteenth century. I have chosen to let the "god-like heroes which Queen Elizabeth drew around her in her ever-glorious reign" explain their own deeds of honour and valour. Had space permitted, the enumeration of such deeds might have been largely extended.

Those who relish this kind of glory, and thirst for a longer narration of its achievements, may be amply gratified by reference to the original authorities, whose testimony I have adduced. I must further say that this was designed to be essentially a British History, and to be confined, as far as possible, to the advancement made within our own islands. But as Britain is connected, by the sea and her shipping, with every part of the world, I have found it necessary, in the chapter upon Navigation and Geographical Discovery, to wander beyond the prescribed limits, and to include the Portuguese and Spanish discoveries which opened to British enterprise a highway East, West, and South. The history of Geographical Discovery, so far as relates to the exploration of the countries discovered, will occupy a separate Section.

Hoping that some of those who have faith in human progress, and believe in the dignity of labour, and the ultimate practicability of " peace and good will among mankind," will find in this work grounds to strengthen their conviction and brighten their hope, I shall continue my labours, trusting that in recording the History of Progress, I am contributing to its advancement. R. KEMP PHILP. London, 1859. INDEX.

Ateica, earliest English voyage to, 314 Agricola's address to his army, 61 Agricola's improvements in Britain, 208 Agriculture, the Progress of, 65 Agriculture among the Britons, 66 Agriculture, hindrances to the advancement of, 83 Agricultural implement?, defects of, 87 Agriculturists, superstition and witchcraft among them, 96 Agricultural improvements retarded by civil wars, 97 [century, 106 Agricultural experiments in the eighteenth Agricultural Societies, the first, 107, Agriculture, Society of Improvers in Scotland, 107 [motion of, 108 Agriculture, Dublin Society for the Pro- Agricultural chemistry, principles of, 119 Agricultural improvements, results of, 129 Agricultural Society of England (Royal) established, 127 Agricultural Society of Ireland (Royal), 135 Agricultural produce, annual value 136 Alpaca, attempts to naturalize the, 125 Alfred, King, obtains artificers from foreign countries, 211 Alfred, King, fleet of, 279 Anglo-Saxon houses, 212 Anglo-Saxon architecture, 219 Anglo-Saxon windows, 246 Anglo-Saxon doors, 248 Animals of ancient Britain, 67 Aqueduct over the Irwell, 200 Architecture, domestic, 205 Athelstan's improvement of the fleet, 281 Australia, discovery of, 338 Bacon's books on husbandry burnt, 86 Baffin's Bay, discovery of, 341 Baker, John Wynn, his experiments in agriculture, 112 [live stock, 121 Bakewell, Robert, his improvements of Banks, Sir Joseph, accompanies Captain Cook, 350 Baronial Halls, 225 Bath and West of England Agricultural Society, 109 Beacons for the direction of travellers, 149 Birds employed to guide mariners, 301 Biseop, Benedict, collects works of art at Rome, 210 [bandry, 82 Blith, Walter, his works upon hus- Boadicea's address to her army, 58 Board of Agriculture, 109 Board of Agriculture established, 117 Board of Public Works, Ireland, 188 Bourn's, Mr., broad-wheeled vehicles, 178 Brick-buildings, revival of, 259 Bridge, old London, 201 Bridgewater's, Duke of, canals, 195 Bridge, opposition to the building of Westminster, 202 Britain, state of, at the Roman invasion, 1 Britain, fabulous history of, 7 Britain, physical features of, at the time of the Roman invasion, 10 British towns described, 11 British tribes, their provinces in the island, 29 British carriages, 161 British houses, ancient, 206 Britons, various tribes of, 10 Britons, manners and customs of, 23 Britons, their general character, 55 Britons, modes of fightingof theaucient, 28 Cabbage, original of the, 101 Cabot, John, his voyage, 303 Cæsar, Julius, the extent of his conquest in Britain, 10 Cæsar, Julius, his invasions, 14 Canal navigation, 195 Canal boats, speed of, 198 Canals, effect of, in reducing prices, 108 Canals opposed, 199 Cannon firstcarried upon ships' decks, 356 Cannon-balls first made of stone, 357 Cape of Good Hope discovered, 305 Cape Horn, passage round, discovered, 3 11 Caractacus, his speech before Claudius, 57 Carbonic acid gas discovered, 120 Carriages, improvement of, 137 Carrot, original of the, 103 Castles

