History of the Borough of Preston and its environs, in the county of Lancaster

Front matter

ffœms fff y/fff fZf&U^^fuzju/, 7^yt€cH^i/f HISTORY OF THE BOROUGH OF PRESTON AND ITS ENVIRONS, IN THE COUNTY OF LANCASTER ; BY CHARLES HARDWICK, MEMBER OF, AND CONTRIBUTOR TO, THE LANCASHIRE AND CHESHIRE HISTORIC SOCIETY; AUTHOR OF "FRIENDLY SOCIETIES, THEIR HISTORY, FINANCIAL PROSPECTS," ETC. "Nothing extenuate, nor set down aught in malice."— Shakespere. " The first object of History is Truth."— Lamartine. PRESTON : WORTHINGTON & Co., TOWN HALL CORNER. LONDON: SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, & Co. MDCCCLTII.

ADVERTISEMENT.

. Early in 1855, Messrs. John Worthington and Co. announced their intention of publishing by subscription, a History and Topographical description of the Borough of Preston and its Environs, before the close of that year. Independently of the fact that a considerable portion of the then projected work was unwritten at the time, other circumstances afterwards transpired, which induced the publishers to considerably enlarge their original design. Amongst these may be mentioned the discovery, by the author, of a Roman station at Walton-le dale, which necessitated a complete revision of the then presumed Roman topography of Lancashire ; the excavations of the Castle JEIill, Penwortham, by the Lancashire and Cheshire Historic Society, where unique and most interesting remains were discovered; and the probable connection, first suggested by the author, of the Cuerdale treasure with the great battle of Brunanburh.

Preface

. A correct appreciation of the Present is impossible without considerable knowledge of the Past. Many of the most striking manifestations in the existing generation, owe much of their peculiarities to influences long since passed away, and which, except to the antiquary and the scholar, are practically expunged from the memory of mankind. Hence much of the flimsy Utopism, superficial criticism, and self-sufliciency, of a large section of the self-styled "practical men" of every age. No great step in human progress has instantaneously resulted from the inspiration of intuitive genius, however brilliant. Civilization is a process, which, year by year, age by age, and century by century, is gradually unfolding itself. The very recorded retrogressions are but the partial ebbings of the stiU onward tide of human advancement.

A knowledge of how great principles and results originated and became gradually developed, is essential in order that man may proceed with wisdom and dignity towards the ever-retreating goal of future excellence. Much has been done for history during the past half century. It has become gradually more and more emancipated from the thraldom of temporary party feeling and existing political power. Its legitimate objects and honours are no longer confined to the production of agreeable narratives, or semi-romances, compounded from shreds of historic truth and the playful vagaries of untrammelled fancy; nor to eloquent dissertations on past events, elaborated in the spirit of the forensic advocate, for the demonstration of some foregone conclusion. Each of these may be valuable in its particular sphere ; but the true historic structure is still incomplete.

It must not hang pendent from the ornament of Art, however gorgeous, however captivating, such ornament may be ; its foundations must rest upon the rock of Science. Before a judge sums up a case, and leaves the verdict in the hands of a jury, it is not only

PREFACE.

. necessary that he should hear the arguments of advocates, but that he should carefully examine and balance the evidence advanced. So with history : the procuration and methodical digestion of facts form the base of the gorgeous superstructure. The recent establishment of several local archæological and historic associations has already done good service to the cause of truth. Each has furnished valuable contributions to the rapidly increasing stock of material available for the construction of what has long been pronounced a desideratum, — a more complete and truthful history of Britain. All men naturally feel more interest in the historical associations of their own race than they do in those of any other portion of mankind. The study of that which immediately pertains to them and theirs is more interesting, and therefore more pursued.

