British History and Papal Claims from the Norman Conquest to the present day

Front matter

BRITISH HISTORY AND PAPAL CLAIMS With Forty-five full-page Illustrations by J. Finnemore. THE STORY OF JOHN G. PATON. TOLD FOR YOUNG FOLKS. By the Rev. JAMES PATON, B.Æ With Map. Svo, cloth, 5s. Seventh Thousand. DAILY TELEGRAPH. — 'In the record of thirty years good work amongst the South Sea cannibals, we have before us one of those Missionary enterprises which read almost more strangely than fiction itself. .. . There are enough hairbreadth escapes and deeds of cool — if unostentatious — courage in these pages to stock half-a-dozen ordinary books, and the forty-five graphic illustrations add much to the attraction of the text.' JOHN G. PATON, D.D. MISSIONARY TO THE NEW HEBRIDES. AN AUTOBIOGRAPHY. Edited by His Brother, the Rev. JAMES PATON, B.A Popular Edition. Completing an Issue of 24,000.

Crown 8vo, cloth, 6s. DAILY CHRONICLE. — ' One of the best autobiographies we have ever read. It is can dour itself, and bears the impress of truth on every page. We turn to the frontispiece and study the excellent portrait of the author, and then we begin to apprehend how the thing is done. The countenance breathes of spiritual refinement and undying zeal. Indeed, it would take a very incorrigible Agnostic all his time not to fall in love with Dr. Paton and his noble work.' Original Edition, in Two Volumes. Price 6s. each. LONDON: HODDER & STOUGHTON. BRITISH HISTORY AND PAPAL CLAIMS FROM THE NORMAN CONQUEST TO THE PRESENT DAY BY JAMES PATON, B.A. MINISTER OF ST. PAUL'S, GLASGOW IN TWO VOLUMES VOL. I. — A.D. I 066- I 760 'Curia Komana — Œru*; 33ritannorum ' LONDON HODDER & STOUGHTON 27 PATERNOSTER ROW 'And here I do desire those into whose hands this Work shall fall, that they do take in good part my long insisting upon the Laws that were made in this King's Reign.

Whereof I have these reasons ; . . . but chiefly because, in my judgment, it is some defect even in the best writers of History, that they do not often enough summarily deliver and set down the most memor able Laws that passed in the times whereof they writ, being indeed the principal Acts of Peace. For, though they may be had in original books of Law themselves ; yet that informeth not the judgment of Kings and Counsellors and persons of Estate, so well as to see them described and entered in the table and portrait of the Times' BACON, History of King Henry VII., vol. i. p. 751. (Bohn's Edition, 1871.)

Preface

T F this History has in any fair degree realised the aim of its Author, it will in course of time be accepted as a complete and final authority on the questions at issue. These questions cluster around the two words, Parliament and Popery, and the relations in which these have stood to each other. I mean, specifically, the Political relations ; for Roman Catholicism, as a Religion, has been only indirectly referred to in these pages. ' Concessions to Popery ' I have interpreted as meaning to the 'Claims of the Papacy,' or, as our forefathers phrased it, to the ' Court of Rome.' Hence, the almost exclusive source of this History has been found in the Journals of Parliament and in the Imperial Statutes. It is on that account that I presume to anticipate for the Work an authoritative place in this branch of literature.

Facts are here correctly stated, events truly depicted, and original records faithfully reproduced. I cannot write — no one has written — a colourless History. I make no claim to the impossible. But I do believe VI preface that every man — be he Roman Catholic, or Evan gelical Protestant, or Religious Indifferentist — will find here an impartial picture of events, an unassailable record of facts, and an unimpeachable outline of evidence, — all drawn from Parliamentary documents and the original sources of our National History. The whole plan of the work will be understood from the descriptive titles of the several books into which it has been divided. Book I. ' The Struggle for Supremacy; or, King versus Pope' (1066 — 1603). Book II. The Stuart Reaction; or, King and Pope versus Parliament' (1603 — 1688).

