The medical aspects of Bournemouth and its Surroundings. Illustrated with chromolithographs and photographs from original sketches by the author ... Second edition, etc

Front matter

E-sti:i:\ ami WeSTEBH |{..\ [N-TB4 ps ami BOURNEMOUTH BAT, iihim Till: Cl.iri-s AT tasTBOUBNX. 'In THE 1.1:1-1, Isi.i: OF WlOHT, II ENGISTBTJ i,-v IIi.aii. EAST CLIFFS and CHINES, PlEB, Wi.st CLIFFS and Chinks. On THE BIGHT, BBANKSOME CLIFFS and Chinks. Sand BANKS, BSTBANCB TO POOLE ELABBOCB, Studland Bat, Pdbbkob Sills and Old Babbi Rooks. I'lvn; '• < '■ (For further detail! see Plate vn.i THE MEDICAL ASPECTS OF BOURNEMOUTH AND ITS SURROUNDINGS. ILLUSTRATED WITH CHROMOLITHOGRAPHS (BY HANHART), AND PHOTOGRAPHS (BY DEBENHAM AND GOULD), FROM ORIGINAL SKETCHES BY THE AUTHOR. BV HORACE DOBELL, M.D., etc.. etc. FELLOW OF THE ROYAL MEDICAL AND CHIRUROICAL SOCIETY ; FELLOW OF THE ROYAL METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY ; CONSULTING PHYSICIAN TO THE ROYAL ALBERT ORPHAN ASYLUM, BAGSHOT ; CONSULTING PHYSICIAN, LATE SENIOR PHYSICIAN.

TO ***fcE ROYAL HOSPITAL FOR DISEASES OF THE CHEST, LONDON. SECOND EDITION, WITH FOUR ADDITIONAL CHROMOLITHOGRAPHS. LONDON: SMITH, ELDEE AND CO., WATERLOO PLACE. 1886. All Bights Reserved. LONDON : PRINTED DY WERTHEIMER, LEA AND CO., circus pp*3S"Tjjmws WALL.

Preface

TO THE SECOND EDITION. (1886.) So short a time has elapsed since the issue of the First Edition of this work that I have not found it necessary to make any material alterations in the text. But, in order to illustrate more fully the characteristics of Bournemouth climate and scenery, I have added four new Chromolitho graphic Plates, which will be found at pages 66, 133, 217 and 255. For the convenience of those readers who have not much time at their disposal, I may mention that I have given a concise summary of the climate at pages 34, 35, 36, and at pages 148 to 169, the " Conditions of Existence favourable to the successful Treatment of Diseases at Bournemouth " are reviewed. Streate-Place, Bournemouth, April, 1886.

PREFACE.

TO THE FIRST EDITION. (1885.) Many of the most important and interesting cases that come before me are seen only once, or perhaps twice, in consultation with the family doctors in attendance, so that I cannot keep notes of their progress or results. Therefore, I have often been unable to make use of the cases that would have most strikingly illustrated the medical points of my book. The cases I have quoted being necessarily those of private patients, who might not care to have them recognised by their friends, I have omitted both names ' and initials ; and dates, places, etc., have been so transposed as to evade identi fication. Consequently, if any one thinks he recognizes his own or his friend's case he may be sure he is mistaken. I have arranged the succession of my chapters in what seemed to me to be the most readable literary order.

But each chapter is fairly complete in itself, and a copious note of its contents is given at its head, so that any reader can easily select the subjects which appear most interesting. In Chapter V., pp. 135, 136, I have specially referred to those patients who, I think, ought not to be sent to Bourne mouth ; and in Chapter IV., p. 123, to those who, I think, ought, and to those who, I think, ought not, to be sent to Alpine stations in winter. My apology for introducing copies of my own sketches, instead of photographs from nature is, simply, that T was

PREFACE.

. VI unable, in any other way, to get the exact views required for the purposes of my book. Those who would like to possess photographs of the many and varied beauties of the scenery in Bournemouth and its surroundings, will find in the contents a list of those which are, in my opinion, the most charming and illustrative. They can all be obtained at the Libraries, Bournemouth, by quoting the titles I have given. Streate-Place, March, 1885. CONTENTS.

