King's Handbook of New York City. An outline history and description of the American metropolis. With ... illustrations, etc. (Second edition.)

Front matter

1893.— SECOND EDITION.— 1893. KINGS mi?aiD)H@©]&-@IF- NEW VORK CITV AM OUTLIME mSTOFCy- AnDDE5>CRIPT10M ■ OP TME-AA\ER ICAn-AETROPOLI-lS' □XI WITH- OVER- ONE THOUSAND- I LLUSTRATlOslfvFROnPrtO -TOGRAPHS MADE EXPRESS" -IY- FOR THIS WORK- @1*&® THE MHTTHEWS-N1.I.TMRUP CO., COMPLETE AP-T-PHINTINIi *o«>, nutt-AUl, N. I. Ccfyritrkt {and by dieses Kine. ('SOS) CONTENTS. Copyright < and ■ by Moses A tng. ( iSqj ) PAGES.

Index.— An extensive detailed list of pictures and complete index to subjects, names, etc., is at the close of the volume. .* 985-1,008 Historical.— New York of the Past, from the Earliest Times to tne Present, . . . 5"4° New York of the Present.— A Comprehensive Outline Description of the Whole City — Area, Population, Wealth, Statistics, etc , 47-68 The Water Ways The Harbor and Rivers — Piers and Shipping— Fortifications and Quarantine — Exports and Imports — Oceanic and Coastwise Lines, etc., . . 09-108 Transportation and Transit.— Railroads, Steam, Elevated, Cable, Horse and Electric — Stages, etc 109-140 Thoroughfares and Adornments.— Streets, Avenues, Boulevards, Alleys, Ways, Parks, Squares, Drives, Monuments, Statues, Fountains, etc., 141-184 Overhead and Underfoot.— Bridges, Tunnels, Sewers, Water, Aqueducts, Reservoirs, Lighting by Gas and Electricity, Telegraph, Telephone, etc., 185-214 Life in the Metropolis. — Hotels, Inns, Caf^s, Restaurants, Apartment-Houses, Flats, Homes, Tenements, etc., 215-244 The Rule of the City. — The City, County, State and National Governments — Officers and Buildings., Courts, etc., 245-266 The General Culture.— Educational Institutions— Universities, Colleges, Academies, and Seminaries ; and Public, Private and Parochial Schools and Kindergartens, . 267-302 The Higher Culture.— Art Museums and Galleries, Scientific, Literary, Musical and Kindred Institutions, Societies and Organizations 3°3~324 The Literary Culture. — Libraries, Public, Club, Society and Private, 325~334 Shrines of Worship. — Cathedrals, Churches, Synagogues, and other Places of Religious Worship and Work, 335~418 Charity and Benevolence. — Institutions and Associations for the Poor and Unfortunate — Homes and Asylums, and Temporary Relief, 4I9~456 The Sanitary Organizations.— Board of Health and Health Statistics — Hospitals, Dispensaries, Morgue, Curative Institutions, Insane and other Asylums, .... 457~492 Reformatories and Corrections. — The Police Courts, Prisons, House of Refuge, Penitentiaries, Work-House, House of Correction, etc., 493_5°4 Final Resting-Places.— Cemeteries, Burial-Places, Crematories, Church Yards and Vaults, Tombs, etc., 505-522 Defense and Protection.— Police Department, Military and Militia, Army and Pension Offices, Fire Department, Fire Patrol, Detectives, etc 523-542 Sociability and Friendship. — Clubs and Social Associations, Secret and Friendship Organizations, 543-574 Amusement Places.— Play-Houses, Opera-Houses, Theatres, Public Halls, Museums, Outdoor Sports, etc., 575-608 Journalism and Publishing.— Newspapers and Periodicals, Book, Music and other Publishing 609-638 Fire and Marine Insurance. — Offices and Companies for assuming losses by fires and transit and Fire and Marine Underwriters Associations 639-662 Life-insurance.— Companies for protection of widows, orphans and others, and for providing incomes in advanced age, etc., and Life-insurance Associations, . . . 663-682 Miscellaneous

