The English in South America

Front matter

1 THE ENGLISH IN South Ameeica " Omne Solum Foiti Patna." BY MICHAEL G. MULHALL. "STANDARD" OFFICE, 160 CALLE SAN MARTIN. London : Ed. Stanfobd, Ch.vring Cross. DEDICATION. This work is dedicated to the Earl of Derby, worthy inheritor of the glorious traditions of a house that occupies a foremost rank in English History. His countrymen in every land, however remote, regard him as a representative Englishman, and a statesman of whom they have reason to be proud. M. G. MULHALL. Buenos Ayres, January 1st, 1878. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. PAGK. Portrait of Admiral Drake 22 Portrait of Sir Richard Hawkins 29 Portrait of Sir Walter Raleigh 33 View near Valdivia, Chile 46 Chilian Coast near Coquimbo 58 Straits of Magellan 68 View of Port Famine 72 Remains of a Jesuit Church in Paraguay 78 English Attack on Buenos Ayres 122 Road from Valparaiso to Santiago 132 Portrait of Admiral Brown 144 Portrait of Lord Cochrane 185 Portrait of General Miller 215 Portrait of O'Higgins 265 Portrait of William Wheelwright 374 Portrait of Rev. A. D. Fahy 422 Crossing the Pampas 447 Cotton-planting at San Paulo 456 Crossing the Andes 463 Sugar-farm in Matto-Grosso 470 Boat-travelling on the Amazon 478 View near Cape Horn British, French, and Dutch Guiana ave not included in the scope of the present work, being insignificant colonies.

Division of the present work into 3 periods ; after the Conquest-, the war of Independence; since the Independence. Dis tinguished'role' of Englishmen in the destinies of this continent — 13-16. Cap. II. Navigators op 16th century Cabot discovers territories of La Plata. Mission of George Barlow. British merchants at Santos, Bahia, and in Peru. Expedition of Admiral Drake. Fenton's descent on Buenos Ayres. Withrington sacks Bahia. Cavendish ravages West Coast. Davis discovers Falkland Islands. Voyages of Merrick, Hawkins and Lancaster — 17-32. Cap. III. Raleigh's search for El Dorado Macatoa and the Golden King. First expedition of Raleigh, who makes a treaty with the Cacique of Orinoco. Second under Keymis, and third under * See Index at end of the book. Masham, both unsuccessful. Raleigh heads a fourth expedition, which results disastrously.

Fable of El Dorado survives Raleigh 1 50 years — 33-40. Cap. IV. Expeditions of 17th century Letters patent to Captains Lee, Harcourt, Challoner and Rowenson to colonize the Amazon valley. At tempts to establish English settlements in Brazil, by Purcell, Thomas and Frere ; they end fatally. Similar attempt in Patagonia. Narbrough on the West Coast. Strong's efforts to open trade with Chile. Scotch colony at Panama — 41-48. Cap. V. The Buccaneers Morgan blows up Porto Bello, and burns Panama. The West Coast ravaged by Coxon and Harris. The buccaneers give battle to the Spanish fleet. Booty of Central American and Pacific ports — 49-54. Cap. VI Privateers of 18th century Dumpier captures galleons on West Coast. Story of Alexander Selkirk. Expedition of Shelvocke and Clipperton. Mac Namara bombards Colonia — 55-60.

Introduction

South America, although so little known to people in Europe, contains much to interest the lover of science, the historian, or the traveller. Its vast extent and sparse population are perhaps the reason why this continent is comparatively ignored, but the next century will probably see hundreds of scien tific men following in the steps of Humboldt and Bompland; while the incomplete records of thelncas and the pre-historical remains of the Guarani and Quichua races will afford unexhausted fields of research for the Prescotts and Markhams of a com ing generation. Meantime the brilliant achievements of numerous

INTRODUCTION.

Englishmen in this part of the world are falling into oblivion, and call for some friendly hand to collect the fragments of legendary and traditional lore con nected with their exploits. In the course of the following work it will be seen how much South Ame rica is indebted to Englishmen, in arms, arts and commerce ; and how Britain has reason to take pride in many of her sons whose names have all but pas sed away without the recognition due to great talents and distinguished services. The theatre of action jwhich I have to place before my readers is twice the size of Europe, and all its natural features are on the grandest scale. The for ests of Brazil and the Gran Chaco are as vast as the empire of the Cesars, while the Argentine Pampas cover as great an area as the kingdoms over-run by the armies of Napoleon.