Chapter I

Preliminary Observations. PASES The Author's Experience of Bournemouth and other Health Resorts— Object in Writing— Pianos the Work— Unreasonable Expectations of some Patients — Typical Climates and Heroic Remedies — Need for Caution and Consideration — Some Difficulties and Dangers — Luxor — New Zealand — The Continent 1 — 12

Chapter II

Climate of Bournemouth. Explanation of the Special Climate of Bournemouth— Undercliff, OverclifE, and Heathland Sites considered — Rain-traps — The Soil a vast Pile of Sand and Gravel — The Chines, as Watersheds and Ventilating Channels — Division by the Valley into East and West Cliffs -S., S.W. and W. Aspect of Houses- Pleasure-grounds — Description of the Place — Impossibility of Ground Mists — Altitudes of Chief Parts — Geology — Wetness of Soil a Cause of Phthisis ; Dryness a Preventive — Latent Humidity, Dampness and Sensitive Dryness discussed — Relief of the Land, its Influence — Tyndall's Vapour Screens — Barrier of Cliffs below the Houses, important — Summary of Climatic Character 13 — 36 CHAPTER HI. Marine Cachexia. Unusual Freedom from Marine Cachexia in the Residents at Bournemouth — Description and Explanation of Marine Cachexia as seen in Coast Towns at Sea-level— Children at Bournemouth maikedly Healthy— Relation of Malaria and CONTENTS.

PA0E9 Marine Cachexia — Peat Bogs do not produce Malaria — Idio syncrasy and Acclimation — The Functions of the Liver, and the Influence of the Sea-coast — Derangements of Digestion, Lithæmia, etc., in relation to Marine Climates — Importance of regulating the Functions of the Liver and other Digestive Organs, in Diseases of the Chest — Illustrative Cases — Important Remedial Properties of Sea-air .... 37 — 65

Chapter IV

The Pine Woods. Approximate Number of Pines now standing — Long-established Belief in the Medicinal Properties of Pine Woods — Effects of Trees in general upon Air, Soil, Shelter, Temperature, Dew, Hoar-Frost — Important Difference in the Seasons and Effects of the Fall of the Leaf in Deciduous Trees and the Fall of the Needle in Pines— Analysis of the Living and of the Fallen Needles— List of the Species of Pines at Bournemouth, and their Seasons of Flowering, Growth, and Change of Leaf— Pine Stems as Radiators of Heat — Foliage Diathermanous to Sun's Rays, Athermanous to Radiated Heat — Quotations from Independent Authorities in Chemistry, Medicine and Therapeutics on the Properties of the Products and Emanations from Pine Trees — Turpentine, Tar, Pitch, Terebene, Creosote, Fir-wood Oil, etc.— Internal aud External Uses, Inhalations, etc., in different Forms of Disease — Mr. Kingzett's elaborate Scientific Demonstration of the Value of Pine Plantations to Health — Generation of Peroxide of Hydrogen — Camphoric Acid and Camphoraceous Emanations — Their Aseptic, Antiseptic and Disinfecting Influences — The Essential Qualifications of Disinfectants for Universal Use — Cymene or Turpene, and Production of Peroxide of Hydrogen in the Presence of Water — Varying Amounts of Turpentine produced by Pines under varying Conditions of Age, Crowding, Isolation, etc. — The Emanations not confined to Full-grown Trees — Discussion of the relative Importance of Aseptic and Antiseptic Atmosphere — High Altitudes and Alpine Winters discussed, and compared with other Means of obtaining the desired Ends — Cases fitted for Alpine Winters, and those for Alpine Summers — Antiseptic and Balsamic Effects of Pine Woods on Disease — Illustrative Cases 66—132 CONTENTS. IX

