The Moghul, Mongol, Mikado and Missionary. Essays ... Political Institutions, history, religions ... of India, Afghanistan, China and Japan

Front matter

THE Moghul, Mongol, Mikado AND Missionary. Essays, Discussions, Art Criticisms, Political Institutions, History, Religions, Railway Systems, Fortifications and Defences of India, Afghanistan, China and yapan. BY SAMUEL A. MUTCHMORE, D.D. VOLUME I. NEW YORK: Ward & Drummond, 711 Broadway. 1891. Copyright 1891 By Presbyterian Publishing Co. CONTENTS.

VOLVME I. PAGE Chapter I. — India, Past and Present 3 Journey from Cairo to Suez; Moses' Well, Mount Sinai and the Red Sea; Aden; The Empire of India and Its Various Invasions; English- Conquests; Hostile Factions ; Christianity Introduced by the Apostle Thomas; Portuguese Christianity; First Missionaries from Denmark ; Schwartz ; American Missionaries Expelled; Rooting of Missionary Work ; Beginning of Zenana Missions, Suttee Abolished; Dr. Duff's System of Education; Missionary Statistics 3-IS Chapter II. — English Acquisition of Bombay 16 Bombay City and Harbor ; Native Religious Reformers; The Brabmo Somaj 16-19 Chapter III. — Beauties and Fascinations of Bombay 21 Garapuri ; Palm Wine ; Rock Temples of Ele phanta; Other Rock-hewn Temples; Malabar Hill and the Towers of Silence ; Cremation ; Col lege of the Free Church of Scotland ; Walkeshwar Temple ; The Parsees ; Dark-winged Sextons 21-37 Chapter IV. — Mission Work and Progress in Bombay 38 American Board atByculla; Floral Shackles; Dr. Livingstone's African Followers; A Dinner with Brahmins ; A Visit to a Zenana ; Hindu Widows ; Child Marriages; The Mother-in-law 3^-54 FAGB Chapter V. — Scenes, Incidents and Facts About Bombay SS Colaba ; University Hall ; Street Scenes; Native Quarter; Jain Hospital for Animals; Arab Horse Bazaar; Sacred Bulls; Dancing Girls; Tonsorial Scene 5S"63 Chapter VI. — Moving Northward 64 Complete Railway System; Monkeys as Aven gers ; Ahmed-abad ; Artistic Wood Carving ; Car pet Weaving ; The City of Jains ; A Sunset Scene ; District of Guzerat ; Irish Presbyterian Missions; A Mohammedan Convert ; Provision for Boycotted Converts; The Matrimonial Nuisance; Medical Missions ; Dr.

Livingstone's Body Identified ; An Imposing Escort ; The Salvation Army in India; A Sabbath at Anan 64-78 Chapter VII. — Towards Jeypore 82 The Bed of Ancient Seas ; the Hindu Fanner ; Early Morning Scenes ; Mount Abu ; Land of the King's Children 82-85 Chapter VIII.— An Indian City 86 " The Rose Red City; " Amber Chank and Ruby Chank; The Rajah's Palaces; Royal Stables; Works of Jey Singh ; A Lair for Wild Beasts ; Ruins and Palace of Amber ; Temples and Rites of Kali; A Bloody Sacrifice 86-94 Chapter IX. — Ferozepore and Surroundings 94 A Dak Bungalow ; Missionary Hospitality ; An Afghan Household ; Medical Mission Work ; Street Preaching ; A Verbal Duel ; A Hypocritical Hearer; Conversion of Mr. Mai Das 94-102 Chapter X. — The Punjab and its Capital 106 The Sikhs ; Contests with the British ; Sir John and Sir James Lawrence ; Intrigues of the Queen Regent; Dhuleep Singh; Lahore; Tomb of Rungeet Singh ; Poisoning as a Kingly Pastime ; A Dishonored Mosque 106-113 PAGE Chapter XI. — Christian Unity and Progress 113 Missionary Society in the Punjab ; Result of a Century's Seed Sowing ; The Power of Instruction in English; Young Ladies' Seminary: Zenana Work ; Visit to Schools ; Dirt as a Badge of Mourning; Advanced Students; Reason for Wearing Soiled Garments ; Deceiving the Gods ; Mission Chapels, Schools, and Colleges ; Revs.