Book III. 'The Revolution Settlement ; or, Parliament versus Pope and King' (1688— 1702). And Book IV. 'The Modern Reaction; or, Pope versus Parliament' (1702 -1892). Placed in this convenient form in the hands of the Public, all the treasures of Hansard, and of his predecessors in the field — Parliamentary Debates, carrying us back to 1803 ; and Parlia77ientary History, back from that date to the beginning of our Parliaments — so far as they bear upon the theme of this work, now become the possession of every ordinary reader of books, instead of being buried away in hundreds of unmanageable tomes. Hence forth, should ignorance misquote, or bigotry misapply, any of these memorable events in our National History, the corrective is here in every man's hand.

PREFACE.

VII The Records of Parliament are the final authority, beyond which there is no appeal. In the abiding and — from the nature of the case — inevitable conflict between the Claims of the Papacy, Political rather than Religious, and the Rights and Privileges of all States that prize independent Constitutional Government and Protestant Liberty of Religion, — the most wise and beneficent influence that any man can bring to bear is the Lesson of History ; that is, of History truly and fairly told, and left to carry its Divine and unbiassed message to every truth-seeking soul. That influence I do, through this book, sincerely and ingenuously hope to exercise, for the good of my Country, in the maintenance and defence of Constitutional Freedom, both Civil and Religious. And I calmly await the verdict of Time and of enlightened Intelligence.

JAMES PATON. Glasgow, March 1893. ABBREVIATIONS. P. H. — Parliamentary History. Cobbett's, afterwards Hansard's, in all, thirty-six vols. P. D. = Parliamentary Debates. Hansard's Four Series, in all, four hundred ana twenty-nine vols. CORRECTION. Vol. i. pp. 140, 141. For Apello read Appello. NOTE. For the connecting links, supplied by events outside the pages of Hansard, the Author, besides occasional references to Hume and Macaulay , has made free use, and desires to make full acknowledgment of the ' Short History of the English Peop'e ' by lohn Richard Green. GROUND PLAN OF HISTORY BOOK FIRST THE STRUGGLE FOR SUPREMACY King versus Pope A.D. 1066 — 1603 (From the Norman Conquest till the Death of Elizabeth) BOOK SECOND THE STUART REACTION King and Pope versus Parliament A.D. 1603 — 1688 (From the Accession of James I. till the Abdication of James II.)

BOOK THIRD THE REVOLUTION SETTLEMENT Parliament versus Pope and King A.D. 1688 — 1702 (From the Abdication of James II. till the Death of William ill.) BOOK FOURTH THE MODERN REACTION Pope versus Parliament A.D. 1702 — 1892 (From the Accession of Queen Anne till the Present Day) CONTENTS BOOK FIRST THE STRUGGLE FOR SUPREMACY CHAP. PAGE I. — The Gage of Battle, 3 II. — Preliminary Skirmishes, 14 III. — The Triangular Duel, 23 IV. — The Craft in Danger, 34 V. — The Tug of War — Henry viii. and the Papacy, . 40 VI. — The Good King Edward and the Bloody Mary, . 68 VII. — The Stately Days of Great Elizabeth, ... 85 BOOK SECOND THE STUART REACTION I. — Your Own Kindly King, 115 II. — Carolus Tyrannus, 140 III. — Charles and the Popish Party, . . . .171 IV. — The Civil War and the Commonwealth, . . 196 V— Carolus Secundus Mendax, 212 VI.— Prospects and Perils of Popery on the Throne, 245 VII.— Three Kingdoms for a Mass, CONTENTS BOOK THIRD THE REVOLUTION SETTLEMENT CHAP. PAGE I.— From the Hague to St. James's Palace, . . . 3'9 II. — Convention-Parliament and Claim of Rights, . 337 III. — William's Wise Proposals, 356 IV. — Scenes of Agony and Glory 372 V. — The Year of Boyne Water, 396 VI. — Peace with Honour, 413 VII. — Farewell to William, 428 BOOK FOURTH THE MODERN REACTION I. — The Last of the Stuarts, 449 II. — The Georges and the Jacobites, . . . .481 {Continued in Vol. II.) SYNOPSIS VOLUME first

