The Coal-Regions of America; their topography, geology and development. With a colored geological map of Pennsylvania ... and numerous other maps and illustrations

Front matter

O W. '.V-.m.v f^,„„,i/,fi„iil Urt.iMiitiiitiHl. in X.ulli .,"i Sl flu 1.1,1, //.*».. THE COAL-REGIONS OF AMERICA: THEIE TOPOGRAPHY, GEOLOGY, AND DEVELOPMENT. WITH A COLORED GEOLOGICAL MAP OP PENNSYLVANIA, A RAILROAD MAP OF ALL THE COAL-REGIONS, AND NUMEROUS OTHER MAPS AND ILLUSTRATIONS. BY JAMES MACFARLANE, Ph.D. COMMISSIONER OF THE SECOND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF PENNSYLVANIA. THIRD EDITION, WITH A SUPPLEMENT FOR THE TEAR 18T4. NEW YORK : D. APPLETON AND COMPANY, 549 AXD 551 BEOADWAY. 1875. Entebed, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1874, By JAMES MACFARLANE, In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washingtoa

Preface

This work is strictly confined to one subject, and that is expressed in the title. It is intended to be a collection of the principal useful facts and discoveries in regard to the Coal- Regions of the United States, their geographical situation, their topography, geology, and development, or their commercial and economical relations, properly classified for study or refer ence. Each of those States, within whose borders coal has been found, has at considerable expense caused geological surveys to be made of its own territory, conducted by some of our best geologists, who have spent years in examining and studying the coal-fields. These Government surveys are the basis of this work, and there can be no better authority on this subject. None of them are as complete as they should be, and some of them were very unwisely abandoned in an unfinished condi tion; yet, the numerous ponderous volumes of reports published, although not very attractive books to the general reader, contain a store of useful facts about coal, which should be con densed and digested in a convenient hand-book.

The difficulties met with in collecting these materials have proved that there is a want of correct information accessible to the public, in a cheap and popular form, in regard to many of our coal regions, particularly those producing bituminous coal. The older State Geological Eeports are expensive and rare ; all of PEEFACE. them are out of print, and there are but few, if any, of even our best public libraries where complete sets of all that have been published can be found. The results of these surveys are here extracted with great care and patience from a mass of matter on other subjects than coal, much of it of a technical character, or only of local inter est, and arranged in a systematic and methodical manner. In order to produce an impartial and authentic history of the coal regions of all the States, the descriptions of them given by their own authorities are generally reproduced, as nearly as the necessary condensation and change of form would admit ; these official materials being to the history of the rocks what the dispatches of the general and the diplomatist are to the history of nations.

Many additional facts are also given, the results of more recent observations of many other writers, or picked up in the course of sixteen years of active employment in a large coal-business, and in visiting many of the more im portant coal-regions. But a book of this kind, containing only the observations of any individual, however extensive his knowledge, would be of very little value. On the contrary, this is intended to be a sort of encyclopædia of all that is known on the subject, that is permanently important and valu able, as ascertained by many competent persons in all parts of our country. While our scientific men are absorbed in original investigations, others may do a good work by collect ing and arranging in a new form for popular use the materials they furnish on special subjects hke this.

It is evident, how ever, that this book is more the work of a coal-merchant than of a professional geologist, and it has reference throughout to practical and useful results. By thus collating the accounts of all our great coal-fields in one view, we cannot but observe the regularity of the laws or system on which Nature has formed them, and we also get a comprehensive idea of the physical force of our country, accumulated for the use of PEEFACE. V man among the strata of the earth. This collection of coal sta tistics will serve, therefore, not only to gratify curiosity, but also to exhibit, it is hoped not in an exaggerated or too flatter ing a form, our national wealth or resources in our supply of fuel. Among the other more obvious reflections which will occur to those who may take an interest in the kind of information here given, will be the magnitude of our coal-fields, which in that respect are without a parallel in the world, containing in all 192,000 square miles, besides the lignites of the Far West ; the vast quantity, the great variety, and the wide distribution of our stores of coal ; their accessibility for mining purposes, in being so near the surface ;' the facilities afforded for their cheap transportation to long distances ; also the want of coal in other very extensive districts of our country, and the important questions connected with their supply.