Chapter I. India Past And Present

FROM Cairo a journey to Suez must be made to embark for India. The railway passes through the richest part of Egypt, and through Goshen, where Joseph established his father and brethren. He gave them the fattest of the land during his life, but it be came the scene of their sore bondage when the great Prime Minister had gone. Usually when a conspicu ous foreigner, who has served an adopted country well, has departed he is succeeded by a reactionary party, who are zealous to efface all he has done, and this was, no doubt, the case after Joseph had dropped the sceptre of power. The route from Goshen to the crossing of the Red Sea is near the railroad much of the way to the point of crossing, which has never been certainly located, but the eye will inevitably rest upon it somewhere in the last hours of the journey.

The Red Sea has receded and is receding at this point, so that Suez will, before many years, be out in the desert. It is even now isolated ; the Canal enter ing the Red Sea further down the inlet. It was a great event years ago when the first ships from India reached this point ; the time was reduced to three weeks from Bombay to Alexandria at the accession of Queen Victoria to the throne. Suez is now in the last stages of dilapidation. Across the bay is a green patch by the side of dceary mountains, and in a narrow valley, between these and the sea, is a well, which is called " Moses' Well," from which, tradition says, the children of Israel, on the way to Mount Sinai, drank. The line of march can be seen for a considerable distance from the Red Sea, and after a day's journey Mount Sinai is pointed out from the ship not more than ten miles away.

It is visible to with the naked eye, and by the ship's glass can be seen as clearly as if it were only a mile away. It is in the midst of almost countless cone-shaped knobs, rising over a great stretch of territory, Mount Sinai tower ing like a dome over all. It is naked, wrinkled, scarred and browned with centuries of conflict with the elements, and with time. To reach it by horses or camels would take ten days at least, but this more on account of the ruggedness and narrowness of the mountain paths and defiles than by the distance. On the south side of the Red Sea, in sight for three days, is the coast of Egypt, extending on the west to the Soudan. On this coast England disembarked her troops and stores for the bootless contest with Osman Digma and the Madhi. Suakim is the port of supply, and from this to Berber, on the Nile, a railroad was projected.

It has not been finished, but will become a war necessity some day if the English mean to hold this part of Egypt. The Red Sea is 1,664 miles in length and about 120 miles broad at its widest part. The Indian Ocean is nearly 2,000 miles across to Bombay via Bab-el-mendel and the Gulf of Aden. Aden is a forlorn and dreary place on the edge of the vast desert of Arabia, and important only as a coal ing station for English vessels. It is intensely hot, and the sailors have a story that a man celebrated for his villainous life died in this place and was buried. In a day or two he reappeared, to the consternation of all, but he explained that he had only come back after a blanket. The name of the vast Empire of India is derived from the River Indus, which, to the ancient geogra phers, was the boundary of this country.

Indus is the Greek form of the Persian Hind and Sanscrit Sindh. The name Hindustan now applies to the north-western part of the Empire. Northern India consists of the plains formed by the two great rivers, the Indus and Ganges and their tributaries. India has a history that reads like a romance. It is in no way the tame country without a great past which, because of its centuries of effeteness and bondage, many have come to believe it to be. It has been changeful and vicissitudinous in its life and has had alternate stratas of glory and shame, until at last only disaster spreads itself over its history. The Empire has been built up not of a homogeneous people, but, like the earth's crust, through dynasties strangely different and at variance. The Hindus themselves are not the aborigines ; before history had recorded aught concerning the country a tall, slight, handsome race, olive-colored, swarmed down from Central Asia and covered its plains, and drove out its swarthy inhabitants.

No more is known until the Persians, under Darius Hystaspes, and the Greeks, under Alexander, invaded the country before the Christian era. After this the Khalifs of Bagdad and their invincible Arabs cleft a way for the Koran through Sindh and the Punjab at the close ofthe seventh century. In their wake came Mohammed, the Destroyer, visiting it twelve times, in furious desolations, exter minating its idols and idolatries and every thing else that came in his way, only sparing life to cast into ser vitude. Following was the house of Ghor, coming from the north-west, which carried Mohammedanism by the edge ofthe sword into Bengal in 1151 to 1206. Then came the Turk-born slave kings, who reduced Malwah and established Moslem dominion to the Vindhya chain in 1206 to 1288. But the bloody line of conquest rested not here, for the Kiljees reduced the Deccan and Guzerat in 1288 to 1321.

