My Arctic Journal. A Year among Ice-Fields and Eskimos ... With an account of the Great White Journey across Greenland by R. E. Peary

Front matter

TAKING ON AN ESKIMO PILOT. MY ARCTIC JOURNAL A YEAR AMONG ICE-FIELDS AND ESKIMOS BY JOSEPHINE DIEBITSCH-PEARY WITH AN ACCOUNT OF THE GREAT WHITE JOURNEY ACROSS GREENLAND BY ROBERT E. PEARY CIVIL ENGINEER, U. S. NAVY LONDON LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CO. I893 All rights reserved THE DE VINNE PRESS, NEW YORK, U S. A, INTRODUCTORY NOTE On June 6, i8gi, the steam-whaler "Kite," which was to bear the expedition of the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences northward, set sail from the port of New -York, her destination being Whale Sound, on the northwest coast of Green land, where it had been determined to pass the winter, prelimi nary to the long traverse of the inland ice which was to solve the question of the extension of Greenland in the direction of the Pole. The members of the expedition numbered but five besides the commander, Mr. Peary, and his wife.

They were Dr. F. A. Cook, Messrs. Langdon Gibson, Eivind Astrup, and John T. Verhoeff,- and Mr. Peary's faithful colored attendant in his surveying labors in Nicaragua, Matthew Henson. Tins was the smallest number that had ever been banded together for extended explorations in the high Arctic zone. A year and a quarter after their departure, with the aid of a relief expedi tion conducted by Professor Angclo Heilprin, Mr. Peary' s party , lacking one of its members, the unfortunate Mr. Verhoeff, returned to the American shore. The explorer had traversed northern Greenland from coast to coast, and had added a remarkable chapter to the history of Arctic exploration. The main results of Mr. Peary 's journey were : The determination of the rapid convergence of the shores of Greenland above the 78th parallel of latitude, and consequently the practical demonstration of the insularity of this great land-mass ; The discovery of the existence of icefire land-masses to the northward of Greenland ; and The delineation of the northward extension of the great Greenland ice-cap.

In the following pages Mrs. Peary recounts her experiences of a full twelvemonth spent on the shores of McCormick Bay, midway between the Arctic Circle and the North Pole. The Eskimos with whom she came in contact belong to a little tribe of about three hundred and fifty individuals, completely isolated from the rest of the world. They are separated by hundreds of miles from their nearest neighbors, with whom they have no intercourse whatever. These people had never seen a white woman, and some of them had never be lie Id a civilized being. The opportunities which Mrs. Peary had of observing their manners and mode of life have enabled her to make a valuable contribution to ethnological learning'. THE PUBLISHERS.

Preface

This plain and simple narrative of a year spent by a re fined woman in the realm of the dreaded Frost King has been written only after persistent and urgent pressure from friends, by one who shrank from publicity, and who reluctantly yielded to the idea that her experiences might be of interest to others besides her immediate friends. I have been requested to write a few words of introduc tion ; and while there may be some to whom it might occur that I was too much interested to perform this task properly, it must nevertheless be admitted that there is probably no one better fitted than myself to do it. Little, indeed, need be said. The feeling that led Mrs. Peary through these experiences was first and foremost a desire to be by my side, coupled with the conviction that she was fitted physically as well as other wise to share with me a portion at least of the fatigues and hardships of the work.

I fully concurred in this feeling, and yet, in spite of my oft-expressed view that the dangers of life and work in the Arctic regions have been greatly exaggerated, I cannot but admire her courage. She has been where no white woman has ever been, and where many a man has hesi tated to go ; and she has seen phases of the life of the most northerly tribe of human beings on the globe, and in many ways has been enabled to get a closer insight into their ways and customs than had been obtained before. I rarely, if ever, take up the thread of our Arctic experiences without reverting to two pictures : one is the first night that we spent on the Greenland shore after the depar ture of the " Kite," when, in a little tent on the rocks — a tent which the furious wind threatened every moment to carry away bodily — she watched by my side as I lay a helpless cripple with a broken leg, our small party the only human beings on that shore, and the little " Kite," from which we had landed, drifted far out among the ice by the storm, and invisible through the rain.

