Memorials of the Tower of London ... With illustrations

Front matter

NORTH FRONT OF ST THOMAS'S TOWER AND TRAITORS' GATE Reiored by A. SalvAn. Esq., MEMORIALS OF THE TOWER OF LONDON Bv LIEUT.-GEN. LORD DE ROS, LIEUT. -GOVERNOR OF THE TOWER. NEW EDITION, WITH ADDITIONS. LONDON: TOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET 1867. The right of Translation is reserved. The Tower, June, 1866. My dear Sir John Burgoyne, A formal dedication to an officer of your Euro pean celebrity would require the enumeration of those long, brilliant, and useful services by which you have attained the well-merited honours and distinctions you enjoy. However briefly such a list might be drawn out, your military career ranges over so long a period, and is so connected with the triumphs of the British arms in almost every part of the world, that it would occupy a space neither suitable to the humble pretensions of this volume, nor agreeable to the simplicity and absence of ostentation which marks your character.

The latest honour conferred on you by the Queen was your appointment as Constable of the Tower, and it is owing to this circumstance, which has placed me Ui.der your command, that I venture to present you these Memorials of The Tower as a tribute of respect and regard. I am, my dear Sir John, Very sincerely yours, de Ros, Lieut. -Govemoi' of the Tower. b V. Tower Stain*. E. Wharfingers* Quarters. C. Middle Tower. D. Byword Tower. 1_. Guard Room. P. Queen's Stairs. G. Bell Tower. H. Police Sergeant's Quarters. I, Beauebnnip Tower. J. Chaplain's Quarters. K. Devereui Tower. L. Legge's Mount Battery. M. Flint Tower. N. Bowyer Tower. O. Brick Tower. P, Martin Tower. Q. Jewel House. R. Constable Tower. S. ?a!t Tower. T. Develin Tower. U. Cradle Tower. W. Wakefield Tower. X. Bloody Tower. Y. Main Guard. Z. Place of Execution on Tower Green. ( v )

Introduction

. Among the objects of interest which attract the notice of the stranger in London, perhaps there is not one which is more generally popular than the Tower. Unfortunately, its situation renders it less accessible than most of the sights of London, not only frorn actual distance, but from the prodigious throng of carriages of all kinds, which en cumber and block the principal streets leading to Tower Hill from the northern and western parts of the town. In spite of these inconveniences, the Tower of London appears to possess an universal attraction for all ranks and classes, from the antiquary and historian to the labourer and artizan, and from the distinguished foreigner to the schoolboy taken out for a holiday of sight-seeing and amusement. It seems strange that no popular account of this Vener able and celebrated Palace and Fortress should yet have been offered to the public.

Mr. Bailey's elaborate work upon the Tower presents, no doubt, the result of a vast quantity of laborious historical and antiquarian research ; but it is too bulky in form (two large quarto volumes), and gives too much dry detail, to suit the ordinary reader ; nor do the doubts in which he has shown such an inclination to indulge, upon some of the most received b Introduction. VI historical traditions, by any means add to the interest of his book, though it bears, in many respects, the stamp of diligent and careful inquiry. Mr. Ainsworth has regarded the Tower rather as a suitable scene for an interesting work of fiction, than as a subject of historical illustration. In attempting a Memoir of this Royal Palace and Fortress, and of the most remarkable and notorious persons who have been inmates of the Tower, it would be unjust not to acknowledge the value of Messrs. Britton and Brayley's book, as the most satisfactory reference for most of the disputed questions of Tower tradition, as well as for the general historical accuracy with which they have treated the whole of the subject. ) CONTENTS.