If this be true in a national sense, it may be expected to operate even more powerfully within limits still more contracted. The soil daily trodden by the foot of any reflecting being; the locality, with whose present struggles, progress, or decay, he is practically acquainted ; whose traditions and "folklore" were fixed in his memory and his heart, long before more exact knowledge or cultivated judgment enabled him to test their accuracy or correctly weigh their value ; must possess historic reminiscences, not only capable of commanding his attention, by exciting in the imaginative faculty agreeable and healthy sensations, but of teaching him valuable lessons in profound practical wisdom. The dullest familiar scene is encircled with a sacred halo, when associated with some mighty deed of a by-gone age.

Its physical impress may, perhaps, be superficially erased, but its spiritual influence still permeates, with a subtlety cognizant only to cultivated intelligence, the sentiment and aspiration of the mass of mankind. Preston and its environs are rich in historic incident. When conjoined to the fact that all works professing in any way to be a history of the locality, were "out of print" at the booksellers', this will, I conceive, be a sufficient justification of the present undertaking. In the compilation of the work, I have endeavoured to practically carry out the views above enunciated. A local contributor is called upon, especially, to labour diligently in what may be termed the production of the raw material of history. With its more profound philosophy he has relatively little

PREFACE.

. IX to do; with romantic effect, artistic grouping, and brilliant word-painting, still less. Whenever I have felt disposed to indulge in either the one or the other, I have endeavoured carefully to keep it distinct from the main body of known and acknowledged truths. How far I may have succeeded, either in this or any other particular, is not for me to decide. That I have done something towards the collection and arrangement of materials for a history of my native town, will, doubtless, be acknowledged. I am, however, fully sensible that such a work is, from its very nature, imperfect even under the most favourable circumstances. The character of the labour to be performed, itself necessitated the communication of the author's intention to the public ; and, consequently, a very natural desire has been several times expressed that the publication should take place at as early a period as possible.

From a desire to respond to this feeling, I fear I may have been somewhat hurried and overtasked during the time the work has been passing through the press. I mention this not with the view to forestall legitimate criticism, but rather for the purpose of respectfully soliciting such additional information, as well as reference to materials, documentary or otherwise, as may be calculated to throw further light upon any portion of my subject. I shall carefully, from time to time, revise my own private copy, and append such further information as may appear desirable, with the view that it may be available for future publication. I may as well here call attention to the fact, that much additional matter relative to the Roman topography of Lancashire and the probable site of the battle of Brunanburh, will be found in the appendix.

Nothing now remains but the pleasing duty of expressing my best thanks to the many kind friends who have facilitated my investigations, and other wise aided me in the practical execution of the work. Without the least invidious distinction, I especially beg to acknowledge my obligations to Mr. Alderman Brown, the Rev. W. Thornber, Mr. William Dobson, Mr. Charles J. Ashfield, and Mr. Dearden. To the following gentlemen I am likewise deeply indebted for much courteous attention and most valuable information: — Jno. Robson, esq., M. D., Warrington; the Rev. A. Hume, D.C.L., etc., Liverpool ; Charles Roach Smith, esq., F.S.A., etc., etc., Strood, Kent; A. W. Franks, esq., M.A., of the British X

PREFACE.

Museum; Trenham Reeks, esq., of the Museum of Practical Geology, London ; and John Hodgson Hinde, esq., Felton, Northumberland. The various authors consulted, and other sources of information, will be found sufficiently indicated in the course of the work. CHARLES HARDWICK. Preston, August 9th, 1857. CONTENTS.

Part I

— HISTORICAL. Paoe.