It will be noticed, too, that, while the exhaustion of the English coal-fields is being discussed, how little has really been done here in the way of mining our coal, and how powerless is all this fuel in the absence of population with intelligence, energy, industry, and the necessary capital, guided by science. Among the impor tant advantages of our coal-fields are those of a climate where severe labor can be endured, where fuel is most in demand ; and that of a Government strong enough to protect our rights, and wise enough to permit the best development of our own natural resources. To American readers it is quite superfluous to refer also to that glowing picture of the future which we are all so much accustomed to draw for ourselves, or to speak of what we will do, and what we will make of all that is around us, with the aid of the latent power in reserve in our coal-fields.

This work is confined to facts and contains but few reflections, but it furnishes abundant food for thought to the philosopher and the statesman. We seem to have before us a long period of 1 All the coal being within mineable depths. VI PEEFACE. peace. The material prosperity of the country will hereafter engross the attention and efforts of our people, and constitute an important part of our history. The coal-regions of America are, therefore, a subject of national importance, and worthy of the attention of every well-informed person. For the benefit of those who have but little knowledge of geology, some general information, applicable to all the coal regions, is given in the Appendix on the origin and place among the» rocks of coal-beds. This, as well as Chapter YL on the characteristics of coal-seams, should properly be read by non-geological readers before the accounts of the coal-regions.

A chapter on the conditions of success in the coal-trade, one on the combustion of coal, and one on the iron-ores of the coal measures, with the latest statistics of the coal mined in the United States, and in foreign countries, are also added at the close of the volume. Some of these statistics are later than those given in the text. Prof. J.' S. Newberry has furnished the best portions of the chapter on Ohio, particularly the section of the coal strata, in advance of his final report, and has added kind words of encouragement during the progress of this work. Profs. Cox, of Indiana, Worthen, of Illinois, and White, of Iowa, have all furnished useful statistics and information not contained in their published ' reports of the geology of those States. The recent geological surveys in those four great coal-producing States render this a suitable time for a publication like this.

Dr. J. W. Foster has, with the concurrence of Messrs. Griggs & Co., the publishers of his " Mississippi Yalley, its Physical Geography," etc., allowed the use of his " Geological Sketch of the United States," given on page 2. Acknowledoments are also due to numerous railroad officials and other gentlemen who have responded to inquiries for information as to the geology and coal-trade of various parts of the country. If any of the scientific gentlemen, whose work has con- TEEFACE. VII tributed to this piece of mosaic, feel aggrieved by any want of due credit, or any erroneous statements, they will please attribute it to the difficulties of such a task as this, performed amid the cares of business, and not to any wrong intention. Corrections of any errors found in the work, which, in such a mass of facts and statistics on a subject of this character, and in a country so little developed as ours, must unavoidably occur, and further information as to any of the coal-regions, are respectfully solicited.

All coal, both anthracite and bituminous, carried to tide water, is sold by gross tons (2,240 lbs.). West of tide-water, net tons (2,000 lbs.) are customary. The United States census reports are in gross tons for all parts of the country. The statistics in this work conform to the above. J. M. Towanda, Pa., March, 1873.

PREFACE.

TO THIS EDITION. The present edition embodies numerous corrections sug gested by several of the State geologists and others ; also a supplement containing information collected since the publication of the previous edition, including the statistics of coal mined during the last year. J. M. Introduction. — The Importance of Coal Page 1 I. A Preliminary General Survey. — The States which contain no Coal, 3 ; the Four Great Carboniferous Coal-Fields, 3, 4 ; the Productive Coal-districts, 5 ; the Lignite Eegions, 6. ANTHEACITE.

