Gold, Sport, and Coffee Planting in Mysore ... With a map, etc

Front matter

GOLD, SPORT, AND COFFEE PLANTING IN MYSORE. GOLD, SPOET, AND COFFEE PLANTING IN MYSOKE WITH CHAPTERS ON COFFEE PLANTING IN COORG, THE MYSORE REPRESEN TATIVE ASSEMBLY, THE INDIAN CON- GRESS, CASTE, AND THE INDIAN SILVER QUESTION BEING THE 38 YEARS* EXPERIENCES OF A MYSORE PLANTER BY \U ROBERT H. ELLIOT AUTHOR OF " EXPERIENCES OF A PLANTER," " WRITTEN ON THEIR FOREHEADS," ETC. WITH A MAP IN COLOURS WESTMINSTER ARCHIBALD CONSTABLE AND CO 14, PARLIAMENT STREET, S.W. CHISWICK PRESS I — C. WH1TTINGHAM AND CO., TOOKS COURT, CHANCERY LANE. DEDICATION. T HAVE much pleasure in dedicating this book to my ■*■ friend Sir K. Sheshadri Iyer, K.C.S.I., Dewan of Mysore, and trust that it may he useful in making more fully known the resources of the State whose affairs he has for many years so wisely and ably administered.

Preface

. IN the year 1871 I published " The Experiences of a. Planter in the Jungles of Mysore," and had intended to bring out a new edition of it, but, from various causes, the project was delayed, and when I at last took the matter in hand, I found that so many things had happened since 1871 that it was necessary to write a new book. In this, hardly anything of the " Experiences " has been reproduced, except a very few natural history notes and the chapter on Caste, a subject to which I would particularly call the attention of those interested in Indian missions. I have been much assisted by informants too numerous for mention here, and can only allude to those who have most conspicuously aided me. Amongst these I am much indebted to my friend Sir K. Sheshadri Iyer, K.C.S.I., Dewan of Mysore, for access given me to information in the possession of the Government, and for returns specially prepared for the book.

Prom my friends Mr. Graham Anderson and Mr. Brooke Mockett, two of the most able and experienced planters in Mysore, I have derived much information and assistance. I am particularly obliged to my friend Dr. Voelcker ** for many valuable hints, and the 1 Dr. Voelcker, Consulting Chemist to the Royal Agricultural Society of England, was, by the permission of the Society, em ployed for upwards of a year by the Government in India ; and his "Report on the Improvement of Indian Agriculture" is an elaborate work, of upwards of 400 pages, and contains a large

PREFACE.

. chapter on manures has had the advantage of being read by him. For information as regards the history of coffee in Coorg I am much indebted to Mr. Meynell, who represents the large interests of Messrs. Matheson and Co. in that province, and indeed, without his aid, I could not at all have done full justice to the subject. To Mr. Grey, manager of the Nundydroog mine, I am in debted for information as regards the gold mines, and for the kind assistance he in many ways afforded me when I visited them last January. I am also obliged to Colonel Grant, Superintendent of the Mysore Revenue, Survey and Settle ment Department, for information as regards game, and the proposed Game Act for Mysore. I had intended to add a chapter on the cultivation of cardamoms and pepper, but have not done so, because, for the want of recent information from those specially engaged in these cultivations, I could not feel confident of doing full justice to the subject.

I may, however, say that as regards cardamoms, I have good reason for supposing that there is not much to be added to the chapter on them which appeared in the "Experiences." Though I have collected many experiences, I am of course aware that many more remain to be collected, and I should feel particularly obliged if planters and those who have any experiences to give me (natural history and sporting information would be very welcome) would be kind enough to do so. These I would propose to incor porate in an improved edition, which I look forward to bringing out when a sufficient amount of additional information has been coUected. If those who have any information to give, suggestions to make, or criticisms to offer, would be kind enough to communicate with me, an imbody of carefully digested information, remarks, and opinions which will be of great value to the Government, and of much practical value to planters, and all tropical agriculturists.

PREFACE.