Chapter I

— -BRITISH AND ROMAN PERIODS. The Aborigines — Celtæ, Belgæ, etc. — The Brigantes — The Setantii, or "dwellers by tbe waters" — Conquest by the Romans — Agricola's March — Remains of the Ancient Inhabitants, etc. — Britain under the Romans — Remains of the Roman Occupation of Lancashire — The Seteia, the Belisama, the Portus Setantiorum and the Moricambe, of Ptolemy identified with the Dee — the Ribble, the Wyre, and Morecambe Bay — Ribchester the Rigodunum of Ptolemy, and Walton-le-dale the Coccium of Antoninus — The Route of the tenth Iter of the latter authority — Discovery of a Roman Station at Walton — Ribchester not a Seaport at the time of the Roman occupation 1

Chapter II

— SAXON AND DANISH PERIODS. Departure of the Roman legions — Struggles of the Britanni with the native population — The Picts and Scots — The Anglo-Saxon invasion — The Battles of King Arthur — The Saxon Heptarchy — The kingdom of Northumbria — Introduction of Christianity — Battle at Whalley — Battle at Winwick, and death of King Oswald — Danish Invasions — King Alfred — Grant of lands in " Hacmundernes " — Rise of Preston — Danish Ravages — Athelstan's grant of lands on the Ribble — TheCuerdale hoard — Battle of Brunanburh — Struggles with the Danes — Canute — Harold — William the Conqueror — Condition of the people — The population of Lancashire composed of varied elements 55

Chapter III

— FROM THE NORMAN CONQUEST TO THE ACCESSION OF JAMES I. The County of Lancaster — Domesday Survey — Results of the Norman Conquest — Roger de Poictou, and Warinus and Abardus Bussell — Value of the Land — " Castle Hill," Penwortham : Discovery of Remains — The Earl of Chester and the Earl Ferrers — Theobald Walter — Charters — Henry Fitz Warren — Right of Pasturage on Fulwood moor — Walter de Preston slain by Robert de Hylton — The Grey Friars Franciscan Convent — The Magdalen Hospital — Ancient Military Outwork on the Maudlands — Edmund Crouchback, earl of Lancaster — Edward I. at Preston — Wars with the Scots — Bruce and Wallace— Plea against the king — Thomas, Earl of Lancaster — Preston nearly destroyed by Bruce — Adam de Banistre and Thomas Earl of Lancaster : Battle near Preston— Edward III. at Preston — Henry, earl of Lancaster and Derby made Duke of Lancaster — Value of Property in Preston — John O'Gaunt — Bolingbroke's Rebellion — Wars of the Roses Henry VI. taken prisoner at Clitheroe — Lambert Simnel — Sir William Stanley Henry VII. at Lathom and Knowsley — Henry VIII.

Battle of Flodden Field The Reformation — The "Pilgrimage of Grace " — Decay of Preston and other Lancashire Towns — Leland's visit to Preston — Levy of Troops — Religious Persecutions — The Spanish Armada — Camden's Description of Preston — Feud between Mr. Hoghton, of Lea, and Langton, Baron of Newton and Walton — Condition of the People CONTENTS. 145

Chapter IV

— FROM JAMES I. TO THE " RESTORATION."

