A manual of ancient history : particularly with regard to the constitutions, the commerce, and the colonies of the states of antiquity

Front matter

A MANUAL OF ANCIENT HISTORY, BY A. H. L. HEEREN. OXFORD: I'll IN TED BV D. A. TALBOYS. A MANUAL OF ANCIENT HISTORY, PAKTICULARLY WITH REGARD TO THE CONSTITUTIONS, THE COMMERCE, AND THE COLONIES, OF THE STATES OF ANTIQUITY, BY A. H. L. HEEREN ; KNIGHT OF THE NORTH STAR AND GUEI.PH1C ORDER; AULIC COUNSELLOR AND PROFESSOR OF H1STOKV IN THE UNIVERSITY OF GOETTINGEN ', AND MEMBER OF SEVERAL OTHER LEARNED SOCIETIES. TRANSLATED FROM THE GERMAN. OXFORD PUBLISHED BY D. A. TALBOYS. 1829. TRANSLATOR'S

Preface

. Among the various and profound treatises on history which enrich and adorn the literary stores of Germany, the works of Heeren are dis tinguished by their extended range of inquiry, as well as by the minute accuracy of their details. To the patient industry of that nation we are indebted for the first production of manuals of history, and those synchronistic tables which have so much facilitated the systematic study of ancient history. The work now presented to the public com prises the advantages of both these methods of historical instruction, since the geography, chronology, biography, and bibliography of the kingdoms and countries of the ancient world are brought at once before the eye of the reader, and so lucid is the arrangement, that the darkest and most tangled portions of history are seen in a clear and perspicuous light.

The man who is already possessed of considerable historical know ledge, and the student commencing his re searches, may each be benefited by this Manual ; it will enable the one to methodise his collected acquisitions, and guide the other through his un tried and intricate course. The estimation in which this work has long been held on the con tinent, maybe gathered from the fact of its having passed through six large editions in German, a VI TRANSLATOR'S

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. two in French, and its having been translated into almost every other European language. It is now presented for the first time to English readers ; and as professor Heeren is in constant correspondence with the publishers, and supplies them with his latest alterations and corrections, the translator confidently hopes, that the utility of the Manual will be not less extensively recognised in this country. He is encouraged in these hopes by the favourable reception given to the History of Greece, now so generally used in this university. If an equal favour is shown to the present work, the translator will feel emboldened to follow up his success by the publication of another elaborate work of the same author, the Historical Manual of the Political System of the States of Europe, and of their Colonies from the discovery of the Indies. Oxford, Michaelmas term, 1829.

PREFACE.

TO THE FIRST EDITION. In adding to the number of Manuals on Ancient History already published, I believe myself bound to give an account of the plan on which the present has been executed. It was at first designed to be used in my public lectures, and from them it has grown up to what it now is. In them I did not believe it necessary to state all we know or think we know of ancient history. Many facts highly interesting to the learned historian are not adapted for public lectures. It is therefore my great object to make choice of such incidents as ought to be known by my pupils in order for the effectual prosecution of their historical studies. I have not therefore ex tended my labours so far as to give an historical notice of every nation, but have limited myself to those most remarkable for their general civiliza tion and political eminence.

The objects to which I have particularly di rected my attention are, the formation of states, the changes in their constitution, the routes by which commerce was carried on, the share which the nations respectively took therein, and, as im mediately connected therewith, their extension by means of colonies. a v.ii

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. _ The favourable reception which my larger work, executed after a different plan, upon these sub jects, has met with, would lead me to hope for a like indulgence for this new attempt, even if the spirit of the age did not call with so loud a voice upon every historian to direct his chief attention to these subjects. And for this reason I could not rest satisfied with a mere detail of isolated facts, but have made it my study to follow the course of events, linking them into one connected chain ; so as to represent them in a condensed form by continually and carefully forcing together the main circumstances which cooperated to the development of the whole. Without this, history in general would be but a lifeless study, more especially that of republics, which so abounded in ancient times, and whose constitution being made up of political parties, everywhere present the most difficult problems for the historian's solution.

