A Journey in the Back Country

Front matter

OUR SLAVE STATES. A JOURNEY IN THE BACK COUNTRY B Y FREDERICK LAW OLMSTED, AUTHOR OF "A JOURNEY IN THE SEABOARD SLAVE STATES," "A JOURNEY IN TEXAS. '' YTALKS AND TALES OF AN AMERICAN FARMER IN ENGLAND," ETC. NEW YORK: PUBLISHED BY MASON BROTHERS, 5 and 7 MERCEE STEEET. LONDON" : SAMPSON LOW, SON & CO., 47 LUDGATE HILL. 18fil). Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year I86u, by MASON BROTHERS, lo the Clerk's O thee of the District Court of the United States, for the Southern District of New York STBUEOTYPJED BY SMITH & McDOUGAL, C. A. ALVORD, PiiiKTku, S2 & 34 Bcckman St.

Preface

. Tms is tlie third volume of a work, the first of which was a narrative of a journey in the sea-board districts of the older slave States; the second, of a rapid tour west of the Alleghanies, and of a winter spent in Texas. This volume concludes and somewhat focalizes the observations of those, its narrative being, in part, of the hill-country people, and mainly of those who are engaged in, or are most directly affected by, the great business of the South — the production of cotton. The record of facts, except as regards the domestic life of the people, is less elaborate than in the other volumes, because, reference being made to previous observations, less detail is needed to give a full statement of that which was seen by the writer. Facts of general observation and conclusions of judgment form a larger part of this volume than of the others, because they are appropriately deduced from all preceding details.

It was prepared for the press nearly in its present form and announced for publication three years ago. A chapter was then intended to be added upon the natural history of southern politics, before preparing which, I was interrupted by unanticipated duties. Upon recent examination it was found that the facts recorded had not lost significance, and that the volume might be published without revision or addition. As the topic of slave insurrection is considerably discussed, I will here observe that all its narrative portion had been printed, and that all the matter of the last chapter bearing upon that subject had been written, some time before the John Brown plot is supposed to have been formed. The controlling considerations which now induce the publication of the volume are, first, that after publishing the former volumes, to leave untold what is reported in this, would be to leave my story untrue through incompleteness ; secondly, that the agitation growing out of the condition of the South is now graver, and the truth more impor- VI

PREFACE.

. tant to be known, than ever before. Before preparing this volume, I had given more than two years' careful study simply to the matter of fact of the condition of the people, especially the white people, living under a great variety of circumstances where slavery is not pro hibited. There has been no publication of observations made with similar advantages, and extended over so large a field. I may add that few men could have been so little inclined to establish pre viously formed opinions as I was when I began my journey in the South. I lest a farm in New York to examine farms in Virginia. The Fillmore compromises had just been accomplished ; a reaction from a state of suspicion and unwholesome excitement was obvious in the public mind. Looking upon slavery as an unfortunate circumstance, for which the people of the South were in no wise to blame, and the abolition of which was no more immediately practicable than the ab rogation of hospitals, penitentiaries, and boarding-schools, it was with the distinct hope of aiding in this reaction, and of aiding those disposed to consider the subject of slavery in a rational, philosophical, and con ciliatory spirit, that I undertook, at the suggestion of the editor of the New York Times, to make a personal study of the ordinary condition and habits of the people of the South.

I believed that much mischief had resulted from statements and descriptions of occurrences which were exceptioual, as if they were ordinary phenomena attending slavery. I had the most unquestioning faith, that while the fact of slavery imposed much unenviable duty upon the people of the South, and occasioned much inconvenience, the clear knowledge of which would lead to a disposition of forbearance, and encourage a respectful purpose of assistance (such as soon after this found an expression in the organization of the Southern Aid Society), there was at the same time a moral condition of the human race, in connection with slav ery — that there was an expression of peculiar virtues in the South, too little known or considered, the setting forth of which would do good. I will not here conceal for a moment that I was disappointed in the actual condition of the people of the South, citizen and slave; that the more thoroughly and the longer I was acquainted with that which is ordinary and general, the greater was my disappointment.