. IX proved edition might be brought out which would be highly valuable to all tropical agriculturists, and all those interested in the various subjects on which I have written. My Indian address is Bartchinhulla. Saklaspur, Mysore State, and home address, Clifton Park, Kelso, Roxburgh shire. ROBERT H. ELLIOT. CONTENTS. Chapter I.— Introductory. PAGE Myself and the route to Mysore in 1855 1 The pioneer planters of Southern Mysore 4 The life of a planter by no means a dull one 5 Effects of English capital on the progress of the people and the finances of the State 6 The value, in times of famine, of European settlers .... 9 A deferred native message of thanks to the English public . 10 The causes that have led to an increase of famine and scarcities 11 Measures to promote the digging of wells by the people . . 12 A line of railway from Mysore to the western coast sanctioned 13 Wanted, land tenures which will promote well digging and other irrigation works 14 The late Dewan's opinions in favour of a fixed land tax . . 16 Evidences of irrigation works made by occupiers being promoted by a fixed land tax 17 Famine question of great importance to settlers in India . . 17 The number of European and native coffee plantations in Mysore 18 Probable annual value of coffee produced in Mysore.

Manufactures in India 19 Manufactures in Mysore 20 Endeavours by the Dewan to develop the iron wealth of the province 20 "The Mysore and Coorg Directory." Value of the Dewan's annual addresses in the Representative Assembly ... 21 The Dewan's efforts to promote improvements of all kinds . 21 European settlers favourably received by officials of all classes 21 Hints as to representing any matter to a Government official 22 Native officials are polite and obliging CONTENTS. XII Chapter IL— The Scenery and Waterfalls of Mysore. page General description of the Mysore country 24 The climate. A healthy one for Europeans 26 The beautiful scenery of the western borderlands .... 27 The falls of Gairsoppa 29 Height of the falls ; difficulty of getting at them ; the Lushington, Lalgali, and Majod Falls might be visited when on the way to Gairsoppa Falls 30 The best time for visiting the falls 31 Description of the falls 32 Startling sounds to be heard at the falls 33 To the bottom of the gorge below the falls 34 Wonderful combinations of sights and sounds 35 The scene on the pool above the falls 38 The beautiful moonlight effects 39 A flying squirrel ; a tiger bounding across the road .... 40 The Cauvery Falls and the route to them 40 General description of the falls 42 The Gangana Chuckee Falls 43 The Bar Chuckee Falls 44 The Gairsoppa and Cauvery Falls contrasted 46 Interesting bridges built by native engineers 47 Leisure, solitude, and repose necessary to enjoy scenery . . 48 Chapter III. — My/sore — its Government and Representative Assembly.

The early history of Mysore 49 The Hindoo and Mahometan lines 50 The Hindoo line restored by us in 1799 50 The insurrection of 1830 50 The Maharajah deposed and the country in 1831 administered by the British 51 The State restored to native administration in 1881 .... 51 The people at first generally disliked the change ; causes of this . . . . 52 Value of an admixture of Europeans in the Mysore service . 53 The alleged breach of good faith as regards conferring appointments on natives in British territory 54 Tbe constitution of Mysore ; terms on which it was transferred not to native rule but to native administration . CONTENTS.

XIII PAGE Mysore as practically under British rule as any part of British India 56 After deducting sum allotted for Maharajah's personal expenditure, the remaining revenues to be spent on public purposes only 57 The advantages possessed by settlers in Mysore 57 The Mysore Representative Assembly 57 The notification by which the Assembly was established, and the system of nominating members 58 Contrast between it and the Egyptian General Assembly of the Legislative Council 59 First meeting of the Assembly, Oct. 7th, 1881 59 Rules of 1890 announcing a system of electing members in future 60 My election in 1891 as a member of the Assembly .... 61 Am appointed chairman of preliminary meetings 62 Measures agreed to at the preliminary meetings 62 Rules to regulate discussions in preliminary meetings ... 63 Organization desired to be established ; funds for working the proposed organization 64 The lady students of the Maharanee's College 65 The Assembly formally opened ; the Dewan's address ... 65 Gold mines, railways, roads ; interference of Madras Government with proposed Mysore Irrigation Works .... 66 Measure to promote digging of wells 68 Value of the Assembly as a means of communicating intelligence amongst the people 69 Forests.

Elephants. Female education 69 The Archæological Survey. The Census. The municipal elections 70 Reform of religious and charitable institutions. An irregular meeting of members 71 A marriage law proposed. Great excitement caused thereby. Proposal adjourned 71 Proposal to store grain against times of famine 72 Revenue should be remitted in full when there is no crop . . 72 My speech in the Assembly as chairman of preliminary meetings '2 Members called up in order to represent grievances and wants. The marriage question again 73 Influence of public opinion as regards age for consummation of marriages ' * Opinion of two native gentlemen as regards my speech . . CONTENTS. PAGE An important concession gained by the representatives . . /5 The admirable working of the Mysore Government. General appreciation of the Dewan's administration 76 Representatives have no power and do not want any.