Chapter V

Medical and Clinical. The Delusion of a Specific Climatic Cure for every Disease- Consideration of the " Conditions of Existence " which give the greatest Chance of Successful Medical Treatment — Statement as to who should not be sent to Bournemouth — Cases illustrative of "the Conditions of Existence" at Bournemouth— The Chief Elements of these Conditions discussed : — a. An Atmosphere pure and clean, free from the Contaminations of a Crowded Population and of Injurious Manufactures, and in this sense Aseptic, b. An Atmosphere disinfected and dezymotized by Anti-se-ptic Influences, c. An Atmosphere neither irritating by over- Dryness nor relaxing by over-Moisture, its Humidity being Saline and impregnated with Antiseptics, d. An Atmosphere in which Dampness is impossible, e. An Atmosphere moderately mild and fairly equable, f. A Climate free from the Causes of Marine Cachexia, g. Wide Expanse and long Duration of Sunshine. h. Freedom from over-cold Nights in Winter and over-hot Nights in Summer — Proximity to the Sea almost a Sine qua non. i. Brightness and Cheerfulness of the Place and its Surroundings — The Birds sing at Bournemouth every Week in the Year. j. Absence of Fog — Bournemouth should rise in Arms against any Attempt to build Smoking Manufactories or Closely-packed Houses, from which at present it is eminently free. k. Facility for getting Air and Exercise and varying the Scene — Importance of Horse, Pony, and Donkey Riding — Relatives accompanying Phthisical Invalids require Protective Regimen — Hunting Appointments.

I. Facility for slight Changes of Climate in all Seasons, without Risk, and without Sacrificing the Leading Qualifications — Illustrative Cases, m. Well-constructed Houses, well served. n. Quality of the Water — Dr. C. Meymott Tidy's Analysis of Bournemouth Water, o. Importance of First-rate Medicaments, Medical Appliances, and Medicinal Foods, Easily obtainable — Bournemouth Chemists specially good. p. Importance of First-rate Medical Advice, and Care — Bournemouth has Always been Noted for this. q. A Sanitary Hospital for the Isolation of Infectious Cases, r. The Mont Dore Establishment for carrying out the " Mont Dore Cure " X CONTEXTS. TAQES 183 -209 at all Seasons — Statement of its Special Advantages as a "Condition of Existence" at Bournemouth — Cases further illustrating the Effects of the Conditions above enumerated 133

Chapter VI

Diseased Tracts— Medical and Clinical. Disease Tracts of the Human Organism and the Organs and Secretions connected therewith — Recapitulation of Subjects treated in Previous Chapters — The Naso-pulmonary Tract with its Associated Organs, etc., the site of the Majority of Complaints for which Patients are sent to Bournemouth — Natural Arrangement of Winter Cough into Five Classes of Cases — Discussion of these — Course of Neglected Naso-pulmonary Catarrh — Accidental Occurrence of Phthisis as a Complication — Illustrative Case — Intercurrent Catarrh may light up Passive Phthisis into a Fatal Blaze — Illustrative Case— Prospects of Successful Treatment in Different Classes and Stages of Nasopulmonary Catarrh — Importance of sufficiently prolonging Climatic Advantages — No Treatment will be permanently successful that does not attack the Constitutional Tendencies — The Treatment of Diathesis is the Secret of Therapeutic Success — Relation of Chest Diseases and Skin Diseases — Illustrative Cases — Importance of Climatic Influences shown by Analysis of Cases — Special Effects of Bournemouth on the Morbid Conditions in Destructive Lung Diseases — Enumeration of these Morbid Conditions, and importance of Favourable Conditions of Existence for their Successful Treatment — Objections to "a Shutting up System" — Therapeutic Elements of Climate — Effects of Sea Air on the Mouth, Gums, and Pharynx — Opinions of Dentists — Illustrative Case 184

Chapter VII

Surroundings. Boscombe, Westbourne, Branksome Park, treated as Parts of Bournemouth — Parkstone, Upper and Lower — Climate of the two very different — Double Tide in Poole Harbour explained — Tide Table — Freedom from Malaria — Character of the Soil — Description of Upper Parkstone and Constitution Hill, by CONTENTS. XI PAGES " Blackwood " — Description of Lower Parkstone, its Climate, etc., by Mr. J. R. Philpots — Southbourne and Southbourne on-Sea — Description ; Climate, Pines — Important as a Change from Bournemouth — Cases Illustrative of this — Notes on Southbourne-on-Sea, by Dr. J. Davison — Construction of Undercliff, Esplanade and Houses — Discovery of Mineral Springs, Analysis — Christchurch : its Climate, River Scenery, and Air, Archæological Interest, Salmon Rivers and Fishing — Dr. Mead's Reports — Notes by Mr. G. Brownen, F.C.S. : Geology, Water, etc. — Case illustrating its use as a Change from Bournemouth 210 — 235