built by the Norman tings, 220 Cattle of the Britons, 67 Cattle, ancient cures for, 96 Cavendish, Sir Thomas,hisexpeditions, 324 Chester, houses of, 258 Chimneys, commencement of, 237 Churches of wood. 209 Cinque Ports, origin of the, 283 Clergy, interest taken by them in agriculture, 98 Clipper-built ships, 369 Coaches, introduction of, 165 Coache.-, their introduction opposed, lfi8 Coach accidents, frequency of, 175 Coaches, improved speed of, 190 Coaches, etc., statistics of, 190 Coal, introduction of, 242 Coal, use of, prohibited, 243 Coal, a man executed for burning, VI INDEX.

Coal, increased use of, 243 Fire-places, 238 Fire-places taxed, 210 Fire-places altered to adapt them to the burning of coals, 245 Fitzherbert's " Boke of Husbandry," 70 Fleet of Edward III., 285 Coal fires objected to by ladies, 244 Coasting craft, imp-ovement of, 378 Collingwood, the, 367 Columbus discovers America, 293 Columbus's voyage, 295 Commonwealth, state of agriculture under the, 100 [sure, 98 Conquest, the, influence upon agritul- Convoys proposed to protect travellers from being robbed, 143 Coracles of the Britons, 13 Corn, origin of steeping it for seed, 74 Corn, an anoient method of divining whether it would be cheap or dear, 78 Cook, Captain, his vovages, 350 Cook, Captain, summary of his voyages and discoveries, 353 Cosmo III., his visit to England, 182 Cottages for artisans, Prince Albert's, 270 Crime, statistics of, 188 Cumberland, Duchess of, her journey to London, 159 Cumberland, Earl of, his expedition, 332 Curfew, the, 240 Dampier, Captain, his voyages, 343 Danish pirates, 282 Davy, Sir Humphrey, lectures before the Board of Agriculture, 118 Diaz, Bartholomew, discovers the Cape of Good Hope, 305 Di Gama doubles Cape Good Hope, 305 De Foe's " Tour through Great Britain," 94, 146 Domestic life in thereign of Elizabeth, 231 Doorways of the fourteenth century, 249 Draining improvements, 90 Drake, Sir Francis, his expeditions. 318 Drilling machine suggested by Gabriel Plattes, 76 [duced, 72 Drilling, the method of, when first intro- Druidical religion, the, 45 Druids, the orders of, 47 Druidical poetry, 47 Druidical doctrines, 49 Flints used in building, 260 Flora of ancient Britain, 69 Footmen, running, 191 Fortresses, domestic life in, 223 Franklin's, Captain, Arctic voyages, 354 Frobisher's, Sir Martin, attempt to find a north-west passage, 315 Galgacus, his address to his army, 59 Gardening, the first experiments in, 81 Gardening, influence of, 101 Gee, Mr., introduces to England a flock of llamas, 126 Geoffrey of Monmoutb, his chronicles, 7 Geographical discovery, progress of, 273 George III. promotes geographical discoveries, 347 Gibbets used as direction posts, 149 Gladstone, Mr., his remarks upon agricultural improvements, 132 Glass-makers introduced to England, 210 Glass, introduction of, in houses, 236 Glass windows, luxury of, 242 Gog and Magog, origin of, 9 Goodge's " Booke of Husbandry," 71 Gordon, Sir Alexander, his evidence upon the roads of Scotland, 181 Grasses, artificial, introduction of, 81 Great Harry, the, 365 Harris's description of ancient, bouses and furniture, 235 Harry Grace de Dieu, the, 365 Harrison's description of roads in the sixteenth century, 142 Hartlib, Samuel, his works upon husbandry, 80 [Guinea, 316 Hawkins, Captain, his expedition to Hawkins, Sir Richard, his expedition, 327 Helmot's experiments with a tree, 120 Highland roads, 187 [wealth, 143 Highwaymen at the time of the Common- Holkham, agricultural improvements, 130 Holwood Hill, a British capital, 34 Home, Mr., his evidence upon