But their bloody tracks had hardly faded from memory when the house of Loghluk, hai *" Turk and half Indian, left India again in desolation in its defeat in the Deccan and Bengal, 1321 to 1412 Then came the Tartars, under the lame Timour, who sacked Delhi in 1398. But instability is again writ ten on its fair face, in the way the Syuds, Viceroys of Timour, let the Empire slip from their priestly hands, until they were left with only Delhi and a garden, 1412 to 1450. The time of destiny again appeared, for the Afghan house of Lodi came again from the dreaded North, and conquered from the Himalayas to Benares, 1450 to 1526, founding that last and most famous Tartar dynasty of the great Moguls, which rose with Baber Humayoon and culminated with Akbar, Jehangir and Shah Jehan, but which went into its sunsetting under Arungzebe, and after the struggle of a century with the Maharattas, Sikhs, Rohillas and Afghans, it sunk down into pitiable insignificance and was wiped out on the bloody field of Paniput.

And now aster all these invasions and internal upheav als, when weakness had again sat down on its thrones, a handful of white men came across the Western seas and began slowly to subjugate the people until their sway is now absolute over 250,000,000 of people, who for one hundred years have been practically governed from London. On Downing street stands the capital of the great Indian Empire. They have reduced Moguls, Rajahs and Nawabs alike to eat their bread from their hands, tried and discrowned and exiled the last of the Moguls, once the proud rulers in the great Palace of Delhi. This unparalleled supremacy grew, in Britain's hands, from a permit to have only a factory on Indian soil. If the British hon can only get soil enough to plant the nail of a single toe he will soon range about to the extent of his whole body, demanding room for all necessary circus performances.

India is a jewel which has always excited the cupidity of the nations. It was in quest of a north-west passage, by which he thought to reach it, that Columbus sailed westward across the Atlantic. In this voyage he discovered America, which was at first supposed to be a part of India, and as the result of the misconception we have the " West Indies." On the last day of the sixteenth century the East India Company was incorporated by royal charter for one hundred and fifty years, the only purpose being trade or greed. The French were expelled by the British in 1761. The territorial rule of England dates from the Battle of Plassey, June 23d, 1757, when Lord Clive routed and demolished an army of immensely superior numbers under the Nawab of Bengal. A more surprising coincidence is that just a century after the Sepoy rebellion was reaching the tide-mark of its power, from which began another dynasty making a place for itself in history.

A few outlines will be needed to give an idea of the country governed by a handful of far-away white men. Every thing in and about India has the appearance of exaggeration. The Himalayas are double the altitude of the Alps. Her rivers are larger, longer and broader than any in Europe. Her plains are broader and richer, fenced everywhere by the horizon. India is as large as all Europe, excepting Russia. The question will rise in the minds of the thoughtful, how is it possible to govern such a country by means apparently so inadequate ? It is easily an swered. The strifes arising in a division of tongues are the cause. There is comparative unity in language in all countries ruling themselves. India is divided into hostile factions, Hindus, Mo hammedans, Buddhists, Sikhs, Parsees, Christians, worshippers of the sun and moon, all intermixed and none of them governed by that charity which toler ates the liberty in others which they desire for themselves.

Through these race and caste hostilities united England can, by an army of 70,000, govern 250,000,000 people. The power which now aspires to govern India is Christianity. It proposes to do this by giving her a new and better regulated hfe, whose nature is unity, and which can fit her to govern herself politically, for whoever has learned to govern morally will obtain the best political institutions. Christianity is not an adventurer in In dia, nor an intruder. It probably reached its shores in the first century, certainly in the second. Tradi tion says it entered by the Apostle Thomas. The Syncan of Malabar still calls its members Christians of Saint Thomas. Pantaenus, the famous head of the Catechetical school at Alexandria, A. D. 180, heard from Egyptian sailors that there were Christians in India, and went forth himself as a missionary there.

At the Council of Nice, A. D. 325, one of the assem bled bishops was Johannes, Metropolitan of Persia and the great India. A Uttle later Athanasius sent Frumentius to India as Bishop. When Vasco de Gama reached India by sea, round the Cape, in 1498, he found flourishing Nestorian churches in South In dia, which, though holding many errors, knew noth ing of the Papacy and Virgin homage. An army of Portuguese priests came in, and in many places the native Christians submitted to the Romish yoke. In 1541 Francis Xavier landed at Goa and found signs of Portuguese Christianity in a magnificent cathedral and a resident bishop, &c. His successors debauched all religion, converted men by force, all the married priests were deposed, a doctrine of transubstantiation and worship of the Virgin en forced and the Inquisition established.