Of all the larger divisions of my work, the arrangement of the Greek history I have found most troublesome, on account of the great number of little states into which it is divided. Historians, indeed, lighten this labour by confining themselves merely to Athens and Sparta; but by so doing they give us a very imperfect knowledge of the subject. I have endeavoured to surmount the difficulty by throwing the account of the small states and their colonies into the second period ; by which means I have been able in the third and most important portion, in which all depends upon the principal states, to carry on my history as a whole without interruption. In case others, who

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. IX wish to make this Manual the groundwork of their lectures, should dislike this arrangement, they may very easily tack these notices on to the introductory geographical survey ; a plan I very often adopt in my own lectures. Upon the ar rangement of the other parts, I am not aware of the necessity of making any observations. The sources whence I have drawn my materials are specified in every section. Particular references do not come within my plan ; and if I have re ferred several times in the first two sections to my larger work, it is only on particular points, explanations of which may be sought for in vain elsewhere. Some knowledge of ancient geography and the use of mapsa, if it have not been previously acquired by the student, should, I am convinced, always be connected with lectures on ancient history.

That this need extend to no detailed explanations of ancient geography, but that it should be restricted to what is merely useful in the study of history, I have observed in the body of my work. The geographical chapters inter spersed therein having been written with this intent, will, I hope, be judged of accordingly. I have taken care to arrange them so as to in clude the whole of the ancient world ; it depends, therefore, only upon the teacher to form a more or less extensive course upon them. With regard to chronology, I have followed a I use D'Anville. [The Eton Comparative Atlas is beautiful, convenient, and correct. The same may be said of Dr. Butler's Ancient Atlas. Both have the advantage of an excellent index, in which the modern names and the longitude and latitude of places are given. Tr.]

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. X throughout the uniform plan of computing time from and previous to the birth of Christ. By preferring this method, so convenient and certain, to the inconvenient and uncertain one of reckon ing from the year of the world, I hope I have deserved the thanks of my readers. I relinquish, on the other hand, all claim to merit on the score of having more accurately defined the chronology of separate facts before the time of Cyrus. I have, on the contrary, in this part of my labour, often stated round numbers, where, in many modern publications, precise dates may be found. Exact determinations of time are only necessary, in my opinion, where a continuous development of circumstances takes place ; not where uncon nected facts are recorded. The transactions of our own times have thrown a light upon ancient history, and given it an in terest which it could not formerly possess.

A knowledge of history, if not the only, is at least the most certain means of obtaining a clear and unprejudiced view of the great drama now per forming around us. All direct comparisons, not withstanding the many opportunities which have tempted me, I considered as foreign to my plan ; nevertheless, if in some chapters of my work, particularly in the history of the Roman republic, there may seem to be any reference to the trans actions of the ten years during which this work has been published, I do not think it necessary to offer any excuse for so doing. Of what use is the study of history if it does not make us wiser and better? unless the knowledge of the past teach us to judge more correctly of the present?

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. XI Should I have contributed in any measure towards this, and should I be so fortunate as to lead the mind of my young friends to a deeper study of a science which can only in this way reward its admirers, I shall esteem it the most delightful recompense my labour can receive. GOETTINGEN, Sept. 23, 1799.

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TO THE SECOND, THIRD, FOURTH, AND FIFTH EDITIONS. The call for a second edition of my Manual imposes upon me an obligation to supply, by my utmost exertion, the deficiencies of my former work. Corrections have been carefully made, and many parts completely rewritten. A select list of books treating on the respective depart ments of my subject is now first added ; the former edition containing only references to the sources whence my facts were deduced. This, I trust, will be considered an essential service to the friends of historical science, more especially to the young, for whom and not for the learned these additions have been made. Their use in this place is particularly obvious, where it is in everyone's power to procure the books referred

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. tob. The short criticisms subjoined, where it seemed necessary, will serve as guides for their use. In the interior division of the work but little has been changed, while the exterior has been improved by the use of different types, by more accurate running titles, and by ranging the dates in the margin. By the latter method the increase in the number of pages is inconsiderable, notwithstanding the numerous additions which have been made. In its arrangement, this work is the same as my Manual of the History of the European States and their Colonies. Beyond this, however, these works have no relation to each other, but have rather been executed upon quite different principles : the present as a his tory of the separate states of the ancient world, and the other as a universal history of modern states and their colonies, as forming altogether one system.