In the present aspect of affairs, it would be an affectation of moderation if I refrained from expressing my conviction that the larger part of the people of the South are in a condition which can not be too much de- P U E F A C E . VII plored, the extension and aggravation of the causes of which can not be too firmly and persistently guarded against. The subjection of the negroes of the South to the mastership of the whites, I still consider justifiable and necessary, and I fully share the general ill-will of the people of the North toward any suggestion of their interfering politically to accomplish an immediate abolition of slavery. This is not from idolatry of a parchment, or from a romantic attachment to the word Union ; it certainly is not from a low estima tion of the misfortune of slavery, or of the flagrant wrong of the laws and customs of the slave States.

It is from a fair consideration of the excellence of our confederate constitution when compared with other instruments of human association, and from a calculation of the chances of getting a better, aster any sort of revolution at this time, together with the chances of thereby accomplishing a radical and satisfactory remedy for the evils which must result from slavery. I do not see that a mere setting free of the blacks, if it could be accomplished, would surely remedy these evils. An extraction of the bullet does not at once remedy the injury of a gun-shot wound ; it sometimes aggravates it. It does not follow, however, that the evils of slavery must continue to be as great as at present. Nor does it follow that consideration of these evils at the North must be either futile or impertinent, for they are by no means limited in their action to the people of the Slave States, and there are matters in the discussion of which the people of the North have a constitutional right to be heard, the decision of which may greatly help to perpetuate or to limit them.

The emancipation of the negroes is evidently not a matter to be ac complished by this generation, but again it does not follow that even emancipation can not be anticipated, or the way of accomplishing it in some degree prepared. The determination that it shall not be, is much more impracticable, fanatical, and dangerous, than argument for imme diate abolition. The present agitation of the country results less from the labors of abolitionists than from the conceit, avarice, and folly of wealthy owners of slaves. These constantly, and by organized action, endeavor to reverse the only line of policy by which safety and peace can, in the nature of things, be secured to the people of the South ; for there are moral forces, as well as material, in nature, and there is the same folly in expecting to overcome the one as the other. It would be presumptuous in any man to predict when, or in what

PREFACE.

. manner, slavery is to end, but, if the owners of slaves were so disposed, it appears to me that there would be no difficulty whatever, politically, financially, or socially, in diminishing the evil of slavery, and in preparing the way for an end to it. It is to be hoped that elements will, by-and-by, come into play, the nature of which we can not now im agine, which will make a peaceful end more practicable than it now appears. Whitney's invention has, to all appearance, strengthened the hold of slavery a thousand times more than all labors directly intended for that purpose. A botanical discovery, a new motive power, the de cease of some popular fallacy, a physical, or mental, or moral epidemic, a theological reformation, a religious revival, a war, or a great man fortunately placed, may, in a single year, do more to remove difficulties than has thus far been done in this century.

Popular prejudice, if not popular instinct, points to a separation of black from white as a condition of the abolition of slavery. It may be hoped that something will occur which will force, or encourage and facilitate, a voluntary and spontaneous separation. If this is to be considered as a contingency of emancipation, it is equally to be antici pated that an important emigration of whites to the slave districts will precede it.* I do not now say that it is, or is not, right or desirable, that this should be so, but, taking men as they are, I think a happy and peaceful association of a large negro, with a large white population, can not at present be calculated on as a permanent thing. I think that the emancipation from slavery of such part of the existing actual negro population as shall remain in the country until the white population is sufficiently christianized, and civilized, and properly educated to under stand that its interests are identical with its duty, will take place grad ually, and only after an intermediate period of systematic pupilage, restraint, and encouragement, of such a nature as is suggested in this volume.

To be more explicit : it seems to me to be possible that a method of finally emancipating the slaves and of immediately remedying many of the evils of slavery, without an annihilation of that which the State * If gold fields as attractive as those of California should, for instance, be discovered and opened to adventurers in Mississippi, slavery would be practically abolished in that State within two years. Cotton culture would be more profitable work than gold digging, but not until something else hud once drawn free laborers to a cotton district in large numbers.

PREFACE.

