Cromwell in Ireland, a history of Cromwell's Irish Campaign ... with map, plans and illustrations

Front matter

CROMWELL IN IRELAND A HISTORY OK CROMWELL'S IRISH CAMPAIGN. CROMWELL IN IRELAND A niSTOKY OF CROMWELL'S IRISH CAMPAIGN BY THE REV. DENIS MURPHY, S.J. gKiifc Pap, flatus, anb Illustrations. Il&c ■oic ■OAome b/iAt) u6 eAT>Ai§ no neA-pc iiAtiiAT) no bAin t)1ob eipe, Ovcc iat> v^111 'do caiLL Aip a ceibe. T/te Æ/r^e 0/ Ireland. DUBLIN M. H. GILL & SON, 50 UPPER SACKVILLE STREET M. H. GILL AND SON, PKINTEHS, DUBLIN. %o \\t fglmorg OF THE MOST REV. JOHN MAC HALE, ARCHBISHOP OF TUAM, I DEDICATE THIS HISTORY OF ONE YEAR'S SUFFERINGS OF THE IRISH PEOPLE FOR THEIR FAITH AND COUNTRY.

Preface

. The object of this work is to give an account in full detail, as far as is possible, of Cromwell's Irish campaign, which began in August, 1649, and ended in May, 1G50. It.is a portion of history but little known. It lies for the most part in a few books, some of them difficult of access by reason of their scarcity, others written in a language not intelligible to the greater number of readers. Traditions, indeed, there are still surviving of the doings of Cromwell and his followers, many of them having, no doubt, a foundation of truth ; but many, too, exaggerations at best, and not a few wholly unfounded and false. In truth, there is hardly a ruined church throughout the length and breadth of the land, the destruction of which is not attributed to Cromwell, or a crumbling castle of which it is not said that ' Oliver CromweU He did it pommel, And made a breach In its battlement.' Evil deeds are attributed to him as done where he never set foot, and names are given to places that would

PREFACE.

. VI seem at first sight to record his presence there, but in reality have had their origin in the wish of his followers to perpetuate their leader's fame, or in the hatred of those among whom they dwelt, who would hand down the record of his cruelties by an appella tion which in their minds summed up all manner of evil. Many years ago Sir William Wilde expressed a wish that some one would write the history of ' Crom well's Irish campaign, one of the most defective portions of modern Irish history.' He adds that Mr. Sardinian, whose services in the field of Irish research have been such as to make us regret that his works are so few, had made a collection of all the documents relating to Cromwell in Ireland. I have made inquiry for these wherever I heard any part of his manuscripts was — at the British Museum, Markree Castle, the Eoyal Irish Academy, and the monastery of Errew — but in none of these places were there any tidings to be had of them.

So little has been done hitherto in monographs of even the most important facts of Irish history, and that little under such difficulties, that it is no wonder Cromwell's doings have not been written of. Mr. Prendergast's invaluable work, The Cromwellian Settle ment of Ireland, has begun a new era of Irish history. It shows that materials are at hand in abundance, if only an enlightened industry will search for them and put them in order. State papers, hitherto accessible only to a few, are now within the reach of all. Collections

PREFACE.

. VII of rare books, both public and private, are thrown open to the student more freely than formerly. A work on the history of Ireland, if it has merit, need not rely for its success on the compaiatively few readers within the narrow limits of this country ; it will readily reach to another Ireland beyond the sea, where the story of the old land is read, its traditions and legends repeated, the recollection of its sufferings and wrongs treasured up with tender care : — ' Deep in Canadian woods we've met, From one bright island flown ; Great is the land we tread, but yet Our hearts are with our own.' The plan pursued in this work is to follow Crom well step by step in his progress through Ireland. Other matters treated of in the first chapters needed to be touched on, in order to show what the state of the great political parties both in England and Ireland was at the time.

Cromwell's letters are so numerous and so full of details, that there is no difficulty in tracing out his line of march hour by hour from the first moment he landed in Dublin up to his setting sail from Youghal. The red line on the map opposite the title-page marks his course. The newspapers of the time, too, give day by day an account of the successes of the Parliamentary army. There arc narratives of some of the more remarkable events written by eye witnesses, actors or sufferers in the scenes which they describe, some of these being Irish ecclesiastics who

PREFACE.