PACE Introduction v GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Situation ofthe Tower, page i. Capacity for defence, i. Ditch, pleasure-ground, scarp, 2. Main entrance, 2. Ramparts, 2. Mint-street, abuses, 3. White Tower, 3. Ballium-wall, 3. State Prison — Beauchamp Tower, 4. Memorials of prisoners, 4. Former neglect, 4. Sir George Cathcart's plans for restoration — carried out by Mr. Salvin, 5. Preservation of inscriptions, 5. Continuation of Ballium-wall, 5. Towers on the north face, 6. Scenes in Shakespeare's plays laid in the Tower, 6. Disfigurement by modern erections, 7. The Salt Tower, 8. Site of the Palace, 8. The Palace destroyed by Cromwell, 8. Curtain-wall, 9. Exterior defences, and wharf, 9. Restoration of St. Thomas's Tower and Traitors' Gate, 9. Wakefield Tower: — Scene of Henry VI.'s murder, 10. The funeral, 10.

Reputed miracles wrought at his tomb, 11.* Vault under this Tower, place of confinement of Scots prisoners of '45, 12. Abuses in government of the Tower, 12. Misappropriation of its chambers, 13. Barracks, 13. Responsibility of Warders, 13. Effects of the fire of 1 841, 14. Sir George Cathcart appointed Lieutenant-Governor by the Duke of Wellington — his improvements, 14. Parliamentary provision for restorations, 15. Store-houses erected during the Crimean war, 15. Recent repairs and restorations, 16. Difficulty attending them, 16. Authority of Chief Commissioners of Works, 17. Veto of Chancellor of the Exchequer, 17. Modern disfigurement of the river front, 18. Improved system at present, 18. Control over the architecture of the Tower established by the Prince Consort on behalf of the Queen, 19.

Contents. VIII THE WHITE TOWER. Improper use of St. John's Chapel, 21. Remedied by General Peel, 21. The Chapel restored by Mr. Salvin under auspices of Hon. W. Cowper, 21. Historical recollections, 22. The Chapel gallery, 22. Tradition of the civil wars, 23. Underground dungeons — cells of Guy Fawkes and Bishop Fisher, 24. "Cold Harbour," 25. Arrangement of flooring, 25. Corridor in the wall, 25. Scene of imprisonment and murder of Matilda FitzWalter, 26. Modern disfigurements, 27. ST. PETER'S CHAPEL Situation, and modern disfigurements, 28. Improvements in 1862, 29. Monuments, 29. Royal and illustrious persons buried in the Chapel, 29, 30. Pepys's visit, 30. Coffin-plates of Scotch lords, 31. Tablet to the memory of Talbot Edwards, 31. Proposed further improvements, 31. Increase of public interest in the Tower, 32.

RICHARD II.— 1377. Richard's residence in the Tower — his attempt to pacify the insurgents, 33. Proposal of Walworth, the Mayor, 33. Brutality of the mob, 34. Death of Jack Straw, 34. The King takes refuge from the Duke of Gloucester — the Duke of Ireland's attempt to assist him, 34. Richard besieged in the Tower — murder of Sir Simon Burley, 35. The King's revenge, 35. His compelled resignation by Bolingbroke, and murder, 36. His parting with his Queen pictured by Shakespeare, 37. PRISONERS OF AGINCOURT.— 1415. Heavy ransoms demanded from prisoners of war— distress caused by, 38. Prisoners of note taken at Agincourt, 39. Ransom demanded from Charles of Orleans, 39. His long captivity, 40. Contents. IX MURDER OF EDWARD V. AND DUKE OF YORK.— 1483. Question how the Princes were disposed of — the generally received tradition, 41.

Imposture of Perkin Warbeck, 42. Probabilities ofthe case, 42. Was the Duchess of Burgundy deceived by Warbeck -43. Question of the locality of the murder, 43. Visit of James I., 44. Disposal of the bodies, 44. Discovery in Charles II.'s time, 45. The bodies transferred by Charles to Westminster, 46. The mulberry-tree, 46. Rewards bestowed on the murderers, 47. Confessions of Tyrrell and Dighton, 47. GERALD, NINTH EARL OF KILDARE.— 1534. Perennial disturbances in Ireland, 48. Rebellion of Gerald, the eighth Earl — his capture, 48. His trial— made Governor of Ireland by Henry VII., 49. Gerald, the ninth Earl, succeeds, 49. His vicissitudes, 50. Rebellion of his son "Silken Thomas," 51. Murder of Archbishop Allen, 52. Siege of Dublin Castle, 52. Storm of Maynooth Castle by Sir W. Skeffington, 53.

