Personal Recollections and Observations of General Nelson A. Miles, embracing a brief view of the civil war ... and the story of his Indian campaigns ... Copiously illustrated ... by F. Remington, etc

Preface

¥¥¥ THIS BOOK is largely the result of a desire to comply with the wishes of friends w7ho have expressed the opinion that such a work would find a goodly number of interested readers. It was no part of my purpose to write my memoirs or a history ; but rather to retrace, with such readers as shall choose to accompany me, some portions of the journey of life that now lie in the past. It is impossible in a single volume to do justice to all my companions who were engaged in the great cause of the Civil War, or those who engaged in the war for civilization along our western frontier ; yet it has been my endeavor to do injustice to none. I have by no means exhausted the important features that marked the original journey, but have aimed to point out briefly, as far as practicable. the more interesting and instructive events so that the time of the reader may be spent not only agreeably, but with some degree of profit.

In presenting these thoughts and observations I have hoped to meet the favor of the intelligent, generous American, who I know to be most con siderate, and I trust I may rely upon his liberal consideration, especially when it is remembered that I have been obliged to gather and prepare much of the material at spare hours during the time largely taken up with the cares of exacting official duties and responsibilities. In this I have had the earnest assistance of Mr. N. E. Dawson, and for his faithful and zealous labor I desire to express my appreciation. If this narrative shall inspire thought or promote a taste for further research and study along the diversified lines of development in our great and growing country, my efforts will not have been in vain. I have also endeavored to illustrate the difficulties and dangers to which my companions in arms were exposed, in order that, if possible, their services and achievements might be more fully appreciated by the beneficiaries who are now enjoying the fruits of their heroism and sacrifices.

Nelson A. Miles. Headquarters of the Army, Washington, D. 0. (vii) o illustrations Page General Miles Frontispiece Miles Standish ........... 19 Daniel Miles ............ 20 Expedition of Pilgrim Fathers Against the Indians .... 21 King's Chapel, Boston, Mass. ...... 21 Abraham Lincoln ........... 27 Lieutenant Miles .......... 30 Governor E. D. Morgan .......... 31 General Geo. G. Meade ......... 32 Major-General Francis S. Barlow ........ 32 General Winfield S. Hancock . ...... 33 Union Soldiers Gambling with Confederate Money .... 38 Village of Appomattox ......... 39 Approach of General Lee Under Flag of Truce ..... 45 Battle of Spottsylvania ......... 49 Meriwether Lewis ........... 53 Wm. Clark ............ 54 General Pike ............ 56 Kit Carson ............ 57 Pike's Peak as Pike Saw It ......... 62 Sitting Bull ........... 65 Plan of Mounds at Marietta, Ohio ........ 68 Killing the Mammoth .......... 69 Skull, Image Vases, and Cups of the Mound-Builders .... 72 Cups and Jars .....■••••■ 74 Copper Tools and Weapons Made by the Mound- Builders ... 75 Temple Mound in Mexico ......... 78 Sioux Warriors . ■ . . . . • • • • .79 Fire-Making bt the Pre-Historic Man .......

Page An Aged Indian Chief .......... 93 Pocahontas Bringing Corn to the Colonists ..... 94 Indian Council ............ 96 Indian Bonnet, Pipes, etc. ......... 99 Indian Dances and Self Torture . . . . . - . . . 105 Tecumseh ............ 109 Soldiers Opening Their Own Veins for Want of Water . . .111 Black Hawk ........... 116 Moses Keokuk . . . . . . . . . . . .119 Creasing the Wild Horse ......... 123 Indians Killing Buffaloes in Summer . . . . . . .124 Hunting Buffaloes in Winter . . . . . . . . 128 Captain Baldwin Chased bt Wolves . . . . . . .130 Lean Bear Rousing the Indians . . . . . . . . 139 General G. M. Dodge .......... 141 Fate of the Michigan Soldiers ........ 142 Soldiers Discover Gold in the Black Hills ...... 143 Colonel George A. Forsyth . . . . . . . . 146 The Scouts and the Rattlesnake ........ 149 Captain Jack ........... 152 In the Lava Beds ........... 153 Indian Mode of Burial ......... 158 What Became of the Buffaloes ........ 159 Indian Village Routed ......... 161 After the Siege .......... 163 Locust Scourge ........... 164 Ben Clark . . . . . . . , . _ jgg Wm. F. Schmalsle, Scout ........ 173 The Victory of the Privates .......