Chapter IX

Drawbacks to Foreign Travel. Question : Why should a Patient go to Bournemouth, when there are so many lovely places abroad ? — Facts to be considered before deciding where a Patient ought to go — Keith Johnston, R. H. Scott, Lancet, Dr. Aitken, and Dr. Theodore Williams on the Climate of the United Kingdom — West Indies — Cape of Good Hope — Ionian Islands — Personal Experiences of Patients — R. H. Otter on Sea Voyages to Australia, Tasmania, and New Zealand, and what to do when you get there — F. Workman, M.R.C.S., on the Ocean as a Health Resort ; Personal Experiences of a Voyage to Australia — Sailing Ships and Steam Ships — South Africa ; Experiences of Dr. Rubidge and Mr. Otter— Madeira ; Experiences of Patients, and of Dr. T. More Madden and Dr. Embleton — Tunis ; A Patient's Experiences — Algiers ; Mortality in Children, Climate, etc. — ■ Egypt — The Nile Voyage and Luxor ; Experiences of Patients — -Dr. Dunbar Walker, Dr. Furstenberg, and Dr. Madden on the Climate and Diseases of Egypt — Professor Flower on the Journey to Cairo and the Nile Voyage — Davos Platz — Weisen— The Maloja— St. Moritz ; Dr. Pope, Mr. Otter, Dr. Wise, Dr. Gwillim — Minnesota ; Dr. B. Mattocks— The Continent of Europe — Otter — " A Lady's " Remarks — Experiences of Patients— The "Times" on the Dangers of Foreign Cities CONTENTS.

XII PAOE3 —Dr. C. J. B. Williams on Cannes— Dr. Hassall on San Remo — Drs. Barety and West on Nice — Patients' Experiences of Hyeres— Pau ; Dr. Madden— Malaga ; Dr. Madden — Ar cachon ; Patients' Experiences— Italy ; Dr. T. K. Chambers — Rome ; Mr. Ernest Hart — " Raising the Boom," in Colorado and New Mexico — Satisfactory Experiences of a Patient (Case given) — Dr. Norman's Resort for Invalids in the Rocky Mountains — Santa Fe — La Mesilla — Las Vegas — Kansas — Colorado 262—324

Chapter X

Concluding Remarks. Drawbacks at Bournemouth : Children's Services on the Sands — Paddling — Habits of the Boys who drive Pony and Donkey Chairs — Note on Bournemouth in Summer — Excellence of its Sands for Bathing — Directions for Sea Bathing and Sea-water Baths— Ocean Currents and Sea Temperatures . . 325 — 334

Appendix

VI. ... 191 XXXV. ... „ ... 193 XXXVI. ... „ ... 199 XXXVII. ... „ ... 200 XXXVIII. ... „ ... 201 XXXIX. ... „ ... 209 XL. ... VII. ... 219 XLI. ... „ ... 221 XLII. ... „ ... 233 XLIII. ... „ ... 235 XLIV. ... IX. ... INDEX TO ILLUSTRATIONS. PLATE I. — Frontispiece (Chromo.) — Eastern and Western Rain-Traps and Bournemouth Bay, from the Cliffs at Westbourne. — On the left, Isle of Wight, Hengistbury Head, East Cliffs and Chines, Pier, West Cliffs and Chines. — On the right, Branksome Cliffs and Chines, Sand Banks, Entrance to Poole Harbour, Studland Bay, Purbeck Hills, and Old Harry Rocks. PLATE II. (Chromo.) — Natural Section of the West Cliffs at Alum Chine (To face p. 15, Chapter II.) PLATE III. (Photo.)— Natural Section of the East Cliffs at Boscombe Chine. (To face p. 31, Chapter II.)