Long afterward she told me that every unwonted sound of the wind set her heart beating with the thoughts of some hungry bear roaming along the shore and attracted by the unusual sight of the tent ; yet she never gave a sign at the time of her fears, lest it should disturb me. The other picture is that of a scene perhaps a month or two later, when — myself still a cripple, but not entirely helpless — this same woman sat for an hour beside me in the stern of a boat, calmly reloading our empty firearms while a herd of infuriated walrus about us thrust their savage heads with gleaming tusks and bloodshot eyes out of the water close to the muzzles of our rifles, so that she could have touched them with her hand, in their efforts to get their tusks over the gunwale and capsize the boat. I may per haps be pardoned for saying that I never think of these

PREFACE.

5 two experiences without a thrill of pride and admiration for her pluck. In reading the pages of this narrative it should be remem bered that within sixty miles of where Kane and his little party endured such untold sufferings, within eighty miles of where Greely's men one by one starved to death, and within less than fifty miles of where Hayes and his party and one portion of the " Polaris " party underwent their Arctic trials and tribulations, this tenderly nurtured woman lived for a year in safety and comfort: in the summer-time climbed over the lichen-covered rocks, picking flowers and singing familiar home songs, shot deer, ptarmigan, and ducks in the valleys and lakes, and even tried her hand at seal, walrus, and narwhal in the bays ; and through the long, dark winter night, with her nimble fingers and ready woman's insight, was of inestimable assistance in devising and perfecting the details of the costumes which enabled Astrup and myself to make our journey across the great ice-cap in actual comfort.

Perhaps no greater or more convincing proof than this could be desired of what great improvements have been made in Arctic methods. That neither Mrs. Peary nor myself regret her Arctic experiences, or consider them ill-advised, may be inferred from the fact that she is once more by my side in my effort to throw more light on the great Arctic mystery. R. E. Peary, Civil Engineer, U. S. N. Falcon Harbor, Bowdoin Bay, Greenland, August 20, 1893. TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE Northward Bound 9 In the Melville Bay Pack 18 Establishing Ourselves 31 Hunts and Explorations 41 Boat Journeys and Preparations for Winter 54 Winter Upon Us 65 Eskimo Visitors 74 Arctic Festivities 84 The New Year 101 Sunshine and Storm 112 Sledge Journey into Inglefield Gulf 124 The Sledge Journey — {Continued) 139 Off for the Inland Ice 147 Weary Days of Waiting 156 My Camping Experience in Tooktoo Valley . 168 " Oomiaksoak Tigalay !

" (The Ship has Come !) 176 Return of the Explorers 182 Boat Journey into Inglefield Gulf 189 Farewell to Greenland 200 Greenland Revisited 211 The Great White Journey

Chapter I Northward Bound

First Sight of Greenland — Frederikshaab Glacier — Across the Arctic Circle — Perpetual Daylight — Sunlit Disko — The Climb to the Ice-cap — Dinner at Inspector Anderssen's — A Native Dance — From Disko to Upernavik — Upernavik — The Governor and his Wife — The Duck Islands — Gathering Eggs and Eider-down and Shooting Ducks. Wednesday, June 24. We have sailed and tossed, have broken through the ice-barriers of Belle fsle Straits, and once more ride the rolling swells of the broad Atlantic. Our three days' jam in the ice has given us a foretaste of Arctic naviga tion, but the good little " Kite" speeds northward with a con fidence which inspires a feeling of security that not even the famed " greyhounds of the ocean " afford. Genial Captain Pike is on the bridge and off the bridge, and his keen eye is casting for the land.

When I came on deck to-day I found the bold, wild coast of Greenland on the right. It was a grand sight — the steep, black cliffs, some of them descending almost vertically to the sea, their tops covered with dazzling snow, and the inland ice flowing through the depressions between their summits ; at the foot of the cliffs gleamed bergs of various sizes and shapes, some of them a beautiful blue, others white as snow. The feature of the day was the Frederikshaab glacier, which comes down to the sea in latitude 620 30'. It did not, however, impress me as being very grand, owing perhaps to our being so far from it. Its face is seventeen miles long, and we could see it like a wall of white marble before us. Long after we had passed it, it still appeared to be with us, and it kept us company nearly all day.

