Chapeltown Researches, archæological and historical; including ... memories of Thorncliffe, etc

Front matter

CHAPELTOWN RESEARCHES. Grange erected by Kirkstead Abbey Monks, who had Ironworks at the top of Grange Lane, in the year CHAPELTOWN RESEARCHES, ARCHÆOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL; INCLUDING OLD-TIME MEMORIES OF THORNCLIFFE, ITS IRONWORKS AND COLLIERIES, AND THEIR ANTECEDENTS. BY MATTHEW HENRY HABERSHON, HONORARY CORRESPONDENT OF THE VICTORIA INSTITUTE; AUTHOR OF "THE WAVE AND THE ROCK"; "CHRISTMAS EVE ON THE MOORS " ', "the monks' grange"; "festival verses," etc " If studious, copy fair what time hath blurr'd.''— Ghorge Herp.ert. LONDON: Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent and Co. Limited. SHEFFIELD: Pawson and Brailsford, Printers, High-st. and Mulberry-st. 1893. TO LIEUTENANT-COLONEL THOMAS CHAMBERS NEWTON, J. P., CHAIRMAN OF MESSRS. NEWTON, CHAMBERS AND COMPANY LIMITED, THIS CENTENARY VOLUME IS RESPECTFULLY INSCRIBED BY HIS FRIEND THE AUTHOR'.

"The smallest thing rises into consequence when regarded as the commencement of what has advanced, or is advancing, into magnificence." — John Foster's Essays.

Preface

. It is natural for people to desire to know something of the past of the place where they reside. If they were born where they live, interesting is likely to be the history of the locality that is memorable as their native home. Is there not in the lifetime of most men some event--personal, social, or national — to which is applicable the admonition, " tell ye your children of it, and let your children tell their children, and their children another generation ? " Is there not, from that admonition, to be drawn the inference, that the prophet Joel meant, that the preservation of the memory of special occurrences, by their being talked of, celebrated and recorded, was important as bearing upon the education of the race? He does well who does his best to help historically to instruct and interest, and thus benefit, humanity.

Of the land we are wont to boast of as peerless in freedom, as foremost in science, as unrivalled in song — the land of Alfred, Hampden and Cromwell, of Newton, Watt and Faraday, of Chaucer, Shakespeare and Milton — there is no city, town or hamlet of which the historical and archæological explorer cannot find some thing special to say of its long ago ! That this affirmation is true ofthe rural district comprising Chapeltown and villages adjacent, it is the purpose of the author of this volume to endeavour to show. In Dugdale's " England and Wales Delineated," there is mention of Chapel, in Essex ; of Chapel-Brampton, in Northamptonshire ; of Chapel-Sacken, in Cumberland ; and of Chapel-Allerton, near Leeds ; but this place, called Chapel formerly, and now Chapel town, appears to have been either too insignificant to be known to, or to be noticed by, the antiquarian compiler of that gazetteer.

Although it had a place of worship in Catholic times, its chapel was unendowed, and therefore no account would be taken of it ecclesiastically. The inference, however, from the village having been thus ignored, is not against, but in favour of, the residents in and near it being furnished with information as to its history, obtained on the spot by one of themselves ; for the vestiges, not only of the families of knightly rank who for centuries abode in this neighbourhood, but of its industries in connection with iron and coal, are certainly not devoid of interest. To those who now have their home in this district of Yorkshire, where the Parishes of Ecclesfield, Tankersley, Wath and Rotherham unite, it is needless to prove that, as yet — " Its hills are green, its woods and prospects fair, Its meadows fertile," although it has been liable, owing to its wealth of minerals, to have its beauty marred, as has been many a fair landscape, by the demand for fuel, and the supremely serviceable metal with which the nation chiefly constructs its mechanical inventions.

Before the importation of foreign charcoal-made bars of iron into England, there passed from this neighbourhood to Sheffield many a load of the material of which were manufactured arrow heads, knives, scissors, razors, and the many steel implements for which that town has long had a world-wide reputation. The line in Geoffry Chaucer's poem — " A Shefeld thwytel bore he in his hose " emphasizes the fact that, in those years of the fourteenth century during which Chaucer lived (1327 — 1400), blades were made in Sheffield for which steel would be required ; and may not the surmise be entertained, that, at the works on Thorpe Common, carried on by monks of Kirkstead until Edward III. forbade ecclesiastics trading (and probably afterwards by their tenants), would be "fabricated" a sort of iron, with just sufficient car bon in it to produce a steel-like product which would submit to the forge, and, after tempering, sustain an edge ?