The Amazon and its tribu taries are navigable by steamboat for 22,000 miles, and the Parana (as measured by Mr. Revy) pours out a volume of water equal to all the rivers of Europe in the aggregate. The number and elevation of the volcanoes in the Cordillera surpass those in any other continent, Cotopaxi and Arequipa being twice the height of Mount Etna; while the Andine chain, though not the highest, is the greatest range of moun tains in the world, extending 5,000 miles from the Isthmus of Panama to Cape Horn. The time comprehended in the present work is divided into 3 periods : —

INTRODUCTION.

15 1st From the Spanish conquest to the war of Inde pendence; in which the principal English actors were maritime explorers, buccaneers, and mercantile ad venturers. 2nd. The war of Independence from 1810 to 1826; in which our countrymen performed feats of valor worthy to rank with those of Greek or Roman history. 3rd. Since the Independence ; a period of commercial and industrial development, in which Englishmen have played the foremost part. It has been said with much truth that the memoirs of many of the English officers who fought under Bo livar contain more of romance than a dozen novels of the modern time. There is, moreover, in every page of the following work the unquestionable proofs ot the indomitable energy of our race, the love of freedom which in spired our countrymen to throw in their destinies with the emancipation of South America, and the vigorous impulse that this continent has received in later years from the commerce, the enterprise, and the genius of Englishmen.

It is not my purpose in the present disjointed record to write an apotheosis of my countrymen, nor to exaggerate their services and overlook their short-comings. Many of the names which occur in the following pages are of men who neither possessed great talents nor earned any personal claim to dis-

INTRODUCTION.

tinction, but who have nevertheless been connected with some great enterprise or work of progress which will perpetuate their memory. In this respect I have, doubtless, brought too many figures on the stage ; but it is easier to recognize the excess than to draw the limit. Whatever defects this work may have it cannot but possess one great merit inseparable from the subject, in commemorating the deeds of so many gallant Englishmen, who were — " First in the race that led to Glory's goal " ERRATUM, Page 20. The date of Cabot's return to England was probably much later than 1531. Edward VI. was not born then. It is, however, quite certain that Cabot received a pension from this monarch, and enjoyed it till his death (year unknown). CAP. II NAVIGATORS OF THE -I Oth CENTURY. The first Englishmen who set foot in South America were Sebastian Cabot and George Barlow.

The former has often been claimed for a Venetian, but was born at Bristol in 1472, and spent most of his life in the British service. Being invited by the King of Spain in 1518 to accept the post of Pilot Mayor, vacant since the death of Solis, he removed the same year to Spain, but it was not until 1525 (thirty-three years after the discovery of America) that he sailed up the river discovered by Solis, to which he gave the name of Rio de La Plata, because the Indians on the NAVIGATORS OF 16th CENTURY banks wore silver ornaments.* Cabot was then in his 54th year, and his conduct proves him to have been a man of rare courage, energy and prudence. The first fort he built was at San Salvador, near the mouth of the Uruguay, and having constructed a caravel of light draught he proceeded up the Parana as far as the place still called " Cabot's corner," where he established Fort Holy Ghost, at the mouth of the CarcaraHa.

Leaving Captain Hurtado in command of this fort he fearlessly ad vanced 500 miles up to the Tres Bocas, where the Paraguay river joins the Parana. The navigation of the former appearing easier, he sailed up to a distance of 100 miles from Tres Bocas. He found the Paraguayans to be an industrious, agricultural people, but at the same time indomitable and war like, as they have ever since proved. They attacked him so resolutely that he was compelled to retire, af ter losing 28 men ; he returned to Fort Holy Ghost, and so far conciliated the neighboring Timbu Indians, that they embraced an agricultural life and lived for some time in harmony with the Spaniards. Seeing the smallness of his force and the importance of es tablishing a colony in this country Cabot despatched his trusty officer George Barlow and a Spaniard nam- * It is generally supposed that the silver came from the mines near Potosi, in Bolivia, -which were known in the time of the Incas.

CABOT AND BARLOW 19 ed Calderon with letters and samples of silver to King Ferdinand, urging him to send an expedition to his support. Barlow and Calderon were presented to the King at Toledo on Oct. 15th 1527, when His Ma jesty made numerous enquiries about Cabot, taking special interest in the silver ornaments, which pro mised abundant treasures from the newly-discovered territories. The Spanish finances, however, were not sufficiently flourishing to enable the crown to respond to Cabot's request; so the King begged the merchants of Seville to take the matter in hand. The merchants, who had already sunk 10,000 $ in Ca bot's expedition, turned an unwilling ear to the pro posal. Meantime Cabot, after two years spent at Fort Holy Ghost, proceeded to visit Fort Salvador. After his departure the Cacique of the Timbus, named Mangora, surprised and destroyed the colony, on account of an unrequited passion for Captain Hurtado's wife, whom he barbarously caused to be buried alive, her husband being shot to death with arrows.