In 1654 a metro politan, who was sent from Antioch for the Bishop of Malabar in the Syrian Church, was burnt at Goa as a heretic. Another of famous name sent from Rome in this connection was Robert d Nobili, a nephew of Cardinal Bellarmine. They swore that they were Brahmins, and so great was the scandal of their evangelizing proceedings that Pope Benedict XIV., by a Bull in 1742, forbade many of their practices. Eng land was sinfully apathetic, and for more than one hun dred years after the founding of the East India Com pany no missionary had been sent to this dependency. Nor was|the East India Company any better, morally, than the heathen, for through nearly all its existence it opposed every effort introducing Christianity and throttled the best men of the time, who found them worse obstacles than the heathen themselves.

They were eighty years in this country before a church was built. A new charter, given in 1698, required the Company to provide a chaplain in every garrison and principal factory, and enjoined on such chaplains the duty of learning the language in order to instruct the Gen toos, who should be servants or slaves of said Com pany, in the Protestant religion. The honor of sending the first missionaries belongs to Frederick IV., of Denmark. The Danes had a settlement at Tranquebar on the south-east coast of In dia, and to this in 1705 sailed Bartholomew Ziengen balg and Henry Plutscho, gifted and devoted men. They did a remarkable work, translating the New Testament into Tamil, and were the first to attempt to give the Scriptures to India. Above all others Schwartz did the greatest work, extending it into South India, and many thousands of converts were gathered ; both these Germans and Danes were Luth erans.

No man ever had on Indian soil greater in fluence over the people in every respect than Schwartz. The British authorities sought his aid in dealing with native Rajahs, in settling political and social questions, and Hyder Ali himself, the Mohammedan tyrant of Mysore, said, when the English wished to treat with him, " They could send me the Christian Schwartz. I can trust him." One of the few noble things which the East India Company did was to give an order to Bacon, the sculptor, for a statue of Schwartz, and sent it to be erected in the Fort church in Madras. From 1793 to 1813 the East India Company would not tolerate missionaries. In 1793 William Carey, the founder of the Baptist Missionary Society and the pioneer of modern missions in India, arrived at Calcutta in a Danish vessel, having been refused a passage in one of the East India Company's ships.

He began by managing an indigo factory, while preparing for his future work. In 1797 four comrades arrived, two of whom were Marshman and Ward, but they had to seek a location in the Danish settlement of Serampore, and there, three years later, Carey joined them and established, under the flag of Denmark, the famous Serampore mission. In 1812 a party of American missionaries, who arrived at Calcutta, were expelled from the country. One of these was Judson, who ultimately found his way to Birmah and established the Baptist mission with such blessed results. The Company was not wholly master of the situation however, for five of the chaplains, which the government compelled them to have, became wonderful workers and have left illustrious names. These were David Brown, Claudius Buchanan, Henry Martyn, Daniel Corrie and Thomas Thomason, all of whom had imbibed the spirit of the pious Sim eon, of Cambridge.

Indirectly from this influence came to Simeon the idea of the Church Missionary Society. In 1813 the East India Company's charter was re newed, and William Wilberforce, aster a terrible battle, supported by the popular Christian voice of England, got a clause inserted, to wit, " That it is the duty of this country to promote the interest and happiness of the native inhabitants of the British dominions in India, and that such measures ought to be adopted as may tend to the introduction among them of useful knowledge and of religious and moral improvement, and that sufficient facilities shall be afforded by law to per sons going to and remaining in India for the purpose of accomplishing these benevolent designs." The suc ceeding twenty years saw the rooting of many success ful efforts. The London Missionary Society and the Baptist Societies of England and America extended their work into the north-west and the Baptists into Bengal.

The two American missionaries expelled from Calcutta settled in Bombay. The Wesleyans began in the south in 1816. The Church Missionary Society sent out seven missionaries in the years fol lowing, one of whom was the first English clergyman who went to India under a Missionary Society. The Orissa mission of the General Baptists was begun in 1822. A Scotch mission was begun at Bombay in 1825. In the next twelve years more rooting of mission work was done. The Church Missionary Society or ganized the Kushnagar mission in 1831. The Society for the Propagation of the Gospel founded the mission of Cawnpore in 1833 ; the Basle mission in Malabar and the American Board mission in Madura in 1834; the American Baptist in Telugu in 1835 ; the American Presbyterian mission in the North-west Provinces in 1836; the Irish Presbyterian mission in Guzerat, the Leipsic Lutheran mission in the Carnatic, the Welsh Calvinistic Methodist mission in the north-east of Ben gal, the American Baptist mission in Assain, the Ber lin mission in Behar in 1841 ; Gosner's mission to the Kols in 1846; the American Presbyterian mission to the Punjab in 1849; the American Reformed Dutch in Arcot in 1850; the Church Missionary Society in Himalaya, Sindh and the Punjab on the Afghan frontier from 1847 to 1853.