From the historic fact that there were in existence as long ago as 1 160 those mines and furnaces, arises the inference that, at no great distance from those primitive works, there must have been a market for what they " fabricated." It requires little effort ofthe imagination to picture, passing down the road now called Grange Lane, and through Brightside, on the north side of the river Don, packhorses carrying material such as would be used by the ancient Hallamshire blacksmiths. And of a later date, there is that which research brings into view of products of the Chapeltown furnace, where probably was made the cannon which the Duchess of Newcastle says was ordered by her husband after he had taken possession, on behalf of Charles I., of Sheffield Castle. If, as stated by Mr. Hunter, it be true that " till the time of James I. the iron forges standing in the township of Brightside Byerlow, commonly called Attercliffe forges, were in the hands of the Earls of Shrewsbury, and worked for their benefit " : and as it is undoubtedly true that the smelting furnace, which was a part of the ironworks of the Lord of the Manor of Sheffield, was at Chapeltown; we have to go far back if we would solve the problem, When and by whom were the Chapeltown Works, with their water-wheel and blast furnace, started ?

There is an entry in the diary of John Hobson, of Dodworth Green, of date March 17, 1726, published by the Surtees Society, which is positive evidence as to the connection between the Chapeltown furnace and the Attercliffe forges. Before then, as far back as the reign of Charles II. , Chapel town furnace was in the hands of Captain Copley, who, about 1678, gave the works up to tenants, whose names are given by Mr. Hunter. How long they had been in existence when Copley took to them is a question which, as yet, research seems not able to answer. The agreement by which was secured a site for the Thorn cliffe Works was signed December 13th, 1793, and the arrival of the one hundredth year of their history is deemed a fitting occasion for the publication of some pages descriptive of the district in which, for a century, they have been prominent and important as a scene of Yorkshire skill, industry and enterprise ; and for placing on record what research has been able to gather of the men who founded those works, and whose " footprints on the sands of time " — as their earthly career was ended before the present century was twenty-five years old — have become well-nigh obliterated.

X Scholars in the schools in this neighbourhood will, per haps, better remember certain events in their nation's history by being shown how it is linked with people who lived here, were affected by those events, and helped to make that history. The few pages of fiction in which, by a dream, Joan Mounteney appears as an attendant upon the Princess Elizabeth, may serve to interest youthful readers in the fact that, in the fifteenth century, royal and noble-born personages were exposed to contingencies of misfortune and peril such as happily in these days no privileged, or unprivileged, class of persons in this free realm is liable. The Plantagenet Edward, Earl of Warwick, who merely because he was the son of the Duke of Clarence, was during his whole life a prisoner, first at Sheriff-Hutton, where, for a time he had the Princess Elizabeth his cousin for a com panion, and then in the Tower of London, until he was put to death, at the age of 29 years, by order of Henry VII.

For the benefit of those whom they concern, and for whom old-time memories have a living voice, are issued these notes of researches, briefly archæological, historical and biographical, at Chapeltown and places near that hamlet, from the point of view of trie author. Of his indebtedness to the historical works which have facilitated his researches, especially those of the late Joseph Hunter, F.S.A. ; the Rev. Alfred Gatty, D.D , Sub-Dean of York; the late Rev. Jonathan F.astwood, M.A. ; the late John Guest, F.S.A., of Rotherham ; and the Halifax Historian, John Crabtree, Esquire, the author desires to make full acknowledgment. To friends and neighbours from whom he has received information and assistance, he offers his best thanks. Greenhead Cottage, Chapeltown, near Sheffield, Nov. 17TH, 1893.