While Cabot was anxiously wTaiting succour from Spain the Charrua Indians [made a descent on Fort Salvador and destroyed it, Avhich obliged him to return to Spain, in 1531. The fruits of his daring exploration were to fall to subsequent Spanish ad venturers, wrhose lives offer an unfavorable contrast with the moderation and integrity of Cabot. Find ing no encouragement at the Spanish Court he NAVIGATORS OF 16th CENTURY returned, in 1531, to his native country, and was welcomed by Edward VI., wrho conferred on him a life pension of 250 marks, in recognition of his discovery of Newfoundland and Labrador under the reign of Henry VII. and subsequent services in opening up a trade with Russia. He seems to have died in London, at an advanced age. *) The Paul of Plymouth, 250 tons, commandedl by William Hawkins, was the first English vessel seen in South America : she began to trade with Brazil in 1530, and took home a Brazilian king to present to Henry VIIL, who did not a little marvel at his appearance.

Martin Cockeram of Plymouth, was left as hostage in Brazil ; the king remained 12 months in England, and died on the return voyage. Nevertheless his subjects released Cockeram, being convinced of the honest dealing of the English towards the deceased prince. The Paul made a second voyage in 1532. Certain merchants in Southampton, including Robert Reniger and Tho mas Borey, made voyages to Brazil in 1540, and two years later we find an Englishman named Pud sey trading with Bahia and erecting a fort there. Another Englishman, John Whithall, settled some years later at Santos, where he married, and in 1581 he imported a cargo of English merchandise * See Memoirs of Cabot, London 1831; also Nicholl's life of Cabot, London 1859. THE PAUL OF PLYMOUTH 21 per the Minion of London, sending back sugar in ex change.

This John Whithall in a letter to Mr. Ri chard Staper, June 26th 1578 mentions that he is en gaged to marry the only daughter of D. Joffo Dore, an Italian settled at Santos, who gives the bride a dowry of 2.000 ducats, and makes Whithall manager of a sugar factory with 70 slaves. In 1572 we read of the famous Admiral Drake making an expedition to Central America, in which his most trusty followers were John Oxenham and Thomas Sherwell, with whom he crossed the Isth mus of Panama, returning to England the folhrwing year. John Drake, brother of the Admiral, was killed in this expedition. It appears that several Eng lishmen were at this time adventuring in the Pacific. One John Chilton sailed from Panama to Peru in 1572, and we find Thomas Blake an English resident at Mexico so early as 1536.

A navigator named Henry Hawks has left an account of his travels in South America and the Solomon Islands in 1572. John Oxenham of Plymouth, above-mentioned, set out again in 1575, this time as commander of a vessel of 120 tons, carrying 70 men. He landed nearly in the same place as before, hid his vessel with the branches of trees, crossed the Isthmus, captured some Spanish vessels, plundered the Pearl Islands, and returned towards Panamabut falling into the hands of the Spaniards he and all his men were executed for pirates. NAVIGATORS OP 16th CENTURY 22 Admiral Drake being commissioned by Queen Elizabeth in 1577 to sail round the globe got ready at Plymouth a squadron of 5 vessels; the Queen presenting him a sword writh these words : — " He which striketh at thee striketh at us." The flotilla sailed Nov. 15th, counting only 164 men, in the following vessels : — Drake's flag-ship Pelican, 100 tons.

Elizabeth,, commanded by John Winter, 80 do. Marigold, captain John Thomas, 30 do. Swan, captain John Chester, 50 do. Christophe, 15 do. captain Thos. Moone. Having captured a Portuguese vessel off Brazil, Drake gave her in command to Mr. Thos. Doughty, a gallant gentleman and officer, with whom he sub sequently quarrelled. The River Plate was reached on April 14th 1578, and Drake proceeded to Patago nia, where he found Indians 7 and a half feet high. These seemed at first friendly, and danced and took grog with the sailors, but afterwards killed the mas ter-gunner Oliver. This was during the stay at Port San Julian, and here also occurred the tragic end of Captain Doughty. It seems he was accused of wishing to oblige the Admiral to return to Eng land, or an attempt at mutiny. Being condemned by court-martial he was given the option to be shot sent home to England for trial, or marooned ; that is left on the coast with a week's provisions.