Another progressive departure was made in 1822. Miss Cook, of the Church Missionary Society, began a mission at Calcutta among women and girls, which was the incipient movement in the great zenana mis sions ofthe present. Again in 1830 there was another effort whose pulses throb through India to this hour. This was the work of the afterwards illustrious Dr. Duff, who started the first high class Anglo-Ver nacular mission school in India, and by these two movements chiefly the upper classes have been reached. Dr. Duff's converts have moved the heart of communities, and those so moved have been the leaders in native Christendom to this hour. The same kind of work was carried on by the Scottish missionaries, Wilson and Anderson. The Estabhshed and Free Churches of Scotland have wrought successfully to the same benign results.

In 1822 in the English Established Church a great impulse was given to the work in the succession to the Bishopric of the saintly Heber, the poet missionary, as illustrious in the one quality as the other. He ordained the first native clergyman, Abdul Masih, who had been converted under Martyn, and had labored under Corrie. Religious public opinion again in 1833 forced the East Indian Company into other concessions, through the faithfulness of Grant, the younger, and Lord Bentinck, then Governor-General. In this year Grant's famous despatch was penned, which not only startled the East India Company but all Europe, for bidding the government to be sponsor for heathenism. The government was no longer to act as church war den to Juggernaut, no longer to raise a revenue by temple dues, no longer to take part in heathen proces sions and fire salutes in honor of heathen gods.

The prohibition of widow burning, child sacrifice and pub lic self-torture followed, and a law preventing a convert to Christianity from forfeiting his property succeeded these. But this godless Company set itself to oppose most of these reforms, which was brought to a sudden crisis in 1837, when Sir Perigrine Maitland, Commander-in-Chief of the Madras army, resigned his office rather than pay official honor to an idol. The indignation among Christians in India and in England was so overwhelming that the East India Company had to carry out the reforms, ostensibly at least, though the mischief wrought by it did not end here. Dr. Duff's influence was now uppermost, and Go ver-, nor Lord Bentinck decided a bitter controversy in favor of an English education in the higher schools as against an education merely in the venacular and Sanscrit.

This led to the celebrated despatch of Sir C. Wood, drafted by the present Lord Northbrook, establishing Indian Universities and a system of grants in aid to mission and other schools, which would give sufficient moral and secular instructions. This is an outline of religious causes in aggressive operation in 1857, the year ofthe mutiny, which divides all Anglo-Indian history into two parts. We shall survey these events only through mission lights and shadows. Only in the north was the work disturbed at all ; there almost every mission station was destroyed. The Eng lish Church Missionary Society, the Society for the Propagation "of the Gospel, American Baptists and Presbyterians suffered alike ; only in the three latter, however, were lives lost. The American missions alone have the honor of most of the martyrdoms and of the illustrious native Christians who died like their teachers rather than abjure their faith.

But again the blood of the martyr was not only the seed ofthe Church, but its living heart impulse as well, for this mutiny shook the tree of life that it might take wider and stronger root-hold in the soil soaked in blood, and also enlarge its trunk and lengthen it* branches. Here again the incarnate heathenism in this Eng lish corporation appears in the mischief it infused. The native soldiers who did so much to save the Em pire to England came only out of the district ruled by decidedly Christian officers of the army and states men of hke distinctive principles. The Punjab was ruled by such Christian men as the Lawrences and those like-minded under them. But best of all for Christ, his crown and kingdom, the mutiny was the funeral service of the East India Company, for in 1858 the Queen assumed the direct government of her greatest dependency and announced the fact by Royal Proclamation, in which the broadest principles of Christian liberty were affirmed and Christianity for the first time avowed by the supreme ruler of the land.

The reader will be helped by the statistics of Pro testant Missionary Societies in India to a better un derstanding of the work, and the following are ap pended : Native Christians. Adherents. a™m"ni~ cants. Church Mission Society, . 98,993 21,071 Society for the Propagation of the Gospel, 80,812 19,658 London Missionary Society, . . . 55,138 5,480 Wesleyan Mission Society, . . . 3,591 1,205 Baptist Mission Society, .... 9,*j94 3,101 Church of Scotland Missions, . . 2,621 l,25t United Presbyterian Missions, . . . 773 394 Irish Presbyterian Missions, . . 1,852 248 Welsh Calvinistic Methodists, . . . 2,763 440 Church of England, .... 876 261 Others 4,615 1,611 Total, 262,771 55,124 ., . Oymmuni- CoiUinental. Natives. cants. Basle Missionary Society 7,898 3,866 India Home Mission to the Santals, . . 3/02 2,000 Gosner's Missionary Society, . . . 32,800 10,812 Leipsic Lutheran Society 12,272 4,256 Miscellaneous, 9^5 311 Total, 56,877 21,275 .. ..