CONTENTS. PAGE Christmas Day at Chapeltown, a.d. 1482 : a Dream and its Amplifications 1 Chapter I. Notes referring to records between the lines of which imagination found space to dream .. .. .. .. ,. mm 25 Chapter II. House at Greenhead built by A. W. in 1684; Cowley Manor, castle-like and moated, of the De Renevilles and the Mounteneys ; and Hesley Hall, also rebuilt after the Lord of the Manor of Sheffield had purchased their estates .. .. .. .. .. ■,-, Chapter III. Tankersley; its Church, Hall and Park; and the Tankersleys, Elands, Saviles and Wentworths .. .. .. .. .. en Chapter IV. Howsley Hall and other remaining 17th century buildings in the district; Mortemley Hall; Chapeitown House; Lound School; Ivy House; High Green House; St. John's Church, Chapeltown; St. Saviour's Church, Mortomley . . . . . . . . . . . . g3 Chapter V. Barley Hall ; Methodism at Thorpe, High Green and Chapeltown .. 127 Chapter VI.

Old-time Memories of Thorncliffe: its Ironworks and Collieries, and their antecedents at Furnace Hill, Sheffield; Chapeltown Furnace ; and at the top of Grange Lane, in the Township of Kimberworth, where the Monks of Kirkstead Abbey in the twelfth century established Ironworks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 Chapter VII. Notes Biographical of the Thorncliffe Partners, supplementary to the previous Chapter upon Old-time Memories of Thorncliffe .. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. page. Sketch of the Grange erected by the Monks of Kirkstead Abbey, who had Ironworks in the neighbourhood of Chapeltown in the year 1 160 .. Front Old Barn at Cowley Manor . . . . . . . . . . 23 Fac-simile of Letter written by Richard III., in 1483 .. .. .. 24 Old House at Greenhead, built by A.W., 1684 . . . . . . 38 Cowley Manor .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 44 Hesley Hall .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 58 Tankersley Old Hall .. .. .. .. .. .. 65 Howsley Hall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 Mortomley Hall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 Chapeltown House .. .. ., .. .. ..no Ivy House .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 112 Portrait of Dr. Falding .. .. .. .. .. ..114 Barley Hall .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 122 Mount Pleasant Chapel .. .. .. .. .. .. 138 Portrait of Mr. George Newton .. .. .. .. .. 144 ,, Mr. Henry Longden .. .. .. .. .. 14.7 ,, the Rev. Adam Clarke, LL.D. .. .. .. .. 169, Iron Lighthouse made at Thorncliffe for Goodwin Sands .. .. 173 Old Th'undercliffe Grange, pulled down in 1777 .. .. .. 182 Portrait of Mr. Matthew Chambers, senior . . . . . . . . ig8 ,, Mr. Thomas Newton .. .. .. .. .. 201 „ Mr. Thomas Chambers, of Lane End House .. .. 204 ,, Mr. Thomas Chambers, of Melbourne . . . . . . 206 ,, Mr. John Chambers, of Belmont .. .. .. 207 ,, Mr. Matthew Chambers, of Barbot Hall.. .. ,.

CHRISTMAS DAY AT CHAPELTOWN, a.d. 1482 : A DREAM AND ITS AMPLIFICATIONS. " Where, as at Tankersley, Time hath but left a hollow roofless shell, To show what written records fail to tell, Surmise may fill the space the lines between And fancy paint what, prhaps, of yore hath been."' " England's music feeds On past events not dim Though distant in our land's career, And we to freedom cling To-day the more because we hear Of them our minstrels sing." — The Monks' Grange. PART FIRST. PREFATORY. " At length an oak chest, that had long lain hid, Was found in the Castle — they raised the lid." T. H. Baily's song: " The Mistletoe Bough." The " moated castle-like " mansion of the Mounteneys, which for centuries was as much the chief dwelling at Chapel town as yonder mansion of Earl Fitzwilliam is the principal house at Wentworth-Woodhouse, is represented in name, but in name only, by the present Cowley Manor.

The only struc tured relic of the buildings which were in existence when the Mounteneys had a home at Cowley, is an outhouse — a sort of barn — the roof of which is supported by massive oak posts let into the ground and uniting at the top so as to form three Gothic arches. It is a place likely to be dreamt about ; a place likely to have become, when the old mansion was pulled down, the receptacle of such things of uncertain value as people have to find a place for when they re-build, or "flit" from one house to another. If there be at such times an old chest at hand, naturally there are placed hastily in it — parchments, papers, and other things taken from shelves, drawers, and cup boards. Years pass, and curiosity leads to the inspection of what may be inside that ancient bin, coffer, or box.* There is scope for imagination to dream of there being found in such a chest in that barn, what is archæologically interesting — documents, in a script not readable by the finder, but which an expert can easily decipher.