Each, however, forms a complete work in itself, and it is by no means my inten tion to fill up the gulf which time has placed between them. I regret that the acute researches of Mr. Volney, upon the chronology of Herodotus before the time of Cyrus, came too late into my hands to be made use of in its proper place in my second edition. In the third this has been done. I lay claim, at the same time, to the thanks of the reader for giving in an Appendix, the results of these researches, together with references to the passages by which they are proved ; leaving out, however, all extraneous b [The author alludes to the public library at Goettingen. Tn.]

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. _, XIII matter, and everything that cannot be proved by the. positive assertions of the father of history. I cannot close this preface without again re curring to the advantage of the mode now be coming more and more general, of computing time in ancient history according to the number of years before Christ. The fact of its being certain and convenient has often been remarked ; but besides this it possesses the great advantage of giving us at once a clear and precise notion of the interval that separates us from the incidents recorded ; which by no other era, whether the year of the world, Olympiads, year of Rome, etc. is possible. And yet this peculiar advantage, so great in the eyes of the teacher, has not, so far as I know, been hitherto the subject of remark. Even for the science of history itself, the ad vantage is much greater than might be at first supposed.

Should an inquirer arise who would closely examine all ancient history according to this era — setting out from the generally received year of the birth of Christ as from a fixed point, to which the labours of Mr. Volney are a good beginning — the whole science would acquire thereby a firmer consistency. For by this method all dates would not appear equally cer tain and equally uncertain, as they do in the eras which compute from the year of the world ; but it would be shown what is chronologically certain, what only probable, and what completely uncer tain, according as we should recede from the clearer into the more obscure regions of history. The old manner of reckoning from the year of the world, in which congruity was impossible, be-

PREFACE.

. cause there was no agreement upon the point to start from, would certainly be thrown aside ; but what harm will there be in that, if something better and more certain occupies its place ? In the third, fourth, fifth, and sixth editions, though the increase in the number of pages is small, yet all those additions and corrections which I deemed necessary, and which the pro gress of knowledge and discovery, as in the case of Egypt and other countries, enabled me to effect, have been most carefully and fully made. The importance of these will be best seen by comparison0. Goettingen, 1828. c [As facility of reference in a work of this kind is of primary importance, marginal notes have been added, and a t placed before every work quoted in the original German. Tr.] CONTENTS. Page Introduction 1 Book I. Asiatic and African states previous to Cyrus 15 General geographical outline of Asia ib.

Preliminary and General Observations upon the History and Constitution of the great Asiatic Empires 22 History of the ancient Asiatic kingdoms before the reign of Cyrus 25 I. Assyrian monarchy ib. II. Median monarchy 26 III. Babylonian monarchy 27 IV. States in Asia Minor 29 1. Trojan empire ib. 2. Phrygian empire ib. 3. Lydian empire ib. V. Phœnicia 30 VI. Syrians 33 VII. Jews 34 1. Period of the Nomad state from Abraham till the conquest of Palæstine 35 2. Period of the federative republic 36 3. Period of the monarchy from B.C. 1100—600 38 The Jewish state as one single kingdom ib. The Jewish state as a divided kingdom 40 African Nations 45 General geographical outline of Ancient Africa ib. I. Egyptians 47 1st Period. From the earliest times down to the Sesostridæ, about B. C. 1600 51 2nd Period.

From the Sesostridæ till the sole dominion of Psammetichus, B.C. 1600—650 62 3rd Period. From the reign of Psammetichus alone to the Persian conquest of Egypt by Cambyses, B. C. 650 —525 CONTENTS. Page II. Carthaginians ' * 1st Period. From the foundation of Carthage to the wars with Syracuse, B. C. 880— 480 74 2nd Period. From the breaking out of the wars with Syracuse to the commencement of those with Rome, B.C. 480—264 80 3rd Period. From the beginning of the wars with Rome to the downfal of Carthage, B. C. 264—146 . . 82 Book II. History of the Persian empire from B. C. 560 — 330 90 Book III. History of the Grecian states 112 Geographical outline of Greece ib. 1st Period. The most traditional history down to the Trojan war, about B.C. 1200 118 2nd Period. From the Trojan war to the breaking out of the Persian war, B. C. 1200—500 127 History of the Hellenic states within Greece ib.