Causes of the absence of any demand for parliamentary institutions such as those in England 77 Absence of general interest in the Assembly. Causes of this . 79 Great value of Assembly in bringing rulers and ruled together. Such Assembly more necessary now than formerly. Causes of this 80 The Indian Congress. Causes of the creation of 81 Started in 1885 by a small number of the educated classes . 82 Seditious pamphlets circulated by the Congress 82 Copies bought for the Athenæum Club 82 Mr. Dadabhai Naoroji, M.P. one of the sellers of the pamphlets 82 Proceedings of the Congress legitimate till it fell under guidance of Mr. Hume. Excuses for Mr. Dadabhai Naoroji 83 The composition of the first and second Congresses .... 83 The third Congress. The members desire to make the laws and control the finances of India 84 The Congress declares that as Indians in rural districts are not qualified to elect members, these should be elected by an electoral college composed of the flower of the educated classes 85 As the desired powers are not likely to be obtained in India, the people of England must be made to believe that India is being misgoverned 85 The Congress' schemes for bringing about a revolution in India.

Native volunteers to be enrolled to bring pressure to bear on the Government. The Repeal of the Arms Act demanded 86 The seditious pamphlets issued by the Congress 87 The sums of money collected with the aid of the pamphlets 88 Opinions of Congress that natives are wanting in the qualities necessary for governing India 88 Chapter IV.— Natural History and Sport. The advantages and pleasures of big game shooting ... 90 Comparative risks from tigers, bears, and panthers .... 92 Boars and other wild animals more dangerous now than formerly. Advantages of this for sportsmen .... CONTENTS. XV PAGE The natural history of Mysore 94 Elephants. Tigers much more numerous in former times in Mysore 96 In a short time 118 caught in traps. Remarkable cessation of sueli captures. The balance of nature destroyed . . 97 The spread of intelligence amongst wild animals.

Tiger passes. Difference of opinion as to how tigers seize their prey 98 The use of the paw in killing animals and people .... 99 The carrying powers of tigers and panthers 10(1 Reasons for not sitting on the ground when tiger shooting . 101 Illustration of risk of sitting on the ground 102 Caution should be exercised when approaching a tiger supposed to be dead 103 Another illustration of the risk of sitting on the ground . . 105 Illustration of the importance of sitting motionless when obliged to sit on the ground 106 An exciting rush after a wounded tiger 107 Coolness and courage exhibited by a native 108 Estimate of danger of tiger shooting on foot. Should not be pursued by those whose lives are of cash value to their families 109 People killed by wounded tigers. Difficulty of seeing a tiger in the jungle 110 Distinguishing sight of natives superior to that of Europeans 111 Tigers easily recover from wounds 112 Effects on the nerves and heart from the roar of a wounded tiger IIS Precautions that should be exercised by sportsmen with damaged hearts 115 The lame tiger.

Met in the road at night 116 Tying out live baits for tigers 117 Interesting instance of tiger stalking up to a live bait . . . 118 Another illustration of risk of approaching a tiger apparently dead 120 Importance of using a chain when tying out a bait. Sport spoiled from a chain not being used 121 Tigers eat tigers sometimes. Illustration of this .... 123 The tiger's power of ascending trees 125 Interesting instance of a jackal warning tigers of danger . . 126 Tiger put to flight by the rearing of a horse 127 Effect on a tiger of the human voice. Tigers often undecided how to act 128 b CONTENTS. XVI PAGE Tigers form plans and act in concert. Illustration of this . 129 Tigers of Western Ghaut forests, if unmolested, rarely dangerous to man 130 Very dangerous man-eating tigers have existed in the interior of Mysore.

Man-eaters enter villages. A tiger tearing off the thatch of a hut 131 Great courage and determination shown by natives in connection with tigers. Illustrations of this 132 The life of a planter saved by a dog attacking the tiger . . 134 Interesting behaviour of the dog after Mr. A. was wounded . 135 Treatment of wounds from tigers. A native recovers from thirteen lacerated wounds and two on the head .... 136 A mad tiger. Position of body that should be adopted when waiting for a tiger. Importance of this 137 Tiger purring with evident satisfaction after having killed a man 138 Chapter V.— Bears, Panthers, Jungle Dogs, Snakes, Jungle Pets. Bear has two cubs at a time. Bears rapidly decreasing. Said by natives to be killed and eaten by tigers. Instances of tigers killing bears 140 Bears dreaded by natives more than any animal in the jungle.