. VIII had escaped from the carnage or had been banished, and 'from the place of their refuge' set down for perpetual remembrance the record of what they and their countrymen endured. I have allowed each of the chief actors to tell the part which he took, and in his own words too, when it was possible to do so. The extracts from contemporary writers have been set down just as they are given in the originals. Their very quaintness will often help to bring the scenes which they describe more vividly before the reader's eyes than a more elaborate, 'but perhaps less faithful, description. Each statement has its reference, not merely to enable the reader to test its truth, but stiH more to point out to him the works in which he will find further details, which, though not admissible within the limits of a small work, may interest those who wish to study the subject more fuUy.

I have confined myself to a simple narrative of the facts, for, to use the words of Montaigne, which one of the most learned of Irish historians has taken as his motto : ' J'aime les historiens ou fort simples ou exceUents ; les simples, qui n'ont point de quoy mesler quelque chose du leur, et qui n'y apportent que le soing et la diligence de ramasser tout ce qui vient a. leur notice et d'enregistrer a la bonne soy toutes choses, sans chois et sans triage, nous laissent le jugement entier pour la connaissance de la verite.' This is not the place to enter on any inquiry into the character, either military or political, of Cromwell.

PREFACE.

. IX That he was a brave man, that he was far-seeing, that he knew how to choose his instruments and to use them, that he did his work in Ireland — from his stand point — well, thoroughly, no one will deny. But that he was ' a heaven-sent messenger,' that his conduct, even as a public man, was not contrary to the first principles of morality, that another Cromwell would be the best panacea for Irish discontent, no one ever so little acquainted with the history of his doings will assert, unless his mind is wholly warped by prejudice of race or by religious rancour. Whoever examines even his brief career in Ireland with impartiality must admit the truth of Clarendon's saying, that he was a great, bad man. I cannot conclude without acknowledging my ob ligations to Mr. Prendergast for the great help which I have derived from his Cromwellian Settlement of Ire land.

From Mr. Gilbert's edition of the Aplwrkmal Discovery and from the valuable notes which he has appended to it, I have borrowed largely. The high character which both these writers bear for research and accuracy is the best warrant for the truth of the many statements which I have made on their authority. The dates throughout are given according to the New Style, which makes the year begin with January 1st, not March 25 th, as was the custom formerly. D. M. Limerick, Feast of St. Patrick, 1883. CONTENTS. CHAPTEIl I. THE PEACE OF 'FORTY-EIGHT. PAG7E The causes which led to it . . . . . . . . . 1 Its terms 2 It is declared null and void by Charles II 3 Ormonde proclaims the Prince of Wales King ..... 4 The Catholics distrust Ormonde 5 The Commissioners of Trust ......... 6 Ormonde tries to gain over the Parliamentarians in Ireland . . 7 Prince Rupert comes to Einsale ........ 10 The position of Owen Roe O'Neill 11 Negotiations of the Parliament with the Catholics . . . .13 O'Neill makes a treaty with Monk and Coote 14 The Parliament declares its abhorrence of the treaty .... 17 The negotiations with the Catholics are put an end to ... 18

Chapter II. The Battle Of Baggotrath

Ormonde sets about putting an army on foot 20 To raise supplies, he mortgages the King's rents and customs . ib. He asks the King to come to Ireland 21 His army assembles at Cashel ib. Marches on Dublin 23 Encamps at Finglas . . . • . . . ■ .24 CONTENTS. XII PAGE Inchiquin is sent to Drogheda and captures that town ... Reinforcements for the garrison of Dublin arrive from England . . 26 Ormonde's account of the battle of Baggotrath 28 Loss of the Irish army Causes of the defeat Ormonde takes Ballysonan, and goes to Kilkenny and thence to Trim 34 The Parliament appoints a thanksgiving day for the victory at Baggotrath