I75, The Germaine Sisters ....... \<~.r Twenty-five to One ..... . yin Captain R. H. Pratt ••■.... iq(y Indians on the Lookout' ...... icq Indian Caps, Tobacco Pouches, etc. .... i«f> "That's Peetrifaction " ...... 107 General Miles' Envoy to the Hostiles on the Staked Plain 189 Red Cloud, Sioux Chief ...... -104 Sitting Bull and the Red Shirt .... iqtx Spotted Tail, Sioux Chief . -inc ILLUSTRATIONS. 3 Page General George A. Custer ......... 201 General Terry's Last Order to Custer ....... 205 The Custer Battlefield Two Years After ...... 209 Rain-in-the-Face ........... 211 Scene on the Steamboat ......... 214 Captain Anson Mills .......... 216 "Yellowstone" Kelley ......... 217 Marching in Winter .......... 219 Meeting Between the Sioux.

"God Almighty Made Me an Indian, and Not an Agency Indian" ......... 223 Chief Gall 225 Montana Blizzard ........... 231 Captain Baldwin Hunting the Hostile Camp ..... 233 " You Have Had Your Last Breakfast " . . . . . . . 237 John Brughier, Scout .......... 239 Surrender of Little Chief ......... 242 White Bull and Horse Road ........ 244 Indians Firing the Prairie ...... , 245 Lame Deer Firing at General Miles ....... 251 The Crazy Horse Fight .......... 257 Chief Joseph ........... 260 "You Will Now Have to Go to War" 261 Calling Back the Steamboat ........ 265 Pursuing the Indians .......... 269 Captain Hale ........... 272 After the Battle ........... 276 " Those Indians Are Bad "......... 279' The Lame Deer Fight 281 Indian Gala Day ........... 284 Curley, Sole Survivor of Custer's Last Battle ..... 287 Custer's Last Stand .......... 288 Mounting the Infantry on Captured Ponies ...... 291 Indians Watching the Enemy's Camp ....... 298 Captain Bennett ........... 299 The Mountain Buffalo ......... 300 Yellowstone Falls . .......... 301 "Old Faithful" Geyser in Winter, Yellowstone Park . . . 302 "Bee Hive" Crystallized Geyser, Yellowstone Park .... 303 ' Giant " Geyser, Yellowstone Park .......

Page Fighting Over the Captured Herd ......•■ 307 Crow Foot, Son of Sitting Bull . . . . . • 310 Indian Raiding Party ........-• 313 "I Make You a Present" ......... 315 The "Whispering Spirit" .......-■ 317 Marching on the Staked Plain ........ 323 Scene in the Yellowstone Valley ........ 324 " Castle " Geyser, Yellowstone Park ....... 328 Surrender of Chief Joseph. " From Where the Sun Now Stands, I Fight no More Against the White Man " ...... 331 Indian Medicine Man .......... 334 Chiricahua Apache Students, 1894. ....... 343 Faces of Noted Indians .......... 349 An Early Finding in Colorado ........ 356 Placer Mining in 1858 .......... 358 Brigham Young ........... 363 The Mormon Exodus .......... 364 Mormon Tabernacle .......... 368 Distant View of Salt Lake City . . . . . 369 Scene on the Columbia River . ...... 372 Mount Hood 373 Cascades of the Columbia.