After becoming familiar with the passages in the several historical works in which the Mounteneys are referred to, such *In the notes of the late John Wilson, Esquire, of Broomhead Hall, there is mention of there being in Bradfield Church, an old iron-bound chest, hewed out of a solid tree, in which, in 1616, the writings of the Church were kept. It is r.ow used as a receptacle for general lumber. as the one which says, " Among the English Knights who " agreed to sail to the Crusades with the Prince, or to follow " him, appears the name of Robert de Mounteney, who with " two attendant Knights received three hundred marks for " their expenses," and, "At a tournament at Dunstable, in " the second year of the reign of Edward II., appeared Sir John " de Mounteney," the mind is likely to be astir with conjecture.

By the bye, how is it that a matter-of-fact individual, whose brain when he is awake never imagines or invents, has before him when he is asleep elaborate pictures of scenes entirely fanciful and fictitious ? This is a question not easily answered. But the probability may be conceived that, after research, which has resulted in the production of a local archæological and historical volume, the writer of it — if a dreamer — would have visions. Not unnaturally it comes to pass that, after persistently reading and musing, he has before his mind's eye such vivid pictures of the past, that his dreams become coloured by his researches. Long ago people, of whom history has told him scarcely anything but their names, become as distinct and familiar as if they were his contemporaries. In this way may be accounted for such a dream as this, and its imaginary amplifications.

There is a blank, or omission, in the Mounteney pedigree which seems to demand the invention of some hypothesis to supplement or elucidate the record. Joan, the daughter of Sir Thomas Mounteney, born Michaelmas day, 1321, had two husbands, and it is strange, says Hunter, that of the former, from whom the genealogical line descends, there is no trace. Her son John was legitimately born before her marriage with Thomas, Lord Furnival, but the name of his father is not given. That son's name, " Sir John de Mounteney, Knight," so called " jussu matris " (by order of his mother, as appears in a deed bearing that lady's seal), may not have been derived from his father, but assumed in consequence of his mother in her widowhood resuming her maiden name. The reader naturally wonders why this mystery and concealment ?

The beautifully illustrated missal which belonged to this lady, Joan Mounteney, " quandam uxor Thomas Furnival, Chevalier," which Mr. Hunter hopes will turn up some day, is surely in somebody's library somewhere (unless there has been a fire destroying the premises where it was treasured). A dream so practically useful as to reveal where that missal is deposited would establish for dreaming in this scientific age, a place higher than either clairvoyance or spiritualism has attained ! In the year here recalled, 1482, the later Joan's grandfather, Thomas Mounteney, had been dead nine years, and her father Nicholas and her mother Elizabeth would be living at Cowley. Her father's will is dated 1499, so he was residing there after 1482 for seventeen years. In that will she, as well as her brothers Robert, Thomas, Alexander and Nicholas, is mentioned.

Her age is not indicated, but she was the youngest of the family and an only daughter (as, strange to say, has been the rule, with few exceptions, in families residing at Cowley throughout its history down to the present day : Miss Ramsden has no sister; Mr. John Jeffcock had only one daughter; immediately preceeding him was resident there Mr. Smith, who had one daughter ; Mrs. Kirk, the grandmother of the wife of Mr. Smith, was an only daughter of a Cowley household). An extract from the pedigree of the Mounteney family will help to a perception of the young lady Joan's environment. Nicholas Mounteney, of Shiercliffe, Esq. = Elizabeth, daughter of In his will dated 6 June, 1499, he John Drax, Esq., mentions all the children by Margaret Barley, below. his wife. 1 2 3 4 5 I I ! I I Isabel = Robert, of Cowley and Shiercliffe.