Lancashire gentry Knighted — Institution of the hereditary honour and title of Baronet— Plague— Gunpowder Plot— Witchcraft— Dr. Dee and Edward Kelly : Demonology at Walton-le-Dale— James the First's progress through Lancashire : Festivities at Myerscough, Preston, and Hoghton Tower— Alum Mines at Samlesbury — Petition of Lancashire people in favour of Sunday recreation — Book of Sports— Traditions relating to the King's visit to Hoghton — Civil War between Charles I. and his Parliament — Meeting on Preston Moor — Seizure of Military Stores at Preston, Liverpool, and Manchester — Alexander Rigby, M P., Sir Gilbert Hoghton, Bart., Lord Strange, and Sir Thomas Tildesley, etc., at Walton Hall — Threatened outbreak at Preston — Fracas at Manchester — Commencement of Hostilities— Siege of Manchester— Battle of Edge Hill— Defeat of the Earl of Derby, near Chowbent— Battles of Hinfield Moor and Ribble Bridge : Defeat of Sir Gilbert Hoghton— Victory of the Earl of Derby's troops, near Wigan — Meeting of Royalists at Preston — Ruse at Salesbury Hall, near Ribchester — First siege of Preston : Surrender of the town to Sir John Seaton — Death of Adam Morte — Surrender of Hoghton Tower to Captain Starkie : Disastrous Explosion, and Destruction of the Fortress — Siege of Lancaster — Suecesful Surprise of Preston, by the Earl of Derby : Destruction of the Fortifications — Wigan taken by Col. Ashton — Capture of Thurland Castle, by Col. Rigby — Sequestration of Estates — Lord Byron's Successes in Cheshire — Defeat of Byron at Nantwich — First Siege of Lathom House : Gallant Defence by tbe Countess of Derby — Capture of Bolton by Prince Rupert and the Earl of Derby — Surrender of Liverpool — Battle of Marston Moor — Retreat of Rupert into Lancashire — Seizure of the Mayor and Bailiffs of Preston — Shuttlenjprth's Victory at Ribble Bridge — Defeat of the Royalists at Ormskirk, and re-capture of Liverpool, by Sir John Meldrum — Distress in Lancashire — Battle of Naseby — Second Siege of Lathom House : Capture of the Fortress — Surrender of the King — Great Battle of Preston, in 1618: Defeat of Langdale and the Duke of Hamilton, by Oliver Cromwell— Famine and Plague — Execution of Charles I Establishment of the Commonwealth — Passage of Charles II. through Lancashire — Landing of the Earl of Derby, at Wyre — Lilburne's Pursuit of the Royalists to Ribble Bridge — Battle of Wigan Lane : Defeat of the Earl of Derby, and Death of Sir Thomas Tildesley — Battle of Worcester — Charles II. a fugitive — Capture and execution of the Earl of Derby — Death of Cromwell — The Restoration — Value of Property in the Boroughs of Lancashire

Chapter V

— FROM THE "RESTORATION" TO VICTORIA. Profligacy of the Court — Test and Corporation Act — Act of Uniformity — Knights of the Royal Oak — Value of Household Goods, etc — Extinction of Feudalism — Preston in the Seventeenth Century : Dr. Kuerden's description — James II. at Chester — The Revolution — Judge Jeffreys — Disaffection ofthe Roman Catholics — The Lancashire Plot — Jacobite Rebellion in 1715 — Invasion of England by the Scotch Army — Siege of Preston — Surrender of Forster, Derwentwater, and other Stuart Partisans — Sale of Sequestered Estates — Claims of Prestonians for Compensation — Second Jacobite Invasion — Prince Charles Edward Stuart at Preston — Retreat of the Scotch Army — Battle of Culloden— Jacobite Club at Walton-le-dale — Preston in the Eighteenth Century 205

Chapter VI

— MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT, GUILD MERCHANT, etc Origin of Municipalities and Guilds Merchant — Preston Charters — The Custumale — The " Law of the Bretons" and Traditional Customs : Probable Roman Origin — Saxon and Norman Boroughs — Charters of Henry IL, John, Henry III., and Edward III. — Value of Property in the Lancashire Boroughs : Preston the wealthiest town in the County — Charters of Richard II., Henry IV., Henry V., and Elizabeth — Municipal Hospitality — " Book of Orders" — By-laws agains'* CONTENTS. XIII 321 Foreigners, Public-house Tippling, and Vagabonds— Charitable Bequests— Fees of Inferior Officers — Civil War — Adam Mortc's Contumacy — Charities- Imprisonment of Mayor and Bailiffs by Prince Rupert— Cock-fighting — Purchase of Fee Farm Rent of Preston — Corporate Property iu 1650 — Grammar School- ' master's Salary — Public Wells— Regulations respecting Swine— Corporate Offi cers fined for neglect of Duty — Regulations respecting the " Corporation Pew" in the Parish Church — Workhouse Regulations— Grants to the Poor — Parliamen tary Franchise — Limitation of the number of Freemen — Charters of Charles II.