Chapter III. Preparations For The War

The rebellion of 1641 : .36 The King gives to the Parliament the care of Ireland ... .37 Intends to go to chastise the rebels ib. Money is raised by offering for sale the lands of the Irish rebels . 38 An Irish war at all times popular in England . . . . .39 The army raised in this way is employed against the King ... 40 To obtain funds, the measure of land is increased and the sea-ports are added ib. lord Forbes' expedition in 1642 41 12,000 men are to be employed in Ireland 42 " They demand arrears of pay and a General of their own choice . . ib. The Parliament refuses its consent ....... 43 Reinforcements are sent from England in the spring of 1647 . . ib. The King should be attacked in his last stronghold .... 44 'A Word on Ireland,' by the Simple Cobbler of Aggavam . . .ib.

Chapter IV

CROMWE7LL GENERAL. Preparations to send a great fleet and army to Ireland ... 46 Cromwell is chosen Lord Lieutenant 47 10,000 men are voted by the Council of the army to go to Ireland . ib. The Parliament orders 12,000 horse and foot to be sent ... 48 A committee is appointed to provide shipping ib. Two officers of each regiment are named to meet to seek God, to gather what advice to offer to the General concerning the expedition to Ireland CONTENTS. XIII PAGE A day of fast and humiliation for their future undertaking concerning Ireland 50 Peters promises all who will go a particular call from God within three days ib. The test to be taken by the officers and soldiers going to Ireland . ib. Cromwell is voted General for Ireland 51 Several things are debated for the better supply of the service . . ib.

A committee is appointed for the civil and military affairs of Ireland . 53 The Common Council of London is asked to contribute £120,000 . 54 The council of the army casts lots what regiments should go . ib. A day of humiliation and fast to seek a blessing on the forces . . 56

Chapter V. The Levellers

A mutiny spreads through several regiments destined for Ireland . 57 Origin and doctrines of the Levellers ib. Cromwell's ambition 59 His nepotism 60 The mutineers are defeated 62 Cromwell is thanked by the House for his care and courage . . ib. Resolutions of the officers and soldiers of his regiment .... 63 Orders for ships to transport the army to Ireland .... 65 Cromwell's commission and charges 66 Mr. Owen to go as his chaplain 67 His allowances per day and per quarter 68 Before setting out he expounds the Scriptures pertinently to the purpose 69

Chapter VI. Cromwell Sets Out For Ireland

His departure from London 70 He arrives at Bristol and is entertained there 71 Milford Haven is appointed the rendezvous ib. Venables, Huncks, and Trevor are ordered to embark at Chester . ib. Some regiments are unwilling to go 72 ' Instruments chosen to overthrow the empire of Babylon ' ib. They are encouraged by the news of Jones' success . . 73 The army sets sail from Milford Haven ib. CONTENTS. XIV PAGE And arrives in Dublin - . 73 A part of it is intended for Munster 74 The regiments of which the army is made up 75 Cromwell's speech to the people .76 Cromwell's proclamations ......... 77 The Irish to be treated as the Canaanites in Joshua's time ... 78 The house occupied by Cromwell in Dublin 80 The buff coat in the Dublin pulpits 81

Chapter VII. The Siege And Capture Of Drogheda

Cromwell's plan of action 82 The army sets out for Drogheda 83 The cross at Finglas ib. Cromwell attempts to seize Lord Gormanstown's heir . . . .ib. Importance of Drogheda §4 The regiments in garrison in the town S6 Sir Arthur Aston is appointed Governor 87 The fortifications of the town gg Cromwell's letter to Lenthal an Sallies are made by the garrison 90 Cromwell summons the Governor to surrender . . ib He hangs out a red ensign over his quarters ... 93 The part of the town-wall chosen for the assault . . , ib. The storming party is beaten back ... 95 Cromwell puts himself at their head 97 Bravery of the garrison ., Quarter is promised to all who surrender, but afterwards refused . ib. The flower of the Irish army .... nl The number of the slain The Millmount is taken .... Sir Arthur Aston is slain .... 0~ Official list of the Irish officers who fell The steeple of St. Peter's Church is set on fire , n, ' The Bloody Street ' . . . Escape of a few . ' • ' ib. CONTENTS. XV