Book I The Struggle For Supremacy

Chapter i— The Gage of Battle PAGE Basis — Parliamentary Records, and National Statutes, . . 3 Dim Foreshadowings of a Parliament, 720-1030 . ... 3 No Papal Supremacy in Saxon and Anglo-Saxon Times, . . 4 Wilfrid's Appeal to Rome, and Edgar's Royal Supremacy, . 4 'Tudor' Supremacy a Misnomer, witness Edward the Confessor, 5 William the Conqueror's Claim of Supremacy over the Church, 6 His Defiance of the Supremacy claimed by Pope Gregory VII., . 6 William Rufus versus Anselm, re the Recognition of Urban II., 6 Pope Paschal's Complaint against the Royal Supremacy, . . 7 Convention of Estates of the Realm by Henry I., in 1107, . . 8 Convention of Estates at Clarendon by Henry 11., in 1164, . 8 Constitutions of Clarendon ; Old and New Legislation, . . 9 Resistance by Thomas a Becket, and his Death in 1170, . . 10 Magna Charta Libertatum, no Novelty in 121 5, . . . . 10 Most memorable of all its Articles, the Freeman and his Peers, 11 King John's Deposition by, and Surrender to, Innocent in., . 11 Concessions to the Papacy even in Magna Charta itself, 12 England's Grievances against the Pope in 1246, . . . 13 Combatants introduced — Pope, King, and Parliament, . . 13 Chapter ii — Preliminary Skirmishes Edward outlaws the Clergy, and seizes their Possessions, 1297, . 14 Bygot of Norfolk defies Edward to send him to France, . . 15 Wild Reprisals of Edward against Papal Abuses, . . . 15 Edward's Jealousy,— the Pope as Benedict Cajetan, 1299, . 15 SYNOPSIS PAGE Refusal to treat Scotland as a Fief of the See of Rome, . . 16 Bristling Message to the Pope regarding William Testa, 1307, . 16 Alien Priories seized by Edward in., in 1338, .... 17 The King's Tussle with the Archbishop of Canterbury, 1341, . 17 Parliament renounces the Arbitrament of the Pope in 1343, . 18 The First Statute of Provisors, 1343 (founded on 1307), . . 19 Letter from Parliament to Pope Clement at Avignon, . . 19 Seizure of the Possessions of the Foreign Clergy, in 1346, . . 21 Bulls from the Pope prohibited without the King's Leave, . . 21 The Second Statute of Provisors, 1331, 21 Parliament's Reply to the Pope's Claim of Vassalage, 1366, . 22 Chapter hi — The Triangular Duel The Commons and the Taxing of the Clergy, 1380, ... 23 Statute of Heresy surreptitiously passed, 1381-1382, ... 23 Persecution of Wycliffe and the Lollards, ..... 24 Protestation for the Pope's Authority, defied, 1390, ... 24 The Profane Statute and the Statute of Mortmain, 1390, . . 25 The Statute of Appropriations, 1390, ..... 26 Attacks on the Statute of Provisors, 1392-93, .... 26 Archbishop Courtney's Protestation against the Pope, . . 27 Act ' De Comburendo Heretico,' 1401, 28 Re-enactment of Provisors, and Praemunire, 1401, ... 28 Proposal to seize the Revenues of the Clergy, 1405, ... 29 The Long and Bloody Bill against the Lollards, 1406, . . 30 Another Attack upon the Revenues of the Clergy, 1410, . . 3!

Sir J. Oldcastle, Lord Cobham.a Reformer before the Reformation, 32 King and Clergy defying a Papal Bull, 1412, .... 32 Chapter iv— The Craft in Danger Henry v. safeguards the Royal Supremacy, 1413, ... -4 Act for Sweeping off all Priors who are Aliens, .... 35 The Merciless Statute against the Lollards, 1414, . . . ,,.