General history ib. Sparta 331 Athens 136 Principal data for the History of the smaller states : I. Within the Peloponnesus : a. Arcadia 142 b. Argos ib. c. Corinth , 143 d. Sicyon 144 e. Achaia ib. / Elis 145 II. Central Greece, or Hellas : a. Megaris 146 _. Bœotia ib. c. Phocis 147 d. Locris 148 e. Ætolia ib. f. Acarnania ib. III. Northern Greece : a. Thessaly 149 b. Epirus 150 IV. Grecian Islands : a. Corcyra : 151 b. Ægina il,. CONTENTS. XVII Page c. Eubœa 151 d. The Cyclades ib. e. Crete 152 /. Cyprus ib. History of the Grecian colonies 154 General observations ib. Colonies on the Western coast of Asia Minor : 156 1. Æolian colonies 157 2. Ionian colonies 158 3. Dorian colonies 160 Colonies on the coast of the Propontis and of the Black sea 161 Colonies on the coasts of Thrace and Macedonia 1 62 Colonies on the western coast of Greece 163 Grecian settlements in Lower Italy : a. Tarentum 1 64 b. Croton 165 c. Sybaris 166 d. Thurii ib. e. Locri Epizephyrii 167 f. Rhegium ib. g. Cumæ 168 Grecian settlements in Sicily : a. Syracuse 168 b. Agrigentum 173 c. The smaller Sicilian cities 174 Colonies in Sardinia and Corsica 175 Colonies in Gaul; — Massilia ib.

Colonies in Spain; — Saguntum ib. Colonies in Africa; — Cyrene 176 Period III. From the breaking out of the Persian wars to Alexander the Great, B. C. 500— 336 177 Book IV. History of the Macedonian Monarchy : Period I. From its origin to the death of Alexander the Great, B. C. 800—323 204 Period II. History of the Macedonian monarchy, from the death of Alexander the Great to the battle of Ipsus, B. C. 323—301 219 Period III. History of the separate kingdoms and states which arose out of the dismemberment of the Macedonian monarchy, after the battle of Ipsus CONTENTS. Page I. History of the Syrian empire under the Seleucidæ, B.C. 312—64 229 II. History of the Egyptian kingdom under the Ptolemeys, B.C. 323— 30 244 III. History of Macedonia itself and of Greece, from the death of Alexander to the Roman conquest, B. C. 323 —146 265 Achæan league 277 Ætolian league • 278 IV.

History of some smaller or more distant kingdoms and states erected out of the Macedonian monarchy — 286 The kingdom of Pergamus 287 Bithynia 290 Paphlagonia 291 Pontus ib. Cappadocia 294 Armenia ib. The kingdom of Parthia 295 The kingdom of Bactria 301 The renewed kingdom of the Jews 302 1. Under the Persians 303 2. Under the Ptolemeys and Seleucidæ 304 3. Under the Maccabees 305 4. Under the Herodians 307 Book V. History of the Roman state : Geographical preliminaries on ancient Italy 310 Period I. From the foundation of Rome to the conquest of Italy, and the commencement of the wars with Carthage,B. C. 754—264, or A. U. C. 1—490 316 Period II. From the commencement of the war with Carthage to the rise of the civil broils among the Greeks, B. C. 264—134, or A. U. C. 490—620 334 Period III.

From the beginning of the civil broils under the Gracchi to the fall of the republic, B. C. 134—30, or 4. U. C. 620—724 358 Period IV. History of the Roman state as a monarchy till the overthrow of the western empire, B. C. 30 — A.C.476 398 Geographical outline. View of the Roman empire and provinces, and other countries connected with it by war or commerce ib. CONTENTS. XIX Page 1st Section. From Augustus Cæsar to the death of Commodus, B. C. 30— A. C. 193 406 2nd Section. From the death of Commodus to Diocletian, A. C. 193—284 433 3rd Section. From Diocletian to the overthrow of the Roman empire in the west, A. C. 284 — 476 449 Appendix. Chronology of Herodotus from the time of Cyrus, drawn from the researches of Mr. Volney 471 Genealogical Table of the reigning houses of Macedon 477 the Seleucidæ .. 478 the Ptolemeys . 479 the Jews 480 of the house of the Cæsars 481 Constantine MANUAL OF ANCIENT HISTORY.