Insurance.— Companies for providing against accidents, explosions, broken plate-glass, dishonest employees, loss of salaries, and for furnishing bonds, 683-690 Financial Institutions.— United-States Treasury and Assay Office, Clearing House, National and State Banks, Bankers, Brokers, etc., 691-752 Fiduciary Institutions.— Trust and Investment Companies, Savings-Banks, Safe- Deposit Companies, etc., 753-782 Financial and Commercial Associations.— The Custom House, Chamber of Commerce, the Stock, Produce, Cotton and other Exchanges, Board of Trade, Mercantile and other Agencies, Warehouses and Markets, 783-816 Architectural Features.— Development in Architecture— Notable Office-Buildings and Business Blocks, 817-842 Notable Retail Establishments.— Interesting and prominent Retail Concerns, nearly all being unquestioned leading houses in their respective lines 843-870 Notable Wholesale Establishments —Some gigantic Firms and Corporations, whose yearly transactions involve millions of dollars and extend over the earth, . 871-912 Notable Manufacturers.— An outline hiStory v( some preeminent industries carried on or represented in New York » . , 913-984

Preface

TO SECOND EDITION. NEVER before has any one put forth an illustrated history and description of New- York City in a single volume at all compar able with "King's Handbook." This volume contains exactly 1,008 pages, more than 1,000 illustrations, thirty chapters, and an index of twenty-four pages with 72 columns, containing over' 5,000 items and about 20,000 references. The text furnishes an elaborate but condensed history and description of the city itself, and also of every notable public institution and especially interesting feature. The illustrations give many reminders of the past, and furnish an extensive series of pictures of the present city, to an extent many times beyond that of any volume yret published. Every plate was made expressly for this book, and so were nearly all of the original photographs.

The whole has been care fully printed on an exceptionally fine quality of paper. It is conceded to be the handsomest, the most thorough, the largest, the most costly and the most profusely illustrated book of its class ever issued for any city in the world. The original text was prepared with the utmost care, and was the result of the painstaking work of many individuals, principally of Moses Foster Sweetser, Henri Pene du Bois, William Henry Burbank, Lyman Horace Weeks, Henry Edward Wallace, John Collins Welch, Louis Berg and Charles Putnam Tower. The manuscript underwent a thorough revision at the hands of several thousand people, each an authority on the submitted portion, and thus the book became an authentic volume. The text was amplified, rectified, and verified by Mr. Sweetser, the foremost American in this special field of literature.

Valuable general assistance was also given by Mr. Tower. Although the first edition appeared only ten months ago the present volume is not another edition in the ordinary use of the term. It is in fact a new book. Nearly every text page has been reset, and changes of every character have been made throughout the book. About 300 new engravings are inserted, some to replace former ones, but a large part appear for the first time from new originals. The book is now larger and better, with more text and more illustrations. It is indeed a picture of New York in 1893. Its success has exceeded all expectations. The first edition comprised 10,000 copies, and was exhausted in a few weeks. The present edition is 20,000 copies, more than one-half of which are needed to fill orders on hand before publication.

In the second edition the revisions and additions were made by Mr. Sweetser and the undersigned, with the cooperation of more than 3,000 people, who have kindly made revisions or substitutes for the parts in which they had direct interest. Historical works, newspapers, special reports and hundreds of other sources of information, too numerous to permit of specific acknowledgment, have been utilized. The illustrations are almost wholly from specially-made photographs, upwards of 1.500 negatives having been made by Arthur Chiar, who has shown remarkable skill in photographing exceedingly difficult subjects. Some photographs were made by Frank E. Parshley, John S. Johnston, C. C. Langill and others. The designs for the cover linings and the series of bird's-eye views were made by the New-York Photogravure Company, the President of which is Ernest Edwards.