Disputes between the Burgesses and " Foreigners" — Early Guild Festivities — Guilds of 1682, 1762,1782, 1802, 1822, and 1 842— Municipal Reform Act- New Council — Freemen's Rights of Pasturage on Moor and Marsh — Corporation Regalia, etc — Corporate Property — Ribble Navigation — Post Office — Loyal Addresses — Covered Market — Public Parks — Baths and Wash-houses — Queen Victoria at Fleetwood and Preston — Public Health Act — Cemetery — New Town Hall — Value of Corporate Property in 1855 — Russian War : Celebration of the Peace — Guild Mayors — Mayors and Bailiffs since the commencement of the last century — Police Commission and Improvement Act — Local Board of Health — Waterworks — Sewerage of the Town — Parochial Affairs 257

Chapter VII

— PARLIAMENTARY REPRESENTATION. Elective Principle of Anglo-Saxon Government — Norman Despotism — The Great Charter of Henry I. — Parliaments Summoned by Henry I. — Henry II. and Henry III. — The " Reforming Barons" — Edward I. — Earliest Recorded Representation of Preston, and the County of Lancaster — Boroughs — Lords and Commons — Influence of the Crown — Payment of Members — Preston Unrepresented tlrrough Poverty — Henry VI. — Forty Shilling Freeholders — Civil Wars Cromwell's Parliament — Annual, Triennial, and Septennial Parliaments — Property Qualification — Universal Suffrage at Preston — Disputed Rights — Resolutions of the House of Commons — Rivalry of the Corporation and the Derby Family — The " Great Election" — Serious Riots — Rise of the Manufacturing Interest — The Coalition — The Reform Bill — Election Details — List of Parliamentary Representatives ."?.

Chapter VIII

— TRADE AND COMMERCE. Early Trade — Portus Setantiorum — Roman Commerce—Trade of the Saxons — Norman Conquest — Henry III — Preston the Wealthiest Town in Lancashire — Edward III. — The Woollen Trade — The Flemmings — Condition of the People — Henry VIII. — Woollen Cottons — Progress of Manchester — Revocation of the Edict of Nantes — Assize and Assay — Ulnage and Sealing — Vegetable Cotton — Fustians — Calicoes — Linen Trade — Refugees from the Spanish Netherlands — Early Spinning Machines — British Exports — Rapid Progress of the Cotton Trade — Inventions of Wyatt, Arkwright, Kay, Hargreaves, etc. — Disputed Claims — Arkwright's Early Difficulties — Opposition to the Introduction of Machinery — Riots — First Cotton Factory in Preston — Further Improvements in Machinery — Arkwright's Success — Infringements of his Patents — Litigation — Arkwright's Claims as an Inventor — Further Improvements in Machinery — Power Looms — Riots — The Steam Engine — Rapid Extension of Preston — Influence of Trade upon the National Character— Internal Communication Transit of Goods and Passengers — Roads during the Eighteenth Century — Coaches, Canals, etc.

Progress of Trade and Commerce — Effects of War — Steam Vessels and Railways. Ribble Navigation. Eai-ly Commerce — State of the River during the Past Century Surveys of Messrs. Stevenson, etc — New Company Improvements Preston an Independent Port — Traffic, Tonnage, etc. — Sale of Land. Steiees and Lockouts. Condition of the People — Decline of Serfdom — Legislative Interference with Labour and Capital — Singular Laws — Wages and prices of Provisions, ete. — Competition — Early Strikes — Great Strikes in 1836 and 1853-4 Additional Statistics with reference to Trade and Commerce CONTENTS

PART IL

— TOPOGRAPHY, ETC.