Death of the Earl in prison, 53. " Silken Thomas " and his five uncles committed to the Tower, and executed at Tyburn, 53, 54. ANNE BOLEYN.— 1536. Tablet to her memory, 55. Cause of her committal to the Tower, 55. Sir W. Kingston's account of her behaviour, 56. Her trial, 56. The sentence, 57. Execution of Rochford and others, 57. Kingston's letter to Cromwell, 57. Execution of Anne, 58. Her character, 59. ANNE ASKEW.— 1545- Her marriage to Mr. Kyme : character of her husband ; driven from his house, 60. The Six Articles, 61. Mrs. Kyme examined at Guildhall, and by Bishop Bonner, 61. Examined Contents. X at Greenwich by Wriothesley, and again at Guildhall, 62. Tortured in the Tower; barbarity of Wriothesley, 63. Burnt in Smithfield, 64. EDWARD COURTENAY, EARL OF DEVONSHIRE, 1553- His long captivity; cause of his committal, 65.

Released by Mary, again committed, and again released ; his death, 66. PROTECTOR SOMERSET Testamentary wishes of Princes, 67. Will of Henry VIII. and its Executors, 67. Their mode of carrying it out, 68. Earl of Hertford chosen Protector, and created Duke of Somerset, 68. His inclination to the Reformed religion, 69; sympathy of the young King with him, 69. Cranmer becomes the Protector's principal adviser in Church matters, 69. Steps taken to restrain Romish corruptions, 69, 70. Invasion of Scotland undertaken, 70. Preparations for it, 70. Somerset crosses the Tweed, 71. Encounters the Scots at Musselburgh, 71. Battle of Pinkie, 71-73. Results of the English victory, 74. The Protector pursues the Reform of the Church, 74. Repeal of the " Six Articles " and Acts against the Lollards, 74. Gardiner committed to prison for resisting the repression of the Romish ceremonies, 74.

Harsh law for the suppression of vagrancy, 74, 75. Failure of the attempt to procure the marriage of the young king with Mary Queen of Scots, 75. Her union with the Dauphin, 75. Compilation of the English Liturgy, 76. Disaffection towards the Protector fomented by his brother, Seymour, 76. His attainder and execution, 77. Latimer's opinion of his guilt, 77. Repression of the insurrection, 77. Letter of Sir William Paget advising the Protector, 78. His growing unpopularity, 79. Committal to the Tower, 79. Escapes a trial by humble submission, 79. Resumes his place at the Council, 79. Completion of the Liturgy by the Contents. XI English prelates, assisted by Bucer and Peter Martyr, 79. Second arrest of Somerset, at the instigation of Warwick, So. His trial, 80. Review of his government, 80, 81.

His acquittal of the charge of treason, but conviction for felony, 81. Delay in carrying out the sentence, 82. Popular sympathy with the Protector expressed at his execution, 83. THE PRINCESS ELIZABETH.— 1553. Arrested at Ashridge, 84. Her journey to London, 85. Charged with being privy to Wyatt's conspiracy, 86. Departure for the Tower, 87. Entrance at Traitors' Gate, 88. The Earl of Sussex's advice to the Council, 89. Elizabeth examined by Gardiner and others, 90. Sir James Croft's speech to her, 91. Severity of her treatment, 91. Suspicions of the Constable; his quarrel with Elizabeth's attendants about her provisions, 92. Elizabeth released ; her friendship for Miss Williams, afterwards Lady Norris, 93. Her gift to some City churches, 94. Her accession, 94. Her return to the Tower, 95.