Chapter VIII. The Siege And Capture Of Drogheda

— (continued) PAGE A Wood's account of the assault and sto:rming of Drogheda . . 104 ' A righteous judgment on these barbarous wretches ' . . . . 106 ' A marvellous great mercy ' ib. F.P. Taaffe, O.S.A., is taken and 'made an end of ' . . . 107 FF. Bathe and Netterville, S.J., are put to death . . . .ib. And FF. Dillon and Oveton, O.P 108 Contemporary accounts of the cruelties of the Cromwellians . . 109 Cromwell orders the slaughter to be stopped ib. Number of the assailants who fell 110 Letter of Peters, announcing the fall of Drogheda . . . .111 A day of thanksgiving for the victory at Drogheda . . . .112 The Irish Monthly Mercury ib. The fall of Drogheda little expected by the Royalists . . . .113 Ormonde's excuses for not aiding Drogheda ib. Cromwell's residence 114 Dundalk is summoned to surrender 115 Cromwell is wounded by Lord Plunkett ib. He goes to Trubly, Trim, Ballinlough, and Taghmon . . . .117

Chapter IX. The Cromwellians In The North

Cromwell sends Venables to the north to aid Coote . . .119 The Ulster Scots are divided ib. Venables ' sends information which promises well towards the northern interest ' . '">• He encamps before Carlingford 120 That town and Newry surren der to him ib. On his march to Lisburn he is attacked by Colonel Trevor . . .121 He forces Trevor to retire across the Bann 122 Lisburn surrenders . . • • ■ • • • • . ib. Coote takes Coleraine and puts the garrison to the sword . . . ib. Cromwell demands supplies '"■ CONTENTS XVI

Chapter X. The King And Ormonde

PU'.K Ormonde tries to collect supplies Charles II. intends to go to Ireland Is asked by Ormonde to come Hesitates when he hears that Cromwell holds the government of Ireland Colonel Warren is sent to learn the state of affairs .... 1-6 Ormonde's reply to his inquiries ' The King comes to Jersey He is induced to abandon the journey 1Z8 Ormonde goes to Graigue . . . • • ■ . ID. He is joined by Taaffe ib- The chief cities refuse to admit his soldiers ib.

Chapter XI. Owen Roe O'neill

Ormonde sends Daniel O'Neill to propose terms to Owen Roe . 129 His opinion of O'Neill's constancy and military skill . . . .ib. Owen Roe is anxious to renew negotiations ib- A treaty is brought about between them . . .... ib. He sends 3,000 men under Ferrall to Ormonde's aid ... 130 Illness of O'Neill ib. Its cause ib. His death, November 6th, 1649 132 The greatest calamity that could then befall the Irish nation . ib. His character ........... 133 His letter to Ormonde a few days before his death .... 134 His early life 135 Called on by the people to be their leader 136 His answer to Leslie ib. F. Wadding sends him the sword of Red Hugh ib. The victory of Benburb . . . ib. The plan of defence which he urged Ormonde to adopt . . . 137 3,000 of his men join Ormonde at Kilkenny CONTENTS. XVII

Chapter XII. The

-MARCH TO WEXFORD. PAGE Cromwell's army sets out for Wexford 139 His account of the expedition 141 He takes Arklow ib. Cromwell's plot ib. His horse and camp furniture are carried off 142 He takes Limbrick, Ferns, and Enniscorthy ib. The Franciscan monastery of Enniscorthy 143 He encamps before Wexford 144 Importance of this place to the Confederates . . . . .ib. Intrigues among the townsmen ........ ib. Distrust of Ormonde . . . . . . . . . .145 Cromwell summons the Governor to surrender 146 His reply . ib. Jones captures a fort at the mouth of the harbour . . . . 1 49 An Ulster regiment under Lord Iveagh enters the town . . .ib. Position of Cromwell's battery 151 The Governor obtains further aid from Ormonde, . . . . .ib. ' The Governor's stomach comes down ' 152 His propositions to Cromwell ........ ib. Cromwell's answer 154