Thomas. Alexander. Nicholas. Joan. first His second wife, Anne. From whom (dreamt of as wife. His will is dated 3 Aug., 1519, on descended lady attendant Living which day he died, and was the Mounteneys upon the 1499 buried in the church at Ecclesfield. of Kothetham, of Princess and Creswick, and Elizabeth, ,-n, of Wheatley, near daughter of 5 5" Doncaster. Edward IV.) John, = Joan. of Cowley and Living Shiercliffe, 24 May, 1536. Founder of the Oratory in 1536. — Smethy= Dorothy, Barbara,=Thos. Thwaites died without issue. sole heiress. B In his will, dated 6th June, 1499, Nicholas desired that his body might be buried before the image of Saint Mary in the church at Ecclesfield, and directs that a priest shall say mass for his soul for one full year after his decease. To the fabric of the church of Ecclesfield, he gives one seme of iron ; to Robert, all his heirlooms, among which are specified— "unum calicem argenti, unum mese boke, unum primarium cum armis meis pictis, cum omnibus ornamentis capelle mee pro capellano seupresbyteromeocantantiet missam celebranti ;" to Isabella, the wife of his son Robert, he gives a girdle used by his wife Elizabeth ; and he makes his sons Thomas, Alexander and Nicholas his executors, who are to order for his soul's health as they think fit.

Thomas Clarke, vicar of Ecclesfield, he nominates one of the supervisors. We may assume that the father, mother, and five younger persons specified in the pedigree were of the household of Cowley in the year 1482, and we may be sure that that daughter Joan had often in her hands the illuminated missal of her namesake, bequeathed by her father to her eldest brother Robert. Several historical facts being distinctly remembered which correspond in date with this period, the incidents of the vision have an aspect of reality ; for instance a parchment at Wortley Hall evidences that, while the High Chancellor of King Edward IV., Archbishop Rotheram, was building his college at Rotherham, he, for the most part, was the guest of his friend Sir Thomas Wortley, and that it was in 1481, the year after the King's Chancellor was made Archbishop of York, that he founded that college in the town of his nativity.

The Countess of Richmond, the mother of Henry VII., and therefore ultimately the mother-in-law of Elizabeth, the daughter of Edward IV., had a first cousin, Lady Paston, whose daughter became wife of a gentleman of this neighbourhood, Sir John Saville, of Tankersley. A daughter of this Sir John and Lady Saville married the head of the house of Wortley. Taking for granted that the families at Wortley, Tankersley and Cowley were neighbourly, it is natural that these persons should be thought of, and their intimacy with the Queen accounts for the position, at her court, of the lady Joan as atten dant upon, and instructress of, the Princess. Although the personal appearance, character and endow ments of this sole daughter of Nicholas Mounteney are not on record, no one has grounds for saying of the dreamer's portrait of her, as has been said of Sir Walter Scott's description of Amy Robsart, " she was not all his fancy painted her," for in the case of the Kenilworth lady the actual facts are known.

Here the real person, which the pedigree verifies, and the ideal portrait and circumstances associated with her individuality, are not sub ject to an analysis that can separate the one from the other. The conception of her sweetness, accomplishments and goodness, fitting her to be the instructress of the Princess, and of her occupy ing that position through the recommendation of one who knew her intimately and had influence at Court, may claim to be credible and tenable. It is no use anyone trying to prove the real Laura whom Petrarch loved was less beautiful than his immortal lyrics describe ! Archdeacon Farrar, a reproducer of the events of the first century of the Christian era, has lately written a book, which he calls " An Historical Tale." " He "has," says a reviewer, "elaborated the hints of Pagan " writers, and availed himself of personal allusions in the " salutations of the Pauline epistles for the woofs running " across his webs of fact." ..."

He gives identity to " Pudens and Claudia, to Linus and Prisca and Aquila, and to " many others who, in the salutations of the Epistles, are " often names and nothing more." Archæologists are not wont to describe dramatically the ancient abbeys and castles they write about as Shakespeare romances about the Plantagenet kings and queens and their associates; but we find the judicious and unromantic Mr. Hunter, in his " History of Hallamshire," which is not a book professing to deal with nice points of ethics or chivalrous sentiments, writing of Matilda, the heiress at a very tender age of the last of the male line of the Lovetots, words of protest, as if he were a modern liberal politician defending " women's rights." He says : " The right of chief lords to dispose in marriage the " heiresses of those who held land of them, is one of the most "indefensible points of the feudal system.