The entire mechanical work from cover to cover, with slight exceptions, was done by The Matthews-Northrup Company, the famous Art- Printers of Buffalo, whose establishment is one of the most complete in the world, and whose President, George E. Matthews, and Art-manager, Charles E. Sickels, are entitled to much of the credit for the artistic effect of this volume. If it were usual to dedicate a volume of this character, this one would be dedicated to Charles F. Clark, the President of The Bradstreet Com pany, to whom I am indebted for substantial aid, valuable suggestions, and hearty encouragement. And now this second edition is submitted to the public, with the hope that it will be found to be : Good enough for any body, Cheap enough for everybody,' and that the appreciation of the public will necessitate many editions.

MOSES KING, Editor and Publisher. Boston, July r, 1893. and suggestions for future editions are invited New York, of tlae .Past, from the Earliesl Times to the Present. THE HISTORY of the city of New York, in its Dutch, British, and American periods, abounds in episodes of deep interest, illustrating the development of a petty fur-trading post into the great cosmopolitan metropolis of the Western Hemisphere. Many ponderous volumes have been devoted to this worthy theme, with a wealth of illustration and much grace of literary style ; and yet but a part of the wonderful story has been told. In this brief chapter an attempt is made to exhibit a few vignettes from the nearly three centuries of annals pertaining to the Empire City, and to give a few intimations of her lines of advance and of successful endeavor.

Manhattan was the original place-name. Mumioh was an Indian word for "island"; in Abenaqui, JMenatan ; in Delaware, Menatey ; in Chippewa, Minis. Thus Grand Menan, in the Bay of Fundy ; and Manati, the ancient Indian name of Long Island ; and Manisees, the old name of Block Island. Menatan was any small island ; Menates or Manisees, the small island. The island on which New York stands was sometimes spoken of as "the island," Manate, or Manhatte ; sometimes as "a small island," Alanathan, Menatan, or Manhatan ; and some times as "the small island," Ma?ihaates, Manattes, and Manados. The same root appears in Manhanset, Montauk (Manati-auke), and other Indian place-names. Campanius speaks of " Manataanung, or Manaates, a place settled by the Dutch, who built there a clever little town, which went on increasing every day."

The first recorded visitor to this jocund region was Verrazano, a Florentine navigator and traveller, who was serving at that time as a French corsair. He sailed from Brittany in the Dauphine, in 1524, and cruised up the American coast Copyright iSq2 and iSqj by Moses Ring. BarncUgat NEW NETHERLAND From Hie Map of A. VANDERDONCK. I6S6. DUTCH MAP OF NEW YORK, 1656. from Cape Fear to New-York Bay, where his ship lay at anchor for a few days, sending boats np the river and meeting a kindly reception from the natives. There is a tradition that ships of the Dutch Greenland Company entered the North River in 1598, and wintered there, the crews dwelling in a fort which they had con structed on the shore. But the first practical and undoubted discovery of our harbor and river was due to Henry Hudson, an English mariner, at that time in the employ of a Holland trading corporation.

In 1609 the Dutch East India Company sent Hudson out on a voyage of discovery ; and after making landfalls at Newfoundland, Penobscot Bay, Cape Cod and Delaware Bay, he entered the harbor of New York. In his little ship, the Halve-Maen ("Half-Moon"), with the orange, white and blue flag of Holland floating from the mast, the bold explorer ascended the Hudson River, through the mountains, nearly to the site of Albany, trading with the native tribes DUTCH COTTAGE AT NEW YORK, 1679. on the way. He had hoped and fancied that the grand stream might be the long sought northwest passage to the East Indies ; and when the shoaling water above Albany indicated that it was but an ordinary river, he turned about and dropped down the stream and spread his sails for Europe. He carried back the report that the new-found country contained many fur-bearing animals ; and the dwellers under the cold northern skies of Holland needed and prized furs for winter clothing.