General Aspect of the Town — Preston in the Seventeenth Century — Bucks' Prospect in 1728— Lang's Map in 1774— Shakeshaft's Map in 1809— Miller's Map in 1822— Survey by J. J. Myres, in 1836 and 1846— Further Extensions— Public Squares, Parks, etc. — Market-place— Winckley-square— Stephenson's Terrace, Deepdale-road— Avenham Walk — Moor Park — The Orchard — Public Buildings, Institutions, etc. — The Town Hall— The Corn Exchange — The Court House and Prison — Magistrates' Court and Police Station — Baths and Washhouses — Fire Brigade Building — Overseers' Buildings— -Workhouse — House of Recovery — Dispensary — Gas-works — Water-works — Theatre Royal — Temperance Hall — The Preston Railway Stations — Dr. Shepherd's Library — Institution for the Diffusion of Knowledge — Literary and Philosophical Institution — The Winckley Club — Law Library. — The Press. — Banks — Old Bank — Savings Bank — Lawe and Company — Roskell and Arrowsmith — Lancaster Banking Company — Preston Banking Company. — Bridges — Walton, Penwortham, Tram-road, Brockholes, North Union, East Lancashire. — Churches, Chapels, Schools, Charities, etc. — Parish Church — St. George's — St. Peter's — St. Paul's— Christ Church — St. Mary's — St. Thomas's. — St. James's — AU Saints' — Roman Catholic Chapels — St. Mary's — St. Wilfrid's — St. Ignatius's — St. Augustine's — St. Walburge's. — Chapels of Protestant Dissenters — Unitarian — Friend's — Baptist — Methodist — Independent — Episcopalian — New Jerusalem — Mormon, etc The Cemetery Public Schools — Educational Statistics — Grammar School — Blue Coat School — Commercial— St. John's — Christ Church — St. Peter's — St. Paul's — St. James's — St. Mary's — German's — All Saints' — Trinity. — Roman Catholic Schools — St. Wilfrid's — St. Augustine's — St. Ignatius's— St. Walburge's. — Dissenters' Schools, etc. — Wesleyan School — Friends' School — Ragged School— Private Schools Public Charities, Provident Societies, etc. — Law — Public Offices — County Court, Wapentake Court, etc 426

Chapter I

— THE VALLEY OF THE RIBBLE. A RAMBLE PROM LTTHAM TO EIBCHESTER. Situation of Preston — The Valley of the Ribble — The Coast of Lancashire — The Horse Bank — Lytham, Southport, etc. — St. Cuthbert — Lytham dock — Submarine Forest — The " Neb of the Naze " — Drainage of Martin-mere — The Douglas — Freckleton-pool — Portus Setantiorum of Ptolemy — Improvements in the Navigation — Lea, Ashton, Penwortham, Tulketh, etc. — Roman outposts — Singular tradition — The Past and the Present — Preston — The River, Bridges, etc. — jAvenhani walk — French wood — Walton — Historical Revery — Events which have transpired near the Pass of the Ribble — Cuerdale, Hoghton Tower, Red Scar — Ribbleton-moor — Pope-lane — Elston and Alston — Remains of the great Forest of Oaks — Hothersall, Osbaldestone, Balderstone, etc. — Historical Events — Ribchester and Salesbury — The Roman road over Longridge Fell — The Country between the Ribble and the Mersey — View from Tootal Height — Concluding Reflections 500

CHAPTER IL

— THE HUNDRED OF AMOUNDERNESS. Origin of the term Amounderness — Boundaries of the Hundred Norman Proprietors — Harrison's description of Amounderness — Leland's Ditto — The Fylde — Parish of Preston — Fulwood and Myerscough — Parish of Kirkham Lytham — Bispham, including Blackpool— Poulton, including Fleetwood — St. Michael's — Garstang 527 CHAPTER HI—THE HUNDRED OF BLACKBURN. Blackburn Parish — Townships of Walton, Cuerdale, Samlesbury, Pleasington, Balderstone, Osbaldestone, Salesbury. — Ribchester Parish — Ribchester, Dilworth, Dutton, Alston, and HothersalL — Chipping Parish — Stonyhurst CONTENTS. XV

CHAPTER IV.