. IX has made property, or conceded to be held as property, may be eventually based on these accepted facts: That a negro's capacities, like a horse's, or a dog's, or a white man's, for all industrial purposes, in cluding cotton-growing and cotton-picldng, must be enlarged by a voluntary, self-restrained, self-urged, and self-directed exercise of those capacities. That a safely-conducted cultivation and education of the capacities of the slaves will, of necessity, increase the value of the slaves, and that the slaves may thus be made to pay, year by year, for their own gradual emancipation. I do not suppose that in one generation or two the effects of cen turies of barbarism and slavery are to be extinguished. I do not think negroes are ever to become Teutons or Celts, but I do suppose that negroes may become thoroughly civilized, thoroughly independent in dividuals, and thus of tenfold more value in the commonwealth than they are.

I know, for a certainty, that the most dogged have a capacity for some improvement, even within their own lives ; that the most valuable cotton-pickers are capable of being made yet more valuable; and I do not believe that even ten years of careful, judicious, and economical cultivation of this capacity, with all the negroes of a large plantation, would fail to earn some pecuniary as well as moral reward. But a vain delusion possesses the South that slavery carries with it certain defined advantages for the master class. (I do believe, after a careful study, that there are no such advantages.) , Owing to this delusion, moral forces in nature, as irresistible as the laws of climate, are blindly disregarded, or held in contempt, and the hope lives that a power, found paramount within the South itself, must yet control the continent.

This hope makes light of all present evils growing out of slavery, or attributes them to causes which it gives the purpose to re move. Not till it is decisively and finally dispelled, can any general policy for remedying the evils of slavery be initiated, or even an indi vidual slaveholder be permitted to govern his property in a manner consistent with what would otherwise be the requirements of Chris tianity, civilization, and a sound and far-seeing economy. In the preparation of this book, my conscious first purpose has been to obtain and report facts of ordinary life at the South, not to supply arguments. Lest it should be thought I had some concealed purpose to advocate by my selection of facts, I have here frankly set forth the inner plans and theories for which it might have been agreeable to me X

PREFACE.

. to have gained the approval of its readers. The facts of my personal observation fill the greater part of the book, though I have not neglected others obtained at second hand in the South. There are various theories and purposes for which these facts may be turned to account. Their influence need not be, and should not be, the same with all that it has been with me, but I believe that there are few who will chance to read to whom they will not afford some entertainment and instruction. CONTENTS

Chapter I. The Valley Of The Lower Mississippi

A Cotton Overseer, 11 ; Stupidity of Poor Whites ; The Landscape : Kose Hedges, 13 ; The Mississippi Forest ; Plantations of Northern Louisiana ; A Crack Negro Gang, 14 ; Good Condition of Slaves ; Plantation Residences ; A Wealthy Planter; Cotton Fields overrun by Grass, 15 ; A Court Town; Dress, 16; Toilet Service, 17; Important to Business Men; Eobbers ; Runaways ; Hill Side Cotton Culture, 18 ; Horizontal Plowing ; Abandoned Plantations ; Waste, 19 ; Large Plantations ; Great Wealth, 20 ; Conversation with a Nervous Planter; Education; A Swindler, 21; Negro Property on the Frontier ; Negro Attachments ; Gambling ; A Mississippi Fast Man, 23 ; Treating, 24 ; Education ; Institutes ; Advertisement ; Swell Heads ; Big Plantations, 25 ; Inhospitable ; Goiug to the North, 26 ; Rapid Increase of Wealth in Mississippi ; The Conseqeuces ; Social Condition, 27 ; The Lower Law; Runaways, 29 ; Wearing Arms, and a Reason for it, 30 ; Devotion and Temperance, 31 ; Refusing a Noble Title, 32 ; Where are all the Poor People ?

Experience of a Foreign Tourist; Peddling, 33; An Ole Dutch Cuss ; Natchez, 34 ; Villas ; Landscape Gardening ; Young Swell Heads, 35 ; A Respectable Turnout ; Horses, 36 ; The Bluff, 37 ; An Elevated View of the Mississippi, 38 ; Italians, 39 ; Education, 40 ; Labor and "Wages ; Food of the Slaves, 41 ; Inhospitality, 42 ; Benighted, 43 ; Au Overseer at Home, 44 ; Review of a First-rate Plantation, 46 ; Deserters and Detectives, 47 ; Driving, 48 ; Days and Hours of Labor, 49 ; Hard Work ; Pay, 50 ; Tobacco ; Sweets and Sunday Tricks, 51.