Attack on the Revenues of the Clergy fiercely renewed, Diversion created by the Wars with France, •~ SYNOPSIS XV Cardinal Beaufort relieved of Praemuttire, 1429, ... 37 Bishops' Attempt to Repeal the Statute, 1449, .... 38 Bacon on the Paring of the Privileges of Clergy by Henry VII., 39 Chapter v— The Tug of War The Champion of Popery becomes Pope of England, 1509- 1547, 40 Cardinal Wolsey ' invades ' the House of Commons, 1523, . 41 Wolsey's grievous Blunders, and great Fall, .... 41 Articles of Impeachment, — their Bearing on the Supremacy, . 43 Cardinal's Authority inconsistent with the Laws of England, . 44 Acquittal, Re-arrestment, and Death of Wolsey, 1530, . . 46 Herbert's ' Great and Broad Sally ' towards the Reformation, . 46 Fisher's Defence of the Clergy against the Commons, . . 47 Great Anonymous Speech on Private Judgment, ... 48 A Tentative Reformation, — its Limitations, .... 49 Letter from P.arliament to the Pope, 1530, 50 Pope Clement's Reply, — Signs of Alarm, 51 Answers from Universities laid before the Commons, . . 52 Complaint of Commons against the Clergy, 1532, ... 53 The King's ' Half-Subjects,' 53 Catherine divorced, and Anne Boleyn crowned, 1533, . . 54 The Act of Supremacy in favour of the King, 1535, ... 54 The Suppression of Lesser Monasteries, 1536, .... 55 Henry's many Wives, and many Acts of Succession, ... 56 A Message of Peace from the Pope, 1537, 57 Utter Abolition of the Papal Jurisdiction, 1537, . ... 57 The Great Seal versus Papal Bulls, etc., 58 Cromwell cajoling the Abbots and Priors, 1537-1 539, . . • 59 Fall of the Greater Monasteries and Abbeys, 1540, ... 60 The Six Articles of Religion, and the Bloody Bill, 1540, . . 61 The Two Committees on Religious Affairs, 1 541, ... 63 Death of Cromwell, 'Vicar-General in Spirituals,' 1541. . • 64 Cranmer's Act,— a Jumble of Popery and Protestantism, 1543, . 65 Henry's Last Prorogation Speech, 1546, 66 His Crown of Glory, despite all Deductions, 1547, • • SYNOPSIS XVI Chapter vi— Good King Edward and Bloody Mary PAGE Reaction inevitable, but slightly delayed, 1547-1553, ... 68 Lord Protector Seymour— a Political Reformer only, . . 68 The Sacrament of the Altar and the Puritans, 1547, ... 69 Bishops, once Creatures of the Pope, now of the King, . . 69 Further Suppression of Chauntries and Colleges, 1547, . . 70 Repeal of Statutes against Liberty of Conscience, ... 70 Act of Uniformity, and Book of Service, 1549, . . . . 71 Act for Allowing Priests to Marry, 1549, 72 The Marriage of the Clergy — Supplementary Act, 1552, . . 7^ Enactments regarding Eating Fish and Flesh, 1549, ... 72 Anent the Enforcement of Ecclesiastical Laws, . . . .74 Images and Prayers to Saints prohibited, 1550, .... 74 New Book of Common Prayer, and Compulsory Service, 1552, . 75 Reaction as to Holy Days, and Death of Edward, 1553, . 76 Repeal of all King Edward's Laws about Religion, 1553, . . 77 The First Parliament of Philip and Mary, 1554, ... 77 Reversal of Cardinal Pole's Attainder, 78

Cardinal Pole's Oration to both Houses, ..... 79 The Legate's Demand for Submission to the Holy See, . . 80 Humiliating Supplication to the Cardinal Legate, . . . 81 Lords and Commons receive Absolution on their Knees, . . 82 Repeal of all Statutes against the See of Rome, . ... 82 Acts against Heresy revived, and Persecution begun, 1555, . 82 Thirty-seven Noble Protesters and Seceders, .... 83 Restoration of Church Lands, etc., by Mary, 1558, ... 83 Best Full-page Illustration of Papal Claims, .... 84 Chapter vii— The Stately Days of Great Elizabeth The Coronation of Queen Elizabeth, 1559, .... gr The Old and the New Privy Councillors, .... gc The First Cause to be submitted to Parliament, ... 86 Restitution of First Fruits and Tenths to the Crown, .

