Leading Events of Wisconsin History. The story of the State

Part I. In The Era Of Beginnings

PAGE 1. The Isle of Wisconsin 11 2. The Builders of the Mounds 14 3. Pre-Columbian Copper Mining in Wisconsin ...... IS 4. The Red Men of Wisconsin 22 5. Legendary Lore of Wisconsin Indians 29

Part II. In The Footsteps Of The Explorers

1. When Wisconsin Was Discovered 41 2. The Strange Adventures of Radisson 47 3. Rule of the Forest Ranger 52 4. A Prince of Coureurs de Bois 56 5. The Black Gowns and Their Wanderings 62 6. Unsolved Mystery of Father Menard's Death ... 65 7. Planting of the Jesuit Missions 67 8. Solving the Great Western Mystery 71 9. La Salle and His Companions 78 10. Travelers in the Wilderness 60 11. Friar Hennepin's Adventures 86

Part III. Under French And English Dominion

1. Firebrands of the West 91 2. The Hill of the Dead 97 3. Naming the Inland Waters 101 4. Some Errors of Geography 105 5. Under the Flag of England 107 6. First Permanent Settlers of Wisconsin Ill 7. Alexander Henry, the Fur Trader 118 8. Captain Jonathan Carver, ipE Traveler 122 9. During the War for Independence 126 10. The Macna Charta of the Northwest Contents — Continued. IV

Part IV. Pioneer Days In The Territory, Page

1. First Settlements 137 2. Village Life a Hundred Years Ago 141 3. The Capture of Prairie du Chien 144: 4. Yankee Fur Traders in Wisconsin 152 5. Red Bird's Uprising 157 6. Life in the Diggings 165 7. Black Hawk's War 172 8. In the Days of the Territory 181 9. A Modern Utopia 189 10. A Tragedy in the Capitol 196. 11. Strang's Stake of Zion at Voree 198 12. The Migration From Over the Ocean 207

Part V. Fifty Years Of Statehood

1. The Thirtieth Star in the Field of Blue 219 2. Rescue of Joshua Glover, a Runaway Slave .... 226 3. On the Verge of Civil War 230 4. Birth of the Republican Party in Wisconsin .... 234 5. Strange Story of a Spurious Lost Prince 235 6. Mob Law as a Political Factor 242 7. The Tocsin of War 244 8. On the Field of Battle 253 9. Lieut. Cushing's Deed of Heroism 262 10. A Dam That Saved a Flotilla 269 11. Wisconsin's Part in the Capture of Jeff Davis . . . 271 12. Escape of Wisconsin Officers From Libby Prison . . 276 13. After the War — Events of Three Decades 280 14. In the Realm of Politics 289 15. May Riots of '86 301 16. The Great Boom on the Gogebic 310 17. A. D. 1897 ILLUSTRATIONS AND PORTRAITS.

PAGE Isle Wisconsin 10 Man-Shaped Mound near Baraboo 12 Elephant Mound in Grant County 13 Typical Group of Effigy Mounds 15 Tambourine Drum used by Menomonee Indians 17 Medicine Drum and Stick 19 Indian Juggler's Rattle 21 Indian Chant 23 Birchbark Vessel for Maple Sap 2i> Indian Reservations in Wisconsin 2S Ancient Hunting Grounds of the Tribes 28 Indian Women Gathering Wild Rice 31 An Ojibwa Family Record 33 Samuel de Champlain, Governor of New France 42 Earliest Map of the Wisconsin Region 44 French Carry-all 45 French Voyageur 48 Head of Cow Moose 50 French Pony Cart 51 Coureurs de Bois Carousing 53 Plow Used a Hundred Years ago 35 Perrot's Silver Monstrance 57 Father Menard's Autograph 38 Wooden Anchor of the Voyageurs 60 Autograph of Father Allouez 61 Statue of Pere Marquette 63 Old Church on Madaline Island 64 Joliet's Autograph 6G Marquette's Autograph 70 First Vessel Built on the Lakes 72 Tonty's Autograph 75 Hennepin's Drawing of a Wisconsin Buffalo 81 The Fox-W7isconsin Portage 90 Langlade's Royal Commission 'J2 Scene of a French and Indian Battle 96 Modern View of the Hill of the Dead 98 Oldest Building in Wisconsin 108 Signatures to Carver's Famous Deed 110 Pauquette Making a Portage 112 Kaukauna Deed Signatures 113 First Paper Money Circulated in Wisconsin 117 Ramsey Crooks ' 119 Prairie du Chien in 1835 121 Captain Jonathan Carver 121 The Little Drummer and the Large Sergeant 129 Langlade's Indians and the Spoils of War 131 Claims of the Colonies to the Northwest VI Illustrations and Portraits — Continued.