— THE HUNDRED OF LEYLAND. Penwortham Parish — Howick, Hutton, Farington, and Longton — Brindle Parish — Leyland Parish — Euxton, Cuerden, Whittle-le-woods — Clayton-lewoods — Heapy, Wheelton, Hoghton, Withnell — Rufford Parish — Much Hoole Parish — Little Hoole — Tarleton Parish — Croston Parish — Southport 588

Appendix

. The Roman Topography of Lancashire— Killingsough — Battle of the Vinwed, or Winweyde — The Battle of Billangahoh, near Whalley — The Battle of Brunanburh — The Min Spit Well — Corporation Seals — Election Expenses — Miscellaneous 631 BIOGRAPHY. Ainsworth Henry — Allen, Cardinal — Ambrose, Rev. Isaac— Arkwright, Sir Richard Baines, Edward — Barton, Dr. WiUiam — Barrow, Thomas — Baxter, Rev. Roger —Clayton, Dr. Robert — Clayton, Sir Richard — Dunn, Rev. J. — Fisher, Henry — Foster, Captain — Gilhertson, William — Gradwell, Bishop — Haydock, Rev. Geo. Leo— Helme, William — Horrocks, Rev. Jeremiah — Horrocks, John — Kuerden, Dr. Richard — Preston, John — Preston, Rev. Thomas — Rushton, Rev. Edward Shepherd, Dr. — Sharrock, Dr. — Southworth, Rev. Richard — Tootel, Rev. Hugh — Weever, Dr. John 649 CRONOLOGICAL TABLE.

INDEX. LIST OF PLATES. View or Peeston peom the South Feontispiece. Map of Lancashire opposite page 1 British and Roman Remains. Plate 1 ... ... ... ... ... 5 Site of Roman Station at Walton-le-dale. Plate 2 38 Roman Remains found at Walton-le-dale. Plate 3 ... ... ... ... 42 Roman Pottery (Samian Ware) found at Walton-le dale. Plate 4 43 Roman Pottery found at Walton-le-dale. Plate 5 ... ... ... ... 44 Remains found at Castle hill, Penwortham. Plate 6 ... ... ... ... ... 104 Remains found at Castle hill, Penwortham.

Plate 7 ... ... ... ... ... 108 Bull Hotel, and Messrs Horrockses, Miller, and Co's Factory Engine Room ... 338 Messrs. Horrockses, Miller, and Co's and Messrs. Swainson, Birley, and Co's Cotton Mills 425 South prospect of Preston, 1728 428 Mapof Preston, in 1774 429 Market-place, and House of Correction and Court house ... .. ... ... 434 Winckley-square, aud Stephenson's terrace ... ... ... ... ... ... 435 Bank-parade, and Avenham-walk ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 436 Town HaU, and residence of W. Ainsworth, esq ... ... ... 436 Grammar School, and Institution for the Diffusion of Knowledge .. . ... ... 449 Philosophical Institution, two Engravings ... ... ... ... .. ... 451 Old Bank, and Preston Bank ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 456 Penwortham Bridge, and view from Avenham-walk .. . ... ... ... ... 459 Parish Church, and Christ Church ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 468 St. George's Chapel, and St. Agustine's Catholic Chapel ... ... ... ... 474 St. Peter's Church, and St. Mary's Church 476 St. Paul's Church, and All Saints' Church 478 St. Walburge's Catholic Church, two Engravings ... ... ... ... ... 480 Lytham Beach, and Clifton Arms Hotel, Lytham . . ... ... ... ... 502 Ashton Park, and River Ribble ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 508 Preston from the South, and Tulketh Hall and Victoria Quay ... ... ... 509 View from Bushell-place, and the vaUey ofthe Ribble from the Vicarage 510 Whinfield, Ashton, and Walton-le-dale ... ... ... ... ... .. 518 Red Scar, and view from Red Scar, Grimsargh ... ... ... ... ... 520 Fulwood Barracks, two Engravings ... ... . ... ... ... ... ... 537 St. Michael's Church, and Church ofthe Holy Cross, (Catholic) Kirkham 541 Goosnargh Hospital, and Clifton Hall ... ... ... ... 544 St. Cuthbert's Church, Lytham, and St. John's Church, Lytham ... ... 548 The Terrace, Blackpool, and Blackpool from the Sea ... ... ... ... 550 Royal Hotel and Queen's Place, and Rossall's Hotel and Albert Terrace, Blackpool 551 Independent Chapel, and South Shore, Blackpool ... ... ... ... ... 552 The Northern Church of England School, Rossall, and North Euston Hotel and Public Baths, Fleetwood 555 Fleetwood, and Pier Head, Fleetwood ... ... ... ... ... ... 556 Walton-le-dale Church, and Cuerden Hall ... ... ... ... ... ... 566 Frenchwood, and Cooper HiU, Walton-le-dale ... ... ... ... ... 668 Stonyhurst College, and Samlesbury Hall . . ... ... . . 572 Penwortham Church, and Penwortham Priory ... ... ... ... ... 596 Worden Hall, Leyland, and View of Penwortham ... ... ... ... ...608 Astley HaU, Chorley, and Entrance HaU of ditto 611 Astley HaU, Chorley, and Whittle Springs Hotel and Baths 613 Entrance HaU, Hoghton Tower, and Banqueting HaU of ditto .. 616 Hogh ton Tower — Inner Court and Entrance ... ... ..617 Southport, Six Engravings ... ... ... ... ...