S7 SYNOPSIS xvii PAGE Act Restoring the Royal Supremacy, 1559, .... 87 Nicholas Heath, Archbishop, sets forth the Papal Claims, . 88 Cuthbert Scott, Bishop, on the ' Power of the Keys,' ... 89 Montague, the solitary Peer on the Papal side, .... 90 Restoration of Edward's Liturgy, and Order of Service, 1559, 91 Dr. Feckenham's Speech to the Peers, — the last ofthe Abbots, 91 The Bishop of Chester's Defence of Popery, .... 92 Elizabeth's State Procession to Westminster Abbey, 1562, . 93 Act for Assuring the Queen's Supremacy, 1562, .... 94 Lord Montague's Defence of Papists as not Dangerous, . . 94 Mr. Atkinson's Attack upon the Rigours ofthe Act, ... 95 Abettors of Papal Jurisdiction declared Traitors, ... 96 Bull of Excommunication enacted by Pius v., 157 1, ... 97 Acts of Parliament counter-checking the Papal Bull, . . 97 Elizabeth as Head of the Church — a Female Pope, 1572, . . 98 Questions of Internal Reform, not within our Scope, ... 99 Sir Walter Mildmay on the Pope and his Confederates, 1581, . 99 The Mind of the England of that Day undisturbed, . . . 101 Drastic Measure against Jesuits and Priests, 1586, . . . 102 Secret Enemies and the Forfeiture of Rights of Citizenship, . 103 The Spanish Invasion, from Parliamentary Records, 1588, . 103 Sir Christopher Hatton on the Plans of Pope and Princes, . 104 Destruction ofthe Armada, as described to Parliament, 1589, . 105 Adherents ofthe Papacy treated as Enemies of England, . . 106 Popish Recusants — 'Vagrant and Seditious Persons,' . . 107 Burleigh and Cecil on the Pope and his Confederates, 1593, . 107 The Perils of these Times— Egerton and Cecil, 1601, . . 108 Verdict of Parliament on the Loyalty of Roman Catholics, . 108 Tit-bits passed over — Personality of Elizabeth, .... 109 World-famous Names — Edward Coke and Francis Bacon, . no Present-Day Questions — Drunkenness and Sabbath Observance, no Queenliness and Insolence of Elizabeth illustrated, . . . in Every Concession to the Papacy cancelled or withdrawn, 1603, in VOL. I. b SYNOPSIS

Book II The Stuart Reaction

Chapter i — Your own kindly King PAGE Beginning and Issue of the Reactionary Conflict, . . . 115 Coronation of James 1. of England, 25th July 1603, . . . 115 King's Speech to First English Parliament, 1604, . . . 116 State of Religion — Clerics and Laics, . . . • . . 117 The Deposing Power, and the Murder of Excommunicated Princes, 117 Divided Allegiance— 'But Half my Subjects,' . . 118 Union of the Kingdoms, and Reformation of the Church, . . 119 Montague's Defence of Popery — the Temper of Parliament, . 119 The Speaker to the King, — Rhetoric run Mad, 1604, . . . 120 New Royal Title — King of Great Britain, France, and Ireland, . 121 Discovery of the Gunpowder Plot, 5th November 1605, . . 121 The King's Speech on the Plotters and their Motives, . . 122 Popery not a Religion, but a Seditious Conspiracy, . . . 124 The State Monks and their New Divinity, 1606, . . . . 124 Acts for Annual Thanksgiving, and against Popish Recusants, . 125 Proclamation against Abettors of Papal Claims, 1610, . . 125 The Disablement of Implacable Enemies, 126 King James on the Increase of Popery, 1614, .... 127 Anti-Popish Measures, — Petition of both Houses to the King, . 128 The Fall of Lord Chancellor Bacon, 162 1, 128 Pymme (or Pym) on the Popularity of the Popish Party, . . 129 Coke on exacting Double Subsidies from Papists, . . . 129 Petition and Remonstrance against the Spanish Match, 1621, . 129 James playing at being Absolutist and Tyrant, .... 131 Struggle and Protestation concerning Liberties of Parliament, . 132 The Rider and his Horse,— James's idea of Parliament, 1624, . 133 Joint Petition of both Houses against Popish Recusants, . . 134 Removal of Recusants from Offices of Power and Trust, . . 1 -c Complaint against Bishop of Norwich, and his Apologia, . . 1-6 Petition against Popish Books and Pamphlets, ... 138 Death of James,— the Craft of the Stuart Nature, 1625, . .