Introduction

. I. Thk sources of ancient history are ranged under two heads, the ancient writers, and the monuments still extant. The various writers will be mentioned in their proper places, at the different divisions of this work : a .survey of the ancient monuments, so far forth as they are sources for history, will be found in : Obeblin, Orbis antiqui monumentis suis illustrati primœ li neœ. Argentorati, 1790. To speak the truth, extremely defec tive, now that so many new discoveries have been made. II. General Treatises on Ancient History. 1. The more voluminous works on the subject. These may be divided in two classes: a. Ancient portions of the treatises on uni versal history; b. Works especially set apart for ancient history. a. To the first class belong : The Universal History, ancient and modern ; with maps and additions.

Lond. 1736, 26 vols. folio. Reprinted in 8vo. in 67 vols. and again in 60 vols. with omissions and additions. This work, compiled by a society of British scholars, has been translated into German, and illustrated with remarks, by S ikgm. Jac. Baumgarten. Halle, 1746, 4to. The Germans frequently designate it by the name of the Halle Universal History of the World : the first eighteen parts comprise the ancient history. Will. Guthrie, John Gray, etc. General History of the World, from the creation to the present time. London, 1764 — 1767, 12 vols. 8vo. This work, of no estimation in the original, is rendered valuable and useful by the labours of the German translator, C. G. Heyne, (Leip. 1766, 8vo.) who has corrected the errors, inserted the dates, and added his own observations. b. To the second class belong : Rollin, Histoire ancienne des Egyptiens, des Carlhaginois, des Assyriens, des Medes el des Perses, des Macedoniens, des Grecs. Paris, 1824, 12 vols. 8vo. ; revue par Let ronn e : the last and best edition. This work, by which the study of ancient

INTRODUCTION.

. history was exalted to so high a rank in France, still maintains its well-earned reputation. Translated into German by M. Muel ler, 1798, 8 vols. 8vo.: into English, 1 768 : best edition, 7 vols. 8vo. : frequently reprinted. The above is generally accompanied by the Histoire Romaine of the same author a. Jac. Ben. Bossuet, Discours sur I'Hisloire Universelle. Paris, 1680, 3 vols. Frequently reprinted, being reckoned by the French among their classics. German translation, with illus trative essays by Cramer. Leipzic, 1740. English translation, by Rich. Spencer. London, 1730, 8vo. Millot, Elemens de IHistoire Ginerale. Paris, 1772, sq. Translated into German by Christiani. Leipzic, 1777j 9 v°ls 8vo.: into English, 1778: 2 vols. 8vo. : and again, an improved edition, with additions. Edinb. 1823, 6 vols. 8vo.

The first two parts contain the ancient history. fJoH. Matth. Schroeckh, General History of the World, for the use of children. Leipzic, 1779, sq. 6 vols. + J. G. Eichhorn, History of the Ancient World, 1799, third edition, 1817- (First part of the History of the World.) IDan. G. J. Huebler, Brief of the General History of the Nations of Antiquity, from the birth of states to the end of the Roman commonwealth. Freyberg, 1798 — 1802. Five parts; and the continuation: History of the Romans under the Empe rors, and of the contemporary Nations, until the great migration. 1803 ; three parts. A work extremely useful, by the advantage taken of every assistance at hand. f H. Luden, General History of Nations. 1814; three parts. |L. von Dresch, General Political History. 1815 ; three parts. In each of the above works the first part contains the an cient history, exhibiting the more modern views of the subject1". |F. von Raujuer, Lectures on Ancient History, parts 1. 2.

Berlin, 1821. Works furnishing illustrations of the civility, government, and commerce of early nations, although not especial treatises on an cient history, are nevertheless most intimately connected with the subject. Among these may be mentioned : a See below, book v. first period, Sources. b The following is added, as well deserving the attention of the English student: Ralegh's (Sir Waiter) History of the World, Part I. extendin" to the end of the Macedonian Empire ; with his Life and Trial, ha Mr. Oldys. Lond. 1736, 2 vols. folio. At present the best edition; but a new and im proved one, in 8vo. is now printing at the Clarendon press, and will probably be published before the present work. Trn.islnlcr.