H. Anthracite Coal-fields op Pennsylvania. — Anthracite Coal, 7 ; all in this State, 8; Location and Extent of the Begion, 9, 10; not on the Alleghany Mountain, 11 ; three Coal-fields, general View, 12, 13 ; Mountain Boundaries ofthe Basins, 14; Total Area, 15; originally one Connected Formation, 16; how formed into Basins, 17 ; Anticlinals within the Basins, 18, 19 ; Form of the Coal-beds, 19 ; Number and Size of the Coal-beds, 20 ; Total Thickness of Coal, 21; Daddow's Section, 22; List of the Coal-beds, 23; The Mammoth Bed, 25 ; Section of Coal-measures at Mauch Chunk, 24 ; Inclined Plane, 25 ; Old Open Mine at Summit Hill, 26 ; the First Coal-field, 26 ; its Eastern District, 28 ; Tamaqua, 29 ; Dislocated Strata, 30 ; Over-tilted Strata, 31 ; Mine Hill and Wiconisco, 32 ; Dauphin Basin, 33 ; its Appearance and Area, 34 ; Second Coal-field, 35 ; Mahanoy, 35 ; Shamokin, 36-38 ; Lehigh Coal-basins, 38 ; Beaver Meadow, 39; Hazleton, 39, 40; Buck Mountain, 40; Black Creek, 41 ; Total Area and Production, 42 ; Lehigh Coal, its Qualities and Uses, 43 ; the Third Coal-field, 43-45 ; its Undulations, 45-47 ; Coal-beds, 48 ; Description of each, at Scranton, 49, 50 ; at Wilkesbarre, 51 ; the Owners of the Anthracite Lands, 52-54 ; External Appearance of the Third Coal-field, 54-57 ; Barrenness of the Second and Third Coal-fields, 58 ; Coal-breaker, 69-61 ; Cumberland Valley, 62 ; Sullivan County Semi-anthracite Eegion, 62, 63 ; other Anthracite Coal, 64.

HI. Ehode Island and Massachusetts. — An Anthracite Coal-field, 65 ; Dr. Hitch cock's Description ofthe Beds, 66 ; Chemical Metamorphosis, 67 ; it is Carboniferous, 68*; List ofthe Mines, Size ofthe Beds, etc., 68 ; they are unprofitable, 69 ; W. E. Johnson's Description, 70, 71. IV. Lignite Anthracite Coal near Santa Fe, New Mexico. — The Locality, 72, 73 . Sections and Descriptions, 74- 76. V. Foreign Anthracite Coal. — Where produeed, 77; South Wales Production, 77 ; Disturbances of the Strata, 78 ; Gradation and Analysis, 79 ; Number of Seams, X Area, 80 ; in Ireland, 81 ; Edinburgh, 81 ; Total Production of Anthracite in England, 82. BITUMINOUS. VI. Bituminous Coal ; Characteristics of the Seams, and Methods of Mining. — Coal found in Seams or Beds, not Veins, 83 ; their Continuity, 84 ; Faults, 85 ; their Position, 86 ; their Number and Size, 86, 87 ; Workable Size, 87 ; Quantity mined out, 88, 89 ; Divisions in the Seams, 89, 90 ; Uniform Quality, 90 ; Purity, 91 ; Opening a Mine, 92 ; Shafts and Slopes, 92-94 ; the Eoof of a Coal-mine, 95 ; the Floor, 96, 97 ; Plan of a Mine, 98 ; Ventilation, 99-101.

VII. The First or Alleghany Coal-field. — Alleghany Mountain, 102, 103 ; Western Border of the Field, 104 ; the Eivers, l(/5 ; not all Coal, 106 ; its Present Value considered, 107 ; Northwestern Gradation of the Coal, 108 ; in Anthracite, 109; in Semi-bituminous Coal, 110; in Bituminous Coal, 111, 112. VIH. Pennsylvania Bituminous Eegions. — Southeastern Pennsylvania, 113; Flexures of the Strata, 114; List of Geological Formations, 115; Map of Western Pennsylvania, 116; Counties that contain no Coal, 117; Coal-producing Counties, 117, 118 ; Coal Area, 118 ; General Geological Sketch of the Coal-field, 118 ; Series of Coal-strata, 119 ; Upheavals into Coal-basins, 121 ; Denudations, 121 ; Northeastern Part of the Field, 121 ; Five Anticlinal Waves, 122 ; Anticlinal Valleys and Coal-basins on Spurs ofthe Mountain, 123.