Indian Dipping for Salmon . . . 377 Shoshone Falls, Idaho .......... 382 Dr. Marcus Whitman .......... 385 Mrs. Narcissa Prentice Whitman ........ 386 The Old Wagon 387 Whitman Pleading for Oregon Before Daniel Webster and President Taylor 388 Chirichua Apaches as They Arrived at Carlisle from Fort Marion, Florida, November 4, 1885. The Same Children Four Months After Arriving at Carlisle .......... 393 The Sign Language .......... 398 Dizzy Heights ............ 401 Watching the Coming of the White Man ... . . 405 Captain Baldwin .......... 406 Cherubs, Indian Babies in Their Cradles ..... 408 Indian Weapons ••••...... 410 Generals Crook and Terry ........ 413 Alaskan Totem (1) .......... .

ILLUSTRATIONS. 5 Page Group of Eskimo Girls .......... 423 Native Kayaks ............ 424 Seal ■• Rookery " ........... 427 Alaskan Totem (2) 430 Arizona Vegetation (Giant Cactus) ........ 433 Cliff Dwellings on Beaver Creek, Arizona, Three Miles from Fort Verdi, Sometimes Called Montezuma's Palace ...... 437 Oldest House in the United States, Santa Fe, New Mexico . . . 438 Petrified Forest, Arizona ......... 439 The Painted Desert .......... 440 A Canon a Mile Deep .......... 441 Shini-Mo Altar from Brink of Marble Canon . .... 442 Apache Cruelty ........... 446 Claiming His Reward .......... 447 His Actions Were Curious ......... 448 Captain Maus ............ 451 Crossing the Haros River ......... 454 One Indian Attempted to Ride by Me ....... 457 Geronimo ............ 459 Our Indians Were Yelling and Preparing to Fight ... . . 464 The Death of Captain Crawford ........ 466 Apaches Watching the Troops with Glasses ...... 469 Apaches in Ambush .......... 473 Fort Bowie, Arizona .......... 477 Heliograph Station .......... 482 Heliograph System, Department of Arizona ...... 484 Mountain Fastness — Cochise's Stronghold ...... 489 Drunken Indians in Camp .......... 496 On the Way to Florida ......... 502 General Miles at Telegraph Office ....... 503 Captain Leonard Wood .......... 507 Finding the Murdered Mexicans ........ 508 "You Are the Man I Want to Talk With" ..... 511 Lawton's Pursuit of Geronimo ......... 515 Explaining the Situation ......... 522 Victorio, Apache Chief .......... 523 Geronimo and the Heliograph ........ 524 Apache Waiting foe a Victim ..... ... 526 Apache Bride ...........

Page Little Mike, Indian Boy Reared by White People .... 529 Officers Who Were Engaged in the Capture of Geronimo at Fort Bowie, Arizona ............ 530 Indian Weapons and Garments . . . . . . . .531 San Carlos Military Camp ......... 533 Tonto Warrior ............ 534 Moqui Indian Girl .......... 535 Mojave Runners ........... 537 Artesian Wells ........... 546 Sweetwater Dam ........... 549 Redwood Pipe, San Bernardino County, California .... 551 Flume Building. Springing in the Bottom Plank ..... 554 Tunnel Portal, San Diego Flume ....... 556 Plains Travel Before the Railroads Came ...... 560 The Old and the New Way ........ 561 At the Hundredth Meridian ......... 565 Portraits of Major Simon Snyder, Adjutant G. W. Baird, Capt. Allan, and Capt. Lawton ••■••...... 569 Mount Shasta ........... 576 Glacier Point, Yosemite Valley ■■•..... 577 Leland Stanford ........... 578 Leland Stanford University, Palo Alto, California .... 579 Irrigating Ditches.

Orange Grove ....... 581 Orange Grove Near Los Angeles . . • . 583 Market Street, San Francisco ...... 586 View in South California ... ggg chapter I. IN NEW ENGLAND FIFTY YEARS AGO. PAGES Purpose of This Book — The Sentiment of Country Universal — A Democracy Natural in America — The Change from Primitive Life to the Present, and the Men AVho Made it — Early New England Colonists — Influence of Climate — Massachusetts — The Influences of New England Ideas in Our History — The Indian in New England — Life There Fifty Years Ago — The Author's Youth and Ancestry — Stories and Their Effect Upon Inclination — Before the AArar — Earliest Military Training 17-24