Her procession through the City to Westminster, 96-98. LORD STOURTON'S MURDER OF THE HARTGILLS. Cause of Lord Stourton's dislike of Mr. Hartgill, 99. Attack on Hartgill's mansion ; the assailants repulsed by the younger Hartgill, 100. Lord Stourton bound over to keep the peace ; his renewed persecutions ; summoned before the Council, 100. Fined by the Star Chamber for a murderous attack on the younger Hartgill, 10 1. Seizes the Hartgills on a pretended charge of felony, 102. Causes them to be murdered, 102. Conceals the bodies, 103. Inquiry set on foot by Sir Anthony Hungerford ; Lord Stourton committed to the Tower ; his trial, 103. Lord Stourton executed at Salisbury; a peculiar privilege of the peerage; execution of the servants, 104. Hanging in chains, 104, 105. Contents. XII LADY JANE GREY.— 1554- Her personal innocence; her learning and acquirements, 106.

Lives of the upper classes in the sixteenth century ; female education, 107. Causes of Lady Jane's classical knowledge; her freedom from pedantry, 108. Ground of the resolution to put her to death, 108. Wyatt's insurrection, 109. Its failure; his committal, no. Queen Mary's personal dislike of Jane, no. Outrage on her religious feelings; Lord Guildford Dudley beheaded, in. Jane's last moments, 1 1 2. Her execution and interment, 113. Her name on her prison-wall, 1 1 3. Genuineness of similar inscriptions, 114. LADY CATHERINE GREY. Commencement of her acquaintance with Lord Hertford, 115. Lady Catherine in attendance on the Queen ; Lady Jane Seymour's commission to her, 116. Lord Hertford's proposal accepted, 116. The marriage; the clergyman unknown, 117. Lord Hertford determines to go abroad, 118.

New cause of anxiety, 118. Death of Lady Jane Seymour, 119. Character of Lord Hertford, 119. Lady Catherine confides in Mrs. St. Lo, and is committed to the Tower, notwithstanding the intercession of Lord Robert Dudley ; birth of her first child, 120. Return and committal of Lord Hertford, 121. The marriage declared null and void, rai. Birth of a second child; increased severity towards Lady Catherine and her husband, 121. Fruitless appeals to Elizabeth's clemency; death of Lady Catherine, 122. Unnatural harshness ofthe Queen, 123. GERALD, ELEVENTH EARL OF KILDARE. (Murder ofthe Keatings.) — 1574. Committal of Hickey and Barry for the murder, 124. The Keatings guests ofthe Earl, 124. The Earl's treachery; murder of Shan Keating, 125. Murder of Meyler Keating ; Contents. XIII question of Sir W. Fitzwilliam's complicity; Hickey and Barry executed, 126.

Inquiry into the conduct of the Earl, 127. PHILIP EARL OF ARUNDEL.— 1585 Accused of conspiracy by the Earl of Leicester ; imprisoned, and released; resolves to leave England, 128. Thrown into the Tower, and sentenced to death, 129. His petitions to Elizabeth cruelly refused, 129. His death and burial; suspicion of poison, 130. THE GUNPOWDER PLOT.— 1605. Origin of the plot; Catesby's chief part in it, 131. Thomas Winter, John Wright, Guy Fawkes, Thomas Percy, 132. The Treshams, 133. Mining operations ofthe conspirators, in a house adjoining the Parliament House; their superstition, 134. Cellar under Parliament House hired and stored with gunpowder, 135. New associates; Fawkes's preparations; apparent inconsistency of his precautions, 136. Programme of the conspirators ; question as to warning Catholic peers and members, 137.