IX. Semi-bituminous Coal-Eegions. — Blossburg, 124 ; Map, 125 ; E. C. Taylor's Report, 127 ; Topography and Geology, 128 ; no Coal in New York, 129, 130; Sir Charles Lyell's Visit and Eeport, 132; Fossils, 13*2, 135; Blossburg Coal-Trade, 134; Series of Coal-seams, 136-138. — Fall BrOok Coal Company's Mines, 138-141: Production, 138; Cost, 139; Method of Working the Mines, 139 ; Mine-roads, 140 ; Mine-locomotives, 141 ; Number of Employes, 141 ; the Proprietors, 141. — Morris Run Coal Company's Mines, 141-144 : Houses and other Buildings, 142 ; Plan of the Mines, 142 ; Production per Miner, 142 ; Largest Production per Month and per Day from one Mine, 143 ; Winter's Stock of Coal, 143 ; A Steam-shovel for Coal, 143 ; Men employed, Production, and Proprietors, 144. — Blossburg Coal Company's Mines, 144—148 : Location and Eapid Improvement, 144 ; Working Plan of the Mines, 145 ; Production, Mining-plant, Employes, Quantity of Land, 146 ; Eailroads, etc., 147. — Antrim : Fall Brook Coal Company's New Mines, 148 : Eailroad from Corning, 148 ; Opening a New Colliery, 149 ; Section of Coal-strata, 149. — Semi-bituminous Coal, 150-161 : where it is found, 150 ; Quantity of it produced in Pennsylvania, 151; Definition, 151; Description and Properties 152; the Blacksmith's Coal, 153 ; Freedom from Sulphur, 154 ; Eequisites of a Steam-coal, 155, 156 • Experiments, 157 ; Annual Production, 15S, 159 ; W. R. Johnson's Government Experiments, 160 — McIntyre Coal Company's Mines, 161-167 : General Geological Series, 161, 162 ; the Coal-basin, 162, 163 ; Series of Coal-strata, 163 164 ; Inclined Plane, 165 ; Rapid Development, 166 ; Proprietors, 167.

Towanda Coal-Eegion, 167-169 : Elevations of the Localities, 167 ; Section of the Second Basin, 168; Anticlinal Valleys, 168 ; Erie Railway's Consumption of Coal 168; History of the Region, 169. — Snowshoe, 169-171: Origin of the Name 169 ; Geography and Series of Coal-strata, 170 ; Analysis and Proprietors 171. X SI, XII. —Phillipsburg, 171-176: Locality, 171 ; Railroad Elevations, 172 ; Section of the Coal-measures, 173, 174; the Mines, 174, 175; the Clearfield District, 175, 176.— Johnstown, 176-178 : Coal and Iron Mines, Section of the Coal-strata, 177; Prosperity proceeding from Mining and Manufacturing, 178; other Coal Mines in Cambria County, 178. — Broad-top Mountain Coal-field, 179-181 : a Detached and Independent Basin, 179; its Geology, Singular Structure, and Coal-beds, 180 ; Coal-trade and Analysis, 181.

Bituminous Coal-Regions of Western Pennsylvania. — 1. The Lower Coal-measures, 182-210: Alleghany Eiver Valley, 182; Elevations, 183; the Six Coal-basins, 184; Dip of the Strata, 185; First Basin, Sullivan, 186; Phillipsburg, Conemaugh, Somerset, 187 ; Elk Lick, 188 ; Somerset Sub-basins, 189 ; Potomac Basin, 190; Second Basin, Towanda, Mclntyre, 191 ; Karthaus, Lockport, etc., 192 ; Ligonier Valley, 193 ; Sub-conglomerate Coals, 194 ; Third Basin, Blossburg, 195 ; West Branch Eegion, 196 ; Low Grade Railroad, 196, 197 ; Fourth Basin, St. Mary's, Shawmut, 198; Fifth Basin, Red Bank, 199; Sixth Basin, 199, 200; Sharon Coal, 201; West Branch Coal-mines, 201-203; Alleghany Eiver Strata, 203 ; Coal E, 204 ; Coal C and D, 205 ; Coal B and A, 206 ; Cannel Coal, 207 ; Block Coal District, 208-210.— 2.

The Upper Coal-measures, 210-231: General Section of the Coal-strata, 211; Pittsburg Bed, 212- 214 ; Waynesburg Bed, 215 ; Structure of the Upper Coal-measures, 215, 216 ; Connellsville Coke-region, 216; its Situation, 217; the-Great Sandstones, 218; the Coal-bed, 219; the Coke, 219; the Redstone, Sewickly, and Waynesburg Beds above the Pittsburg, 220 ; Greensburg Basin, 221 ; Monongahela River Eegion, 222 ; Brownsville, 223, 224 ; Pittsburg and its Coal-trade, 225 ; Eivertrade, 226, 227 ; Coal below the Pittsburg Bed, 227, 228 ; Coal on the Pennsylvania Railroad, 229, 230 ; General Eeview ofthe Coal-trade of the State, 231 ; Conclusion, 231-233 ; the Pennsylvania Geological Survey, 234 ; the Assistant Geologists and their Work, 235, 236 ; its Cost, 236.