Chapter II. The Great Civil War

The Questions at Issue — Election of Abraham Lincoln — General Scott — Observations Relating to the AArar — Raising a Company for the Union Service — Elected and Commissioned Captain — Takes the Field as First Lieutenant — Detailed to Staff Duty — Various Promotions — The Second Army Corps — The Grand Record of the Army of the Potomac 25-35

Chapter III. Last Scenes Of The Great War

Battle of Nashville — Marching Through Georgia — Five Forks — Storming the AVorks at Petersburg — Fall of Richmond — Scenes in Camp — Correspondence Between the Two Commanders — Appomattox — Joy of the Soldiers — Death of the President — AVhat AVe Won and Consequences of Failure — The Army Disbanded — Author's Appointment as Colonel and Brevet Major-General United States Army 36-51

Chapter IV. Our Acquired Territory

Colonization — Results of the French and Indian AArar — The Louisiana Purchase — Acquisition of Territory from Mexico — Explorations of Lewis and Clark — Fremont's Explorations — Surveys for Trans-continental Railways — Results of the AVar in its Effect on the Development of the West — Construction of the . Trans-continental Railway — Rapid Settlement of the AVest — Pittsburg — Chicago — St. Louis — Eads — Fort Leavenworth — Emigrant Trains — Hunting Expedition — The Doniphan Expedition 52-63 PERSONAL RECOLLECTIONS OF GEN. NELSON A. MILES.

Chapter V. Prehistoric Americans

PAGES Origin of the Red Man Unknown— The "New" World — The Tribes That AArere Before the Indian — Paleolithic Man in America — The Glacial Epoch — The Calaveras Skull — The Paleolithic Man of Europe — The Three Kinds of Ancient Americans — The Mound-Builders — The Day of the Mammoth — Problems not yet Solved — The Mounds, and AVhat They Indicate — Professor Putman's Description of Mound-Builders of Ohio Valley — Evidences of a Succession of Races — Remains in AVisconsin — Use of Copper — How the Mound-Builder Lived — His Numbers — One Singular Remaining Tribe — Seats of His Migration — No Traditions of Coming or Conquest — The Destiny of the Tribes in Modern Times — Professor Putman's \Tiews 64-86

Chapter VI. Indian Character

Studies of George Catlin, Parkman, Schoolcraft and Others — The Original North American Indian Gentle, Hospitable and Kindly Disposed Toward the Newcomers — Causes of the Change in Indian Character — English, French, German, and Spanish Colonization Schemes — Indian AVars — Benjamin Franklin on the Indian — Marquette's Reception Beyond the Mississippi — Halleck's Stanzas on Red Jacket , 87-102

Chapter VII. Indian Law, Religion And Eloquence

Systems of Government — Domestic Affairs — Religious Beliefs and Observances — Not Originally Nomads — Tecumseh — In Council with General Harrison — Tecumseh's Character and Death — The Black Hawk AVar — Surrender of Black Hawk — His Eloquence — Taken to Washington — Presented to the President — Tour Through the North — Return to Iowa and Meeting with Keokuk — Death of Black Hawk 103-120

Chapter VIII. Game In The Great West

The AVild Horse — Methods of Taking the AVild Horse — The Buffalo— The Chase — Captain Baldwin's Adventures — The Surround — The Antelope — The AVolf — Small Game — Buffalo Bill — Deer — Big Horn — AVolf Hunting in the Indian Territory — Bear Hunting — Game of the Northwest. . . . 121-135

Chapter IX. The Indian During The Civil War

Indian Uprising in Minnesota — Causes Leading Thereto — Governor Ramsey's Indian Council — Red Iron — Lean Bear — The Chivington Massacre — General Dodge's Indian Campaigns — The Bent Boys — Major North — Discovery of Gold in the Black Hills — The Peace Commission — General Connor — Battle of the Tongue River — Fetterman Massacre 136-144

Chapter X. Some Historic Campaigns

PAGES General Hancock's Expedition — General Carr's Campaigns — Colonel Forsyth's Desperate Fight on the Arickaree — Roman Nose — Daring Deeds of Stillwell and Trudeau — Custer Strikes Black Kettle's Village — Death of Major Elliott — The Plains — Fort Hays — Hunting — Fort Harker — Fort Leavenworth — The Modoc AVar — Death of General Canby — General Sherman's Tribute to Canby 145-155

CHAPTER XL CAMPAIGNS IN TEXAS.