Probable cause of their often attacking people. Illustration of this 141 Attacked by an unwounded and unprovoked bear .... 142 If suddenly attacked by an animal at close quarters rush towards it 143 Wanton attacks made by bears on people. Approaching caves and getting bears out of them 144 Great value of stink balls 146 How not to attempt to get a bear out of a cave. Am caught by a hill fire 1 47 Amusing incident at a bear's cave. A man wounded ... 149 Value of having a good dog when out bear shooting. Am knocked down by a bear 151 Panthers. Should be hunted with dogs 152 Panther probably feigning death. A man killed .... 153 The wild boar the most daring animal in the jungles. Illustration in point 154 The great power of the wild boar. My manager charged by one CONTENTS. XVII PAGE Boars make shelters for themselves in the rains.

The flesh of the boar not a safe food 157 Jungle dogs. Said by natives to kill tigers 158 The use, said by the natives to be made by the dogs, of their acrid urine 159 A cross between the jungle and the domestic dog .... 160 Curious incident connected with jungle dogs 161 Great increase of jungle dogs. A reward should be offered for their destruction 161 Many reported deaths from snake bites probably poisoning cases. Reasons in support of this view. From 1855 to 1893 only one death from snake bite in my neighbourhood 162 The cobra not an aggressive snake. Unless hurt or provoked will probably never bite. Illustrations in support of this view 163 Snakes keep a good look out. Tigers and snakes run away . 165 Many snakes are harmless, and some useful 166 Wild animals probably require to be taught by their parents to dread man 166 A tame stag.

A tame flying squirrel 167 A tame hornbill 168 Probable cause of pets not caring to rejoin their wild congeners 169 Some remarks on guns. The Paradox 170 Chapter VI.— Bison Shooting. Unless molested the bison never attacks man 171 An attempt to photograph a solitary bull 173 Description of the bison 174 Height of bull bison. Account of an interesting friendship between a tame sambur deer and a bull bison .... 175 Bison are often attacked by tigers 177 Interesting instance of a tiger stalking up to a solitary bull . 178 The tiger and bull knocked over right and left 180 Precautions that should be taken when following up a wounded bull 181 A tracker killed by a bull. Following a wounded bull . . 182 Stalking up to a herd. The value of peppermint lozenges . 183 How a wounded bull may be lost 185 The value of a dog when following up a wounded bull ... 186 AVonderful bounding power of the bison.

A narrow escape from a charging bull 187 Special Act required for preservation of cow bison . . . . 1S8 CONTENTS. Chapter VII.— Gold. PAGE The earliest tradition as regards gold in Mysore 190 Explanation of gold being found on the ears of corn. Lieutenant AVarren's investigations in 1800 191 Native methods of procuring gold by washing and mining . 192 Depths to which old native pits were sunk 193 Probable cause of the cessation of mining at considerable depths 194 In 1S73 leave first given to a European to mine for gold. Remarkable absence in Mysore of old records or inscriptions relating to gold mining 195 Mr. Lavelle in 1873 applied for right to mine in Kolar . . . 196 Of the mines subsequently started all practically closed in 1882, excapt the Mysore mine, which began to get gold in end of 1884 197 Had the Mysore Company not persevered the Kolar field would probably have been closed.

Depths to which mines have been sunk. The Champion Lode . . . . 198 General description of the Kolar field. Notes by a lady resident 199 Life on the field. Gardening. Visitors from England . . 200 The volunteers at the mines. Sport near the field .... 201 Servants and supplies. Elevation and the climate. A healthy one 202 Mining and the extraction of gold 203 The rates of wages. No advances given to labourers . . . 204 Expenditure by the companies in Mysore in wages. Consequential results therefrom on the prosperity of the people 205 Measures which the State should take to encourage the opening of new mines 206 Royalty on mines that are not paying should be reduced or abolished. Act required to check gold stealing . . . 207 Some summary process should be adopted to check gold thefts 208 AVant of water on the field.