ERRATA AND ADDENDA. In chapter 1, for Ptolomy, read Ptolemy. At line 1, page 18, for is supposed to have been read was. At lines 10, and 16, page 41, for earthern read earthen. At lines 10, 11, and 12, page 46, for Beyoiid Bamber-bridge, its line is indicated by a road marked " Cinder Path," in Cuerden Hall Park, read It appears to have been consumed in a straight line to near the Parker's Arms Inn, where the Roman road and the present highway become nearly identical. In note U, at page 62, for In the year 603.— Ethelwerd's Chiron., read In the year 596.— Saxon Chron. According to Ethelwerd, Pope Gregory in 601, "sent to Augustine the pall of apostleship." At line 31, page 81, for on this spot read near this place. At the end of the first paragraph on page 111, add see page 591. At page 146, line 7, for 1616 read 1611.

At line G, page 150, for 1663, read 1633. At the fifth line from the bottom of page 152, for see page 4, read see page 41. At line 20, page 156, for 1752, read 1572. At page 172, fourth line from the bottom, for Cheetham read Chetham. At the last line of page 177, ditto. At page 202, ditto. At page 197, third line from bottom, for Mossap read Mossop. At page 208, lines 4, and 43, for Herald's College read Heralds' College. At page 210, sixth line from the bottom, for Woodcock read Kellet. At line 20, page 236, after the words Mathematician insert and — M'Intosh. In. the same line for names read heads, as suggested in the note. At line 15, page 269, for 1565, read 1566. At line 10, page 306, for Edward III. read Edward I. At page 316, second line from the bottom, fill the blank with James ; in the fourth line with Richard ; in the sixth line with John ; and in the eight line with Jonathan.

At page 334, third line from the bottom, for 1834, read 1804. At line 34, page 336, for 1837, read 1857. After line 11, page 350, add 1702, Nicholas Fazakerley, Edmund Starkie. At page 353, fifth line from the bottom for c read d. At line 29, page 369, for Gardens read Garden. At line 22, page 373, for Dr. Cartwright ivas not, however, read It has been asserted that Dr. Cartwright, etc. The date of Kinlock's first loom is eight years posterior to the doctor's earliest patent, as shown in the preceding paragraph. At page 394, line 11, move the first letter, p, to the commencement of the line above. At page 432, ninth line from the bottom, for Jno. Able Smith read Jno. Abel Smith. At line 438, page 22, for 1734, read 1732. At page 473, remove one of the marks of quotation, after the word vain, in the twenty-first line, and place the double apostrophe (") after the word mistaken, in the following line.