PAor. Port Winnebago In 1831 134 Ruins of Fort Crawford 134 Fort Howard in 1851 134 Gov. Dodge as a Young Man 135 Augustin Grignon 143 Lewis Cass 146 Ebenezer Brigham 153 Black Hawk War Relics 158 Black Sparrow Hawk 162 First Norwegian Church in Wisconsin 164 Zachary Taylor 169 First Newspaper Office in Wisconsin 171 Scene at Bad Ax 176 Territorial Seals 182 Madison in 1836 186 Phalanx Long House at Ripon 190 Gov. Doty's House at Shantytown 193 Wisconsin's First Capitol 196 King Strang 199 One of the Voree Plates 203 Strang's Castle ,. 205 Carl Schurz '. 208 James G. Percival 209 Original Mitchell Bank Building 212 Pioneer Milwaukee Brewery 215 Seals of the State 218 Nelson Dewey, First Governor 220 Leonard J. Farwell, Second Governor 222 Senator Isaac P. Walker 225 Sherman M. Booth . . 227 Byron Paine . . . . ? 229 Gov.

William A. Barstow 231 Gov. Coles Bashford . . .• 232 E. G. Ryan 233 Eleazer Williams as a Young Man 236 Eleazer Williams in Priestly Garb 238 Jourdain Residence at Green Bay 240 Gen. Rufus King 243 Gov. Edward Salomon 245 L. P. Harvey, First War Governor 247 Mrs. Cordelia Harvey 251 J. H. Tweedy 252 Old Abe, Wisconsin's War Eagle 255 Commander W. B. Cushing, TJ. S. A 263 Jefferson Davis as a Young Man in Wisconsin 272 A War-Time Handbill 274 Gen. Harrison C. Hobart 277 Gen. Lucius Fairchild 28S The Little Red Schoolhouse 290 Gov. William Dempster Hoard 293 Paul Grottkau, Socialist Leader . 302 Robert Schilling, Labor Leader 30fi Map of the Gogebic Ore Vein 312 Cabinet Members from Wisconsin 31H PRELIMINARY.

Glancing back to the beginnings of Wisconsin, there pass in panoramic review the picturesque first comers, the hardy French coureurs de bois and black-robed Jesuit priests; the palisaded huts of logs, wherein dwelt the fur traders and the soldiers; the bark chapels wherein priests sought to win heathen savages to Christian faith, even at the expense of their own lives; the great buffalo hunts participated in by the red men and their white companions; the discovery of the upper Mississippi by Father Marquette and Louis Joliet, at Prairie du Chien; the coming to Green Bay of the first vessel that sailed these lakes and the tragic fate of its crew; the great wars of extermination against the Fox Indians, and the thrilling story of the Hill of the Dead; the uprising of Red Bird, and later the Black Hawk war; the episodes of border life at the forts; the lead mine fever in Southwestern Wisconsin, that, like the gold excitement of California, brought in its train a motley crowd of gamblers, thieves and other adventurers, as well as men who sought fortune by delving for the ore; the establishment of negro slavery in Wisconsin, in strange contrast to the stirring part later taken by its citizens in the eradication of this blot upon civilization; the exciting incidents connected with the locating of the capitol; the shooting of Arndt in the legislature; the experiment of the Wisconsin phalanx, much like the more celebrated Brook Farm experiment; the strange career of King Strang, who led a band of Wisconsin Mormons from Racine county to an island in Lake Michigan, where he founded a kingdom with all the accessories of royalty; the coming of the nations — the Germans, the Irish, the Swiss, the Belgians, the Dutch, the Poles, and the characteristic communities they have planted on the soil of Wisconsin; the call to arms and the response of the loyal citizens; the days of statehood, with their development of commercial, social and political life; the struggles of the self-made men who aided in building up this commonwealth.