I39 SYNOPSIS xix Chapter ii— Carolus Tyrannus PAGE First Parliament — the Speaker on the Jesuit Locusts, 1625, . 140 Storm over Appello Caesarem, and the King's Interference, . 140 Grand Conference on Religion, — Parliament at Oxford, . . 142 Petition of both Houses — regarding the Increase of Papists, . 143 Charles's Reply — first Lesson as to Faith in the Word of a King, 144 The King's Speech by Proxy, and the Speaker's Testimony, 1626, 145 Unfortunate Likes and Dislikes of Charles,— Coke, Buckingham, etc., 146 Impeachment of Buckingham, Members sent to the Tower, . 146 Seizure and Release of Diggs, Elliot, and Arundel, . . . 147 Impeachment of Bristol, and Interference of the King, . . 148 King and Parliament, — Declarations and Remonstrances, . 148 Another Parliament, — Grievances before Supply, 1627, . . 149 Conference of both House on Laws against Recusants, . . 150 Their Petition, — a perfect Reflex of the Times, . . . . 151 Great Debates on the Rights and Liberties of the Subjects, . 152 Genesis of the first famous Petition of Right, 1628, . . . 153 Dr. Manwaring's book on Religion and Allegiance condemned, 155 Final Answer of Charles to the Petition of Right, . . . 156 Analysis of the Petition of Right of 1628, 157 Foundations of Freedom, against Popes, against Kings, . . 158 Constitutional Liberty versus Absolute Despotism, . . . 158 Grievances in Religion, — the Resolution ofthe Commons, 1629, 159 Sir John Elliot's Speech, and First Appearance of Cromwell, . 160 Impressions of Oliver, by Warrick, Hampden, and Maidstone, . 161 Articles for Religion, — Dangers, Causes, and Remedies, . . 162 House ordered, and refusing, to adjourn ; Protestation, . . 164 Parliament dissolved, — the Making of our Constitution, 1629, . 166 Eleven Years' Attempt at Despotism, without a Parliament, 1629-40, 167 John Hampden and the Ship Money, — Strafford and Laud, . 167 Petitions, Grievances, and Supply, in Parliament of 1640, . . 168 Pym on Grievances in Religion, — Encouragements to Popery, . 169 Charles forced to summon Parliament again, 3d November 1640, 170 The Two-fold Issue, essentially one, Civil and Religious Liberty, xx SYNOPSIS Chapter hi— Charles and the Popish Party PAGE The Popish Party in Relation to the Civil War, . . 171 The Long Parliament, and Grievances in Religion, 1640, . . 171 Petition against Prelates, and the Root and Branch Bill, . 172 Bishop Joseph Hall's Speech in Defence of the Church, . . 173 Protestation ofthe Bishops, and Impeachment for High Treason, 174 Bishops deprived of Votes, and Episcopacy abolished, 1641-1642, 175 Impeachment of Laud of Canterbury for High Treason, 1640, . 175 The Affair of Goodman, the Seminary Priest, 1641, ... 176 The Elder Prince of Orange and the Lady Mary, ... 178 The Incompatibility of our Laws and Popery, .... 178 Strafford condemned of High Treason, despite the King, . . 179 Petition from 20,000 Citizens of London against Papists, . . 179 A Parliamentary Protestation and National Oath, 1641,