Chapter II. The Property Aspect Of Slavery

The Property Aspect of Slavery ; An Alabama Tradesman, 55 Hard Master ; Overseers, 56 ; Wages, 57 ; Economical Treatment of Slaves ; Planters' Evidence, 58 ; Value of a Slave Life, 62 ; The Moral Embarrassments attending the Ownership of Human Beings as affecting Plantation Economy ; Large Slave Estates, 64 ; Slavery as a Missionary System, 63 ; Embarrassments, 68 ; Slavery as an Educative System, 70 ; Embarrassments, 71 ; Slave Management on the largest Scale ; Description of a Plantation, 72 ; Overseers; Isolation; 73: Slave Habitation ; Food, 74 ; Slave Sporting, 75 ; The Medicine Chest ; Plantation Work-House ; Domestic Manufactures, 76 ; Medical Survey, 77 ; The Mechanics, 78 ; Clothes and Cleanliness, 79 ; Hours of Labor ; Overseers, 80 ; Plow Girls ; Field Working Women ; CONTENTS.

Dogged Work, 81 ; Discipline; Mutiny, 82 ; Punishment, 83 ; A Skulker, 84 ; A Girl Flogged, 85 ; The Necessity for Severe Punishment exists with Slavery; Runawavs, 87; Names, 8S ; Moral Education of the Negroes, 89; Black, White, and Yellow, 90; Religion, 92 ; The Metaphysics of the South, 93 ; The Religious Purpose of Emancipation, 98 ; Southern Arguments, 99 ; A Bugaboo, TOO ; Southern Church Edifices, 101; Southern Prisons, lu2 ; Criminal Cases ; Plantation Justice, 103 ; The West India Emancipation Question Misapprehended, 104 ; Religious Characteristics of the Slaves, 105 j Religious Amusements aud Excitements, 106 ; Religious Instruction of Slaves, 107 ; Religious Instruction Prevented, 108 ; The Church Keeuni _ bent, 109 ; Slave Teachers and Preachers, 110 ; Matrimonial Morality, 112 ; ' Chastity; Its Rarity among "Religious" Slaves, 113; Restraint upon the White Clergy, 115 ; The Education of the White Race under the Necessities of the Present System, 116 ; Absenteeism, 119 ; Planters at Watering Places, 120 ; The Economy of Large Plantations, and the Accumulation of Wealth, 121; The Evils of the Internal Slave Trade ; of Large Plantations ; Southern Evidence, 122 ; Condition of Poor Whites ; Similar Results of Slavery in the West Indies, 123 ; Effects of Emancipation on Poor Whites, 124.

Chapter III

A TRIP INTO A PART OP NORTHERN MISSISSIPPI. A Trip into Northern Mississippi ; Vicksburg ; Wharf Boats ; Hotel Arrangements; Memphis, 125 ; A Mississippi First Class Hotel, and a Grand Repudiation Dinner, 126; A Stage-Coach Swindle, 128; Small Plantations; The Judge and the Colonel, 129 ; Education, 130 ; A Blackleg Gentleman ; Almost an " Affair," 131 ; Camp Meeting, 132 ; Theology and Profanity, 133 ; A Young Gentleman completing his Education, 135 ; Inland Navigation, 136 ; Poor Whites from the Carlyle Stand-point, 137 ; A Malthusian ; A Sunny Valley of Northern Mississippi, 139 ; The Southern Pioneer, 141 : Slave's Managing Themselves ; Slaves Reading, 143 ; Piety, Swearing, and Dancing, 144; Dancing on a Plank, 145; Horticulture on the Plantation, 146 ; A Tree Peddler, 147 ; A Surprising Collection, 148 ; The Judgment Trumpet ; Drinks and the Temperance Question, 150*", A Clever Slave, 151; Cotton and Corn, and their Conveyances ; Railroad Business ; Droves of Slaves for a Market, 152 ; Character of Slave Dealers ; Generous Allowances, 153 ; Precocity and Morality of Slaves ; Absentee Husbands, 154; Market Value of Piety and of Color, 155; The Moral of the Main Question, 156; Settling, 157.