The chapters which follow tell the story of the state in its sali ent features; having been written for newspaper publication, the aim has been to make each installment as nearly complete in itself as the condensed form would permit. While events have beeen grouped for the sake of comprehensive presentation, chronological order has been observed as nearly as possible. In the gathering of the data, more than a thousand books and nearly as many pamphlets and newspaper files bearing more or less Tii Preliminary. directly upon the subject, were consulted. These included narra tives of the early French and English travelers, local histories, monographs, magazine articles, newspaper accounts and interviews, and some manuscripts. The treasures of the splendid collection amassed at Madison by the State Historical society were kindly placed at the disposal of the writer.

I am also greatly indebted to Benjamin Suite, Esq., the leading historian of Canada, for friendly and valuable aid, all his manuscript notes and monographs bearing upon the history of the Wisconsin region during the French regime having been generously placed at my disposal, without reserve. Whatever errors of omission, as well as commission, may be at tributed to the history — and there are doubtless both — the writer has conscientiously endeavored to sift the great mass of material so as to bring into relief those events which are conspicuous either by reason of their picturesque character or because they have exercised a potent influence in shaping the destinies of the commonwealth. There has been an earnest effort to state facts accurately, and in the narrative of the later period, no pains have been spared to verify statements by means of correspondence with men who witnessed or participated in the events described, and by examination of all docu mentary evidence available.

The writer disclaims any attempt at a critical history, or a desire to give judgment respecting episodes about which differences of opinion may be honestly entertained. The primary purpose has been to give a fair presentation of the leading events that have made the history of Wisconsin unique as to their romantic or picturesque character and important as to their general bearing. Beginning with the travels and adventures of the early travelers and continuing through the later period, the narrative has been told, as nearly as circumstances and space would permit, in the words of actual participants, in order to better reflect the spirit of the times and the character of the people who have graven the his tory of Wisconsin. Two features of Wisconsin's history have not been given the prominence which their importance warrants: The military history of Wisconsin has been so fully told in books specially dealing with the state's part in the Civil war that reference thereto has been con fined to the most conspicuous exploits, regimental and individual. The state's political history has been touched upon but briefly; its narration in detail being beyond the scope of this book.

Part I. In The Era Of Beginnings

ISLE WISCONSIN. Hypothetical Map of Land in the Trenton Period.

Chapter I. The Isle Of Wisconsin

As scientists are enabled by putting together a few scattered bones upturned by the plowshare to tell the shape and habits of animals long since extinct, so geologists can trace from the rocks they break with their hammers history of the land. Thus they as sert, with positiveness, that ages ago the area that is now the north central portion of the state and upper peninsula of Michigan was an island of great altitude. They trace the physical history of Wiscon sin back even to a state of complete submergence beneath the waters of the ancient ocean. "Let an extensive but shallow sea, covering the whole of the present territory of the state, be pictured to the mind," suggests the eminent Wisconsin geologist, T. C. Chamberlin, "and let it be imagined to be depositing mud and sand, as at the present day.

The thickness of the sediment that accumulated in that early period was immense, being measured by thousands of feet. In the progress of time an enormous pressure, attended by heat, was brought to bear upon them laterally, or edgewise, by which they were folded and crumpled and forced out of the water, giving rise to an island — the nucleus of Wisconsin. The force which produced this upheaval is believed to have arisen from the cooling and consequent contraction of the globe. The foldings may be imaged as the wrinkles of a shrinking earth." When this island rose from the wide waste of waters that covered all the land, the climate was tropical. Rain fell in abundance, and soon the incessant showers that poured down began to disinte grate the soil on top, and the beating waves of the ocean all around crumbled the sides without cessation.

This process of erosion, con tinued through unnumbered ages, began to plane the mountainous island, the rains washing down the sediment till the vast accumula tions piled above the waters on every side and added to the area. Thus as the altitude of this island was cut down, its area expanded. Soon little outlying islands or reefs were formed that in time be came attached to the parent isle. During the process of ages there occurred numerous eruptions. The crust of the earth, yielding to the tremendous pressure from beneath, became fissured, and immense masses of molten rock penetrated, bearing with them the mineral ingredients which later chemi cal processes have converted into those deposits that have yielded vast riches to their finders. Thus by continued upheavals and ero sions the surface and the length and breadth of this ancient island of Wisconsin was subjected to incessant change.