. . 179 Propositions on State of Kingdom, and Posture of Defence, . 180 News of Irish Massacre, and its Effects in Britain, . . . 181 The Parliamentary Guards, — a Petition and Remonstrance, . 182 Popery — ' another State within this State ' — must be disabled, . 183 Not a Religion but a Conspiracy, — Refusal of Toleration, . . 183 The King and the Arrest of the Five Members, 1642, . . 184 The Verdict of All England on the Popish Party and the King, 185 The Civil War, its Real Origin, and its True Issues, . . . 186 The Ordinance concerning the Militia, a Vital Struggle, 1642, . 187 Declaration of both Houses as to Causes of Fears and Jealousies, 189 Grievances and Evils, with Proposed Remedies and Cures, . 190 The King and the Parliament countermanding each other, . 190 Ultimatum to the King — the Nineteen Propositions, . . . 192 The King's Commission of Array, and Parliament's Army, . 192 Grounds and Reasons for taking up Arms, 1642, . . . 193 Cavaliers, Roundheads, and Cromwell's First Victory, . . 193 The Standard of the King, and the Messages for Peace, . . 194 The Battle of Edge Hill, 23d October, and its Issues, . . 194 The Protestation of Parliament regarding the ' Popish Party,' .

SYNOPSIS XXI Chapter iv — The Civil War and the Commonwealth PAGE Negotiations for Peace, and the Question of Concessionsto Popery, 196 Ordinance of Parliament, — Intentions of the Popish Party, 1643, '97 Plot against Parliament, and its Issue in a Protestant Oath, . 197 Solemn League and Covenant, with its Three Mottoes from Scripture, 198 'Explications' subjoined' to it by the Westminster Divines, . 199 Swearing of Covenant at St. Margaret's, 25th September 1643, 199 Analysis of the Covenant, — its Six Articles and Aims, . . 200 A Fair Ideal for these Three Kingdoms under Christ, . . 201 King versus Parliament now, — means King and Pope in One, . 202 Battles of Marston Moor and Newbury, July and October 1644, 202 Self-Denying Ordinance — the Exclusion of Members from Offices, 202 Cromwell's Speech, — Essex, etc., resign their Commissions, 1645, 203 Dispensations to Cromwell, — ' Forty Days longer ;'— Sinister Light 203 ' King's Cabinet Opened,' — after Battle of Naseby, 1645, ■ • 3°3 Surrender of Charles, — Disposal ofthe King's Person, 1646-1647, 204 Army versus Parliament — Fairfax enters London, 1647, . . 205 Four Bills presented to Charles, and by him refused, . . 205 Wild Speeches, and Threats of Impeaching the King, 1648, 206 The Tide everywhere turning in the King's Favour, July 1648, . 206 News of Preston, — the King delivered to theArmy, — 'Pride's Purge,' 207 The Commons declare themselves the Supreme Power, 1649, . 207 Charles Four Times declines the Authority ofthe Court, . . 208 Martyr — Traitor — Carolus Tyrannus, Charles the Tyrant, . . 208 Toleration in the Puritan Years, — ' not extended to Popery,' . 208 Cromwell, and 'that Fool's Bauble the Mace,' 1653, . . . 209 Barebone's Parliament and the Surrender of their Power, . 209 Cromwell's Second Parliament, — brusquely dissolved, 1655, . 209 His Third Parliament,— Offer of Kingship to Cromwell, 1657, . 210 Position of England at Cromwell's Death 3d September 1658, 210 Naylor's Persecution ; Cromwell's ' Instrument of Government,' SYNOPSIS Chapter v— Carolus Secundus Mendax PAGE Richard Cromwell's Demission and Quiet Career, 1658-1712, . 212 The Rump Parliament, and the Council of Officers, 1659, . . 213 The Committee of Safety, and General Monk, . . . . 213 Dissolution of the Rump, and Meeting of the Convention, 1660, 214 Declarations and Hypocritical Letters of Charles Rex, 1660, . 214 Restoration of Government by King, Lords, and Commons, . 216 Old Denzil Hollis at Breda, and the Golden Age, . . . 216 Carolus Mendax as Defender of the Faith and King of Hearts, . 217 Burnet's Photograph of the Characteristics of the King, . . 217 Oath of Supremacy and Oath of Allegiance as at 1660, . . 218 Other Weapons than Oaths required to disable Popery, . . 220 Great Debates on Religion, — Prelacy and the Prayer-Book restored, 22 1 The Indemnity Bill, with its Infamous Exceptions, . . . 222 Chancellor Hyde defeats Mad Proposals as to Royal Revenue, . 223 The Pensionary Parliament, —