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. 3 Goguet, De t'Origine des Lois, des Arts, et des Sciences, el de leurs progres chez les anciens peuples; nouv. edit. Paris, 1778. Translated by Dr. Dunn and Mr. Speerman. Edinb. 1761 — 1775, 3 vols.' Svo. fA. II. L. Heeren, Ideas on the Politics, Intercourse, and Trade of the most eminent Nations in the Ancient World. Third edition, with many additions. Gottingen, 1815, 8vo.; the third part, 1821. Fourth edition. GottingeH, 1824. This edition, the last, contains many improvements and additions, suggested by the great discoveries of modern travellers ; 1st vol. Persians, Phœnicians, Babylonians, Scythians, Indians ; 2nd vol. Cartha ginians, Egyptians; 3rd vol. Greeks. 2. Manuals, or epitomes. The Germans alone are entitled to the merit of having pro duced manuals of ancient history, all of them useful, some excel lent, in their kind : they are a result of the progress made in this science at the universities. fJ.

Chr. Gatterer, Attempt at an Universal History of the World to the discovery of America. Gottingen, 1792. He who possesses this, the last and most mature fruit of Gatterer 's studies, may dispense with the earlier manuals published by that author. fCHR. Dan. Beck, Summary Introduction to the Knowledge oftlie Universal History of the World and of Nature. Leipzic, 1798. The first part connected with our subject extends to A. D. 843. This volume is enriched with such a copious critical bibliography, that it may supply the place of an especial work on the subject. f J. A. Remer, Manual of the more Ancient History, from the creation of the world until the great migration. Fourth edition. Brunswick, 1802. f J. M. Schroeckh, Manual of Universal History. 1774 : latest edition, 1795. fG. S. Bredow, Manual of Ancient History, with a sketch of the chronology of the ancients.

Altona, 1799, 8vo. Translated into English. Lond. 1828, 12mo. 3. Helps. Among the helps to the study of ancient history, the first rank is justly given to the synchronistic tables. -f D. G. J. Huebler, Synchronistic Tables of the History of Nations ; arranged principally according to Gatterer's History of the World. In two numbers. Second edition. 1799 and 1804. b2

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. watof°f l- Political History has for its object to describe the fate of states, considered in respect to their relations, both internal and external. In respect to internal relations and circumstances, one of its main branches is the history of governments: in respect to external relations and circumstances, it comprises not only the history of wars, but likewise that of the connexions of peaceful intercourse which have existed between different states. Definition of the relation which universal history (or general history of the human race) bears to political history, or that of states : the latter a division of the former. Difference between political history, and that of civilization (or history of human nature:) the latter inquires into the history of man, as man, with out any farther reference to political circumstances.

Division 2. General political history is usually distin parts: guished into three parts : ancient, middle, and modern. The first extends to the fall of the Roman empire in the west, that is to say, to about the first, to en(j 0f the fifth century of the christian era : the A. D. 500, J ' second extends to the discovery of America, and of a passage by sea to the East Indies, that is to second, to say to the end of the fifteenth century ; the third A.D. 1500, J J ' extends from the commencement of the sixteenth third, to century to our own day. times. The propriety of the above division shown by the advantage of the epochs being naturally determined by events. Why, in that respect, would the division of history into two parts, before and after the birth of Christ, be unappropriate ? Commence- 3, From the definition just .riven, it follows. ment of j a political that political history commences at that point in the range of time where states first make their appearance. Whatever is known, therefore, of the previous times in which our race existed ;

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. 5 whatever concerning that period is gathered from the traditions of individual men or tribes, in re spect to their migrations, their affinities, their in ventions, belongs not to political history, but must be referred to the general history of nations. Every body knows that abundant documents relating to the earliest fortunes of the human race have been preserved in the sacred writings of the Hebrews : from these materials was com piled what is known by the name of an Historia Antediluviana, frequently heretofore constituting a separate division in history. What has been said above accounts satisfactorily for the omission of this portion of history in the work before the reader ; although none can deny the high importance of such traditions in the framing of the earliest history of the origin, extension, and civil ization of the human race. 4.