The very next year some Dutch merchants sent out a ship to trade here, and in its crew were several of the sailors of the Hals-Moon. In i6li Adriaen Block visited Man ha-tan, and carried thence to Europe two sons of an Indian chief, the first New- Yorkers to visit the Old World. The next year Block and Christiaensen were sent across in the Tiger and the Fortune, by several enterprising Amsterdam merchants, to open trade at Manhattan. Christiaensen built Fort Nassau, near the site of Albany, and started a flourishing trade with the Mohawks ; and erected a group of log huts near the southern point of Manhattan (45 Broadway) ; and Block built here a vessel, the Onrurt (or "Restless"), in which he explored the coast eastward to Block Island. This brave little vessel was the pioneer of the vast commerce of New York, which has since that day borne its flags over all seas, and to the remotest ports of both hemispheres.

In 1614 the States-General chartered the United New-Netherland Company, of Amsterdam merchants, to traffic here for three years ; and under the orders of this corporation traders penetrated far inland, and the treaty of Tawasentha was con cluded with the Indians. In 1621 the Dutch Government chartered the West India "THE DUKE'S PLAN,-' MADE FOR JAMES, DUKE OF YORK, ABOUT 186*. Company, with the powers of making treaties, maintaining courts, and employing soldiers ; and three years later their ship New Netherland entered the North River, bearing a colony of I IO Walloons, or people of French origin from southern Holland. Some of these stayed at Manhattan, and others scattered throughout the country. Nearly all who had come to Manhattan hitherto were transient fur-traders and servants of the company.

The Walloon immigration marks the first real and per manent colonization of the new land, as a place of homes. The new-comers BRADFORD'S MAP OF NEW YORK, 1728. brought their families, and also horses and cattle, sheep and swine, and farming implements and seed. In 1625 came the first specimen of the New-York girl, now the delight of two hemispheres, in the diminutive person of Sarah Rapaelje, "the first-born Christian daughter " in the colony. The first white male child born on Manhattan Island was Jean Vigne, who appeared in 1614. His mother owned a farm at the corner of Wall and Pearl streets, and on the hill back of it stood a great windmill. Vigne was a farmer and brewer, and three times schepen of the town. He left no children. The first director sent out by the West India Company to govern its North-River trading-post was Captain Mey ; who was succeeded, in 1625, by William Verhulst.

A year later four ships arrived, bringing fresh relays of colonists and 103 head of cattle. In 1626 the Sea-Mew arrived in the harbor, bringing Peter Minuit, the new Director-General, and the first of the four notable rulers of the colony. His earliest official act was the purchase of Manhattan Island from the savages, the payment being in beads, buttons and other trinkets to the value of 60 guilders^ $24). This policy of purchas ing land from the Indians was fol lowed by all the Dutch rulers and colonists. Manhattan was then a so rest - bordered island, swampy along the shores, and rising RHINELANDER'S SUGAR-HOUSE AND RESIDENCE, BETWEEN WILLIAM AND ROSE STREETS. inland to low hills crowned with oaks and hickories. On the line of Canal Street tidal marshes and ponds stretched from river to river, and were covered with sea-water at high tide.

Wolves and panthers prowled among the rugged ledges and dense thickets beyond, whence an occasional bear sallied forth to dine at ease on the Netherland sheep ; and hungry deer ran swiftly southward to trample down the settlers' crops, and enjoy the taste of their corn and wheat. Near the Battery stood a group of the mean precursors of the vast cosmopolitan civilization which was destined to rise on this site ; and farther up the island, a few groups of wigwams and communal houses stood in the open valleys, near the corn and tobacco fields of the aborigines. The houses of the Dutch trading-post were of one story, including two rooms, with chimneys of wood, roofs of straw, furniture hewn out of rough planks, and wooden platters and spoons. In 1626 the village had 200 inhabitants, which were augmented to 270 by 1628.

About this time it assumed the name of Fort Amsterdam, in memory of the metropolis of the Dutch Republic. The United Netherlands which thus bore Manhattan as a favored child was then conspicuous in Europe in commerce and the mechanic arts. Her dauntless bat talions had just shattered forever the power of Spain, and her fleets defied the marin ers of England by cruising up and down the English Channel with brooms at their mast-heads. Her cultivation in literature was exemplified in Grotius and DeWitt KING'S HAA'DBOOK OF NEW YORK. 11 NEW YORK IN 1728, LYNE'S MAP. THE IRREGULAR PORTION OF THE CITY, AS ORIGINALLY LAID OUT. Barneveld and William the Silent, and by the great University of Leyden, famous throughout Christendom. In art, her Rembrandt and Rubens, Van Dyck and Teniers, were painting those pictures which are still the admiration of Europe.