Chapter XIII. The Capture Of Wexford

The resolution of the inhabitants 155 The fortifications and garrison ib. Discord among the inhabitants 156 Letter of the Governor to Ormonde ib. Captain James Stafford is appointed Governor of the castle . . . 157 Being ' fairly treated ' by Cromwell, he betrays his post . . . 158 The besieging army enters the town 159 Cromwell's account of the slaughter of the townsmen . . . .ib. He ' prays God may have all the glory of this other mercy ' . . . 161 The parliament orders a letter of thanks to be sent to the Lord Lieutenant and the officers of the army ib. 1* CONTENTS. XVIII PAGE Testimony of contemporary writers about the cruelties practised at Wexford Letter of the Most Rev. Dr. French to the Papal Nuncio . • -162 His' Apologia .... 163 F. Ward's account of the death of six Franciscans . ■ ■ -164 ' They knelt around the cross divine ' . 1qS The churches are profaned 1'" Terror caused by Cromwell's cruelties 1 ' 1

Chapter XIV. The Attempt On Duncannots

Cromwell sends Ireton to attempt Duncannon . . . . . 1 73 Position and defences of the fort ........ ib. Colonel Wogan is appointed Governor 174 Castlehaven's account of the successful defence 175 Cromwell orders the sick left behind at Dublin to join him at Wexford 176 Inchiquin is sent to intercept them 177 He is defeated at Glascarrig . . . . . . . . .178 He rejoins Ormonde at Thomastown ib.

Chapter XV. The Siege Of Ross

Cromwell's army is weary of the campaign aud disposed to mutiny . 179 Ballyally castle is taken ik. The garrisons of Tintem and Dunbrody are reduced . ib. Cromwell comes before New Ross 1§q Ormonde sends Taaffe with 1,500 men to defend the town . . ib Further correspondence between Cromwell and the Governor . . ig2 The Three Bullet gate ib The spirit which animated the Puritans jgo The conversion of the Papists to he effected by the Bible in one hand and the sword in the other . . ■. 10. No toleration for the Papist religion in Ireland, no quarter for any Irishman taken in arms ... .n. CONTENTS. XIX PAGE The Parliamentary party sworn to extirpate the whole race . . . 184 Ireland to be made the common burying-ground of the Irish people . 185 Captain Swanly throws 150 Irish soldiers overboard . . . .ib.

And receives the thanks of parliament and a chain of gold for his good service ib. Priests are excepted from pardon and out of protection . . .ib ' We have three beasts to destroy, the first is a wolf, the second is a priest, the third is a tory ' ib. Cromwell's reply 1S6 500 English soldiers of the garrison enter the service of the parliament ............ 187 The terms of surrender .......... 188 Cromwell's lodging at Ross 189 Bally cerogue castle is taken, and the inmates are consumed in the flames ib. Cromwell's account of the taking of Pioss ...... 190 A thanksgiving day for the taking of Wexford 191

Chapter XVI. Revolt Of The Munster Garrisons

Cromwell is ' in intelligence ' with his adherents in the south . 192 The disaffection is brought about chiefly by Lord Broghill . . .ib. His birth and early education ........ ib. His letters to Charles II. are intercepted by Cromwell .... 193 His interview with Cromwell ......... 194 He joins the Parliamentary party ........ 195 And raises 1,500 foot and a troop of horse among the retainers of his family ............ ib. Colonel Richard Townscnd the chief agent in corrupting the southern garrisons 196 With Giflbrd and Warden, he attempts to seize Youghal . . . 197 The garrison of Cork throw off their allegiance to the King . . .198 The quarrel now a national one between the English and the Irish . ib. Colonel Deane's account of the revolt of Cork . . . . .ib. Humorous description of the Governor's terror ..... 199 Lady Fanshawe's account of her flight to Kinsale . . . .ib. Colonel Ryves' relation to the House 201 Propositions sent by the English inhabitants of Cork to Cromwell . 204 His reply CONTENTS. XX

