The History of Civilisation in Scotland

Introduction

. Section I. THE SCOPE OF THE WORK. PAGE Historical Theories. Whether the intellectual or the moral elements of mind contribute most to the progress of Civilisation 18—24 Comparative degrees of Civilisation. Elements of Civilisation. Proximate cause of Civilisation. The Energy of Man. External influences : in early stages the Senses more active than the Reason 24—28 Section II. geographical features of TnE country. Position of Scotland and its Islands. Aspect of the Country 28—32 The Mountains. Watershed. — Rivers, Glens, and Valleys. Soil of the Country poor, but rich in the raw Materials of Industry. Flora and Fauna of the Country. Probable aspect of the Land when man arrived 32—40 The Influence of Climate, Soil, and Food on Society. How far the Mind is affected by the Natural Features of a Country 40 — 44 Section III. prehistoric ages.

Insufficient evidence of different races inhabiting Britain in Prehistoric Times 44—49 Early Dwellings — Caves, circular huts, and underground structures 49—55 Weapons and Implements. The Theory of Stone, Bronze, andiron Ages. Stone weapons, bone and horn tools and objects 55—61 Transitional stage. The principle of Historic Interpretation. Assumption that a knowledge of Metals originated in the East. Bronze Weapons and Implements. Gold and Bronze Ornaments. Early Pottery €1 — 70 Boat-building— Boats of the Early Inhabitants. Strongholds. Hill Forts. Vitrified Forts. The Brochs. Crannoges. The Catrial 70-79 CONTENTS. Section IV. prehistoric ages. PAGE Things connected with the Sepulchral Eites and Worship of the People. Standing Stones and Circles 80—82 Barrows and Cairns. Maeshowe. Horned Cairns.

Various modes of disposing of the Body. Stone Cists. Cremation — Urns, different modes of placing them. Objects found in the Mounds and Cairns. The current opinions based on insufficient evidence °2 89 Religion of the early Inhabitants. Summary of the two preceding Sections °" 92 Section V. THE ROMAN PERIOD. Boman Invasion. The Inhabitants offered a vigorous resistance. The Battle of Mons Grampius. The Romans made no permanent impression on the Northern Tribes. Roman Walls 93—100 Break-up of the Roman Empire. Causes of its decline and fall.... 100 — 102 Section VI. THE POSITION OF THE CHIEF TRIBES F&OM THE FIFTH CENTURY TO THE MIDDLE OF THE NINTH. Territorial Dominions of the Pic ts. They were divided into two Tribes 103—105 State of the Romanised Britons. Kingdom of Strathclyde — gradually absorbed into Scotland.

Settlement of the Saxons in the south of Scotland. Battle of Dunnichen ; defeat of the Saxons 105 — 108 The Scots. Their Civilisation. Advent of the Norsemen. The conflict of the various Tribes. Difficulties of forming a Nationality. Foundation of the Monarchy, its limits 108 — 112 Section VII. THE

INTRODUCTION.

OF CHRISTIANITY. Christianity an important element in the Civilisation of Scotland. St. Ninian's mission. Churches dedicated to him. Difficulties which the early Missionaries encountered 113—117 CONTENTS. PACK St. Kentigern, the Apostle of the Britons. His struggle with the King. Departs from Strathclyde. His return and death 117 — 119 St Coluniba. Early life of Columba. His arrival in Iona. His labour among the Picts. Encounter with the Magi and evil spirits. No indication of an organised heathen priesthood. ... 119 — 123 Early Christianity in Scotland essentially Monastic. Columba's Institution of Iona. 124—128 St. Cuthbert. The Influence of the early Saints on the subsequent religious feeling of the people 128—130 Section VIII. STATE OF SOCIETY IN THE EIGHTH AND NINTH CENTURIES. The Idea of a common Brotherhood of late growth.