roads, 155 Howe's description of Hagbush Lane, 160 House of the thirteenth century, 214 Houses of the twelfth to the filteenth Druidical objects of veneration, 51 Druidical temples, 51 Druids, extermination of the, 52 Eames, Mr., his evidence upon roads, 155 Edgeworth, Mr., his testimony as to roads and coaches, 176 Elizabeth, Queen, agricultural improvements in her reign, 75 Elizabeth, Queen, carriage of, 162 Embattled houses, 228 Essex, ancient unhealthiness of, 94 Farmers' associations, the first, 106 Farmers, prejudices of, 115 Farmers affected by bad roads, 176 Fawkeshall, ancient manor house of, 216 Feudalism, its effect upon agriculture, 97 Fire-places in upper rooms only, 219 centuries, 217 Houses of the time of Elizabeth, 229 Hudson's Bay, discovery of, 340 Husbandry, first books upon, 70 Hull's, Jonathan, first steam-boat, 386 Innkeepers conoerned in robberies of travellers, 172 Inland navigation, 193 Informers, common, 170 Ireland, increase of live stock in, INDEX, VII Irish roads, 187 Pack-horses, 158 Iron applied to ship-building, 381 James I., signs of agricultural improvement in his reign, 75 John, King, carriage of, 162 Jones, Inigo, his improvements of architecture, 261 Land, state of the, in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, 94 Law courts literally open, 232 Ledger, Mr. C, his efforts to naturalize alpacas in Australia, 126 Leicester, Earl of, his impiovements in agriculture, 131 Leicester, Earl of, his instructions for a Paganism forced upon the Britons, 52 Palmer, Mr.

John, his improvements of the Post, 168 [don, 164 Parker, Mr. Edward, hisjourney to Lon- Parsnip, original of the, 102 Phœnicians, first traders to Britain, 274 Pie-powder, court of, 233 [dition, 309 Pigafetta's account of Magalhaen's expe- Piracies upon the British coasts, 361 Piracy, early law against, 363 Platt, Sir Hugh, works on husbandry, 72 Plattes, Gabriel, works on husbandry, 74 Plough, history of the, 87 Ploughing by the " horse's tayle," 89 Flutareh on the universal salt, 73 Port-holes, introduction of, 357 Post, establishment of the, 167 Post, rate of speed of the, 167 Postal improvements opposed, 168 Potatoes, the first, 103 Preceptory, the, of Swingfield, 215 Privateering expeditions, 316 [tory, 63 Progress, advantages of studying its his- Quiros, De, his discoveries, 338 Railways, their influence upon agricultural improvement, 133 Railway, stone, proposed, 177 Raleigh, Sir Walter, his account of improvements in shipping, 289 Raleigh, Sir Walter, promoted the colonization of Virginia, 321 Raymond, Mr. George, his expedition to the East Indies, 327 Reprisals, by the Portuguese, 337 Richard II., his flight, 161 River navigation, 193 River navigation, laws for promoting, 194 River navigation, disadvantages of, 198 River navigation, laws respecting, 201 River watermen, robberies by, 201 Roads, improvement of, 137 Eoads, first laws relating to, 140 Roads, laws enacted in the reign of William and Mary, 143 Roads and carriages, laws respecting in the reign of Anne, 144 Roads and carriages, laws respecting in the reign of George I., 144 Road-books, numerous, 150 Road from London to Arundel, 152 Roads, petition against their extension, 157 Roads, anxiety of Parliament for their improvement, 173 Roads, Parliamentary committees on, 175 Roads, expenses of keeping in repair, 179 Roads, moral and social effects of their journey, 159 [Hull, 259 Leland's description of Kingston-on- Leviathan, the, 18 [ments in, 121 Live stock, encouragement of improve- Londonhousesbuiltofwood, and thatched with reeds, 221 [extension, 261 London, proclamation against its further London, effects of the great fire, 262 M'Adam's improvements of roads, 183 Magalhaen discovers the Patagonian Straits, 307 Manures known in the 16th century, 72 Manures conveyed to land on horses' backs, 94 [after Christ, 273 Map of the world as known 150 years Marco Polo, the, 369 Mariner's compass, invention of, 360 Murkham, Gervase, his works on husbandry, 77 Masts, increase of the number of, 364 M'Clure, Captain, Arctic discovery, 355 Mcchi, Mr.