The letter to Lord Monteagle, 138. Laid before the King by Lord Salisbury, 139. Inspection ofthe cellars under the Parliament House, 140. Seizure of Fawkes; flight of the conspirators; their muster at Holbeach, 141. Their defence against the Sheriff's force, 142. Results of the conflict; Tresham arrested; tradition concerning the torture of Fawkes, 143. Trial and execution of conspirators, 144. Torture and subsequent escape of Gerard, 145. Search at Hendlip; capture of Owen and Chambers, 145. Garnet and Oldcorn taken, 146. Garnet's trial; speech of Lord Northampton, 147. Execution of Garnet, 148. Torture and execution of Oldcorn, 148, 149. Character of the conspirators, 149. Their general conviction ofthe righteousness of their attempt, 150. Absence of sympathy for them, 151. Contents. XIV LADY ARABELLA STUART.— 1611.

Her parentage and connexion with the Crown, 152. Her suitors; her presence at Lord Cobham's trial, 153. The King's meanness towards her, 153. Her marriage with William Seymour ; is placed in charge of Sir T. Parry ; Seymour committed to the Tower, 154. Arabella's letter complaining of the severity of her treatment, 155. Her escape, 156. Reaches Blackwall with her attendants, and proceeds down the river, 157. The fugitives received on board a French ship, 158. A Berwick captain's description of the party, 158. Seymour's escape from the Tower, 159. He reaches Ostend, 160. Consternation at Court, 160. The King's Proclamation, 161. The pursuit, 162. Arabella recaptured, and sent to the Tower, 163. List of persons committed to prison, 164. Examination of Arabella and the Countess of Shrewsbury, 165.

Conduct of Seymour, 166. Treatment of Lady Shrewsbury; her firmness, 167. Insanity and death of Arabella, 168. Her burial in Henry VII.'s Chapel, 169. MURDER OF SIR THOMAS OVERBURY.— 1613. Overbury's advice to Carr, who obtains his committal to the Tower, 170. Waad, the Lieutenant, replaced by Elways, 170. Overbury murdered by poison, 171. Inquiry into his death ; committal of the Earl and Countess of Somerset, 171. C onfessions of Weston the gaoler ; his trial, 171. Execution of Weston and Mrs. Turner, 172. Trial and sentence of Elways; his dress on the scaffold, 172. His speech and execution, 173. Trial ofthe Earl and Countess; their re-committal to the Tower, and subsequent pardon, 174- SIR WALTER RALEIGH.— 1618 His favour with Elizabeth, 175. His committal to the Tower; his release and marriage; his expedition to Guiana, 176.

His statesmanship; James prejudiced against him, 177. Contents. XV Accused and convicted of treason, 178. Paltry stratagem ofthe King, 179. Raleigh's letter to his wife, when awaiting his execution, 179, 180. His ' History of the World,' 181. His estate seized by the King ; Prince Henry's intercession, 181. Raleigh's companions in the Tower, 182. His health impaired, 183. His correspondence with the Prince, 184. Proposes to the King an expedition to Guiana, 184. Gon domar's opposition, 185. The King's consent gained; Raleigh released from prison, 185. His commission; de parture ofthe expedition, 186. Arrival at Guiana; collision with the Spaniards; young Raleigh killed, 187. Suicide of Captain Keymis ; return to England ; Raleigh recom mitted to the Tower, 188. Order for his execution; his plea overruled; his appeal rejected, 189.

Interview with his wife; his last hours, 190. His address on the scaffold, 191. The execution, 192. Effect ofthe iron rule of Eliza beth, 193. ASSASSINATION OF THE DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM. 1629. Motive for the murder ; Felton taken to the Tower, 194. His trial and execution, 195. His reply to Lord Dorset when menaced with torture, 195. Aubrey's account of the visits ofthe ghost of Sir G. Villiers to his friend Mr. Towes, 196, 197. WENTWORTH, EARL OF STRAFFORD.— 1641. His rigorous government of Ireland, 198. Denounced as an apostate, 199. Impeached by the Commons, and given into custody, 200. Impeachment and committal of Laud, 200. Trial of Strafford, 200. Charges against him, injustice towards him, 201. The impeachment abandoned, 202. Proceedings against him by attainder, 202. His defence; proposal to allow him to escape ; the attainder passed, 203.