The most adventurous spirits of this wonderful nation sought new fields beyond the sea, and made a deep and enduring impress on the nascent city and common wealth. Most of Minuit's colonists were merely servants of the West India Company, without the rights of owning land, manufacturing, or trading with the Indians. NEW YORK IN 1776. MAJOR HOLLAND'S MAP. They came to Manhattan only to work for the company, and of this they had enough, building cabins, stone warehouses and mills. Near the Bowling Green (on the site of No. 4 Bowling Green) they also erected Fort Amsterdam, a bastioned earth work with three sides, and walls crested with red cedar palisades. Minuit sent his secretary, De Rasieres, in the barque Nassau to Manomet, in Massachusetts, whence NEW YORK IN 1739. ENGRAVED BY P. P.. MAVERICK. he journeyed to Plymouth, and opened friendly communications and trade relations with the Pilgrim colony.

Boston had not yet been founded. About the same time Huyck and Krol came hither as "consolers of the sick;" and began Christian observances in the colony by reading the Scriptures and Creeds in the upper room of the horse-mill. Manhattan in 1629 and 1630 sent to Amsterdam 130,000 guilders' worth of goods, being a large balance in favor of the colony. In 1631 the Manhattan ship-yard built the great ship New Netherland, of 800 tons and 30 guns, one of the largest vessels then afloat. In 1633 Director-General Wouter Van Twiller reached Manhattan in the frigate Zoutberg, bringing in a prize Spanish caravel, and having in his company the first accredited clergyman on these shores, Dominie Everardus Bogardus, and the first professional schoolmaster, Adam Roelandsen. While New England depended on her fisheries, and Virginia on the tobacco trade, New Netherland shipped grain to Boston and over-seas, and rich peltries to Holland.

Van Twiller brought with him 104 Dutch troops, the first soldiers to enter Man hattan ; and for their proper accommodation he erected barracks, and enlarged and strengthened Fort Amsterdam. His colonists were never so happy as when draining their huge pewter tank ards ; and to pro vide means for these joyous revels, he erected a profitable brewery. The most conspicuous objects on the island were the tall windmills which he built, and whose slowly re volving arms re called to the burghers the similar works towering over the far-away mead- "YE EXECUTION OF GOFF, YE NEGER OF MR. MOTHIUS, ON YE COMMONS." ows of Holland. But Van Twiller, fat and moon-faced, low of stature and dull of wit, was a shrewd trader and self-provider, and secured as his own private property Nutten (Governor's) Island and Blackwell's Island and other valuable properties.

He also granted to Roelof Jans 62 acres of land along the North River, between Fulton and Christopher Streets, and reaching Broadway near Fulton Street. In 167 1 the heirs sold this domain to Governor Lovelace, and it became incorporated with the King's Farm. This united estate was presented by Queen Anne to Trinity Church in 1703. Van Twiller's successor, William Kieft, little, fussy, fiery and avaricious, ruled from 1638 to 1647 ; and built a stone tavern near Coenties Slip, the stone church of St. Nicholas, in the fort, and a distillery. In his time hundreds of New-Englanders, flying from religious intolerance, settled in the province, and the Indian tribes of the lower Hudson swept the Dutch settlements with torch and tomahawk, and even shot guards on the walls of Fort Amsterdam. Angered at Kieft's imposition of taxes, and at his unwise Indian policy, the burghers united against him, and inaugurated popular government here.