Alderman, his conclusions respecting improvements at Tiptree Hall, 134 Medway Canal tunnel, 197 Merohant Adventurers, Company of, established, 332 Milton's, Rev. John, patent coach, 175 Mistletoe, ceremony of cutting the, 51 Moated manor houses, 227 Money of the ancient Britons, 37 Moorfields, ancient state of, 91 Moon's influence upon agriculture, as believed in the sixteenth century, 71 Navigation, progress of, 273 Nelson, Mr., his profits arising from the early use of bone manure, 132 News, tardy spread of, 193 New Zealand, discovery of, 343 Nitrogen gas discovered, 120 Norman architecture, 220 Norman dwellings, 222 Norman fortresses, 223 Norman loopholes and windows, 223 Ochter, his voyage of discovery, 280 Ogilby's " Itinerarium Angliæ," 148 Oxygen gas discovered, 120 improvement, 187 Roads, English improvements, 1S9 Road and canal improvements, 203 Roberts, Dr., his remarks upon the discovery of the Cape of Good Hope, INDEX.

Stone, Mr. Gabriel, his improvement of roads, 184 [shops, 232 Storehouses prior to the introduction of Stoves, introduction of, 236 Street architecture, 252 Street architecture, modern, 266 Tacitus, his description of the Britons, 56 Tapestry employed to cover walls, 221 Tasman, his discoveries, 343 Tayleur, the ship, 383 Teiford's improvements of canals, 183 Telescope, invention of the, 361 Thames navigation, improvement of, 201 Toll, the first levied, 140 Travelling, rates of, 189 Tull, Jethro, his improvements in agriculture, 110 [tecture, 221 Turner's description of Norman arcln- Turnpike Act, the first, 142 Turnpike legislation, 173 Turnpike riots, 156 Turnip, original of the, 102 [bandry," 77 Tusser's " Five Huudred Points of Hus- Van Diemen's Land, discovery of, 343 Vegetation of ancient Britain, 08 Vegetation, theory of, in the seventeenth century, 85 Vegetation, Plattes's theory of, 76 Virginia colonized by the British, 322 Waggons, their introduction opposed, 158 Waggons, broad-wheeled, 165 Waggon-coaches, 163 Wales, early buildings in, 211 Wallis, Captain, his voyages, 348 Wars, civil, theireffect upon agriculture, 98 Waterhouse, Mr., upon roads, 154 Watermen's Company, formation of, 201 Wheat, increased production of, 130 Wheels and weights, laws respecting, 174 Wheels, cylindrical and conical, 178 Whittaker's History of Whalley, 226 William the Conqueror's fleet, 282 Windows of the thirteenth century, 247 Windows of the Tudor period, 249 Wrecks, earliest law relating to, 286 Wrecking upon the British coast, 362 Wren, Sir Christopher, 262 Wright, Mr., upon Anglo-Saxon architecture, 213 Robberies, frequency at the time of the Commonwealth, 143 Robberies, acts for the suppression of, in the reign of Edward I., 139 Romans, improvements under the, 12 Roman fleet, 18 Roman roads, 138 Romans, their improvement of British buildings, 207 [Britain, 208 Romans, effects of their withdrawal from Romans, the, encouraged ship-building in Britain, 277 [culture, 102 Root crops, their influence upon agri- Ross's Captain, Arctic voyages, 354 Royal Society, institution of the, 86 Royal Society, its influence upon agriculture, 108 Rudder, introduction of the, 358 Russell's, Lord John, remarks upon the increase of crime, 188 Salt, supposed to be an universal generative principle, 72 Saxons, their influence upon Britain, 209 Saxons, ships of the, 277 Saxon Shore, Count of the, 279 Schouten, his discoveries, 341 Scotland, statistical survey of, 135 Scotland, early buildings in, 211 Scott, Mr., his strictures upon modern architecture, 263 [ships, 302 Scurvy, ravages of, among the crews of Severus, expedition of, to Caledonia, 11 Sheathing of ships, 359 Ships unknown to the Britons, 14 Ships, ancient and modern, contrasted, 16 Ship of the Cinque Ports, 286 Ships of the 14th and 15th centuries, 287 Ships lent by the Crown to merchants, 364 Ship-building, improvements in, 365 Ship of war, economy of a, 372 Shipping, progress of, 273 Shipping, want of, by the