The King signs the death-warrant, and entreats the Houses for a commutation of the sentence, 204. Passage to the scaffold, and execution, 205. Contents. XVI LORD CAPEL.— 1649. His escape from the Tower, 206. Betrayed by a waterman, and recaptured, 207. Debate on his wife's petition, 208. Remarks on Cromwell's conduct, 209. Lord Capel's address from the scaffold, 210. His execution, air. His character drawn by Clarendon, 211, 212. COLONEL BLOOD'S ATTEMPT TO STEAL THE CROWN JEWELS.— 1671. The public first admitted to view the Regalia; Blood's visit with his pretended wife, 213. His second visit, 214. Returns with his accomplices, 214. Murderous attack on Edwards, the Deputy-Keeper, 215. Arrival of Edwards's son; flight of the robbers, 215. Blood made prisoner; his effrontery before the King, 216.

Remanded to the Tower, with his accomplices; and released, 217. Charles's apology for his ill-timed clemency, 217. Particulars of Blood's former outrage on the Duke of Ormond, 218. The Duke of Buckingham suspected of complicity, 218. Lord Ossory's threat, 219. Blood's after career, 219. Neglect and death of Edwards; discovery of his monumental tablet, 219. MYSTERIOUS DEATH OF THE EARL OF ESSEX.— 1683. Position of Lord Essex's lodging in the Tower, 220. Commission in William III.'s reign to investigate the matter; evidence relied on to prove that Essex was murdered, 221. Greater probability that he committed suicide, 222. Earl Russell's allusion to Essex's death, 223. Prevalent notion that forfeiture of estates might be evaded by suicide, 223. THE SEVEN BISHOPS. James II.'s "Declaration of Indulgence," 224; its purpose to overthrow the Protestant Church, 224.

Intrusion of Farmer, Contents. XVII a Romish priest, into the Presidency of Magdalen College, Oxford, by the King, 224. Refusal of the Clergy to obey the Proclamation enjoining the reading of the " Declaration of Indulgence," 224. Meeting of the Six Bishops convened by Sancroft at Lambeth Palace, 225. Their Petition presented to the King, 225. His reply, 226. The Bishops committed to the Tower, 227. Excitement of the people, 227. Singular suitableness of the 2nd "Lesson," at evening service, which the Bishops attended, 228. Refusal of the Tower Chaplain to read the " Declaration of Indulgence," 228. The Bishops brought before the Court of King's Bench, 228. Liberated on their own recognisances, 229. Apprehended riot, 229. Insolence of the Lieutenant of the Tower towards the liberated Bishops, 229.

The trial, 230. Verdict of "Not Guilty," 231; its reception by the people, 231. Annoyance of the King at the result, 232. Rejoicings ofthe soldiers at Hounslow, 232. Bonfires and illuminations to celebrate the acquittal ofthe Bishops, 232. The subsequent Revolution promoted by the King's conduct, 232. THE EARL OF NITHISDALE'S ESCAPE.— 1716. Parentage of the Countess; the Earl a leader among the Jacobites ; made prisoner at Preston, and committed to the Tower, 233. Lady Nithisdale's journey to London, 234. Her endeavour to present a petition to George I., 235. Escape of several prisoners; petitions to Parliament, 236. Address to the King; his reply, 237. Lady Nithisdale's mode of availing herself of the passing of the Address, 237. Enlists aid in her scheme for her husband's release, 238. Her own account of the manner in which the escape was effected, 239-243.

Her return to her lodging, and visit to the Duchess of Montrose, 243. Joins Lord Nithisdale, who is taken to the house of the Venetian Ambassador, 244. His escape to Calais ; his wife goes to Scotland to secure the family papers, 245. Her return to London ; rejoins her husband at Rome, 246. The Countess's picture by Kneller, 247. Question Contents. XVIII ofthe locality in the Tower from which Lord Nithisdale's escape was made, 247. Probability in favour of the Gover nor's house, 248. Condemnation of the other noblemen; intercession for them, 249. Execution of Lords Derwent water and Kenmure, 249, 250. Trial of Lord Wintoun, 250. His escape from the Tower after condemnation, 251. EXECUTION OF THE REBEL LORDS OF 1745- Last occasion of the use of the headsman's block in the Tower, 252. Trial of Lords Cromarty, Kilmamock, and Balmerino, 226.