He preferred to be shot, although all his comrades tried to ADMIRAL DRAKE 23 prevail on him otherwise. The historian tells us that he and the Admiral dined together the day of his execution, and even drank each other's health. After shooting Doughty the Admiral proceeded south wards, reaching Cape Virgin on Aug. 2nd. Here he changed the name of his flag-ship from the Peli can to the Golden Hind. In the sack of Valparaiso Ave are told the sailors took all the sacred vessels out of the church (Dec. 1578), and reported only 9 Spanish families living in the town. He next sacked Arica and Callao, returning to Plymouth, Sept. 26th 1580, when Queen Elizabeth came aboard his ship and knighted him. A chair made of the planks of the Golden Hind was afterwards presented to the Uni versity of Oxford, as a memento of the first vessel that circumnavigated the globe.

Respecting Drake's other vessels it would seem the Swan and Christopher were broken up or abandoned during the voyage. The Marigold parted com pany near^Magellan's Straits and was never more heard of. The Elizabeth returned through the Straits, apparently having deserted, or possibly the result of accident, and reached England 15 months before Drake. Finally a boat containing 8 men of the flag ship was lost near Cape Virgin, and driven by stress of weather all the wray to San Julian, where the men sustained themselves on salted penguins. At last they contrived to reach the River Plate, and ascend ing the Uruguay were all killed by Indians, except NAVIGATORS OP 16th CENTURY 24 Peter Carden, who escaped to an island (perhaps Martin Garcia) where he was afterwards found by the Spaniards, and sent home to England in 1580.* Edward Fenton, in command of an expedition in 1582, visited Santos, where Whithall presented him and Luke Ward, the Vice Admiral, to the Governor who dined with Fenton aboard his vessel.

But the recent exploits of Drake had produced so unfavorable an impression that sinister rumors prevailed and the Spanish squadron (Brazil having recently been annexed to Spain) attacked Fenton's two vessels with such determination that the battle continued by moonlight, till one of the Spaniards was sunk. The Spanish historian adds that Fenton might have sunk another of the enemy's ships, but did not be cause there were several women aboard. Fenton then proceeded to the River Plate and landed at Martin Garcia, but made no attempt against Buenos Ayres, then governed by Juan de Garay, who had founded it two years before. Besides Fenton's and Ward's vessels there was a smaller one commanded by John Drake,f who was driven ashore along with his men on the coast of Patagonia. They were all made prisoners and sent to Peru.

The Earl of Cumberland and Sir Walter Raleigh * See Drake's memoirs, London 1653. t Not Ad. Drake's brother, of the same name ROBERT WITHRINGTON 25 fitted out a xpeditionjoint e in 1586, under the com mand of Robert Withrington, to ravage the Spanish possessions in South America. Near the mouth of the La Plata Withrington overtook a vessel com manded by Abraham Cooke, one of the men left behind by the Minion, who was now carrying negro slaves from Bahia to Santa Fe, to be sent overland to Peru, where they fetched 80 pound sterling each. Withrington, acting on Cooke's information, went back to sack Bahia, but the Jesuit superior called out a large number of Indian archers, who effectually saved the city, although the English remained six weeks burning the factories in the vicinity. When this expedition left England it comprised 4 vessels, viz. the flag ship Clifford, 260 tons and 130 men ; a barque of 130 tons and 70 men commanded by Christopher Lister ; a small pinnace called the Roe, and Raleigh's ship Dorothy.

It seems to have been unsuccessful, as Withrington returned to Eng land the following year. Thomas Cavendish or Candish, a gentleman who had spent his patrimony in court pleasures, resolved to repair his foi'tunes by robbing the Spanish settlements, and equipped three vessels; the Desire 120 tons, master Thomas Fuller; the Content 60 tons, and the Hugh Gallant 40 tons; with which he sailed July 21st 1586 from Plymouth and reached the River Plate in November. The annals of Buenos Ayres mention that when NAVIGATORS OF 16th CENTURY this famous privateer appeared off the town the inhabitants sent their families inland and prepared for defence. The population must have been small, as it only counted 60 souls when founded by Garay 7 years previous. As Cavendish, however, thought better not to attack the place he proceeded to Pa tagonia and there discovered a harbour which he called Port Desire, 17th Dec. 1586.