Kinship. Gradual change from the Nomad state. In early times the Laud belonged to the Tribe 130—133 Agriculture. Food of the people. No manufacture. Dwellings. Boat-building and Seamanship 133 — 13"> Marriage ; the custom of buying Wives 135— 13M Section IX. NARRATIVE TO THE END OF THE ELEVENTH CENTURY. Reign of Macalpin. Circumstances retarding the progress of Civilisation in Scotland : 139 — 141 Conflict with the Norsemen. Reign of Constantine II. The Church. Edinburgh added to the Kingdom. Contest for the Throne. Reign of Kenneth II. Another contest for the Throne. 141 — 141 Reign of Malcolm II. Cession of the Lothians. Strathclyde incorporated with. Scotland. Death of King Duncan ; Reign of Macbeth. Accession of Malcolm Canmore. Norman Conquest of England. War with England. Meeting of the Conqueror and Malcolm.

Invasion of England ; Death of Malcolm Canmore. Struggle for the Throne. Edgar gained it .'. 145—150 State of Society. — Origin of Feudalism. Rights of Land. Early grants of Land. Taxes on Land. Gradual extension of the Ruling Authority 150—156 The Celtic people occupied the greater part of the Country. The Church. Comparative degrees of Happiness 156 — 100 Section X. REMAINS AND FRAGMENTS OF EARLY ART AND LITERATURE. Early Church Architecture. Round Towers 160— l<i2 Sculptured Stones : Symbols. Date of the Stones with Crosses. They were erected by the Picts. Meaning of the Figures — Purpose of the Stones. Scenes represented on them. Combs. Custom of wearing long hair 162 — 1/0 Art of the Sculptured Stones. Its distinctive character. Development of Celticart 170-174 Seals. Coinage. First attempt at Writing — Ogham, Runes. Early Fragments of Chronicles. Ballads and Tales current among the people. Conclusion of the Introduction 174 — 180

Chapter II. Theories Concerning The Nor'ians

NARRATIVE TO THE DEATH OF WILLIAM THE LION. The Anglo-Norman Colonisation of Scotland in the 12th and 13th Centuries. — The views of our Historians '. 181 — 188 The Normans in France and England. State of Society in England in the 12th, 13th, and 14th Centuries. The causes of Civilisation must be sought in the energy of the People 188 — 199 Alexander I. Revolt of the Northern Inhabitants. Bishopric of St. Andrews. Accession of David I. Revolt of the Inhabitants of Moray. War with England, Battle of the Standard. Policy of David I. His death 200—205 David succeeded by his Grandson. Insurrections. The cause of these risings. War with England, the King of Scots taken prisoner. The Independence of the Kingdom surrendered. Disaffection in Galloway, the West, and North. The Church — dispute with the Pope. Progress of Feudalism 206 — 212

Chapter III. Narrative To The Death Of The Maid Of Norway

Alexander II. attempts to regain the Northern Counties of England. The line of the Marches adjusted. Extension of the authority of the Crown. The fate of Bishop Adam. Death of Alexander II. Factions of the nobles. Connection of the Islands with Norway. Haco's Invasion ; Destruction of Haco's Fleet. Cession of the Western Islands 213 220 Settlement of the Succession. Death of Alexander III. A Regency appointed. Project of a marriage between King Edward's son and the Maid of Norway ; but the Princess died 220 CONTENTS. 9

Chapter IV. The State Of Society, And The Progress Of The Nation

IN THE TWELFTH AND THIRTEENTH CENTURIES. l'AliE The Kingdom had assumed a Feudal Form. — The Feudal organisation. The King's Council ; The Sheriff. Impolitic grants of Laud by the Crown ; Charters. Powers and privileges of the nobles. Condition of the serfs and servile class. The small gentry. The Scotch Thanes. Multiplication of hereditary offices 224—236 Forms of trial and modes of punishment. — Customary Law. Compurgators. Wager of Battle ; Ordeals of Hot Iron and Water. Origin of Jury Trial. Compensation for crimes. The idea of law not separated from the feeling of revenge. Sanctuaries 237—245 Early Towns. Charters, Royal Boroughs. — Privileges granted by the Crown. The Boroughs leagued among themselves. Court of the four Boroughs. Laws of the Boroughs. Government of the Boroughs. Burgesses, Craftsmen.