Britons, 274 Ships, inventions to propel them, 384 Shop windows first glazed, 255 Signs of tradesmen, sculptured, 257 Slave trade, commencement of the, 316 Smithfield Cattle and Sheep Society, 109 Smithfield Cattle Club established, 124 Smithfield Club, 109 [culture, 108 Society of Arts, its influence upon agri- Somerset, Duke of, difficulties of his journey from Petworth, 155 Sovereign, the Royal, 365 [ping, 292 Spencer, Earl, his improvements of ship- Speed's account of the ancient Britons, 26 Springs, destruction of goods for want of them, 177 Staircases, external, 215 Wool, plucking from sheep's backs, 89 Worlidge's plough-drill, 85 Yachts, modern construction of, 380 Yeoman of the sixteenth century, 70 Young, Rev. Arthur, his description of Sussex, 96 [roads in Essex, 95 Young, Arthur, his description of the Young, Arthur, his experiments in agriculture, 113 [state of roads, 156 Young, Arthur, his testimony as to the Stalls prior to shops, 232 Eekata. — Page 18, tenth line from top, for " four hundred," read forty.

Page 289, last line, for " In 1650," read In 1610. CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX TO THE PRINCIPAL EVENTS REFERRED TO IN THE VOLUME. lg§p° Some of the dates must be regarded as simply approximate. B.C. PAGE A.B. FAGE Julius Cæsar invaded Britain 14 1294. Itinerant judges hold courts in the public streets 394 54. 54. Cassibelanus appointed chief 1300. Lawless state of the people 123 of the allied British tribes 33 54. Cyngetorex, Carvilius, Taximagulus, and Senogax, kings of the Cantii 35 53. The second invasion by Julius Cæsar 15 1304. ") England had no regular 1500. j navy 284 51. 1306. The use of coal fires prohibited as a nuisance 243 1324. Piracies common upon the British coasts 362 45. Plautius took the Dobuni 1340. Trading ships began to carry cannon as a protection against pirates 285 under his protection 34 23.