Cbmmuni- Amertcan. Natives. cants. Canadian Baptists 1,818 854 American Board, 13,816 4,209 American Episcopal Methodist, . . 7,054 3,089 American Presbyterian, .... 2,403 1,268 American Reformed Dutch, . . . 5,285 1,484 American Baptists 57,070 22,509 American Lutheran 8,695 2,663 Miscellaneous, 1,583 850 Total, 97,724 36,926 Grand Total, 417,372 113,325 Roman Catholics 1,088,309

Chapter II. Bombay

THE English obtained in 1613, from the Emperor Jahangir, their first charter enabling them to start a factory in that city, and Bombay Island was ceded to the English crown in 1661 as part ofthe dower ofthe Infanta Catharine on her marriage to Charles II. In 1668 the King handed over this unprofitable acquisition to the newly formed East India Company for a small annual payment. For more than a century the position of the English at Bombay was that only of traders who had successfully infringed the monopoly of the Portuguese and Dutch, but were effectually hemmed in on the landward side by the Marathas. In 1817 the battle of Kirkee terminated the Peshaas rule, and the Bombay Presidency was augmented by the greater part of its present territory. Parsis, de scendants of the old fire worshippers of Persia, victims of Moslem intolerance, migrated to India in the seventh century.

They are noted for their intelligence and wealth and commercial and social influence, the most Europeanized of all native cortimunities iu India. Freedom from caste hindrances has given them many advantages. They have taken the lead in education. The religion ofthe Parsees has superseded Buddhism in many places. The wonder of their religion is in the beauty of their temples with which, in the eleventh century, they adorned all their sacred sites in Guze rat. They have many points of belief in common with the Buddhists. Like the Buddhists they are strictly Atheists, believing in no Supreme Ruler. As their name implies they are followers of the Iran, vanquish ers of vice and virtue, men whom they believe to have obtained Nirvana, or emancipation from the power of transmigration. The location of Bombay is remarkable.

It was formerly one of a group of islands off the Koukan coast, but was long ago connected by causeways and breakwaters with the Island of Salsette, and so con tinuously with the mainland. It is the queen city of the East in the beauty of its surroundings and the wealthiest through its commercial advantages. The approach from the sea is really magnificent. The sky line is marked and vision is limited by the Western Ghautts. Bombay is entered through one of the finest harbors in the world, studded with islands and jutting precipices, whose adornmen^ is in the sails and flags on the ships of all nations. It is a wonder in the varieties of language, habits and costumes of its peo ples. It is the most remarkable Eastern city in its educational advantages. Its political and social ac tivities have been equally great.

The district covers an area of 5,940 square miles, with a population of 781,206. In connection with its many missions and schools for the neglected it will be of interest to our readers to know where the men came from who followed Livingstone through Africa and watched him in his last prayer, who carried his remains seven months through marshes and rivers and over mountains until they brought the precious treasure safe to West minster Abbey. Jacob Wainright and his companions were reared and educated in the African Asylum in Bombay, which was started in 1853 for the reception and training of liberated slaves, since transferred to Sahrunpore, where it continued until the government changed its disposition of these slaves. Two hundred of these were educated, many returning to Eastern Africa to join the Christian settlement at Freetown.

In the Presidency is the Marathi mission of the American Board, inaugurated in 1813, and laboring in Bombay. The Established Church of Scotland in Bombay began in 1825. The Free Church mission, founded by Dr. Wilson and his colleagues at the time of the Disruption, is carrying on operations here. Poonah Nagpur, Basle, German Mission Society ; Irish Presbyterian mission at Guzerat, south-east of Lahore ; American Methodist at Bombay, Poonah, Boroda, Ahmedabad ; American Presbyterian Board at Kala pore. NATIVE RELIGIOUS REFORMHR3. The Vaishnaves lay stress on faith, while the Saivas rely on works. Chaitanya, from 1485 to 1527, preached the sufficiency of faith without works, and it is a strange coincidence that he did so in India while Luther was doing the same in Europe. But the result was in the backing.