The first mineral formations were doubtless what are known as the iron-bearing series, the most conspicuous development being the Penokee iron range in Ashland county. At the same time there rose Man-Shaped Mound. (Near Baraboo.J from the waters the Baraboo quartzite ranges, which formed a group of small islands where now Sauk county appears on the map of the United States. After the great upheavals that resulted in deposits of iron and copper, and accumulations of sandstone miles in thickness, came a great period of erosion. To the disintegrations thus washed into the water were added immense accumulations of myriad millions of the remains of marine life. In the words of Prof. Chamberlin, "abun dant life swarmed in the ocean, and the sands became the great cemetery of the dead." The casts of numerous trilobites found in this state are relics of this age.

Immense beds of sandstone, with layers of limestone and were formed. The waters acting on the copper and iron of the Lake Superior region gave the sandstone deposits there its tint of red. On the southern end of the island the sandstones lacked this element and they are to this day light colored. As the sand accumulations added to the island along its south eastern front, the oceanic conditions massed great quantities of galena ore with the limestone there formed. Here later, in what are now Grant, Lafayette and Iowa counties, and extending into Illinois, were developed the lead mines that became the scene of a great min ing excitement early in this century. When the period of iron deposits and limestone formations was drawing to a close, coral reefs rose above the surface, similar in their characteristics to those that form the atolls of to-day.

With these tiny animals were associated the mollusks that have been Elefhant Mound in Grant County. called "the oyster of the Silurian seas." Then came the deposits on the southeast, in a limited area, that have produced the valuable cement beds along Milwaukee river. Next came the great ice age. One monster stream of ice plowed along the eastern edge and hollowed the bed of Lake Michigan; an other scooped out Lake Superior and penetrated into Minnesota, while between these prodigious prongs of ice one of lesser size bored its way along Green Bay and down the valley of the Fox. When warmer days came the monster glaciers melted. The ice became water and filled numerous depressions scooped out in the irresistible progress of the vast masses. Thus were formed the two thousand and more lakes that make of Wisconsin a summer para dise.

The warmth that melted the ice to water also brought forth vegetation to cover the nakedness of the land, the forests grew, and "man came upon the scene."

Chapter II. The Builders Of The Mounds

Who were the first dwellers on the soil that is now known as Wisconsin? For many years it was believed that an ancient race conversant with the arts of civilization inhabited the land; that finally the bar barous precursors of the Indians came like the locusts of Egypt and drove the ancient people southward, never to return; that this lost tribe of men were the progenitors of the Aztecs, now extinct, and that the evidence of their existence here is to be found in the many defensive and sepulchral mounds that once dotted this state, and in the abandoned workings of the Lake Superior copper region. For many years scientists tenaciously held this view, but patient investigators have finally traced the construction of the tumuli to Indian origin. Artificial mounds have been found in great numbers in the Mississippi river valley, but Wisconsin has proved especially rich in these antiquities.

It has been estimated that not less than 10,000 mounds once existed in this state. Many of these have dis appeared under the leveling influences of the plow, and even the remarkable earthworks at Aztalan, in Jefferson county, have been partly obliterated by a tiller of the soil who preferred a crop of corn to a site of historic interest. Many of the mounds in Wisconsin possess a rare interest in that they are fashioned in the form of animals. Except in a few isolated localities in neighboring states, tumuli of the class known as effigy mounds are found in Wisconsin only. The favorite types seemed to be the lizard, the turtle, the buffalo, the squirrel and a winged form that might be likened to a bird. One of the remarkable animal mounds, found in Grant county, was for a long time supposed to rep resent a mammoth, and the circumstance strengthened the argument that a prehistoric race from another continent once dwelt here.

As the hairy mammoth, the prototype of the elephant, was not known to have existed on this continent, it seemed plausible that the an cient men fashioned a mound recalling one of the animals of the land whence they originally migrated. Since it has been established that Indians built the mounds, the theory has obtained that this elephant form was designed to represent a buffalo, and that a land slide lengthened the snout into resemblance of an elephant's pro boscis. The measurements of this large effigy mound were ascer tained to be as follows: Total length, 135 feet; across the body, 36 feet; from end of proboscis to forelegs, 39 feet. This interesting relic of the past has nearly disappeared under the obliterating process of the agriculturist. Most curious of all the mound structures was the "ancient city of Aztalan," as the supposed fortifications in Jefferson county have been called.