PLATE IV. (Photo.) — Eastern and Northern Inland Rain- Traps from Holdeniiurst Road and Heath. (To face p. 31,' Chapter III.) PLATE A. (Chromo.) — A Ferry on the Stour, near Bournemouth, May 1, 1885, showing the Illumination of the Pines by a Flood of Spring Sunshine. (To face p. 66 ; see also p. 35.) PLATE V. (Photo.)— Constitution Hill, Upper Parkstone, overlooking Lower Parkstone, Branksea Island, Poole Harbour and the Purbeck Hills. (To face p. 210, Chapter VII.) PLATE B. (Chromo.)— Summer on the Heaths round Bournemouth.— View from Hadden Hill, Holdenhurst Road. June, 1885. (To face p. 133.) INDEX TO ILLUSTEATIONS. XV PLATE VI. (Photo.) — Artificial Section of the back of Constitution Hill. (To face p. 214, Chapter VII.) PLATE C. (Chromo.) — Eastern Rain-Traps. — Hengistbury Head and the Isle of Wight from the Cliffs, Southbourne-on-Sea, East of Bournemouth, June, 1885.

(To face p. 217.) PLATE VII. (Cliromo.) — Diagram of the Cliff Line from Hengistbury Head to Poole Harbour, (To face p. 236, Chapter VIII.) PLATE D. (Chromo.) — Sugar-loafChine and Martello Tower. — Canford Cliffs* west of Branksome Woods, Bournemouth, September, 1885. — (Natural Section, showing the Character of the Soil.) (To face p. 255.) * It is proposed to establish on Canford Cliffs a branch of "The Royal Hospital for Diseases of the Chest, London." LIST OF SOME OF THE MOST CHARMING PHOTOGRAPHS OF BOURNEMOUTH AND ITS SURROUNDINGS. TO BE OBTAINED AT THE LIBRARIES, BOURNEMOUTH. A. Fritii's New Series, Taken in 1884: — 1. Invalids' Walk in the Pleasure-grounds. 2. Pines in Gervis Road, East Cliff (two different views). 3. Pines in Manor Road, East Cliff. 4. Amongst the Pines, East Cliff.

(These show how the sun penetrates the pine-woods and illuminates their stems.) 5. Pines in Meyrick Road, East Cliff. 6. Several Views of Christchurch Priory. 7. Several Views of Studland and Swanage. B. Old Series : — 8. The Bridges and Ponds, Branksome Park (two or three views). 9. Opening of Branksome Glen and Chine on the Sea. 10. Rhododendron Island, Branksome Park. 11. Boscombe Chine. 12. Several Views of St. Peter's Church Yard. 13. Interior of St. Peter's Church. 14. Interior of Trinity Church. 15. Wimborne Minster. 16. Several Views of the Exterior and Interior of Christchurch Priory, one of the Norman corner especially beautiful. 17. Several Views of the Rivers Avon and Stour at Christchurch. 18. Views of Alum Chine and Durley Chine. C. Debenuam and Gould's "Glen View Series" (Small Size on Cards, for post) : — 19.

Six different Views of Branksome Chine and Glen. 20. The Invalids' Walk. 21. Pine Walks in tbe Pleasure Grounds. 22. Two Views of the West Cliff. 23. Three Views of the Garden and Pleasure Grounds. 24. The Priory and Rivers at Christchurch. D. A Beautiful Series of Views has been Published during the past Summer by Carl Norman. E. Another Series of Much Merit has been Published this year by Mr. Bright, Arcade Library, Bournemouth. (Some of these are quite Unique.) There are many Photographs of the Pier and of the Sea, but they do not give at alia correct idea of , the characteristic features of Bourne mouth. ltJ;^* BOURNEMOUTH.

Chapter I. Preliminary Observations

The Author's Experience of Bournemouth and other Health Resorts — Object in Writing — Plan of the Work — Unreasonable Expectations of some Patients — Typical Climates and Heroic Remedies — Need for Caution and Consideration — Some Difficulties and Dangers — Luxor — New Zealand — The Continent. The good fame of Bournemouth has already been made and widely spread, not only in this country but abroad. There is no need, therefore, for any one to " write it up," and no one who has seen its beauties and had experience of its climate could have the heart to " write it down." Happily I am not called upon to undertake either of these distasteful tasks. I did not come here, as many have done, for the purpose of making a fortune, or even to earn a living ; not quite, I must confess, to realise the poet's dream, and " seek the rest found sweetest in a peasant's home," but, as Max Adeler would say, " to get out of the hurly burly," and seek some " calm and learned leisure " after an arduous career.