Measures proposed for conserving it 209 The want of tree planting. Other auriferous tracts in Mysore. Mr. R. Bruce Foote's report 210 Brief analysis of Mr. Bruce Foote's report on the various auriferous tracts. The central group of auriferous rocks 211 The west-central group CONTENTS. XIX PAGE The western group. Expects that many other old abandoned workings will be discovered in the jungly tracts . . . 213 An inexhaustible supply of beautiful porphyry near Seringapatam and close to a railway 214 Chapter VIII.— Caste. Valuable to rural populations 215 My inquiry limited to its rural and practical effects on life . 216 Its moral effects as regards the connection of the sexes . . 217 Its value in limiting the use of alcohol 219 Moralty in Manjarabad superior to that of England . . . 220 Widows may contract a kind of marriage.

The value of caste in socially segregating inferior from superior races 221 The mental value of the separation caused by caste .... 222 The separation caused by caste has not hindered advancement amongst the rural population. The Coorgs an instance of this 223 Disadvantages of caste as regards town populations .... 224 Instances of the evils of caste amongst the higher classes in the towns 225 Inquiry as to how far caste has acted beneficially in opposing the existing interpretation of Christianity 227 Worthlessness of pure dogmas when adopted by a degraded people 228 Native Christians readily revert to devil worship in cases of danger or sickness 229 Native Christians neither better nor worse than the low classes from which they are usually drawn. Experience of the Abbe Dubois 230 The upper class peasantry having to give up caste would be injured by being converted 231 The town population would not be injured by conversion . . 232 Causes of the outcry against caste 233 Its alleged tendencies 234 The way to retain the good and lessen the evil of caste . . 235 To become a Christian our missionaries compel the entire abandonment of caste.

Their version of Christianity wisely rejected 236 Mischievous action of our missionaries as regards caste. Their erroneous views a bar to the progress of Christianity . . 237 Bishop Heber's " Letter on Caste " 238 Bishop Wilson's fatal "Circular "requiring absolute abandonment of caste by Christians CONTENTS. XX PAGE Secession of native Christians in consequence of the " Circular." Erroneous views contained in the Report of the Madras Commissioners 242 Views of the Tanjore missionaries as regards caste .... 243 Mr. Schwartz's opinions 244 The Tanjore missionaries not unfavourable to the retention of caste by their converts 245 Inquiry into the origin of caste 246 No connection between caste and idolatry. They may and do exist apart 247 Caste as it exists in Ceylon 249 The way in which caste probably did originate 250 The Jews a strictly guarded caste 251 Caste difficulties as regards taking the Sacrament .... 252 Its sanitary advantages 254 Caste no bar to the exercise of hospitality and charity . . . 255 Advantages of caste in increasing hospitality and charity . . 257 Caste has a levelling as well as a keeping down tendency . . 260 Instances of people rising into a superior caste 261 Rigidity of caste laws much exaggerated.

They vary in different places. Occasional violations of caste law condoned. Remarkable instance of this 263 Infringement of caste when out tiger shooting 264 Instance of variation in caste law. Caste apt to be made the scapegoat of every Indian difficulty 266 Mr. Pope's remarks on the effects of caste 267 Mr. Raikes's remarks on the evil effects of caste. Thinks that it is the cause of infanticide 268 Instance to showthat infanticide can exist amongst people free from caste. Polyandrous habits not necessarily a cause of infanticide 269 Summary of principal conclusions arrived at 270 Curious customs of the Marasa Wokul tribe in Mysore . . 273 The effect of caste on the transmission of acquired aptitudes 274 Chapter IX.— Coffee Planting in Coorg. Description and the history of Coorg 275 Conquered and annexed by us in 1834.

My first visit to Coorg in 1857. The pioneer planters 276 Planting without shade caused the failure of many of the plantations 277 After shade was introduced coffee flourished CONTENTS. XXI PAGE European and native plantations. Their number and the probable yield from them. Expenditure per acre . . . 279 The kinds of manure used. Experiments by an analytical chemist 280 Proportions of manure varied according to the condition of the coffee. The time in which manure should be applied. Applications of burnt earth 281 Widespread results arising from the expenditure on plantations in Coorg 282 Rates of wages, and system of procuring labourers. Leaf disease and Borer 283 Remedies experimented on as regards leaf disease and Borer 284 Primary cause of the existence of so much Borer. The terms on which Government lands are sold for planting . . . 285 Reasons why certain of the reserved State forests should he given out for planting 286 Cinchona and Ceara rubber planting tried and abandoned.