This ancient enclosure, the only one of its kind in Wisconsin, was for a long time believed to have been a citadel, but Increase A. Lapham's investigations established the fact that it was Intended, not for defense, but for the performance of sacred rites and for burial. The ancient city was discovered just sixty years ago, and has often been referred to as one of the wonders of the Western world. Its discoverer gave it its name, suggesting its occupancy by the old Aztecs. Early writers described the works as a fortress, with bastions or buttresses at nearly regular distances. As the earth Group of Effigy mounds Peculiar to Wisconsin. 1. Squirrel Mound, Mendota. 2. Bear Mound, English Prairie. 3. Deer Mound, near Madison. 4. Bird Mound, Lake Wlngra. 5. Turtle Mound, Waukesha. 6. Frog Mound, Wisconsin River. 7.

War Club Mound, Mayville. near the top was burned and the reddish clay bore impressions of straw, it was supposed that the walls were built of brick. An ex haustive examination showed, however, that the banks are of earth, the mixture of wild hay and burned clay extending but a short dis tance below the surface, and that the so-called bricks bore no regular form. The projecting mounds, which some antiquarians assumed to be bastions of a fort or citadel, were found to be sepulchres. A cavity was found wherein two bodies had been interred in a sitting posture. There were also found numerous fragments of earthen ware, portions of broken vessels varying in size from a few inches to three feet across the rim. The relics unearthed by antiquarians Leading Events of Wisconsin History. have been carried to all parts of the world, for many men of science have used she spade among these mounds during the last half century.

Many plausible arguments have been advanced in support of the theory that here was a citadel to which the mound builders repaired when threatened — the buttresses or bastions at regular intervals, the watch towers and the outworks, the strategic location along the Rock river, giving the besieged access to water, all conveyed the impression that the enclosure was designed for a military fortifica tion. This theory is exploded by Lapham's observation that "the fort is entirely commanded from the summit of a ridge extending along the west side parallel with and much higher than the west walls themselves, and within fair arrow shot; so that an enemy posted on it would have a decided advantage over those within the defense." It is the conclusion of Lapham that this was a place of worship; "the pyramidal mounds .being the place of sacrifice, like the teocalli of Mexico.

From its isolated situation — there being no other similar structure for a great distance in any direction — it may be conjec tured that this was a kind of Mecca to which a periodical pilgrimage was prescribed by their religion. Here may have been the great annual feasts and sacrifices of a whole nation. Thousands of per sons from remote locations may have engaged in midnight cere monies conducted by the priests. The temple, lighted by fires kindled on the great pyramids and at every projection on the walls, on such occasions would have presented an imposing spectacle, well calculated to impress the minds of the people with awe and solemnity. That these works were designed for some such uses seems quite probable." The total length of the wall constituting the enclosure, when the measurement was first taken, was 2,750 feet, the ridge being about twenty-two feet wide.

At regular intervals, on the outside, were the mounas which descriptive writers have called bastions of the fort. These were about eighty feet apart, and about forty feet in diameter. It was a matter of dispute for a long time whether some of the effigy mounds were modeled after the human form. Some antiquarians contended that the mounds were so designed, others that the form of a bird was intended. It must be conceded that many of the mounds which were so described as man-shaped bore little resem blance to the human form divine. It was not till 1859 that convincing proof was obtained that the ancient sculptors of earth sought to model the human form. In that year there was found near Baraboo, in Sauk county, an earthwork that was unmistakably formed like a man. It was a huge figure, measuring fully two hundred and four teen feet, with a head thirty feet in length, body one hundred and legs eighty-four feet long.

The lines were graceful, this verdureclad giant being in position of walking towards the West. While the various members were somewhat disproportionate, there was no mistaking the general form. Other man-shaped mounds have since been found, but none so perfect in its outlines. It is a curious fact that the flourishing cities of to-day are most ly where once were the chief gathering places of the. Indians, and that the old Indian trails were almost identical with the stage routes that succeeded them. It was not all coincidence that led to the Tambourine Drum. choice of identical centers of population and routes of travel, for the natural geographical advantages largely determined this selection for the red men, as well as the white men. Tracing the analogy to prehistoric times, the same facts hold true.

Milwaukee, Madison, Beloit, Waukesha, Fort Atkinson, Pewaukee, Sheboygan, Racine, Manitowoc, Prairie du Chien and many other cities in the southern half of the state are located where the presence of numerous emble matic mounds show that prehistoric villages once existed, for these mounds have been located usually on the natural lines of travel, and the places where groups of them have been found, show evidences of earlier occupation by considerable numbers of people.