Chapter XVII. Revolt Of The Munster Garrisons

— (continued^). PAGE Colonel Crosby is sent to secure Kinsale for the King .... 207 Causes of the revolt of the inhabitants ib. Captain Constantine is sent to take possession of Bandon . . . 208 The garrison revolts and imprisons the Governor ib. The Governor's propositions to Lord Broghill 209 Second revolt of the garrison of Youghal 210 Treachery of Widenham .ib. His reward .ib. The smaller places receive garrisons of the Parliamentary army . . ib. An Act of Indemnity is passed on behalf the of revolters . . . 211 The 'Forty-nine arrears ib. The 'Forty-nine officers 212 The inhabitants of the Munster garrisons are not obliged to transplant ib. Effect of the revolt ib. Rupert forces his way through the blockade and sails for Lisbon . . 213 Cromwell's account of the revolt 214 He has ' some sweet taste of the goodness of God ' .... 215

Chapter XVIII. The Siege Of Waterford

Cromwell is crazy in his health oig Makes a bridge of boats across the Barrow ib. Reply of the Ulstermen when asked whether they had come to fight ib. Ormonde sets out from Thomastown, intending to give Cromwell battle 2°0 Innistiogue is taken by Colonel Abbot .... ib And Knocktopher by Cromwell -^ Carrick is taken by Reynolds and Ponsonby . . . .->.-> I And ' a fair house of the Lord of Ormonde's ' :i The town is attacked soon after by the Irish ... u They are repulsed for want of implements to make a breach . ib Inchiquin summons a small castle on the Suir . . ooo Cromwell's army comes before Waterford . . -7 Terror of the Mayor and some of the citizens . ntu Devotion of the city to religion and to the cause of the King ib CONTENTS. xxi TAGE The Bishop the friend and supporter of Rinuccini 225 Ormonde encourages the citizens to resistance ib.

Sends 1,500 Ulstermen to reinforce the garrison 226 Ferrall is appointed Governor ib. Ireton captures Passage .......... ib- Aylward of Faithlegg refuses Cromwell's terms 227 Ferrall's answer to Cromwell's summons to surrender .... 228 Cromwell raises the siege ib. Ferrall attempts to take Passage, but is repulsed 229

Chapter XIX. The March To Toughal

Cromwell's army begins its march towards Dungarvan .... 232 Butlerstown and Kilineaden are taken . . . . . . . il>. Curraghmore is saved by the owner's daughter 233 Ballydoyne and Granno are abandoned by their garrisons . . . ib. Dunhill is taken and blown up 234 The army reaches Dungarvan ........ ib. Lord Broghill's account of the surrender of the town . . . .ib. Cromwell orders the inhabitants to be put to the sword . . . 235 He revokes the order, and saves the town from being plundered . . ib. The revolters meet Cromwell at Whitechurch ..... ib. He enters Youghal and establishes his head-quarters there . . .ib. Sickness among the troops 236. Death of Lieutenant-General Jones ....... ib. His character . ........... ib. Ormonde strives to find winter-quarters for his army . . . .il). His letter to the King 238 Dean Boyle procures a pass for him from Cromwell .... ib. The Irish army goes into winter-quarters ...... ib.

Chapter XX. In Winter-quarters

Cromwell goes to Cork . 240 And to Kinsale ib. He hands over the keys of the town to Stubber ... . 24 CONTENTS. XXII PAGE He goes to Bandonbridge, ' a fine sweet town ' 241 And to Dunmanway and Skibbereen 242 Cromwell's bridge ........... ib. He is recalled by the parliament 243 Sufferings of the people of Cork ib. Cromwell shows much displeasure at Bramhall's escape . . . 245 Melts down the bells of the Cork churches ...... ib. Meets Coppinger of Ballyvolane ........ ib. The Irish Bishops meet at Clonmacnoise, December 4th, 1649 . .246 Union among them is brought about by Heber Mac Mahon . . . 247 Their decrees ............ ib. Cromwell's Declaration, in reply ........ 248