Maryland. — Importance of the Cumberland Coal-region, 237 ; Map, 238 ; its Situation, 239; Eailroads, 240; Topography, 241; Structure, 242; the Coal bed, 243 ; its Size, 244 ; Thickness of Coal mined, 245 ; Waste in Mining, 246 ; Plan of tbe Mines, 247 ; Condition of the Mines, 248 ; Product per Acre, 249 ; Extent ofthe Field, and List of Land-owners, 250; Probable Exhaustion, 251; Name and Production of each Coal Company, 251 ; Section of the Upper Coal-measures, 252; Section ofthe Barren and Lower Coal Measures, 252-25-3; Prof. Hall's Eeport, 256 ; Character of the Coal, 257 ; the Market and the Out let, 258 ; Advantages of the Eegion, 259 ; Analyses of the Coal, 259 ; Maryland west of the Cumberland Eegion, 260, 261. , West Virginia. — Map, 262 ; Boundaries and Extent of the Coal-field, 263 ; General System of the Coal-measures, 264 ; Three Lines of Observation described, 265, 267; General Structure of the Coal-field, 267-271.— I. The Ohio Eiver District, 271-273 ; General Description of the Coal-bearing Rocks, 274- 276. — II.

General Section of the Coal-strata, 277 ; the Basins east of Monongahela, 279 ; Newburg Valley, 280, 281 ; Upper Coal-measures, their Boundary, 282, 283 ; the Pittsburg Bed, 284 ; Monongahela Valley, its Topography, 285 ; the Coal-beds, 286, 287; the Coal-trade, 288; Vein of Grahamite, 288; Little Kanawha, 289. — III. The Kanawha Coal-Eegion, 289 ; Eiver, Mountains, and TABLE OF CONTENTS. Valley, 289-292; Structure, 292 ; the Black-flint bed, 292, 293 ; the Coal-beds in Various Localities, 293-298 ; the Gauly River, 298 ; Southeastern District, 299 ; The Guyandott and Sandy River Districts, 300 ; Conclusion, 300, 301 ; Analyses of Coals, 302 ; Virginia, 303 ; Sub-conglomerate Coals of Montgomery County, 303, 304 ; Anthracite Coal in Pulaski and Wythe Counties, 305. XIII. Ohio, Map, 306 ; Area, 307 ; Structure and General Geological Series, 308 ; Boundaries, 309, 310 ; Topography, 311-313 ; Varieties of Coal produced, 313- 316; Series of Coal-strata, 316, 317; General Section of Coal-measures, 318, 319; Descriptions of the Coal-seams, 319-328; No. 1 (A), 319; No. 2, 322; No. 3 (B), 322 ; No. 4 (C), 324 ; No. 5 (D), 325 ; No. 6 (E), 326 ; No. 7 (F), 327 ; Useful Qualities of the Coals, 328, 329 ; Cannel Coals, 329 ; NelsonviUe, or Straitsville Coal, 329; its Great Size, 330; its Extent, 331; Qualities, 332; Barren and Upper Coal Measures, 332 ; Area and Boundaries, 333 ; Pittsburg Bed at Wheeling, 334 ; Barren Measures, 335, 336 ; Pittsburg Bed, 337 ; Coal beds above it, 337 ; the Coal-trade, 338, 339 ; Conclusion, 339, 340.

XIV. Eastern Kentucky. — Boundaries, 341 ; Area and Structure, 342, 343 ; Analysis, 343 ; Greenup County, 343-345 ; Eastern District, 345 ; Morgan County, 346 ; Sub-conglomerate Coal, 347, 348 ; McKee Seam, 349 ; Coal-trade, 350. XV. Tennessee.— Valley of East Tennessee, 351-353 ; Map, 352 ; Section, 354 ; Cumberland Mountain, 355 ; Area ofthe Coal-field, 356 ; Mountains, 356, 357; Great Thickness of Coal-measures in the North, 358, 359 ; Sewanee Coal-seam, 360 ; Quality of the Coal, 361 ; Etna Mines, 362 ; Section of Coal-strata, 362 ; Walden's Ridge Region, 363 ; Wilcox Mines, 363, 364 ; Geological History, 364-366 ; Analysis, 367-372 ; Coal-mines of Careyville, 367 ; Coal Creek, 368 ; Roane County, 369 ; Soddy and Sale Creek, 369 ; Vulcan, Gordon, and Battle Creek Mines, 370 ; Etna Mines, 370, 371 ; Lookout Mountain, 372 ; the Future of Tennessee, 373.