Chapter IV. The Interior Cotton Districts

The Interior Cotton Districts ; Who and What are " The Planters," 158 ; Price of Plantation Land ; Towns and Villages, 159 ; Size of Plantations ; Number of Negroes on the Middle and Small Class of Plantations ; Character of Planters, 160 ; Young Planters and their Education ; Style of Living, 161 ; Scenery of Central Mississippi ; Diarv Resumed, 162 ; "Home Life of an Interior Plantation, 163 ; Bad Stable Arrangements, 164; Another Plantation Home ; An Honest Negro ; Pork and Molasses, 165 ; Another Plantation Home, 166 ; A Bad Night, 167 ; Another Bad Stable, 168 ■ "Doctor," 167; A Pious Slave; A Biblical Education, 170; Another Plantation ; A Southern Young Gentleman, 171 ; Runaways and Extradi CONTENTS. XIII tion, 172 ; Another Bad Stable, 173 ; Family Discipline, 174 ; Musketo Tent ; Eye Service ; A Virgiuny Nigger's Views of the South, 176 ; A Mississippi Slaveholding Abolitionist, 177 ; Talk about Texas, 178 ; Objec tions to Slavery ; A Man who cau speak his Tlioughts at the South, aud How it can be Managed, 179 ; Mechanics and Slavery, 180; Restraint upon V-.jn, ,-s Nece-sary, 1S1 ; Management of Different Owners, 182 ; Improve ment in Condition ot' Slaves, 183 ; Prospects of Western Texas, 184 ; Educa tion in Texas; The Kansas Question ; Effects of its Discussion, 185 ; Negro Piety ; A Rascally Nigger Preacher, 186 ; A Slave Religious Service in New Orleans, 1S7 ; A Smidl Tradesman's Home, 196 ; Tea ; A Night with a Poor White, 197 : A Farmer's Home, 198 ; Board and Lodging, 199 ; Leaks ; Irish and German Slaves, 200 ; Feeding Negroes, 201 ; Hard Work, 202 ; Get Rid of the Niggers ; Nigger Panics, 203 ; Hospitable Symptoms, 204.

Chapter V. The Piedmont Cotton Districts

Northern Alabama ; Cotton of less Consequence ; Scenery aud Soil ; Whites at Work ; Habitations, 205 ; Love of change ; Cotton-growing Farmers, 206 ; An Extra Mean White, 207 ; Warm Work for Womankind ; Mining, 208 ; Education, 209 ; "Powerful Poor Folks ;" Character of the People, 210 ; Articles of Female Luxury, " Tobacco and So on," 211 ; " Please to Remember ;" A Sporting Farmer and Nigger Hunting, 212 ; Hill Folks on Sunday, 215 ; Wheat Culture ; Hunting Tales ; Negro Dogs, 216 ; Treeing a Runaway ; A Minister's Story, 217 ; Working Cattle ; Poor Whites of the Mountains, 218 ; White Female Labor, 220.

Chapter VI. The Highlanders

The Highlanders ; Agricultural Notes in the Highlands, 221 ; Bears, Dogs, and other" Beasts of Prey ; Sheep ; Implements, 225 ; Slave Labor and Slave Breeding in the Highlands, 226 ; White Hireling Labor ; Effects of Slavery, 228 ; Harvest Work ; A Conversation, 229 ; Wealth and Poverty ; Habitations, 230 ; Board ; Furniture ; Literature, 231 ; Character of People ; Mode of Traveling ; Extracts from Diary ; A Farmer, 232 ; A Tennessee Squire, 233 ; Railroad Projects, 234 ; Nebraska ; Climate and Dress, 235 ; Irish and Nigger Slaves, 236 ; A Mountain Cabin and a Pious Cottager, 237 ; Tennessee Copper Mining, 252 ; Cornish Men and their Life in Ten nessee, 243 ; The British Lion and the American Eagle ; Beds, 244 ; A Smart Yankee, 245 ; Stocks and Branding ; A Regular Nigger Dog, 246 : Tomahila Mountain, 247 ; Scenery ; A Young Mail "Carrier, 248 ; Provincial Simplicity, 249 ; Ashville ; Railroad Projects, 251 ; Ascent of Balsam Mountain, 252 ; Abundant Vegetation, 254; Attractiveness of the Country; Mountain Heights, 256 ; Turned OIF ; A Mountain Capitalist ; Honesty, 258 ; Education ; The Slave Basis, 259 ; New York a Free State ?