Coffee seed introduced from Brazil, and other countries, without any apparent advantage. Liberian coffee tried experimentally 287 The capital spent on labour and the consequential results of this on agriculture. My visit to Coorg in 1891 . . . . 288 The route from Mysore. The coffee works at Hunsur. Interesting adventure with a panther 289 To Mr. Rose's estate near Polibetta. Description of Bamboo district 290 Life in the Bamboo district. The club, church, and co-operative store 291 Visits to plantations. Left for Mercara 292 The Retreat. Mr. Meynell's house. Its kitchen arrangements, etc 293 Mr. Mann's coffee garden at Mercara. The large profits from it. To the Hallery estate six miles from Mercara . . . 294 Visits to several estates. To the Coovercolley estate. Mr. Mangles's 295 Left Coovercolley for Manjarabad in Mysore 296 General observations on coffee planting in Coorg.

Its flourishing condition. More attention should be paid to shade 297 Defects as regards shade. More attention to it would lessen Borer 298 Manures used on the best kept up estates CONTENTS. XXII PAGE Tne profits that may be expected from good, well-managed estates. The great want of a Game Preservation Act . 300 Chapter X. — Coffee Planting in Mysore. An agreeable life for an active intelligent man who must work somewhere 302 Qualities necessary to make a successful planter 303 The work not hard. The climate agreeable and healthy. The elevation of the coffee districts above sea level . . 304 The changes that may be taken in the slack season by planters. The durability of well-shaded plantations . . 305 Shaded plantations a very permanent property. The profits of coffee. Case of an estate bought with borrowed money 306 Analysis of yield, expenses, and profits on a Manjarabad estate 307 Probable profits on estates in the northern part of Mysore . 308 From want of information coffee plantations in Mysore not saleable at good prices.

Failure of coffee in Ceylon. This gave coffee generally an undeservedly bad name . 309 Early notices of coffee in India. Its early history in Mysore 310 Failure of the variety of coffee first introduced 311 The successful introduction of the Coorg varies}' of coffee . . 312 Mysore coffee fetches the highest price in the London market. Original Mysore coffee land tenures 313 The new- Coffee Land Rules introduced in 1885 314 In the south of Mysore all coffee land probably taken up. In north, land reported to be still available. Planters well satisfied with the Government 315 Advances to labourers. Legislation as regards them much needed 316 Proposed measure to meet the advances to labourers difficulty 317 Legislation required to amend the extraditions laws . . . 318 The New Cattle Trespass Act.

The want of a Wild Birds' Protection Act. The neglect of game preservation . . 319 In consequence of game destruction tigers forced to prey heavily on village cattle. Great losses in consequence . 320 Cruelty of native hunters. Evidences of extermination of game birds 321 The want of a Government Agricultural Chemist. The discovery of a new hybrid coffee plant 322 Enormous yield from it CONTENTS. XXIII Chapter XL— Shade. PAG I* General remarks on the importance of shade 324 The governing principle as regards shade for coffee .... 325 The most desirable kinds of shade trees. Those of less desirable kinds 326 The Jack. Its merits and defects 327 The Atti. Good when young, less desirable when old . . . 328 The Noga. The objections to relying on this tree .... 329 Other kinds of less desirable shade trees 330 Albizzia Moluccana.

Said to be a valuable tree for shade . 331 Methods adopted when forming a shaded plantation . . . 332 Great advantages of clearing without burning the forest . . 333 The order in which shade trees should be planted .... 334 The young shade trees require shade. The charcoal tree a good nurse 335 The management of young shade trees 336 The evils arising from excessive trimming of side branches of shade trees. Planting under the shade of the original forest trees 337 The value of leaving marginal belts of forest. The danger of a running fire 338 The quantity of shade required for varying aspects and gradients 339 The great differences between northern and southern aspects as regards heat 340 Western and eastern aspects 341 Importance of attending to the gradients, the quality of the soil, and its exposure to drying winds 342 Elevation and rainfall govern quantity of shade that should be kept.

The thinning, and lopping lower boughs of shade trees 343 Much knowledge and experience required in judicious thinning 344 More shade will be required as trees become lofty .... 345 344 Importance of at once planting up spots where shade is deficient, in order to keep out the Borer insect 346 Planting out young shade trees. The removal of parasites from shade trees 347 Preparation of shade tree cuttings before planting out. How to grow young charcoal-tree plants. Valuable as nurses CONTENTS. XXIV Chapter XII. — Manure. PAGE How shade complicates the economical and effective manuring of coffee 350 Bulk manures as a rule should not be applied to land directly under shade trees, but to more open spaces 351 Less manure should be applied to coffee directly under shade trees 352 Manure should be varied on different aspects.