Scores of unarmed and friendly Indians were massacred in their camp at the foot of Grand Street by Dutch soldier-, who also slaughtered 80 more at Pavonia, without resistance, and even larger numbers at Canarsie and Greenwich. At the end of the Indian war in 1645 there were but 100 persons left at Manhattan, and 1,500 in the province. The poor little colony, the plaything of a foreign commercial corporation, drooped rapidly, especially after the West India Company began to lose money here, and so its officers planned to absorb the best lands in the new domain and to assume feudal NEW YORK IN 1778. THOMAS KITCHIN, fi-NIOB'a, MAP. . P.OX TH_ LONDON MAGAZINE. prerogatives, under the title of "Patroons." The States-General, therefor-, cur tailed the company's privileges greatly, and colonists began to pour in from all parts, so that in 1643 eighteen different nationalities were repre sented in New Ams terdam alone.

The cosmopolitan growth of the future city was prophesied early in the 17th cen tury by the Amster dam Chamber, which declared that when its population and navi gation "should be come permanently es tablished, when the ships of New Nether land ride on every part of the ocean, then numbers, now looking to that coast with NEW YORK AND EAST RIVER, FROM BROOKLYN HEIGHTS. eager eyes, will be allured to embark for your island." The accuracy of this pre diction has been veri fied to an extent quite more than desirable, especially during the last half century. The irregular lines of the lower New- York streets are due to the fact that the colony grew for thirty years before streets were laid out, and the settlers built their cabins wherever they liked. There were but two public roads, the Boston (or Old Post) road, from the Battery along Broadway and the Bowery ; and the ferry road, from the fort along the lines of Stone Street and Hanover Square to the Brooklyn ferry at Peck Slip.

De Perel Straat (Pearl Street) was on the water side ; Water, Front and South Streets all having been reclaimed from the river. Pearl Street is the oldest in New York, and was built upon in 1633, being followed closely by Bridge Street. The most ancient conveyance of property now on record in New York shows that Van Steenwyck sold to Van Fees a lot of 3,300 square feet on Bridge Street for $9.60. The first lot of land granted on Broadway (then called De Heere Straat) was in 1643, to Martin Krigier, who erected here the celebrated Krigier's Tavern, on whose site ruse the King's Arms Tavern, afterwards the Atlantic Gardens (9 Broadway). The next (and last) Director-General was Petrus Stuyvesant, a veteran of the West-Indian wars, wearing a wooden leg banded with silver. He was an autocratic, decided and vigorous ruler ; and sturdily fought the colonists, patroons, and Home Government in the interests of the West India Company.

Lutherans, Baptists, Quakers and other dissenters from the Reformed religion were persecuted, and NEW YORK IN 1775. FORT GEORGE, FROM THE HARBOR. Stuyvesant forbade the mustering of the burgher guard, and ousted the municipal council of the Nine from their honorary pew in the church. Fearful of attack from England and New England, the gallant old soldier fortified the town in 1653 with a breastwork, ditch and sharpened palisades, running from the East River nearly to the North River, and garnished with block-houses. This defensive wall was 2,340 feet long. From Lombard Street it followed the crest of the bluff along the North River as far as the fort. Fort Amsterdam, on the site of the brick block southeast of Bowling Green, was built of small Holland brick, and contained the governor's house, the church, and quarters for 300 soldiers.

It stood from 1635 until 1790-91. The quaint little Dutch seaport was governed from its picturesque stone Stadt Huys, in front of which stood a high gallows. Here often gathered the entire body of the people, from the black-gowned schepens and the richly-clad patroons and merchants down to the common populace, whose men were clad in jackets and wide baggy breeches, and their women in bodices and short skirts. The site of the Stadt Huys is now occupied by No. 73 Pearl Street. Pearl Street was then known as "the Road to the Ferry " (to Brooklyn); and passed through the wall at the Water Gate, which was strengthened by a block-house and a two-gun battery. Before the end of the century these defenses were augmented by the Slip Battery of ten guns, near Coenties Slip ; the Stadt-Huys Battery of five guns ; the Whitehall Battery of fifteen guns ; a wall with bastions and postern gates along the North River ; and stone bastions near Broadway and Nassau Street.