Living Round ; White Laborers, 260 ; A Colonizationist, 262 ; Uncle Tom's Cabin ; California Slaves, 264 : Angry Denunciation of Slavery by a Poor White ; How Thev Talk, 265 ; Highways and Byways, 267 ; Bakersville ; The Fields of Tow ; Slave and Free in the Household, 268 ; The Methodists of the Northern South, 270 ; Comfort of the Negroes, 271 ; Abolition in Tennessee ; The Christian Duty of the North, 272 ; Abington and its Vicinity ; Agri- CONTENTS. culture ; An Eccentric Habit, 273 ; White and Black Laborers Together ; An Agricultural Change ; A Superior Farm, 274 ; Household Servants ; Abo litionism, 276 ; Jersey Yankees, 277 ; Texas Reports, 278 ; Sleep under Diffi culties; Laggard Harvesters ; Richmond; Southern Towns, 279 ; Crawford; The Spirit of Virginia, 230 ; A Word Fitly Spoken, 281.

Chapter VII. Patriarchal Life In Virginia, And In General

James River ; Steamers, and other Projects ; Nigger Breeding and Commerce, 284 ; Patriarchism, 286 ; The LeBson of Slavery, 289.

Chapter VIII. Slavery Extension

J SOUTHERN COMMERCE AND COTTON SUPPLY J PRESENT CONDITION AND CHARACTER OF THE CITIZENS OF THE SOUTH ; THE CAUSES AND THE REMEDY. The Peculiarities of American Slavery, 291 ; Breadth of the Field, 292 ; The Mountain Region ; Peculiarities of the People, and Reasons for Them, 293 ; The Cotton Region ; The Profit of Cotton-Growing and of Slave Labor in Cotton Plantations, 294 ; A Comparison of Mississippi with Virginia, 295 ; Social Divisions of a Cotton-growing Community, 297 ; Poor Soil and the Poor ; Why Poor ?

Climate Considered ; Material Condition, 298 ; Degradation of Labor Explained, 299 ; Competition in the Labor Market, 300 ; What is the Honor of Labor, 301 ; Incentives to Industry, 302 ; Depressive Effects of Slavery, 303 ; A Southern Manufacturing Village, 304 ; Effect of Comfortable Homes ; A Necessity of Industry, 305 ; How Slavery Prevents Comfortable Homes, 306 ; Social Effects of the Cotton Demand, 307 ; Results on the Poor Whites, 310 ; The South and the East Indies, 311 ; Statistics of Trade and of Morals, 312 ; A Tabular Statement, 314 ; Recapitulation, 319 ; Inducements to Capital, 320 ; Why not Worse? 321 ; Capital in Illinois and Mississippi, 322 ; Where does the Money go? 323; The Poverty of the Southern Rich People, 324; Evidence of Mr. Russell, Dr. Cloud, and Others, 327 ; Small Landholders and Cotton Growers in Mississippi, 328 ; Large Planters vs. Small Farmers, 329 ; The Difficulty of Popular Education ; Recent Experience of Virginia, 330 ; The Question of Cotton Supply, 337 ; A Comparison of Cotton, Corn, and Tobacco Culture, 338 ; The Advantages of Slavery for Tobacco Culture ; Its Disadvantage for Corn and Cotton : Ohio and Virginia, 339 ; The Limit of Cotton Supply ; The Future Price of Cotton, 341 ; The Error of the Supposition that Whites can not Cultivate Cotton ; The Climate of the Cotton Region, 342 : Its Salubrity for Whites, and Insalubrity for Negroes, 343 ; Salubrity of the Mississippi Swamp Lands, 344 ; Combined Forces for Cotton Culture ; The Limit of Cotton Supply made by the Limit of Pickers, 345 ; Advantages of the Free Labor Community for Harvesting ; Analogous Cases ; The Vintage, 346 ; Hop Picking and Cotton Picking Compared ; German Cotton Pickers, 347 ; Dirt, Stones, etc, in Cotton, and Why ? 348 ; White Labor in the Cotton Field, 349 ; Relative numbers of White and Black Cotton Growers at Present ; The Disadvantages of the Present White Cotton Growers, 350 ; Why can not the Poor Whites Combine to obtain a Share of the Profits of Cotton Growing C O NTENTS.