At Port Fa mine he found the remains of Sarmiento's colony, 12 men and 3 women, survivors of 400 Spaniards; but he cruelly refused them any assistance.* He had already had hostilities with the Patagonians of Port Desire, whose arms consisted of bows and arrows. Somewhere on this coast a boat of his was sent ashore to procure fresh water, and 6 men were captured by the Indians and sent to Santiago, where they were hanged for pirates. Cavendish went through the Straits, sacked and burned Arica, Pisco, Payta, Puna, and Guatulco, and then crossing the Pacific touched at Java on his return to England, where he arrived Sept. 9th 1588. A bay in Ma gellan's Straits is still called after the Hugh Gallant, which vessel he sunk at Puna, being no longer sea worthy. On his return to England he reported his achievements to the Queen in these words : " I burned * Southey incorrectly says he rescued them, but Burney in his his tory of the Buccaneers says he refused them aid, and adds that the Spaniards hanged some of his men in Chile on account of this fact.

CAVENDISH AND DAVIS 27 19 vessels, and sacked and burned every place that I visited." Cavendish made a second expedition three years later, but this was not destined to be so successful as the last. He called his flag-ship the Leicester Gal leon, and gave the command of his own old vessel, the Desire, to Capt. John Davis, afterwards famous as a discoverer. There were two smaller craft, the Roebuck, commanded by one Cocke : and a barque by Robert Tharlton, this last being equipped by a wealthy citizen named Adrian Gilbert. The flotilla mustered 400 men and, sailing from Plymouth, Aug. 25th, 1591, surprised and sacked the town of Santos, while the people were at Mass, a week before Christ mas. After this Gilbert's vessel returned to Eng land, and the others proceeded southward to rest for an interval at Port Desire.

Here Cavendish changed his flag to the Desire, but some difficulty that arose with Davis soon obliged him to return to the Leicester Galleon. Dissensions and disaster marked the rest of the voyage. Davis separated from him near the straits of Magellan, and the Roe buck also deserted soon after. A second descent on the Brazilian settlements was so unfortunate that Anthony Knyvet * was taken prisoner and several men were killed. Cavendish sickened and died of * Knyvef's adventures., afterwards published in London, caused much attention. NAVIGATORS OF 16th CENTURY a broken heart on the voyage home, leaving a most affectionate letter to his sister, Anne Cavendish, to whom he bequeaths all his property except " the Desire," which he leaves to his old friend Sir George Cary. Davis discovered the Falkland Islands August 12th 1592, and after seal fishing for two years on the Pa tagonian coast, where he saw as many as a thousand Indians, some of them 16 spans high, he explored the Santa Cruz river 20 miles, and then sailed home ward.

At Port Desire he had salted 14,000 penguins for the voyage, but they rotted in the heat of the tro pics : the men suffered not only from hunger and thirst, but also from want of sleep, worms two inches long coming out of the penguins and biting the weary and exhausted mariners. Out of 76 men Davis had only 15 surviving when the Roebuck en tered Berehaven (Co. Cork) on June 11th 1593. The naiTatives of the survivors made a great impression in England, especially what the men suffered from cold in Patagonia, where they pulled off their toes along with their boots, and in some cases the men's noses fell off in like manner. Andrew Merrick's voyage was about this time. Five vessels sailed from Plymouth on August 5th 1589, viz: Wildman, 200 tons, ! 80 men, Capt. Chidley. White Lion, 340 do., 140 do..

Paul Wheele. MERKICK AND HAWKINS 29 Delight, 91 tons, Capt. Merrick, and two small craft of 15 tons each. It was a most disastrous venture, Merrick's being the only vessel, which reached South America, and having lost 16 men near Port Desire he proceeded to Magellan's Straits, which he entered on New Year's day 1590. Here he was reduced to subsist on penguins. A boat with 15 men was lost, besides which 7 others of his little party were killed by Indians. * At Port Famine he picked up a Spaniard, the last survivor of 400 colonists left there "by Sarmiento 6 years before; this man gave a fearful account of the sufferings undergone by the colony. Merrick died on the passage home, and so did the Spaniard: only 6 men reached England of this ill-fated expedition, in September 1590. Sir Richard Hawkins sailed from Plymouth June 12th 1593 with 3 vessels : flagship Dainty, 350 tons; the Fanny commanded by Rob.