Cunobeline governor of Britain 36 1344. The Island of Madeira discovered 292 A.D. 51. Caractacus defeated by Ostorious 40 1346. Turnpike tolls commenced... 140 1350. Introduction of the rudder 51. Caractacus betrayed by Carto ships 358 1365. The coal trade greatly increased 244 1399. Number of ships' masts increased 365 tismandua 41 52. 52. Revolt of the Brigantes 42 53. Ostorious died 40 58. Suetonius governor of Britain 37 59. Suetonius attacked tbeDruids 1410. Portuguese discoveries upon the south-west coast of in the Isle of Mona 38 61. Prasutagus died 38 Africa 293 1418. Cannon-balls made of stone 357 61. Revolt of the Icenians and the Trinobantes, headed 1415. Thomas Fawconer, mayor, built the Posterne called by Boadicea 38 83. Galgacus leads the Caledonians against Agricola ... 59 428.

The Romans relinquish Bri- Moorgate 91 1420. The mariner's compass brought into use 301 tain 43 1434. ") The Portuguese extend navi 1447. j gation as far as Cape Verd 292 674. Masons brought to England from France 210 1449. The Grace Dieu carrack budt 287 No artificers in Scotland suf- 1452. The country devastated by the " Wars of the Roses " 99 710. ficiently skilled to erect a church 210 1460. Farmers suffer from the depredations of the contending armies 100 875. King Alfred destroyed the Danish pirates 280 890. King Alfred promotes a voyage of discovery 280 1492. Columbus discovered America 297 1493. The Cape of Good Hope discovered 305 1000. Staircases to houses external 251 1017. Edict against the lingering traces of Druidism 53 1496. Cabot's expedition for northern discoveries 304 1067.

First improvements in river 1497. European ships first entered the Indian seas 305 194 navigation 1078. The Cinque Ports united and privileged 283 1512. Roger Atchley, mayor, drained Moorfields 91 1147. England a scene of desolation 98 1138. ) Great number of fortresses 1154.) built 220 1179. A Canon of Council for the 1147. 1512. The use of coals for domestic fires commenced 242 1522. The Straits of Magalhaen discovered 30 / 1522. European ships first enter the Southern Ocean 308 protection of the cultiva tors of the soil 98 1232. Ships belonging to the Crown rented to merchants 364 1527. Sir Thomas Seymour, mayor, improves the draining of Moorfields 91 J 285. First law affecting public roads ... X CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. A.D. 1530. PA OS PAGE A.D. Hans Holbien improves domestic architecture 261 Sir Richard Hawkins's ex- 1593. pedition to the South Sea 327 1534.

Sir A. Fitzherbert's books 1594. Capt. Lancaster's expedition to Brazd 330 upon agriculture published 70 1594. Gabriel Plattes first suggested the system of drilling in agriculture 76 1594. Sir Hugh Platt's books upon husbandry published 72 1540. Scarcely any merchant ships above 120 tons burthen... 289 1545. Ships without port-holes, guns carried upon deck . . . 289 1553. Earliest English voyage to the coast of Africa 314 1594. Gabriel Plattes' books upon husbandry published 74 1553. Sir Hugh Willougliby's expedition for northern dis- 1596. The Earl of Cumberland's expedition 332 1600. Foimdation of the East India coveries 314 Foundation of the East India 1555. The highways in an impassable condition, and infested by robbers 141 1562. Martin Tusser's " Five Hun- Company 333 1600. Metallic sheathing of ships extended 359 Martin Tusser's " Five Hun- 1600.

Manor-houses surrounded by moats 228 dred Points of Husbandry," published' 71 1562. Capt. J. Hawkins's Expedi- 1600. Gardening first commenced . 81 1600. Sir Hugh Platt advocates the system of dialling 76 tion to the Coast of Guinea 316 1604. Sir Henry Middleton's expedition 335 1567. Windows commonly unglazed 246 1605. Long waggons run between London, Canterbury, etc. 162 1567. Glass removed from windows for preservation, when fa milies left their mansions 248 1606. De Quiros' s southern discoveries 338 1570. Drake's Expedition to the West Indies 318 1606. Improvements in river navigation 194 1607. Wooden houses prohibited in the city of London ...... 261 1576. Sir Martin Frobisher's attempts to discover a north-west passage 351 1577. Goodge's books upon husbandry published 71 1579. Drake's first English voyage round the world 319 1608.