Chapter XXI. Opening Of The Spring Campaign

Cromwell takes the field, January 29th 249 The state of his army .......... ib. The plan of the campaign 251 He passes by Conna .ib. Sends detachments to take Mocollop, Cappoquin, and Dromanah . . ib. Takes CastletownRoche .ib And Clogheen, Roghill, and other strongholds 252 Newcastle is taken • 0.53 Surrender of Fethard 054 Ludicrous account of the terror of the town authorities . . . ib. Reply of the Governor to his summons to surrender .... 256 Articles of surrender ■> The people and even the priests are spared there . . . 257 The Sovereign and aldermen of Cashel offer the keys to Cromwell . 258 A regiment is sent to garrison Thurles .... ib

Chapter XXII. The Capture Of Callan

Cromwell puts Fanning of Ballingarry to death ... .261 ' A country well worth fighting for ' -u ' He set aside for himself a great and good part of Tipperary for' himself as a demesne ' ... osio CONTENTS. XXIII PAGE He is fired at when passing by Castle Eve 262 Callan is appointed the rendezvous of the Parliamentary army . . ib. The fortifications of the town ib. The position of Cromwell's battery ....... ib. Account of the assault from the Aphor. Disc. ..... 263 The garrison of Skerry's castle are scalded to death . . . .ib. Surrender of Butler's castle 265 Cromwell's account of the assault and capture . . . i ib. He establishes his head-quarters at Cashel . . . . 266 Ireton takes Ardfinan castle . ib. Cromwell demands supplies ......... 267 A letter of thanks to be sent to the Lord Lieutenant .... 268 And the use of the Cockpit, &c, to be given him ib.

Chapter XXIII. The Capture Of Cahir Castle

Cromwell comes before Cahir . 269 The town is strengthened by O'Neill ib. Mathews is appointed Governor ...... ib. Cromwell summons him to surrender the castle .... 270 He assaults the castle ib. Bravery of the Ulstermen ........ ib. The Governor's treachery .ib. Articles of surrender . 271 Kiltenan, Dundrum, Goldenbridge, and Ballynakill are taken . . 272 The Commissioners of Trust invite deputies to meet them . . ib. Ormonde invites the Bishops to meet at Limerick . . . 273 Their Declaration . 275 The people distrust Ormonde 277 He employs Bramhall to treat with some foreign prince . . . 278 Manifesto of the Commissioners of Trust ib. The English regiments in Ormonde's service submit to Cromwell . 279 State of the Parliamentary army ib.

Chapter XXIV. Hewson Joins Cromwell

Cromwell orders Hewson to join him at Gowran .... 281 His account of his excursions into Kildare during the winter of 1649-50 ib. And of the surrender of Ballysonan 283 Propositions made by the Governor and rejected by Hewson . . CONTENTS. XXIV rAGE Articles of surrender **t)b Hewson takes Harristown, Lea, and Dunamaise .... 287 'The road of murder' . . 2Sf* Takes Shirlock, ' a bloody Tory,' and three friars prisoners . . ib. Castlehaven is ordered to take the field LS9 Hewson takes Leighlinbridge ">• Articles of surrender —™ Castlehaven takes Athy by storm 291 Cromwell takes Thomastown and Grenan ib. He takes Gowran castle, and orders the officers to be shot, and the chaplain to be hanged 292

Chapter XXV. The Siege Of Kilkenny

Cause of Cromwell's retreat to Cashel 293 Tickle's treachery . . . . ■ • . . ■ .ib. The town ill-fitted to resist 294 The plague ib. Lord Dillon's men refuse to go to the aid of the garrison . . . 29.5 Castle Howel is taken and the inhabitants are slaughtered . . 296 The army comes before Kilkenny ib. Cromwell orders the Governor to surrender the town . . .ib. Reply of the Governor 297 Cromwell takes possession of St. Patrick's church . . . .ib. A breach is made in the town-wall . 29S Attempt to storm the town ......... ib. The Irishtown is captured owing to the cowardice of the townsmen ib. Further correspondence between Cromwell and the Governor . . 299 Letter of the Mayor to Cromwell 301 Attempt to enter the city by St. John's gate 306 Orders of Lord Castlehaven in reference to the surrender . . . 307 Articles of surrender ib. Cause of the surrender 399