Just beyond the glacier was disclosed the most Out on the Billowy Sea. The First Fragment of Greenland Ice. beautiful mountain scenery imaginable. The weather was deliciously warm, and revealed to us a new aspect of Arctic climate. It seems strange to be sitting on deck in a light coat, not even buttoned, and only a cap on my head, in the most brilliant sunshine, and gazing on snow-covered mountains. NORTHWARD BOUND 11 Thursday, June 25. We were promised another lovely day, but after noon the weather changed and a cool wind sprang up, which helped to push our little craft along at a good rate. To-night we shall have the midnight sun for the first time, and it will be weeks, even months, before he sets for us again. Everything on deck is dripping from the fog which has gathered about us. Friday, June 26.

In spite of the thick fog we have been making good time, and expect to be in Disko, or more properly God havn, about noon to-morrow. We saw our first eider-ducks to-day. Numerous bergs again gleam up in the distance, probably the output of the Jakobs havn glacier. Tuesday, June 30. We have been in a constant state of ex citement since Saturday morning, when we first set foot on Capt. Richard Pike— "On Duty." Greenland's ice-bound shores. The pilot, a half-breed Eskimo, came on board and took us into the harbor of Godhavn shortly after nine o'clock. Mr. Peary, Captain Pike, Professor Heil prin, and myself went ashore and paid our respects to In spector Anderssen and his family. They were very attentive to us, and invited " Mr. and Mistress Peary " to stay with them during their stop in Godhavn — a pleasure they were, however, compelled to forego, fn the afternoon a party of us from the " Kite " set out on our first Arctic tramp, our objective point being the summit of the lofty basalt cliffs that tower above the harbor.

My outfit consisted of a red blanket combination suit reaching to the knee, long knit stockings, a short eider down flannel skirt reaching to the ankles, and the "kamiks," or long-legged moccasins, which I had purchased in Sidney. The day was exceptionally fine and sunny, and we started off in the best of spirits. Never had I seen so many different wild flowers in bloom at once. I could not put my foot down without crushing two or three different varieties. Mr. Gibson, while chasing a butterfly, slipped and strained the cords of his left foot so that he was obliged to return to the ship. Never had I stepped on moss so soft and beautiful, all shades of green and red, some beds of it covered so thickly with tiny pink flowers that you could not put the head of a pin down between them. We gathered and pressed as many flowers as we could conveniently carry — anemones, yellow poppies, mountain pinks, various Ericaceæ, etc.

Sometimes our path was across snow-drifts, and sometimes we were ankle-deep in flowers and moss. Mountain streams came tumbling down in every little gully, and their water was so delicious that it seemed impossible to cross one of these streams without stooping to drink. Our advance was very slow, as we could not resist the temptation of constantly stopping to look back NORTHWARD BOUND 13 and feast upon the beauties of the view. Disko Bay, blue as sapphire, thickly studded with icebergs of all sizes and beautifully colored by the sun's rays, lay at our feet, with the little settlement of Godhavn on one side and the brown cliffs tower ing over it. As far as the eye could reach, the sea was dotted with icebergs, which looked like a fleet of sail-boats. The scene was simply indescribable. We reached the summit, at an elevation of 2400 feet, and built a cairn, in which we placed a tin box containing a piece of paper with our names written upon it, and some American coins.

From the summit of these cliffs we stepped upon the ice-cap, which seemed to roll right down to their tops. The temperature was 91 ° F. in the sun, and 560 in the shade. As we descended a blue mist seemed to hang over that part of the cliffs that lay in shadow, and the contrast with the white bergs gleaming in the sapphire waters below was very striking. We returned to the foot of the cliff after eight o'clock. On Sunday we made another ex pedition, to the Blaese Dael, or " windy valley," where a beautiful double waterfall comes tumbling through the hard rock, into which it has graven a deep channel. We gathered more flowers, and collected some seaweed ; the mosquitos, of which we had had a foretaste the day before, were ex tremely troublesome, and recalled to memory the shores of New Jersey.