XV 352; Examples of Cotton Growing by White Labor, 353; Errors with regard to the Question of Cotton Supply; The Resources and the Possibilities of the South ; The Shortcomings of the South, 354 ; Remedial Measures ; Mr. Gregg's Scheme ; Factories, 855 ; Unfitness ol'Poor Whites for Manufactur ing Operations, 356 ; Their lnefficiencv shown by Southern Authorities ; The Factory People at Augusta, 357 ; At Tobler's Creek, 358 ; Effect of Educa tion in Missouri, 359 ; The Opening for Intelligent Labor offered at the South, 360 ; The Demand for Labor ; The Question of Labor Supply as stated by De Bow, 361 ; Southern Plans of Relief, 362 ; The Slave Trade Advocated in Desperation, 363 ; An Argument for Argument ; Conditions of Southern Free Discussion of the Slave Trade, 364 ; The Discussion must be had, 365 ; What its Logical Result must be at the South, 366 ; The Result of Previous Discussions had on the Same Terms ; The Aggressions of the North as De fined bv Webster, 367 ; The Real Discussion to be at the North ; The Result Depends upon How it is to be Argued, 36S ; The Practical Result to be Ap prehended, 369 ; Dodges for the Slave Trade ; Southern Protests Against it, 370 ; The Dilemma of Slavery, 371 ; The Necessities of Southern Politicians ; Dissolution, or the Slave Trade, 372 ; On What Ground can a Union Party Exist in the South ; Probable Results of a Territorial Restriction of Slavery Condensation of the Cotton Labor Force, 373 ; Cheapening of Raw Material ; Cheapening of the Means of Civilized Progress ; Land and Labor Prices Considered", 374 ; Present Necessity for a State of Frontier Society and for Half-formed Communities, 375 ; The Real Requirement of the South ; Ob jections ; Insurrection ; Counteracting Influences, 376 ; Insufficiency of Present Guards against Insurrection : Instances, 377 ; Suggestions for an Improvement ; Southern Testimony that a Denser Population would be Safer, 378 ; Reference to Historical Precedents ; Further Southern Testi mony Referred to, 379.

Chapter IX. Character And Manners

Formula for Justifying Slavery : Improvement of Negroes in Slavery, 381 ; General Stupidity of Negroes/and Reasons for it, 382 ; Improvidence, 383 ; What is the Result of Slavery to the Negro Race ? 384 ; The Negro Considered as a Non-Human Animal, 385 ; Methods of Vindicating Slavery ; Advantages to the Free, 336 ; Ignorance and Vice of the North Considered as a Result of the Free System, 387 ; Discussion Necessary to Improvement, 388 ; Mistaken Estimates of the Misery of Free Labor at the South 389 ; Conceit of Southern Conservatives, 390 ; Northern Endorsements ot Southern Errors, 391 ; These Errors Dependent on False Standards, and a Wrong Use of Words, 392 ; A Comfortable Northern Home, 393 ; A Comfortable Southern Home, 394 ; General Destitution of Comfort at the South, 395 ; Aristocratic Luxuries, 396 ; Mr. De Bow on the Condition of Southerners, 397 ■ Mr De Bow on the Character of the Northerners, 398 ; An Apology, 399 !