XVI. Alabama, — Situation and Extent of the Field, 374 ; Map, 375 ; Topography, 375-377 ; Structure, 378 ; Size of Coal-beds, 379, 380 ; Analysis, 380 ; Iron-ore, 381. XVII. Michigan. — The Parma and Woodville Sandstones, 382 ; Boundaries, 382 ; Area, 383 ; Structure, Thickness of the Coal-Strata, 383 ; Series of Coal-strata 383 ; Size of Coal-seams, 384 ; General Geological Series of Strata, 384, 385 ■ Northern Origin of Materials of the Rocks, 385 ; Misguided Explorations for Coal in the Hamilton Shales, 386 ; Coal-trade, 386. XVIII. Indiana. — Geological Structure, Extent and Boundaries of the Coal-field 387 ; Map, 388 ; the Block-coal Region, 389-402 ; Area, 389 ; Description of Block Coal, 389-392 ; Section of the Coal-measures, 391 ; Small Basins 393 ■ Counties containing it, 394, 395 ; Colonel Foster's Report, 396-400 ; Extent 397 ; Peculiarities, 397 ; Analysis, 398 ; Physical Character of the Coal, 399' 400 ; Dr. Cox's Analysis, 401 ; Resemblances of the Block-coal Regions 402 • Common Bituminous Coals, 403, 404 ; Production and Advantages of the Indiana Coal-field, 405.

XIX. Illinois.— Map, 406 ; First Notice of Coal in America, 407 ; Coal-strata 407- General Geological Section, 408 ; Boundaries described, 408-410 ; Structure' 410; Faults and Upheavals, 411-413 ; Series of Coal-seams, 413 ; Descriptions of the Coal-beds, 414-417; Productive Coal Districts, 417; Big Muddy, 419; Du Quoin, 421 ; Belleville, 423 ; Neelysville, Danville, etc., 425 ; La Salle, 426 ; Wilmington or Braceville, 429, 430; Ancient River Channel, 431 ; Quality of Illinois Coal, 432 ; Moisture and its Effects, 433, 434 ; Valuable Features, 434, 435 ; Production, 436. XX Western Kentucky. — Area and Boundaries of the Coal-field, 437, 438 ; the Shawnee Fault, 438 ; Errors in the State Geological Report, 439, 440 ; Correc- Geological Section, 441 ; Number and Size of the Coal-beds, 442, 443; Coa. found in Various Localities, 444 ; Production, 446.

XXI. Iowa. — Map, 446 ; General Geological Series, 447 ; Structure, 448, 449 ; Divisions of the Coal-measures, 450 ; Boundaries of the Different Divisions, 451 ; Coal found along the Margin, 452, 453 ; Coal-producing Counties, 454-458 ; Quality of the Coal, 459 ; Analysis, 460 ; Sulphur, 461 ; Probably no Coal west of Iowa, 461-463. XXII. Nebraska. — Hayden's Report, 464 ; Upper Unproductive Coal-measure3 only found in the State, 464 ; Localities where Coal-mining has been attempted, 465, 466 ; no Workable Coal found, 467, 468. XXIII. Missouri. — Boundaries of the Coal-field, 469 ; Section of the Coal-measures, 470 ; Coal-producing Counties, 471 ; St. Louis County, 471 ; Macon County Mines, 472 ; Osage Coal Region, 472-476 ; Singular Beds of Coal, 474 ; Owen's and Swallow's Descriptions, 474, 475 ; Examples, 475*477.