Tharlton, 60 tons, and a pinnace called the Hawk. He mentions in his memoirs that he distilled fresh water out of sea water for the use of his men and reached Santos in Oct. Here he burned the Hawk, and then steered for the RiverPlate, but Tharlton deserted him, as he had previously deserted Cavendish ; leaving Hawkins to * Much controversy prevails among the -writers of this time about the size of the Patagonian Indians. The Dutch navigator Schoutcn asseverates that he found graves near Port Desire from -which he took out skeletons 11 feet in length; the skulls being so large as to fit on his men's heads like helmets. NAVIGATORS OF 16th CENTURY 30 proceed alone in the Dainty. Some land discovered near Magellan's Straits was called Maidenland, doubtless in compliment to Queen Elizabeth. Hawkins proceeded to the West Coast and burned much Span ish shipping at Valparaiso, Coquimbo and Arica.

Falling in with a superior force of the enemy he lost 44 men out of his little band of 120, and was forced to surrender, in June 1594. The Spaniards were much astonished at his practice of shooting arrows from muskets. They seem to have treated him well and sent him home to England two years later. Lancaster's expedition was one of the most remarkable and successful of the 16th century. In 1594 certain citizens and aldermen of London fitted out 3 vessels and gave the command to James Lan caster, an Englishman who had served as a Portu guese soldier; the expedition was planned to capture Pernambuco. The 3 vessels represented an aggre gate of 470 tons, the smallest being only 60. Off Cape Blanco he was joined by Barker, who had just captured 24 Spanish merchantmen ; 5 of these were fitted up and manned to aid in the expedition.

Soon afterwards Lancaster was joined by Capt. Venner, another privateer, in command of 3 vessels, to whom he engaged to give one-fourth of whatever booty. They arrived off Pernambuco on the night of March 29th 1595 ; next day, being Good Friday, Lancas ter attacked the forts, which were defended by 600 Portuguese soldiers with 7 brass guns. Only one (1570; 31 NICHOLAS COLMAN Englishman was wounded, the garrison escaping to the woods. The Portuguese merchants offered to treat, but Lancaster said he would hang any bearer of proposals. During 20 days he obliged the Por tuguese to convey the booty aboard his vessels, which were 11 in number and mounted 40 pieces of cannon. The Portuguese made several attempts to burn the squadron. Barker, the vice-admiral, pro ceeded writh 300 men to chastise the enemy, but was drawn into an ambuscade where he and 34 others were slain, including 2 captains and a lieutenant.

Next day Lancaster weighed anchor, and his 11 vessels safely reached England laden with rich booty. British adventurers by sea and land were numerous at this period. Lozano in his History mentions a revolution in Paraguay in 1555 which was headed by an Englishman named Nicholas Colman. The Viceroy Yrala had sent an expedition from Asuncion which founded the new province of Guayra and town of Ontiveros on the Upper Parana, but Capt. Ver gara being recalled the settlers declared their inde pendence. Hereupon Yrala sent his son-in-law Se gura, with 50 Spanish soldiers to reduce the rebels, but Colman attacked them in the middle of the river and sunk one of Segura's boats. Ultimately the Viceroy succeeded in restoring his authority; but Colman made a second revolution in 1570, when Capt. Riquelme was Governor of Guayra.

It seems NAVIGATORS OF 16th CENTURY the country about the falls of Guayra abounds in beautiful crystallizations of agate and amethyst of various colors, which the colonists fancied to be of prodigious value. Forty armed men surrounded the Governor's house and demanded of him either to accompany them to Spain that they might shew their treasures to the King, or provide them with boats and a pilot to reach the nearest port of Bra zil that traded with Spain. The Governor refused, and the mutineers putting all their "precious" stones into canoes and naming Colman for their leader floated down the Parana, until their boats were capsized by some rapids, probably the falls of Apipe, in Misiones. The Viceroy, on hearing of the revolt, sent troops to bring back the fugitives, and the latter were treated with unusual clemency.

Lo zano describes Colman as a daring, turbulent buc caneer, who had lost his right hand in some of his previous exploits. During 15 years he seems to have played an important part in Guayra; his sub sequent fate is unknown. In 1599 a Dutch flotilla visited the coasts of Pata gonia and passed through the Straits of Magellan. One of the vessels had for pilot the famous Eng lishman William Adams, who afterwards became First Lord of Admiralty in Japan, and died there in 1621, never having been permitted to return to Eng land. RALEIGH'S el DORADO 33 CAP. III. RALE1GHS EL DORADO. English historians are divided as to whether Raleigh ever really believed in the existence of the golden country supposed to lie between the Orinoco and the Amazon, but the doubt seems unfair to his memory. It cannot be supposed that he equipped 4 expeditions in search of El Dorado, with the knowledge or conviction that it was only a fable.