An arched gate way spanned Broadway where that avenue crossed the walls ; and other gates and posterns occurred at convenient points. During the second Dutch dominion it was the duty of the Schout (or Mayor) to walk around the city every morning with a guard, and unlock the gates, after which he gave the keys to the com mander of the fort. At evening he locked the gates and posted sentries and pickets at exposed points. Outside the town wall a footpath led to the ponds near by, and because this way had been made by the Dutch lasses going to the ponds to wash clothes, it was called T'Maagde Paatje, or the Maidens' Path, and later Maiden Lane. Inside the wall, Broad Street stretched its lines of little gabled brick and stone houses, and a narrow canal ran down its center. Farther down came Whitehall, the fashionable quarter, VIEW OF NEW YORK IN 1746—MIDDLE DUTCH AND FRENCH CHURCHES. with prim, bright gardens of dahlias and tulips, and orchards surrounding its quaint step-gabled houses of small black and yellow brick, and Stuyvesant's town house of Whitehall.

Bowling Green was at an early day set apart for a parade-ground and village-green, and for public festivities and solemnities, May-poles and the games of the children ; and here also great Indian councils were held. It was for many decades known as "The Plain "; and here, in 1658, was established the first market house in the city. Every morning the village herdsman passed through the streets blowing his horn, at which the settlers turned their cattle out from their yards, and they were formed into a common herd, and driven along Pearl Street to the present City-Hall Park, which was then known as De Vlackte ("The Flat"). At night the herdsman drove back the cattle, leaving at each citizen's door his own good milch cow. Sometimes, perchance, he lingered in the great cherry orchard, near Franklin Square, from which the modern Cherry Street derives its name ; or loitered along the edge of Beekman's Swamp, now given over to leather-dealers ; or rested under the shadow of the barn-like church, near Whitehall ; or watched the whirling arms of the windmill on State Street.

Stuyvesant also founded (in 1658) the village of Niew Harlaem, on the northern part of Manhattan, and began a good highway thitherward. It was during Stuyvesant's time, in 1653, that the West India Company incorporated Niew Amsterdam as a city, with a government mod elled on that of Amsterdam, and composed of a schout, two burgomasters and five schepens. The city thus created had 1,000 inhabitants and 120 houses. Moreover, in 1650, Dirck Van Schelluyne, the first lawyer here, had opened his practice. Between 1656 and 1660 most of the seventeen streets were paved with cobble stones, and provided with gutters in the middle. The first to be paved were De Hoogh Straat (Stone Street) and De Brugh Street (Bridge Street). In 1658 the NEW YORK IN 1746— LOWER MARKET AND LANDING. first fire-company came into existence, under the name of "The Rattle Watch."

It numbered eight men, who were to stay on watch and duty from nine in the even ing until morning drum-beat. At the same time the equipment of the fire-department was prepared, in the importation from Holland of a supply of hooks and ladders and 250 fire-buckets. The gabled ends of the houses faced the streets, and were (even in the cases of wooden edifices) decorated with a checker-work of small black and yellow bricks, all of which were imported from Holland until Stuyvesant's time. Iron figures showing the dates of their erection were fastened in the gables between their zig-zag sides. The main doors of the houses had heavy and well-polished brass knockers; and over each cresting gable a quaint weather-cock whirled with the breeze. Sitting on the stoops or under the low eaves, or leaning over their half-doors, the burghers discussed the problems of their day amid clouds of tobacco smoke.

Every house had its garden, with places for horse and cow, pigs and chickens, and a patch of cabbage and a bed of tulips. The parlor, carpeted only with fine white sand, contained the great camlet-valanced bed, with homespun linen and grotesque patch -work quilts, the iron-bound oaken chest of linen, the corner cupboard, with the small but precious store of plate and porcelain ; the tea-table, stiff Russia-leather chairs, flowered chintz curtains, quaint old pictures, and the fire place, surrounded with storied Dutch tiles. The kitchen was the home-room, with the large square dining-table, the vrouw's spinning-wheel, the burgher's capacious chair and pipe, and the immense fire-place, with its hooks and iron pots, and chimney corner seats sacred to children and stories. A fair city lot could still be obtained for $50, and the rent of a very good house did not exceed $20 a year.