XXIV. Kansas.— Geological Structure, 478-480 ; Area, 479-486 ; Coal-seams of Surface-coal, 481*483 ; Lower Coal-seams, 484 ; Counties producing Coal, 487- 489 ; General Section, 489, 490 ; the Coal-trade, 491-493 ; Eailroal Coal-trade, 493, 494 ; Lignite, 495. XXV. Arkansas. — Sub-conglomerate Coal, 496 ; Area and Counties containing Coal, 497 ; Localities, 498, 499 ; Analysis, 499 ; Coal in the Indian Territory, 500. XXVI. Texas. — Blake and Shumard's Eeports, 501 ; Fort Belknap Carboniferous Coal, 502 ; Tertiary Coal Deposits, 503 ; no Coal west of Texas, 504. TEIASSIC COAL. XXVII. Virginia. — Coal-field near Richmond not Carboniferous, 505 ; Structure ofthe Basin, 506 ; Great Size of the Beds, 507; Natural Coke, 508 ; Mode of Deposition of the Coal, 509; Geological History of the Basin, 510-512; Commercial History, 513, 514 ; Tonnage, 514 ; Analysis, 515.

XXVIII. North Carolina. — Geological Age, 516, 517 ; Series of Strata, 517-519 ; Coal-seams, 519, 520 ; Qualities and Variety of Coal, 520 ; Extent, 521 ; Age, 522; Analysis, 523; Johnson's Report, 524; Singular Gradation, 525; Dan River Field, 526-528. TABLE OF CONTENTS. CRETACEOUS COAL. XXIX. Eocky Mountains, Colorado, and Wyoming Territories. — The Coal-measures end at Omaha, 629 ; are the Newer Formations underlaid with Coal ? 530- 632; General Geological Section of tbe Far West, 533; Lignite described, 534 ; its Formation, 535 ; its Importance, 536 ; Prof. Hodge's Report, 537- 655; Rocky Mountain Coal-mines, 537; the Geological Formation, 538; the Coal-beds, 539 ; Qualities of the Coal, 539, 540 ; it is Lignite, 540, 541 ; Analysis, 542 ; Localities and Descriptions of the Mines, 543, 644 ; Golden City, 543, 644 ; Ralston Creek, 645 ; Leiden's, 546 ; Marshall's, 547, 548 ; Briggs's, 549 ; Baker's, 549; Carbon, 550; Hallville 551; Van Dyke's, 551; Eock Springs, 652; Evanston, 553; Coalvilje, 554; Lesley's Comments on the Report, 555, 656 ; Ultimate Analysis of Various Western Lignites, 557 ; Frazier and Hayden's Reports, 657, 558 ; Extent of the Deposit, 559 ; other Coal-mines, 559 ; Production, 560.

XXX. The Pacific Coast. — California, Oregon, Washington, and Alaska, 561-578; no Carboniferous Coal on the Pacific, 561 ; Lignites, 562 ; List of Coal-mining Districts, 663. — 1. Mount Diablo, Situation, 563 ; Railroads, 564; Several Mines described, 564, 565 ; Analysis and Production, 566. — 2. Coos Bay, Situation, 667; Coal-strata and Mines, 568, 569. — 3. SeatUe, Situation, Railroad, Harbor, Analysis, 569. — 4. Bellingham Bay, Locality, Coal, Production, 570 ; Geological Section, 671 ; Age and Analysis, 572. — 5. Vancouver's Island, Straits of Fuca, 572 ; Mines and Analysis, 673. — 6. Other Coal-producing Localities, 673, 674 ; Anthracite of Queen Charlotte's Island, 674; Coal-trade of San Francisco, 575. — 7. Alaska, List of Coal-beds reported, 576 ; Analysis, 577. XXXI. Northwestern Territory of the Dominion of Canada. — Discovery of the Lignites by Mackenzie, 578 ; Description of the Situation of the Fields of Lignite, 579, 680 ; its Quality and Value, 580, 581 ; frequently burnt in the Ground, 581, 582.

XXXII. Nova Scotia. — Authorities, 583 ; Nine Divisions, 583 ; New Brunswick, 684; Albertite, 584, 585 ; Cumberland, 585 ; South Joggins, 585, 586 ; Numerous Small Seams, 586 ; Thickness of Coal-strata, 586 ; Minas Bay and other Unimportant Districts, 587; Pictou Region, Size of the Great Bed, 588 ; its Area 589 ; Cape Breton or Sydney, 589 ; Geological Formation and Area, 590 ; Disadvantages of the Nova Scotia Coal-Region, 591 ; Area and Contents, 592 • it could not supply the United States, 593 ; its Production limited, 694 ; Annual Production for Forty-five Tears, 595 ; Conclusion, 596.