Thraldom in the Boroughs. Monopoly of trading. Church Boroughs. Boroughs of Regality 245—254 Coinage. Early notices of Coal. Weights and Measures. Commerce of the Kingdom ; Shipping 254 — 257 The Church. Dioceses and Parishes. Monasteries. Nunneries. Celibacy 258—261 Learning. Early Schools. Latin — The literary and official Language of the period. Scotch Writers. Chronicles. Records of the Religious Houses. National Records. Music, Singing Schools 261— 286 Architecture. Church buildings. Castles 266 — 270 Mechanical Skill. — Handicraft Arts. Seals of the Kings. Seals of the Nobles and Clergy. Objects represented on them : Connection between these and the figures on the Sculptured Stones 270— 275 Roads and Bridges. Agriculture — Dairy ; Poultry ; Crops ; Mills ; Malt and Brewhouses. Occupiers and Labourers of the Soil. Farming of the Monks ; Herds of Cattle, Sheep, and Swine. Conclusion of the Chapter 275 — 2S1

Chapter V. Disputed Succession

WAR OF INDEPENDENCE. King Edward resolved to decide the fate of Scotland. The Nobles and Clergy at last allowed Edward's claim of superiority, but the people of Scotland did not. The Claimants acknowledge Edward as the Lord Superior. Edward takes possession of the Castles and began the swearing-in process. The claims of the competitors. The issue lay betwen Bruce and Baliol ; they argued their pleas at great length. Judgment in favour of Baliol 282-288 Baliol Crowned at Scone. The Lord Superior put the vassal King into a humiliating position. Alliance between France and Scotland. Commencement of the War of Independence : Massacre of the Citizens of Berwick. Edward's march through Scotland. Baliol deposed. Edward's measures for the Government of Scotland 288—294 The position of the aristocracy, and the feeling of the people.

Wallace appeared as the leader of the people : He took many Castles in the North. Battle of Stirling. The English driven out of the Kingdom. Suffering of the Scots 294—299 King Edward again invaded Scotland ; Battle of Falkirk ; defeat of Wallace. New guardians appointed by the Scots. Continuation of the struggle with England. Siege of Stirling Castle. Surrender of the Government. Capture and Execution of Wallace. Ordinance for the Government of Scotland 300 — 305

Chapter VI. The War Of Independence

The Scotch Clergy. Bond between Bishop Lamberton and Bruce. Bruce slays Comyn. Bruce crowned at Scone. Edward issued severe proclamations against the Scots, and prepared for another great Invasion. Bruce's small army defeated by the English : and his adherents captured and executed. Death of Edward 1 306—313 Bruce gradually retook the Kingdom. The Battle of Bannockburn. 313—322 Attempts to make peace ; Bruce excommunicated. Parliamentary proceedings. Address to the Pope. A truce between England and Scotland. The treaty of Northampton. — The Independence of Scotland acknowledged. Death of King Robert 322-332

Chapter VII. Narrative To The Death Of Robert II

Succession of David Bruce. Regency of Randolph. Edward Baliol claims the Throne ; Civil War. English Invasions. The National Party recovered the Castles. Battle of Durham ; defeat of the Scots, and capture of the King 333 CONTENTS. 11 PAQE The Steward chosen Regent. The King's Ransom, difficulty of paying it. Parliamentary proceedings. Death of David II 338—343 Robert II. Renewal of the French League. Arrival of French Troops ; difficulty of quartering them. A Raid into England. Departure of the French. A truce concluded. Death of Robert II 343—347

Chapter VIII. Narrative To The Return Of James

I. Accession of Robert III. The Earl of Fife ; The Wolf of Badenoch. Feebleness of the Crown ; Deplorable State of the Kingdom. The Duke of Rothesay appointed Lieutenant of the Kingdom ; a plot formed against him ; his imprisonment and death. Prince James captured by the English. Death of Robert III. 34S — 354 The Lollards. Rebellion of the Lord of the Isles. Dr Burton's view of the Celtic population. Battle of Harlaw. Death of the Duke of Albany. Regency of his son. The return of James 1 354—363

