A History of the Egyptian Revolution, from the period of the Mamelukes to the death of Mohammed Ali; from Arab and European Memoirs, etc

Front matter

A HISTORY OF THE EGYPTIAN EEVOLUTION, A HISTORY OF THE EGYPTIAN REVOLUTION. FROM THE PERIOD OF THE MAMELUKES TO THE DEATH OF MOHAMMED ALI; FROM ARAB AND EUROPEAN MEMOIRS, ORAL TRADITION, AND LOCAL RESEARCH. BY A. A. PATON, F.K.Ox.S. AUTHOR OF " RESEARCHES ON THH DANUBE A NO ADRIATIC* SECOND EDITION R\L4ROED. VOL. II. LONDON: TRUBNER & CO., 8 and 60, PATERNOSTER ROW. 18 70. AU Rights Reserved. HERTFORD : PRINTED BY STEPHEN AUSTIN. PAGE 1 19 36 6-1 71 CONTENTS.

Chapter I

Events in Egypt after the Departure of tbe French Army. Assassination of Mamelukes by the Capitan Pasha. Khousreff Pasha, Governor of Egypt. He is Driven from Cairo by the Rebellious Troops. Rise of Mohammed Ali. Anarchy in Egypt. Return of Elfy Bey from England to Egypt. Failure of Elfy Bey's Projects. Mohammed Ali becomes Dictator of Egypt and Pasha of Djiddah. His Character

Chapter II

Mohammed Ali Circumvents the Mamelukes. His Power Causes Uneasiness to the Porte. He becomes Pasha of Egypt. British Expedition to Egypt under General Fraser

Chapter III

General Appropriation of Landed Property by the Pasha. The Wahaby War. Decline of the Mameluke Power. General Massacre of the Mamelukes. Massacres of Mamelukes in the Provinces 26

Chapter IV

History of the Wahabys. Wahaby Doctrines. Kermelah, the Wahaby Leader, Defeats the Shereef of Mecca. The Wahabys become Masters of Mecca.. CHAPTEE V. The Shereef of Mecca and Mohammed Ali concert Measures to Attack the Wahabys. Capture of Medina by Toussoun Pasha, son of Mohammed Ali. The Wahabys regain ground. Mohammed Ali disembarks in Arabia. Final Conquest of the Wahabys 12

Chapter VI

The Upper Nile, its Climate and Trade. Conquest of Senaar, Dongolah, and Cordofan resolved on. The Egyptians enter Nubia. The Upper Nile occupied. Its material Aspect. Senaar and its Traces of Arab Civilization. The countries of the Upper Nile annexed

Chapter VII

Revolution of Manners in Egypt. New Organization of the Army and its Administrative Departments. Improvement of Alexandria. The Canal of Alexandria. Egyptian Manufactures not successful. The Pasha fosters Educa tion. Civil Administration. The Overland Passage to India revived. Palaces and Gardens of Mohammed Ali. His extensive and intelligent Intercourse with Europeans VI CONTENTS.

Chapter VIII. Page

Retrospect of Turkish History. The Greek Revolution. Causes of the Maintenance of the Turkish Power in Europe. Conduct of Mohammed Ali during the Greek War. Energy of Sultan Mahmoud. Mohammed Ali purposes to invade Syria. Ibrahim Pasha besieges Acre. Acre surrenders to Ibrahim. The Turks defeated at Horns. The Battle of Konieh gained by the Egyptians over the Turks. Arrangement at Kiutahia 86

Chapter IX

A Survey of Syria at the period of the Egyptian Conquest. Mount Lebanon. The Druses. The Pashalic of Aleppo. Jerusalem. The Seat of Government Established at Damascus. Factions of Aleppo. Beginning of discontents among the natives of Syria. Sack of Safet. Insurrection of the Mountaineers of Nablouse and Mount Cassius. Disarming of the Inhabitants of Mount Lebanon. Exasperation of the Population of Syria 102

Chapter X

Syrian discontents revive tbe hopes of the Turks. Armaments of the Sultan. Viscount Ponsonby dissuades Mahmoud from precipitate measures. The Sultan resolves on War 125

CHAPTER XL

Campaigns of Nezib. Egyptians concentrated in Aleppo. Turkish concentration at Nezib. Night Bombardment. Battle of Nezib. Death of Mahmoud... 130