Causes of Indian Depredations — Construction of the Trans-continental Railways — Destruction of the Buffalo — Disaster to the Germaine Family — Attack on Adobe AValis — Organizing an Expeditionary Force Against the Hostiles — Unfortunate Condition of AVestern Kansas — Drouth — Locusts — March Under a Burning Sun Into the Country of the Hostiles — Description of the Country — Gypsum Belt — On the Indian Trail — The Indians at Bay — An Exciting Engagement — A Hot Pursuit — Apostrophe to the Red River — A Norther and a Deluge 156-171

Chapter XII. Kiowas And Comanches

The Kiowas and Comanches on the AArar Path — Attack on the Supply Train — Scout Schmalsle — Train Relieved — Gallant Defense of Sergeant AVoodhall and Party — Captain Baldwin's Fight on the McClellan Creek — Rescue of Julia and Adelaide Germaine — A Midwinter Campaign- — Rescue of the Two Remaining Germaine Sisters and Submission of the Last of the Hostiles — Origin of the Carlisle Indian School — Results of the Subjugation of the Southern Tribes — Opinion of General Sheridan on the Campaign. . . . 172-181

Chapter XIII. Indian Difficulties In New Mexico

Indian Outbreak at the Cimarron Agency — On the AVar Path — Troops Ordered Against Them — Peaceful Overtures Result in a Council — Causes of the Outbreak — Condition of the Indians — In Council — The Threatened AVar Avoided — Successful Efforts to Better Condition of the Indians — Character of the Country — Interesting Ruins — Santa Fe — Pike's Peak — Helen Hunt Jackson and Her Last Resting Place. . 182-191

Chapter XIV. The Sioux War

Tribes Composing the Dakota Nations — Causes Leading to the AVar of 1876-7 — Sitting Bull — He Coquettes AVith Post Trader and Trifles with a Saw Mill — Marauding Expeditions — Expedition of General Crook — Crook's Defeat — General Gibbon's Expeditions — General Terry's Expedition — Defeat and Tragic Death of Custer, and Annihilation of his Command. . . . 192-197 PERSONAL RECOLLECTIONS OF GEN. NELSON A. MILES.

Chapter XV. The Custer Massacre

PAGES A Subject Much Discussed — A Prevailing Erroneous Impression — Captain Godfrey's Statement — The Conclusions of General Fry — The Error of Underestimating the Force of the Enemy — The Author's Conclusions as to the Cause of the Disaster — The Facts Set Forth — Reno and Benteen, and Their Commands in Custer's Last Battle 198-211

Chapter XVI. After The Custer Massacre

Orders to Reinforce General Terry — Notes of Preparation — Farewell to Families and Friends — Departure from Fort Leavenworth — Incidents of the Journey Up the Missouri — Affairs at the Mouth of the Yellowstone — Fort Buford to the Rosebud Junction of Terry and Crook — The Largest Military Force Ever Assembled on the Plains — Captain Anson Mills at Slim Buttes — Generals Terry and Crook Repair to AATinter Quarters to Resume the Campaign in the Spring — "Yellowstone Kelly" — In Cantonment — Severity of the Climate in Winter 212-220

Chapter XVII

A WINTER CAMPAIGN. Preparing for a Winter Campaign — Sitting Bull Divides His Forces — A Narrow Escape — Supply Train Driven Back By Indians — Hunting for Sitting Bull — He is Found — Meeting Between the Lines — Attempted Treachery — A Second Meeting — Conference Ends Abruptly — The Battle Opens — Prairie on Fire — Indians Defeated and Hotly Pursued — Again a Flag of Truce — Main Body of Indians Agree to Surrender at Agency and Give Hostages — Escape of Sitting Bull and Portion of Indians — Scout Boyd — Again After Sitting Bull — Captain Baldwin Surprises and Routs Him — Return to the Cantonment 221-235