Fourth expedition of the Merchant Adventurers . . . 336 1609. A month required to send a letter from Oxford to York 160 1610. Gervase Markham's books 1582. The Earl of Leicester makes upon husbandry published 77 a fourdays' journey from Wingfield to London 159 1584. Sir Walter Raleigh promotes the colonization of Vir- 1610. Captain Henry Hudson's endeavour to discover a north-west passage. Hud son's Bay discovered 340 ginia 321 1616. Capt. Baffin's northern expedition of discovery 341 1586. Cavendish's second English voyage round the world. . . 324 1586. Harrison's "Description of Britaine" published 146 1586. Horn windows superseded... 230 1586. Chimneys become general .. . 216 1586. Stoves introduced 234 1616. Passage round Cape Horn discovered 341 1623. The introduction of coaches The introduction of coaches opposed 168 1621. ) Various improvements in 1636. j river navigation 195 1629.

Common carriers restricted to 1586. Houses built principally of timber 234 vehicles with two wheels 142 1587. Buildings in England improved 261 1630. Architecture improved by Inigo Jones 262 1634. An act passed against "Plowing by the Tayle and Pulling the Wool of Living Sheep" 89 1635. Letter-office estabbshed for England and Scotland ... 167 1587. Virginia colonized, the first British settlement in America 323 1590. The telescope invented 361 1591. Raymond's expedition to the East Indies CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. XI A.D. PAGE A.D. PAGE 1637. The Boyal Sovereign built. Great improvements in naval architecture 365 1714. De Foe's " Tour through Britain" published 94 1715. } Military roads formed in 1745.5 Scotland 186 1642. Tasman' s Voyages : Van Diemen's Land and New 1717. Gibbets used as direction- Zealand discovered 343 posts 149 1720.

Waggons prohibited from carrying more than twelve sacks of meal, on account of the roads 144 1649. Weekly post established 167 1651. Samuel Hartlib's books on husbandry published 80 1651. Walter Blith's books upon husbandry published 82 1656. Postalarrangementsimproved by Cromwell 167 1662. A tax upon every fire-place 240 1664. Potatoes little known 104 1723. The Society of Improvers in Agriculture founded 107 1728. Riots caused by turnpikes set up for the improvement of roads 156 1665. The Royal Society founded 86 1665. The plague aggravated by narrow streets 252 1730. Dr, John Allan's patent for propelling ships 384 1731. Jethro Tull's book upon " Horse-hoeing Husbandry" published 110 1732. Scottish roads mere tracks... 186 1666 A great part of "wooden London" destroyed by fire 262 1667.

Coach journey from Oxford to London two days 180 1668. The " Systema Agriculture" published 85 1669. Grand Duke of Tuseany's journey through England 169 1670. An act to compel waggoners to use a pole or shaft with ,. their wheel horses 144 1670. Architecture improved by Sir Christopher Wren ..' 262 1672. An agitation against stage-coaches 168 1675. Ogilby's " Itinerarium Angliæ, or Book of Roads," published 148 1676. Example of ignorance upon veterinary subjects 97 1734. The Dublin Society for the Promotion of Husbandry founded 108 1736. Jonathan Hull's steam-ship, commencement of steam navigation 386 1736. Recurrence of turnpike riots 157 1745. The proposal for a bridge over the Thames at Westminster opposed 202 1747. Wrecking practices common 362 1749. No turnpike road between Glasgow and London, until within 110 miles of the latter 147 1719.