Chapter IX. Reign Of James

I. Energy of the King. Parliamentary proceedings. Seizure of the Duke of Albany and twenty-six nobles. Trial and execution of Albany, his sons, and the Earl of Lennox. Parliament at Inverness. — Seizure and execution of a number of Highland Chiefs 364—368 The policy and legislation of James I. He enlisted the aid of the clergy. Execution of a heretic 368—374 The Earl of March forfeited. Death of the Earl of Mar. A plot against the King. Murder of James 1 374 — 379

Chapter X. Narrative To The Battle Of Flodden

Struggle among the nobles during the minority of James II. Execution of the young Earl of Douglas and hi3 brother 380—384 Marriage of the King. Struggle between the Crown and the head'of the Douglas family. Murder of the Earl of Douglas. Civil War. The new Earl of Douglas defeated, and his lands forfeited 384—389 Siege of the Castle of Roxburgh. Death of the King. Capture of the Castle. Minority of James III. Rise of the Boyds. Marriage of the King. Downfall of the Boyds. State of the Country '■ 390—395 Character of the King. The Duke of Albany plotted against the Crown. Menacing attitude of England and Scotland. Muster of the Scotch army. The nobles seized and murdered the king's favourites, and Imprisoned the King 395 — 399 The Duke of Albany assumed the Government, but soon retired. Rebellion of the Nobles : Advance against the King.

Battle of Sauchie Burn. Death of James III 399—402 James IV. Proceedings of the dominant faction. Church Affairs. Policy of the Government towards the Celtic population 402 — 409 Foreign relations of Scotland. Marriage of the King. War with England; Battle of Flodden 409—412

Chapter XI. The Social And Religious Condition Of The Nation In The

FOURTEENTH AND FIFTEENTH CENTURIES. Scotch Parliament : Admission of the Commissioners of the Boroughs. Committees of Parliament. Lords of the Articles. Church Courts 413—419 Causes of the Emancipation of the Serfs. Causes of the Power and Lawlessness of the Aristocracy 419—424 Lawless State of the Kingdom. State of the Tenants and Labourers : Even the small landholders were under the grasp of their Lords. Liability of the Tenants for the Debts of their Lords. Other Modes of Oppression. Contemporary Evidence of the Oppressive Character of the Nobles 424 — 430 Agriculture. Tenants of the Church. The Dwellings of the People. 430—431 Method of Imparting Information about the Towns. The Border Boroughs : Characteristics of the Inhabitants. The Northern Boroughs. The Boroughs in the Heart of the Kingdom.

The Customs. The Boroughs of the Church 431 441 Commerce and Coinage of the Kingdom 442 449 Probable Population of the Nation at the end 6f the 15th Century... 449—450 Interference of the Nobles in the Affairs of the Boroughs 450 452 Inner Life of the Citizens. Intense Spirit of Monopoly. Inquisitorial System of Inspection. Ale Tasters and Price Fixers... 452 CONTENTS. 13 PAGE Guild Brethren. Increasing Influence of the Craftsmen. Interference of Parliament. Mode of Incorporating the Craftsmen, illustrated from the Records of Edinburgh. State of Mechanical Skill 459— 4C5 The Habits of the People essentially Military. Armour and Weapons. Tactics of the Scots. The Introduction of Cannon 465—468 The State of Crime : Defective means of Prevention and Detection. Modes of Punishment. Crime in the Boroughs 468 — 476 Drinking Habits.

Defective Sanitary Condition ; Pestilence. Roads. Inns. Rights of Forest and Hunting 476—480 Sumptuary Enactments. Dress. Ornaments _. 480 — 483 Church Building. Style of Architecture. Castles 4S4— 487 Wealth of the Church. State of the Monasteries. Nunneries. Friars. Hospitals 487—491 Religious Feeling of the People manifested in various forms : Pilgrimages, Relies, Festival Days. The people attached to the prevailing creed 491 — 498 Conclusion of the Chapter 498-499