Chapter XVIII. Campaign Against Cheyennes And Ogalallas

Preparations — The March — Experiences of AVinter Campaigning — First Encounter — The Battle — Big Crow — Battle in a Snowstorm — Retreat of the Enemy — Brughier the Scout — Coming in of the Indians — Conference — A Suicide — Oration of Little Chief — Hostages — Sitting Bull Decamps — First Experiments in Farming 236-247

Chapter XIX. The Lame Deer Expedition

Composition of the Command — Beginning the March — AVeather — Sharp Indian Eyes — Approaching the Camp — The Attack — A Close Call — Losses — The Return — Mounting the Infantry — A Circus with Indian Horses — Following the Retreating Indians — Winter in the Northwest — Queer Peculiarities of Indian Feet — Fine Specimens of the Race — Visit of General Sherman — Report of General Sheridan 248-256

Chapter XX. The Nez Perce Campaign

PAGES Character of the Nez Perces — The AVallowa Valley — Chief Joseph — How the War AVas Begun — Howard and Gibbon's Campaigns — Preparations for the Movement — The Troops Detailed — The Indian Allies — Bringing a Steamer — The Recall — Captain Baldwin — A Forced March — Maus and the Bear — A Change of Costume 259-268

Chapter XXI. The Siege And The Surrender

The Attack — Surprise of the Nez Percys — Death of Hale and Biddle — Escape of AVhite Bird — Laying Siege to the Indian Camp — Precautions Against a Counter Siege — A Capture and an Exchange — A False Alarm — The Surrender — Back to the Missouri — Meeting Sturgis' Command — Carrying the Wounded and Burying the Dead — Appearance of the Command in the March — Conduct of the Indian Allies and Their Reward — Their Endurance — Return to the Cantonment — Final Disposition of the Indians. 271-280

Chapter XXII

A VISIT TO CUSTER'S LAST BATTLEFIELD. A Season of Quiet — The Crow Indian Camp — An Indian Field Day — Colors and Disguises of the Indian AA'arrior and Hunter — An Indian Sham Battle — Journey to the Custer Battle Ground — Indian Explanation of the Fight — Nature of the Ground and the Disposition and Movements of Custer's Command — AVhy the Battle AVas Lost 283-293

Chapter XXIII. The Bannock Campaign

Changes AVrought by Peace — Railroad Surveys and Telegraph Lines — Interrupted Journey to Yellowstone Park — News of the Bannocks — Beginning of the Campaign — The Crows as Allies — The Stealthy Approach — Attack and Victory — Losses — The Return — An Indian Burial — Journey to Yellowstone Park Resumed — The Mountain Buffalo — Scenery of the Route — A Wonderland — Fourteen Years Later 294-305

Chapter XXIV. Sitting Bull

His Camp in Canada — Campaign of Lieutenant Clark — The Red River Half-Breeds — Campaign of Captain Huggins — Stealing as a Fine Art — Customs in Respect to Stealing Expeditions — How the Theft is Accomplished — Names of Places and AVhy They AVere Given — The "Counting Coos " — Exploit of Sergeant Glover — A Conference with the Indians — The Telegraph and Telephone as Arguments — The Surrender of the Chiefs — The Ute Outbreak ■ 306-319

Chapter XXV. Results Of Six Years Of Indian Campaigning

PAGES Redeemed Territory — Its A'ast Area — Zones of Emigration — Indications of Character From Natural Surroundings — The Trans-continental Railways — Land and Its Fertility — Destiny of the AATest — Yellowstone A'alley — The Problem of Irrigation — A AA'estern " City" — The Place and AVork of Our Soldiers in Western Progress 320-335

Chapter XXVI. The Indian Problem

Conclusions of Personal Experience — End of the Indian Troubles Not Yet Near — Original Causes of These — Indians in Motive Like Other Men — History of the Indian in the United States — The Two Modes of Solving the Question — The Author's Plan for the Benefit of the Indian and the Securing of Permanent Peace 336-351