When we reached the first Eskimo hut, a number of the piccaninnies1 came to me and presented me 1 The Eskimos frequently designate their children as piccaninnies, a word doubtless introduced by the whalers. with bunches of wild flowers. We gave them some hardtack in return, and they were happy. Mr. Peary, Professor Heilprin, myself, and two other mem bers of our party dined with the inspector in the evening, joining some members of the Danish community, who had also been invited. The course consisted of fresh codfish with caper-sauce, roast ptarmigan, potatoes boiled and then browned; and for dessert, "Rudgrud," a "dump," almonds, and raisins. There was, following European custom, a va ried accompaniment of wines. After dinner the gentlemen went up-stairs to examine the geological and oological collections of the inspector, while the ladies preferred the parlor with their coffee.

Were it not for the outer surroundings, it would have been difficult to realize that we were in the distant Arctic realm, so truly homelike were the scenes of the little household, and so cheerful the little that was necessary to make living here not only com fortable, but pleasant. The entire community numbers barely 1 20 souls, nine tenths of whom are Eskimos, mainly half breeds ; the remainder are the Danish officials and their families, whose recreation lies almost entirely within the little circle which they themselves constitute. Toward nine o'clock we visited the storehouse, where a native ball was in progress. Several of our boys went the rounds with the Eskimo "belles," but for me the odor of the interior was too strong to permit me to say that looking on was an "unalloyed pleasure."

The steps were made to the NORTHWARD BOUND 15 music of stringed instruments, over which the resident half breeds have acquired a fair mastery. The participants and onlookers were all in a lively frame of mind, but not uproari ous; and at the appointed time of closing — ten o'clock — all traces of hilarity had virtually been banished. We had hoped to leave early on the following morning, but it was not until near two o'clock that the fog began to lift, The Most Northern Outpost of Civilization on the Globe — Upernavik. and that a departure was made possible. Firing the official salute, and dipping our colors, we gave three hearty cheers in honor of our first Greenland hosts, and sailed out of the rock bound harbor. It soon cleared up, and we were able to make our normal seven knots an hour.

This morning it was foggy for a while, but it cleared up beautifully, and now we are just skimming along, and expect to reach Upernavik, the most northern of the Danish settlements in Greenland, about nine o'clock in the evening. Thursday, July 2. We did not reach Upernavik until 2. 30 yesterday morning, owing to a very strong current which was running against us all the way from Godhavn. We remained up all night, and at 1.30 A. M. were enjoying the dazzling brightness of the sunshine. Mr. Peary took a number of photographs between midnight and morning. Upernavik is a very different-looking place from Godhavn. There are four frame-houses and a little church. The natives live in turf huts, very miserable-looking habitations, built right down in the mud. As soon as our ship steamed into the harbor, in which two Danish vessels were at anchor, the governor, Herr Beyer, came on board with his lieutenant-governor, a young fellow who had arrived only three days before.

We returned the visit at noon, and were pleasantly received by the governor and his wife, a charming woman of about thirty years, who had been married but a year, and whose fondness for home decoration had expressed itself in the pictures, bric-a brac, fancy embroideries, and flowering plants which were everywhere scattered about, and helped to make up an ex tremely cozy home. As in all other houses in the country, the guests were treated to wine immediately on entering, and with a delicate politeness the governor presented me with a corsage bouquet of the flowers of Upernavik, neatly tied up with the colors of Denmark. Our visit was fruitful in the receipt of presents, among which were Eskimo carvings, a dozen bottles of native Greenland beer, and a box of "goodies," addressed to "Miss Peary," and to be opened, as a reminder, THE SUNSET GLOW— BERG OFF SVARTENHOEK NORTHWARD BOUND 17 on Christmas eve.