Chapter III. Pre-columbian Copper Mining In Wisconsin

Most curious of all the ancient implements unearthed in Wis consin are specimens of unalloyed copper — the most rare of all archaeological findings. When it became known that Wisconsin's soil contained more of these relics of pre-Columbian copper mining in North America than any other region known, much attention was attracted to the discoveries made here. At the Centennial exposi tion, twenty years ago, the whole number of copper implements ex hibited was 210. Of these 164 came from Wisconsin. The rarity of such specimens previous to the Wisconsin finds may be judged from the fact that the only European museum at that time known to possess copper tools was the Royal Academy at Dublin, and the few specimens there came from India. The Wisconsin coppers comprise a variety of implements. Many of them are spear and arrow heads, marked with dents to represent the number of beasts or men killed by the weapon; some are knives, chisels, adzes and other tools; a number are axes, weighing as much as four and a half pounds.

The heaviest copper specimen ever un earthed is a Wisconsin ax, whose weight is nearly five pounds. Like the ancient mounds, the origin of Wisconsin's copper im plements has become a fruitful source of learned controversy. Those who have maintained that copper implements were the handiwork of a pre-Indian race, have argued that Indian ingenuity never reached such development as is exhibited in their manufacture; moreover, that when white men first came among Wisconsin Indians, their tools and arrow heads were made of flint and not of metal — showing that copper mining was an art unknown to Indians. In the written accounts of some of the early French voyageurs in this region, which have been preserved in the archives at Paris, there is no reference to the use of copper tools, though the knowledge of the metal, which the Indians of that period regarded as a sacred gift, not as an article of utility, is mentioned.

In 1660 Claude Allouez, founder of the first Catholic mission in Wisconsin, wrote: "I have seen in the hands of the savages pieces of copper weighing from ten to twenty pounds. They esteem them as divinities or as presents made them by the gods." Writing of the Wisconsin Indians after his journey from Green Bay past the site of the future city of Milwaukee, two hundred and fifteen years ago, Robert de La Salle noted that "the extremity of their arrows is armed with a sharp stone or the tooth of some animal, instead of iron. Their buffalo arrow is nothing else but a stone or bone, or sometimes a piece of very hard wood." Father Louis Hennepin, who was faithful in his description of Indian customs, though inclined to exaggerate when narrating his own wonderful deeds, tells in his history that the Indians instead of hatches and knives utilized sharp stones, and instead of awls used sharp bones.

MEDICINE DRUM AND STICK. FROM THE FIFTEENTH ANNUAL BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY REPORT. (Used by Menomonee Indians. The drum contains water, and the hollow rever beration of the drum-beat can be heard a mile distant.) A later writer was the French historian Charlevoix. He visited these parts about 1720, and described the Indian hatchets of flint, which were the only implements used in felling trees. "To fix them in the handle," he said, "they cut off the head of a young tree and make a notch in it, in which they thrust the head of the hatchet. After some time the tree, by growing together, keeps Leading Events of Wisconsin History. the hatohet so fixed that it cannot come out. They then cut the tree to such a length as they would have the handle. Both the ar rows and javelins are armed with a point of bone wrought in differ ent shapes."

The venerable Dr. J. D. Butler of Madison learnedly contended for many years that the copper implements found in Wisconsin show evidences of having been cast in moulds, some of them showing the mould marks where the halves of the form-flask united. The scoffers at the theory of a pre-historic metallurgy have argued as strongly on the other side. Dr. P. R. Hoy of Racine, ex president of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, declared that the copper miners of the Lake Superior region did not employ a smelting process in fashioning their implements. "Copper is a refractory metal," he said. "It melts at from 2,200 to 2,600 degrees, a temperature that can be reached only in a furnace assisted by some form of coal and an artificial blast. We must have good evidence before we assert that these dwellers by the lake pos sessed these indispensable auxiliaries to successful working in metals.

Besides, in casting copper, it is positively necessary to put the materials in a crucible. The manufacture of good crucibles, such as will withstand the heat necessary to melt the more refractory metals, involves such a degree of knowledge that for many generations the entire civilized world was dependent on a small section of Germany." Dr. Hoy called attention to the fact that a majority of the cop per implements found in Wisconsin have specks or points of pure silver scattered over them. The best authorities say that a single speck of pure silver, visible even with the microscope, is positive evidence that the specimen was never melted. It was the theory of Dr. Hoy that the specimens were hammered into shape, and not smelted. This is his explanation: "These ancient Indians, for, I believe, they were Indians, used nre in their mining operations.