Count Nesselrode announces Overtures of Russia to England. First Mission of Baron Brunnow. His Negociations with Viscount Palmerston. Exception to the Acceptance of the Proposals of Russia. Second Mission of Baron Brunnow to London jgg

Chapter XV

Mission of Colonel Hodges to Egypt. His Instructions. Colonel Hodges' Presentation to Mohammed Ali. the Divan of Mohammed Ali described. Decisive language of the British Agent to Mohammed Ali. Mohammed Ali Refuses to yield, and Prepares an Armed Resistance ,.... 1@2

Ibrahim Pasha at Damascus. His able dispositions. His Retreat. Sufferings of the Egyptians. Personal details of Ibrahim Pasha. His high spirits. Evacuation of Syria. Retreat of Suleyman Pasha by the Gulf of Akaba 206

Chapter XXI

Mohammed Ali's Government after the termination of the War. The Army partially Employed in Agriculture. Mohammed Ali receives the Decoration of Grand Vizier. Destructive Cattle Murrain. The Transit reorganised. Threat ened revolt of Ahmed Pasha of Senaar. His Death. His Slave Hunts. Death of Boghos Bey. Angry Suspicions of Mohammed Ali on the Discovery of the Financial Embarrassment produced by his Erroneous and Oppressive System of Taxation. He Punishes the Governor of Damiettafor Cruelty and Fanaticism... 221

Chapter XXII

Personal Habits of Mohammed Ali in his Old Age. Ibrahim Pasha. Abbas Pasha. Shereef Pasha. The Capitation Tax. Edhem Bey. New Educational Institutions. Printing Press at Boulak. Improvements in Cairo. Port of Boulak. Mohammed Ali's Palaces. Hydraulic Improvements 238

Chapter XXIII

Public Justice. Thieves. Crimes and Disorders of the Arnauts. Crimes in Harems. A Revolt in a Harem. Swindlers. Lawsuits. Criminal Punishments. Imprisonment for Debt. Scene in a Debtors' Prison 255

Chapter XXIV

The Ulema in the last years of Mohammed Ali's rule. State of Arabic Literature. Party Spirit among the Ulema. The Wahabys and Arabians proper resident in Cairo. Popular Superstition, and Imposture of Pretended Enchanters. Execution of the last Wizard 267

Chapter XXV

State of the Christian population in the last years of Mohammed Ali's rule. Laudable Enforcement of Tolerance towards Christians. Basilios Bey's Death. The Copts. The Franks. Mr. Lane and Clot Bey. The Syrians and Greeks. The Caraite Jews. The Castle of Dogs. Music and Musicians. Jugglers. Nubian Population. Negroes CONTENTS.

Chapter XXVI. Page

Ibrahim Pasha's Health fails. He sails for Tuscany and France. Splendid Fetes given him by the French. Is hospitably received in Great Britain. Mohammed Ali visits Constantinople. The Nile Bar. Dotage of Mohammed Ali. Short Government of Ibrahim Pasha, terminated by his death. Death of Mohammed Ali 299

Chapter XXVII

Material Aspect of Cairo at the close of Mohammed Ali's career. The Khans, Bazaars, and Thoroughfares. The Slave Market. The Hasheesh Shops. The Corn Market. The Butchers' Quarter. Nubian Breweries. The Suburban Population. The Peasantry of the Environs. The various Markets in Cairo, its Suburbs, and Environs 309

Chapter XXVIII

Management of the Mosques and Charitable Endowments. Mosque of Touloun. The College of the Azhar. The Mosque of Sheikhoun. Mosque of Hosseyneyn. Mosque of Hakem. Mosque of Daher. The Hospital of Kalaon. Mosque of Hassan. Mosque of Moeyed. Mosque of Sultan-el-Ghoury. Dervish Convents. Oratory of the Hindoos. Various Mosques, Fountains, and Schools 322

Chapter XXIX

Damascus. Estimate of its Population. Its Edifices. The Mosque of Beni Omeia. The Tombs of Tezeed and Bibars. Streets of Damascus. Baths and Coffeehouses. Private Dwellings. Antiquities. The Government and its Ramifications 345

Chapter XXX

Personal Appearance of the Damascenes. Provisions in Damascus. Various Classes of the Population. Ignorance and Intolerance of the Inhabitants. The Mecca Pilgrimage. Condition of the Christians. Hindoo Porters. Domestic Manners. Christian Festivals 361