Recurrence of turnpike riots 157 1752. Fast coach from London to 1678. Coach journey from Edinburgh to Glasgow and back, with a team of six horses, six days 180 Exeter, four days 180 1752. Carbonic acid gas discovered 120 1753. M. De la Cour's method of propelling ships 384 1755. Society for the Encourage- 1681. Capt. Dampier' s voyages 343 1682. Coach journey from London to Nottingham, four days 180 Society for the Encouragement of Arts aud Manufactures founded 108 1688. Worlidge's drilling machine introduced 86 1755. Canals objected to 199 1755. Thefirst canal 195 1691. Outrages frequently committed by river watermen . . . 200 1758. No made roads in two counties in Scotland 181 1759. The Duke of Bridgewater's canal 195 1698. Mr. Thomas Savery proposes a method to propel ships in calms 383 1760.

Aqueduct over the Irwell commenced 200 1700. WretehedroadsbetweenPreston and Wigan 182 1701. Tonnage of English ships estimated at 261,222 tons... 377 1760. Shops partially glazed 255 1760. Shipping doubled since 1701 377 1763. Only one stage-coach from Edinburgh to London, once a month, making the journey in fourteen days 1S1 1703. Springs for coaches first introduced 177 1707. Mr. Brome's " Three Years' Travel in England and Wales" published 115 1764. Pack-horses still extensively employed CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. XII PAGE A.D. PAGE A.D. 1802. Sir Humphrey Davy delivers lectures upon agricultural chemistry US 1764. George III. promotes various expeditions of discovery... 347 1766. J. W. Baker conducts hn- 1806. Coach accidents very frequent 175 1808. Coaches generally without springs 1'6 1813.

Horse-shoes over doors as antidotes to witchcraft ... 255 1818. Captain Boss's northern voyages 3o4 1819. Captain Barry's northern expedition 354 1819. Captain Franklin's Arctic overland journey 354 1822. Great moral improvements in Ireland, resulting from improved roads 187 1825. Sir John Franklin's second Arctic overland expedition 355 portant experiments upon agriculture in Kddare, Ire land 112 1766. Arthur Young conducts important agricultural experiments, and published valuable observations 114 1766. Improvement in agricultural implements 112 1767. Dangerous state of the roads in Essex 95 1768. Sir Joseph Banks, Dr. Solander, Mr. Green, and others accompany Capt. Cook in his voyage to the South Sea, for the purpose of making astronomical and other observations . . . 350 1831. Increased value of land in Ireland, arising from improved roads 188 1831.

Tonnage of British shipping estimated at 2,581,964 tons 377 1770. Farmers entertain strong prejudices against artificial grasses 115 1770. Robert Bakewell introduces great improvements in agricultural live stock 121 1835. Great moral improvement in districts of Scotland, resulting from improved roads 187 1772. Nitrogen gas discovered 120 1774. Oxygen gas discovered, and obtained from plants 120 1775. Prejudices exist in favour of draught oxen against horses 116 1835. Prejudices existing against iron ploughs 115 1837. Highest rate of coach speed ten miles an hour 190 1839. Royal Agricultural Society of England founded 127 1777. The Bath and West of England Agricultural Society founded 109 1840. Speed of canal boats in Scotland, eight or nine miles an hour 198 1784. The mail slower than the stage coaches 167 1810.

The barbarous practice of "ploughing by the tayle" still pursued in Erris 89 1840. Steam applied to agricultural purposes 133 1811. Tonnage of British shipping, 3,512,480 tons 377 1784. Mail coaches improved 168 1785. Mail coaches ridiculed 171 1792. Ploughing " by the tayle" still continued in Scotland 89 1793. Ninety thousand acres of waste land in Sussex 96 1793. The English Board of Agriculture established by Act of Parliament 109 1842. Turnpike riots in Wales 157 1844. Statistical survey of Scotland 135 1845. Sir John Franklin's final 1793. The Board of Agriculture addresses importantqueries to agriculturists throughout the kingdom 117 1796. The cumbersome heads and Arctic expedition 355 1850. Sir R. M'Clure completes Arctic investigation 355 1851. Tonnage of British shipping, 4,332,085 tons 378 sterns of ships superseded 292 1798.