It may have had " its convenience in regard to the superiors ; but what did the " tenants gain by it ?— and, in a well regulated community, all " general political institutions will be directed to the benefit of " the more numerous class. In this instance a thousand "objections, arising out of some of the most sacred feelings of " human nature, immediately present themselves, which no "reasons of expediency or policy ought ever to have been " allowed to countervail." (p. 42.) In the dream is blended with Mr. Hunter's words quoted, a passage in Dr. Collier's English History, which says, " It " was a strange feature of Edward IV. 's foreign policy, that he " endeavoured to make marriages for his children from the day " of their birth ; but none of his schemes succeeded. At the " conclusion of the war he had with Louis XL, King of France, "one of the conditions of the peace-treaty of Pecquigny, was, " that Louis' eldest son, the Dauphin, should marry the English " Princess Elizabeth."

At the date of that treaty of peace, assigning her to the Dauphin, 1475, she would be nine years old, and 16 in 1482. Henry VII. became King, August 22nd, 1485, so she could not be more than 20 when Richard III., her uncle, wanted to marry her, and perhaps would have compelled her acquiescence had he lived a few months longer, notwithstanding the dissua sion of hischief counsellors Ratcliffe and Catesby. The blood thirsty savage, the murderer of her two brothers, and deserving only to be thought of with execration, she knew to be intent upon making her the means of confirming his usurpation, and she seems to have thought of herself as utterly helpless. There is a letter in her hand-writing in the cabinet of the Earl of Arundel and Surrey, from which may be inferred that she had the feeling that it would be perilous to refuse if the unscrupulous monarch demanded her hand.

The letter is written to the Duke of Norfolk, desiring him to be her mediator for her marriage with the King, whom she calls her only joy and maker in the world. (Buch's Life of Richard III.) Well might her mother weep, when, notwithstanding her forebodings, she consented, at the request of Archbishop Rotheram, to let her boy be taken from her. Did the Princess Elizabeth know of those tears ? — of the fate of her two brothers ? — of the character of her uncle ? No doubt she did ! We cannot interpret the obscure words in her letter without bearing this in mind. This episode would need some word of apology if the purpose of the author of " Chapeltown Researches" had been only to inform or remind his readers by the reproduction of historical facts. He aims to make his volume entertaining, as does the artist, who, painting a historical picture, in order to depict the scene as effectively as possible, introduces persons and objects not known to be, but presumed to be, associated with it.

PART SECOND. CHRISTMAS DAY 1482. In accordance with license granted— such as that which, half a century earlier, was granted by Kempe (Archbishop of York) to Dominus Robert Normanton (Vicar of Ecclesfield)— there were services in the winter months in the little chapel at Chapeltown, which had given that hamlet its name; but on the day of long-ago, now brought into view, the church bells at Ecclesfield ringing merrily a Christmas peal, have invited and attracted the parishioners far and near to assemble in the richly decorated edifice which used to be designated "the Minster of the Moors." Moreover it is known that morning that a high dignitary of the Church is to be present. Thomas Rotheram, who is not only the King's Chancellor, but has lately been promoted to be Archbishop of York, and who is staying with his friend Sir Thomas Wortley, at Wortley Hall, has promised the Vicar (Thomas Clarke) that he will help him to officiate.

That he should do this is in accordance with the interest he takes in the parish of Ecclesfield, for when he founded and amply endowed the college at Rotherham, he provided that, in the election of pupils into that college, the parishes of Rotherham and Ecclesfield were to have a preference, and the provost of the college had, for part of his duty, to preach the word of God in the parishes of Rotherham and Ecclesfield. There is evidence in the Archbishop's will that he regarded himself as closely identified with the parish, for in bequeathing property in it to John Scott, his cousin, he refers to the Scotts, his mother's family, having had a " small estate, descending successively in the same name and blood from a time beyond the memory of man." In the Catholic church (as from the gospel of Luke it is known that the event of Christ's birth was in the night) there was a mass service at midnight.

In the first three centuries of the Christian era there was probably no celebration of the event ; the usage was to celebrate the death of remarkable persons rather than their birth ; but in the fourth century a festival was established in memory of our Lord's birth. In the Western church the time fixed in the fifth century for the celebration was the day of the old Roman feast of the birth of Sol, on the 25th of December, though no information respecting the day of Christ's birth existed. In Catholic churches there was also a service at daybreak, and another in the forenoon. Whether at Ecclesfield church in the fifteenth century there would be the midnight and daybreak service is uncertain, but no doubt there would be the mass celebration in the forenoon. After this service, dispersing worshippers exchange saluta tions.