The hospitality shown to us could not have been more marked had our friendship extended over many years. Our visit was a brief one, as we were to weigh anchor early in the afternoon. We steamed away from Upernavik and headed north. The fog had cleared away and disclosed a giant mountain towering above us in the harbor. The sun shone brightly, and the sea was smooth as glass and blue as turquoise. The night promised to be a beautiful one, but I resisted the temptation to stay up, having been up the entire night before, and the greater part of the one before that. At 4 A. M. Captain Pike knocked at our door and informed us that in half an hour we would be at the Duck Islands. Here we were to land and all hands shoot eider-ducks and gather their eggs for our winter supply. We were soon on shore, and then began a day's sport such as I had often read about, but never expected to see.

The ducks flew in thick flocks all about us, and on every side were nests as large as a large hen-nest, made of eider-down and containing from three to six eggs. The nests were not hidden, but right out on the rocks in full sight. Alas ! we were too late ; the ducks were breeding, and out of 960 eggs we did not get over 150 good ones. As I had not taken my gun, I spent the time in gathering down, and collected forty-three pounds in five hours. After returning to the " Kite " for breakfast, we visited a second island, and there I bagged a bird, much to my satis faction. Altogether ninety-six ducks were shot.

Chapter II In The Melville Bay Pack

Melville Bay— On the Edge of the Dreaded Ice-pack— Fourth of July — Butting the Ice — Accident to the Leader of the Expedition — Gloom on the "Kite" — Blasting the " Kite" out of a Nip — A Real Bear and a Bear Hunt — A Chase on the Ice — A Phantom Ship — Free of the Pack and in the North Water at Last — The Greenland Shore to Barden Bay — First Sight of the Arctic Highlanders. Thursday, July 2. We are opposite the " Devil's Thumb," latitude 740 20', and now, at 8 P. M., are slowly making our way through the ice which marks the entrance into the Melville Bay "pack." Friday, July 3. At midnight the engine was stopped, the ice being too thick for the " Kite " to make any headway. At 6.30 A. M. we started again, and rammed our way along for an hour, but were again forced to stop. At eleven o'clock we tried it once more, but after a couple of hours came to a standstill.

We remained in this condition until after five o'clock, when the engine was again started. For two hours we made fairly good progress, and we thought that we should soon be in open water, but a small neck of very heavy ice stopped us. While we were on deck, the mate in the "crow's nest," which was hoisted to-day, sang out, "A bear! A bear!" Off in the distance we could see an object floating, or rather swimming, in the water, and in a minute the boys were climbing helter-skelter over the sides of the " Kite," all with guns, although some soon discovered that theirs were not loaded ; but the bear turned out to be a seal, and not one of about thirty shots hit him. It is now nearly 1 1 P. M. The sun is shining beautifully, and it is perfectly calm, f have worn only a gray spring jacket, which I have found sufficient for the balmy temperature.

At midnight the cannon was fired, the flags were run up and dipped, and the boys fired their rifles and gave three cheers for the Fourth of July. The thermometer marked 3 1°. Saturday, July 4. The ice remains stubborn, and we are fast bound. All around the eye sees nothing but the immovable pack, here smooth as a table, at other places tossed up into long hum mock-ridges which define the individual ice-cakes. Occasional lanes of water "A Bear! A Bear! " appear and disappear, and their presence gives us the one hope of an early disentanglement. The event of the day has been a dinner to Captain Pike, in which most of the members of our party participated. After dinner hunting-parties scoured the ice after seals, with the result of bringing in two specimens, one weighing twenty-six pounds, and the other thirty three pounds.

Sunday, July 5. All night we steamed along slowly, but at 8 A. M. we were forced once more to stop. The day has been very disagreeable, foggy, rainy, and even snowy. We have done nothing but eat and sleep. A lazily hovering ivory gull, which ventured within near gunshot, has been added to our collections. Tuesday, July 7. The weather yesterday was dreary and disagreeable, but to-day it seems warmer. The snow has ceased falling, although the sky is still overcast, and the fog prevents us from seeing the horizon. At noon the sun came through the clouds for a few moments, and the fog lifted sufficiently for the captain to make an observation and find that our position was latitude 740 51'. During the afternoon the wind died down, and an attempt was made to get through the ice ; but after boring and ramming the immovable pack for nearly an hour, and gaining only a ship's length, we con cluded that we were burning coal for nothing.