Marvel's 'Venal Cowards,' 1661, . 223 Famous Political Tract, — ' Popery and Arbitrary Power,' . . 224 The Times, — ' Great Outburst of Drunkenness and Excess,' . 224 Taking the Sacrament, and Burning the Solemn League, 1661,. 225 The Act of Uniformity, — a Retaliatory Measure, 1 662, . . 225 Two Thousand Non-conformist Ministers, .... 226 ' Declaration in Favour of Indulgence ' issued by the King, . 226 Subtle State-Craft, — ' Popery the Mother of Persecution,' . . 227 Plea of Charles before Parliament for Power of Indulgence, 1663, 227 Address of the Commons against the Proposal, .... 227 Plea of Parliament for Proclamation of Papists, .... 228 Five-Mile Act, and the Non-Resisting Oath, 1665, . . . 229 ' Annus Mirabilis,' and the Insolence and Increase of Popery, 1666, 230 Bill for the Suppressing of Conventicles, 1670, . . . . 231 Growth of Popery,— Alleged Causes, and Proposed Remedies, . 232 The Proclamation,— Charles's Politics and Courtesans, . . 234 The 'Declaration for Indulgence,' suspending the Laws, 1672, . 234 ' Dispensing with Penal Laws,— dispensing with All Laws, 1673,' 235 Great Crisis,— the King and Lords versus the Commons, . .

SYNOPSIS XXIII Our Religion and our Country shamelessly bought and sold, . 237 Declaration of Indulgence cancelled and destroyed, . . . 238 ' Bill of Ease to Protestant Dissenters,' — Heads proposed, . 238 Sacheverell's Motion, — ' Removal of Papists from Military Command,' 239 The ' Test Act,' — Papists and Public Employments, . . . 240 Defence of the ' Further Test,' by Papist, the Early Bristol, . 241 The Court Party, the Evil Counsellors, and the 'Act of Grace,' . 243 Results of the Test Act, — Resignation of the Duke of York, etc., 243 Papists declared to be Public Enemies of the Kingdom, 1673, . 244 Chapter vi — Prospects and Perils of Popery on the Throne Protest of Parliament against the 'Duke's Match,' 1673, . . 245 Refusal of Supply till Grievances be redressed, .... 246 Second Address against the Duke's Match, with Plain Counsels, 247 The 'Standing Army ' voted a National Grievance, 1673, . 247 The Grievance of ' Evil Counsellors,' — Sudden Prorogation, . 248 Three Leaders of the Cabal put on their Defence, 1674, . . 248 Temper of the Nation, — the Articles against Arlington, . 249 ' Non-Resisting Test,' — Locke's Famous 'Letter,' 1675, . . 249 ' Passive Obedience,' — the Badge of the Popish Party, . . 250 Bill ' Facing Both Ways,' — on Education of Royal Family, 1677, 251 Bill belying its Title, — ' For preserving the Protestant Religion,' 252 Marriage of Princess Mary to the Prince of Orange, . . . 253 ' State of the Nation,'— Dangers from Growth of Popery, 1678, . 254 Expulsion of Sir Solomon Swale as a ' Popish Recusant,' . . 255 Bill for ' Hindering Papists from sitting in either House,' . . 256 Debate, — Trevor, Littleton, Wheeler, and Powle, ... 257 The Discovery or Invention of the Popish Plot, 1678, . . 257 Gist of Sworn Informations thereanent, 258 Publication of Coleman's Letters, — the Real Panic, . . . 259 The Magistrate, Sir Edmondbury Godfrey's Assassination, . 260 The King's Speech, and the Commons' Resolution to inquire, . 260 Address against Recusants, and Bill to disable Papists, . .