My only wish, therefore, is to perform the simple and pleasant task of laying before my professional brethren, without prejudice on one side or the other, an independent and carefully considered account of the medical aspects of Bournemouth and its surroundings. I do this in answer to the numerous inquiries of medical r: BOURNEMOUTH. friends and others, who, since I left London, have written to me from all parts of this and other countries, anxiously asking " what I think of Bournemouth as a health resort ? " My opportunities of forming a dispassionate and sound opinion of the place are so unique, that, notwithstanding my disinclination to write any more books, I feel that I ought not to hesitate to try and give a more careful answer to these inquiries tban can be done in private letters. I commenced private practice in London in May, 1849, at the age of twenty-one, and I came to reside at Bournemouth in October, 1882.

The period of thirty-five years comprised between 1849 and 1884, the year in which I now write, fairly represents the entire life of Bournemouth as a health resort ; and I have known it more and more intimately during the whole of that time. Although I never restricted my prac tice to any one specialty, the interest I have always taken in affections of the heart and respiratory organs, and my connection with the Royal Hospital for Diseases of the Chest, first as Physician and subsequently as Consulting Physician, from 1859 to the present hour, have necessarily brought before me a yearly increasing number of patients who have been to Bournemouth for their health — many that I and my col leagues sent from the Royal Hospital, many that I sent in private practice, and many, who came before me in the course of London consulting practice, who had been sent by other physicians than myself, or who had gone of their own will, without medical advice.

To these may be added many friends, not invalids, who had gone to Bournemouth with their families for a summer or autumn holiday. It follows from this combination of circumstances, that I have had opportunities of seeing the effects of the place upon all sorts of cases, some in which the climate was suitable, and some in which it was unsuitable. Many of these patients, of course, visited other health resorts in different parts of the world, either before or after their residence at Bournemouth, and were able to communicate their experiences and opinions to me; and I have always found it medically instructive and interesting to listen to such records. My " Reports on the Progress of Medicine in Different Parts of the World," and my " Reports on Diseases of the Chest in Different Parts of the "World," kept me in constant communication with my medical coadjutors in all the health resorts of this and other countries, and obliged me to collect and com pare their observations.

In 1880, wishing to get occasional relaxation from London work, and looking about for a place that might combine the greatest number of advantages for a country home, I selected Bournemouth. In the same year, when I originated the design of bringing to this country the system of treatment known in the Au vergne as the " Mont Dore Cure," I advised the medical practitioners of Bournemouth to secure its establishment there as the place offering the most perfect climatic advantages. In 1882, in the midst of the flood-tide of professional work a great domestic bereavement rendered the associations of London society so unbearable to my wife and myself, that we fled to our Bournemouth home to spend the rest of our lives amidst new thoughts, new scenes, and new spheres of work. The calm and beauty of the neighbourhood was so de lightful, that when summer came we felt no inducement to go to any other place for a holiday ; and thus from the day we came down (September 28th, 1882), till the present time (November, 1884), except when occasionally summoned to a distant consultation, I have not been out of Bournemouth or its surroundings for twenty-four hours.

This has given me the opportunity, which I wanted, of studying the effects of the climate upon the residents as well as upon the visitors, at all seasons of the year ; my previous experience having been more particularly concerned with its qualities as a winter health resort. As I before said, therefore, my opportunities of forming a B2 BOURNEMOUTH. dispassionate opinion of Bournemouth and its surroundings, must be admitted to have been unique. My only difficulty is to know how I can best put this into writing for the benefit of others. The fashionable way of writing a book about a health resort, has long been to enter it in a competition with a number of other health resorts, in an elaborate and perplex ing comparison of skilfully manipulated tables of temperature, rainfall, barometric and hygrometric readings, sunshine, wind, mortality, etc. ; in which, by some miraculous, mysterious, or " fortuitous conflux of atoms," the place in question always manages to turn up trumps upon the vital points* Sympathising alike with the famous words of Lord Beacons field, " Confound your figures," and with the old axiom that " Comparisons are odious," I have decided to avoid both the comparisons and the figures so far as I possibly can, and to adopt a method of placing my opinions before my readers which I hope may prove as much more congenial to their tastes, as it certainly is to mine.