Mr. Peary, with Gibson, Astrup, Cook, and Matt, has been busy all the afternoon sawing, marking, and fitting the lumber for our Whale Sound cottage. The curing of a large number of drake-skins, intended to be made up into undershirts for winter wear, was a part of the day's work. Thursday, July 9. Yesterday and to-day the fog lifted sufficiently at times to permit us to see the land, about forty miles distant. A good observation places us in latitude 51', and longitude about 6o° W. Mr. Peary fixed the points with his pocket sextant and the ship's compass, and then made a sketch of the headlands. The ice looks rotten, but yet it holds together too firmly to permit us to force a passage. We measured some of the floes, and found the thickest to be two and a half feet. It has seemed very raw to-day, owing largely to a slight north west wind ; and for the first time the average temperature has been below the freezing point, being 31^2° F. Friday, July io.

This morning the rigging was covered with hoar-frost, making the "Kite" look like a "phantom ship." The fog hung heavily about us, shutting out the land completely7. In the forenoon a sound ing was made, but Sailing Through the Pack, no bottom was found at 343 fathoms. While we were at din ner, without any warning the " Kite " began to move, steam was immediately gotten up, and for an hour and a half we cut our way through the ice, which had become very rotten, large floes splitting into several pieces as soon as they were struck by the "Kite." We made about three knots, when we were again obliged to halt on account of a lowering fog. Our little move was made just in time to keep up the cour age of some of the West Greenland party, who were beginning to believe that we should be nipped and kept here for the winter.

Although we realized that we were still ice-bound in the great and much-dreaded Melville Bay pack, we could not but enjoy at times the peculiar features of our forced imprison ment. Efforts to escape, with full promise of success, followed by a condition of impotency and absolute relaxation, would alternately elevate and depress our spirits to the extent of casting joy and gloom into the little household. The novelty of the situation, however, helped greatly to keep up a good feeling, and all despondency was immediately dispelled by the sound of the order to " fire up," and the dull rumbling of the bell-metal propeller. We never tired of watching our little craft cut her way through the unbroken pans of ice. The great masses of ice were thrust aside very readily ; sometimes a piece was split from a large floe and wedged under a still larger one, pushing this out of the way, the commotion caus ing the ice in the immediate vicinity fairly to boil.

Then we would run against an unusually hard, solid floe that would not move when the " Kite " struck it, but let her ride right up on it and then allow her gradually to slide off and along the edge until she struck a weak place, when the floe would be shivered just as a sheet of glass is shivered when struck a sharp, hard blow. The pieces were hurled against and on top of other pieces, crashing and splashing about until it seemed as though the ice must be as thick again as it was before the break-up ; but the good old " Kite " pushed them aside, leaving them in the distance groaning and creaking at having been disturbed. The day has been pleasant, in spite of an average tempera ture of 271^°. Tuesday, July 14. How different everything looks to us since I last wrote in this journal ! Saturday the weather was, as usual, cold and foggy; and when, at 5.30 P. M., we found ourselves suddenly moving, every one was elated, hoping we would be able to get into the clear water ahead, which the mate said could be seen from the crow's-nest.

Mr. Peary was particularly pleased, as he said we should then reach Whale Sound by July 15, the limit he had set for getting there. After supper he and I bundled up and went on deck, and watched the " Kite " cut through the rotten ice like butter. We had been on the bridge for some time, when Mr. Peary left me to warm his feet in the cabin. Coming on deck again, he stepped for a moment behind the wheel-house, and im mediately after, I saw the wheel torn from the grasp of the two helmsmen, whirling around so rapidly that the spokes could not be seen. One of the men was thrown completely over it, but on recovering himself he stepped quickly behind the house, and I instantly realized that something must have happened to my husband. How I got to him I do not know, but I reached him before any one else, and found him standing on one foot looking pale as death.