Chapter XXVII. Journey Westward

Promotion from Colonel to Brigadier-General — Beginning of Journey AVestward — Origin of Denver — The Gold Seekers from Georgia — From Lawrence and Leavenworth — The Record of the Rocks — The Town of Montana — The Kansas Commissioners — Arapahoe County — Overland Communication — Vice in the Early Times — A Historic Tree — The First Railroad — The Denver of To-day 352-361

Chapter XXVIII. Salt Lake City And The Mormons

Joseph Smith — The Mormons in New York, Ohio, Missouri and Illinois — The Exodus Across the AArilderness — Salt Lake — Brigham Young, his Character and AVork — Salt Lake City Now 362-370

Chapter XXIX. Across Utah And Nevada

From Salt Lake to San Francisco — On the Pacific — The Columbia River — Mount Hood — Mount Shasta — A Mountain Lake — City of Portland — Oregon — AVashington — Climate of the Northwest — AVillamette Valley — The Forests — Gold — Cattle Raising — Spokane and Tacoma — Idaho 371-383

Chapter XXX

A CHAPTER OUT OF EARLY HISTORY. Ideas of American Statesmen Fifty Years Ago — Discovery of the Columbia — Claims of the United States to the Northwest Territory — The Early Missions — Dr. AA'hitman and Mr. Spalding — The First Overland Journey — The Old AVagon — General Lovejoy — Result in AATashington of the Teaching of the Hudson Bay Company — The Pending Treaty — The Return Journey of Whitman and Lovejoy — A Change of View in AVashington — The Lesson of the Old AVagon — AATork and Death of Dr. AArhitman 384-396

Chapter XXXI. Department Of The Columbia

PAGES The Indian Sign Language — The "Chinook" Language — Vancouver Barracks — Troops in the Department — Work Accomplished — Unexplored Regions — Expedition of Lieutenant Symons — Of Lieutenant Pierce — Other Surveys — Visit of General Sherman — Effect of Railroad Building — New Coast Batteries — Reservations, and Number of Indians 397^403

Chapter XXXII. Chief Moses And His Tribe

The Beginning of Trouble — Chief Moses, and the Moses Reservation — Causes of Dissatisfaction — Action of Colonel Merriam — Investigation by Captain Baldwin — Meeting and Council at A'ancouver — A New Treaty and a New Reservation — The Results — Looploop's Statement of the Situation — Review of the Nez Perce Situation on Their Final Return From the Indian Territory 404-415

Chapter XXXIII. Our Alaskan Possessions

Discovery of Alaska by Behring — The Fur Hunters — The Russian Companies and Their Successor — Sale of the Country to the United States — The Transfer — Vast Size of Alaska — Climate — Mountains — Mount St. Elias — Glaciers — Muir Glacier — Expedition of Lieutenant Schwatka — Character of the Natives — Their Boats — Expedition of Lieutenant Abercrombie — The Copper River Country — Seals and Their Rookeries — Salmon and the Canning Industry — British Strength in the Northwest Territory. . . 416-431

Chapter XXXIV. From Indian Territory To Arizona

Situation of the Indian Territory in 1885 — The Utes in New Mexico and Colorado — Visit to the Cheyennes and Arapahoes — Beginnings of New Apache Troubles in Arizona — Early Arizona, and Earliest Explorations — Ancient Ruins — Character of the Country — Mines — Population 432-444

Chapter XXXV. The Apache And The Soldier

General Crook and His Experiences — Military Correspondence Explaining the Situation—Character of these Indians — Illustrative Instances — A AArilderness Cemetery — Mountain Fastnesses of Arizona — Resources of the Apache in War — A Former Campaign 445-449