Ao-ain, it has been usual in medical books about health resorts to make them also local " guide books." I intend in this work to avoid, as far as I can, all but the medical aspects of my subject. Fortunately all the necessities c " The annual isotherms, however, do not convey any correct im pression of the real conditions of climate of the globe, for, as already stated, the bare statement of an average value gives no idea of the extent of variation among the actual figures from which that average has been derived. To take an example : Dublin and Astrachan differ only 1°-1 in their mean annual temperature, that of the former being 50°'2, and that of the latter 49°' 1 ; but while the temperature of January at Dublin is 410-2, at Astrachan it is 20°5, being a difference of 20°'7. In July the contrast is nearly as great, for Dublin has a temperature of 60°'4, being 15°-7 colder than Astrachan (76°1).

It is need less to multiply instances ; they will be evident from inspection of the maps for January and July, and of the Range Map, Plate XL" — p. 226. " Elementary Meteorology." By Robert H. Scott, M.A., F.R.S., Secretary to the Meteorological Council, and author of " Weather Charts and Storm Warnings," 2nd ed., 1883. of a guide-book have been well supplied already in " Hankin son's Descriptive Guide to Bournemouth, Christchurch, Wim borne, etc.," of which new editions are frequently issued ; and no description of scenery that I could pretend to give in writing would present so graphic an idea of the places of interest as the series of lovely photographs published at the Victoria Library, of which I have given a selected list (see Contents), from which any one or more of them can be ordered.

Such illustrations as I have introduced into my book are copied from sketches which I have made on the spot, to give an idea of the meteorological, geological, and hygienic aspects of the neighbourhood. (See Preface.) The way is thus cleared for me to proceed at once to treat of the purely medical aspects of my subject. In the first place, I must remark that neither Bournemouth nor any other part of the United Kingdom has a climate exactly like that of Africa, Australia, Egypt, the Andes, Minnesota, Iceland, Davos, the Rocky Mountains, or the Nubian desert, either in summer or winter ! From the expectations with which I have found the minds of some patients filled when sent to Bournemouth, the above apparently trite remark is not so altogether unnecessary as it might at first appear. The places I have just enumerated, possess typical climates which form good landmarks in considering the effects of other places upon health and life, and which, like other heroic remedies, are apt to be not less potent for evil than for good ; and they have this inevitable objection that a patient once sent to them can hardly escape, until it is too late to find a more appropriate place, although it may prove that the suit ableness of the remedy for the case has been misjudged, or that the case has changed since the remedy was prescribed.

As I said when writing on a similar subject in 1880 : — * " If we could send our patients here or there exactly at the * " On Loss of Weight, Blood* spitting, and Lung Disease, etc." 2nd ed., 1880. BOURNEMOUTH. right moment, and each time to the place accurately adapted to the passing phase of the case, we ought unquestionably to select those strongly marked distinctive climates which I have described ; but, practically, how seldom we can do this ! And let us remember what happens every day in practice, to the infinite risk of the life of the patient, and of the reputation of the physician. Patients consult their physicians and receive, we will assume, advice as to the choice of climate cautiously and wisely adapted to their condition at the time ; and after such advice is given, circumstances occur which alter their plans and delay their seeking the prescribed change until their state has so far altered that if they consulted their physician again he would certainly reverse his former judgment.

But instead of giving either themselves or him this chance, they carry out, at great expense and inconvenience, a plan of climatic treatment utterly unfit for the changed conditions of the case. " On the whole, therefore, under ordinary circumstances, more good and less harm may often be obtained by climates which to some extent combine the qualities I have described — even though they have not either of them developed in perfection — provided they are near home, within reach of friends, and under the management of a judicious physician, who can watch the changing aspects of the case, and point out the time and mode in which to take advantage of this or that feature in the climate of the place, or when to change it for another." (p. 260). The day has passed in which it was believed that there must be a specific climatic cure for every disease — that, having discovered the nature of the patient's complaint, he might be sent to this or that place for its cure, with as much precision as quinine might be prescribed for an ague, and that to send him to any other place was like administering poison in place of the proper drug.