Chapter XXXVI

A CAMPAIGN AGAINST APACHES. (Captain Maus' Narrative.) pages Beginning of the Campaign of 1885 — Crossing Into Mexico — Methods of the Indian Scouts — Little Mexican Towns and Their People — Mescal, and Its Use by Indians — First News of the Hostiles — Beginning of a Mountain March on Foot — Abandoned Camps — The " Devil's Backbone" — Finding the Hostiles — The Attack — A Battle with Mexican Troops That AVas Fought by Mistake — Captain Crawford Mortally AVounded — Later Action of the Mexicans — The Homeward March — Messenger From Geronimo — A Conference — An Indian Trick — Death of Captain Crawford — Buried at Nacori, Mexico — Unfriendly Disposition of the Mexicans — Arrival in United States Territory — Return for the Hostiles — The Signal — The Escape and Pursuit — Results of the Expedition 450-479

Chapter XXXVII. The Arizona Campaign

I. Problem Presented by the Situation — Opinions of Citizens — The Obstacles to Success Presented by the Natural Conditions — Aid From the Signal Corps at AArashington — The Heliostat — Arrangement of Stations — Number of Messages Sent — Districts of Observation — Captain Lawton — Captain Wood — Other Officers of the Command — Breaking Out of the Hostiles — Details of the Campaign Against the Apaches 480-493

Chapter Xxxviii. The Arizona Campaign

II. The Question of Removing the Indians From Arizona — Consultations with Agents — Captain Pierce — Colonel AVade — Discharge of the Apache Scouts — Visit to Fort Apache — The Appearance of the Agency Indians — "Tiswin" — Sending a Delegation to AArashington — The Result — Correspondence, with AVar Department — Fort Marion Decided Upon as Place of Confinement — Preparations at Fort Apache — Using the Telegraph Between Wilcox and Fort Apache — "A Chip of the Old Block." 494-505

Chapter XXXIX. Incidents Of The Apache Campaign

The Story of the AVounded Apache — Captain Wood's Story — Character of Apache Raids — The Case of the Peck Family — Indian Ideas About Insane Persons — Fight Between Apaches and Mexicans, and Some of its Results — Meeting the Mexican Troops — Finding the Murdered Mexicans — Finding Dead Bodies on the March — Indian Manner of Riding Horses to Death — The Old Mines of Mexico — How the Soldiers Marched, Ate and Slept — Surprising an Indian Camp — Preliminaries of Surrender at Fronteras — Geronimo Comes In — Agreement to Surrender — Meeting with the Mexican Soldiers — Geronimo's Friendly Offer to Assist — Mexican Nervousness — Losing a Command A New Rifle — A Stampede — Mexican Towns — Extreme Hardship of the Campaign — The Proportion of Survivors — Geronimo's Philosophy of Surrender 506-518

Chapter XL. End Of The Apache War

PAGES Preliminaries of Surrender — An Indian Hostage — Going in Person to Meet the Indians — Courage of Officers — Lieutenant Rucker, and " Rucker' s Canon" — Arrival at Skeleton Canon — Visit by Geronimo — A Question of Terms — Geronimo and the Heliostat — Telling the Chief of the Destiny of His Tribe — How Natchez was Brought in — Character and Dress of Geronimo's Band — How Crimes AVere Committed — Difficulties of the Civil Power in Dealing with Renegade Indians — The Effect of the Campaign Upon the Officers — Arrangements at Fort Bowie — Meeting of Officers and Their Families — Departure of the Indians for Florida — "Auld Lang Syne" — Feeling of the Citizens of Arizona Toward the Apaches — Effect of Removal Upon Values in the Territory — Colonel AATade's Task in Removing the Indians From Fort Apache — Remarkable Escape and Return of a Single Indian — Ideas and Emotions of the Indians While on the Train — The Remaining Small Band of Hostiles, and Their Final Capture — Attempted Escape of Mangus from a Train — Tribute to the Officers Engaged in the Campaign 519-532

Chapter XLI. How The Regulars Are Trained

Reduced Expenses on the Cessation of Indian Hostilities — The Nogales Disturbance — Troubles at San Carlos Reservation — The Emergencies of Present Military Service — AArhy Indians Are Difficult to Capture — Field Service and Its Value — The Field Maneuvers of 1887 — Orders for the Same— Their Sue cess, Value and Results. . 533-544