Execution of Kilmamock and Balmerino, 253. Trial of Lord Lovat, 253. His behaviour at his execution, 254. Discovery ofthe coffin-plates of these noblemen, 254. EARL FERRERS. His descent from the Earl of Essex, 255. His violent temper and eccentricity in early life, 255. Marriage, and subsequent separation by Act of Parliament, 255. Mr. Johnson appointed Receiver for his estate, 256. Violent antipathy to the Steward, 256. Appoints an interview with him at Stanton, 257. Insists on his signing a confession of dishonesty, 258. Shoots him, and then becomes intoxicated, 258. His brutality to his victim, 259. His violent resistance against apprehension, 260. Committed to the Tower for "wilful murder," 260. His trial before the House of Peers; conducts his own defence, 261. His sentence and execution at Tyburn, 261-264.

Question as to his sanity, 265. LORD THANET. His imprisonment the most recent case of a Peer's committal to the Tower, 266. His presence at Maidstone at the trial of O'Connor and others for high treason, 267. Favours O'Connor's attempt to evade arrest after acquittal, and assaults one of the officers, 267. Tried at the Court of King's Bench, and sentenced to a fine of iooo/. and a twelve- Contents. XIX month's imprisonment in the Tower, 268. Narrative of the arrest of O'Connor and his companions, 269. Their trial at Maidstone, and acquittal of all but O'Coigley, who was executed, 270. Their connection with the French Direc tory, 271. THE CATO-STREET CONSPIRATORS.— 1820. Career of Thistlewood, 272. His scheme for overthrowing the Government; the loft in Cato Street, 273. Opportunity chosen for the outbreak; details ofthe plan, 274.

The plot betrayed, 276. Consultations in Cabinet on the mode of dealing with the discoveries ; proposal of the Duke of Wellington, 277, 278. The Duke's plan rejected, 278. Arrest of some of the gang ; a police officer killed ; escape of Thistlewood ; alarm in London, 279. Capture of Thistlewood : the leaders committed to the Tower; the trials, 280. Details of the executions, 281. Behaviour of the mob, 282. Alarm during a ball at the Spanish Ambassador's; project of Thistlewood to attack the house on that occasion, 282, 283. ANCIENT ARMOUR. Need of inspection and arrangement, 284. Suit of armour presented by the Emperor Maximilian to Henry VIII.; representation of the rack, 285. Indifference produced by habit to the sufferings of prisoners ; instance of the torture of Anne Askew, 28.6. ORDNANCE.

C urious gun cast by Solyman the Magnificent ; supposed alloy of gold in its composition, 287. Skill of the Turks in casting large cannon, 288. Presence of gold in the gun-metal disproved ; guns cast from cannon captured at Cherbourg, 289. specimens of ornamental casting; revolver of the reign of James I., 290. Store of rifles for the supply of the army. 290. c Contents. XX CONSTABLES OF THE TOWER. Early Constables; ecclesiastics who held the office, 291. Mandeville, Earl of Essex; Hubert de Burgh, 292. Hugh le Bigod, Earl of Norfolk ; Bishop Stapleton, 293. De la Beche. 294. Edward III.'s prisoners, 295. Sir Thomas Rempston, 296. Peculiar privilege of the Constable, exercised by Sir William Balfour, 296. Disputes between Charles I. and the Parliament, 297. Duke of Bolton; Lord Cornwallis, 298.

Question raised, and debate, on the appointment of Lord George Lennox, 298, 299. The appointment since restricted to military officers, 300. Reform of abuses by the Duke of Wellington, 300, 301. Increase in number of visitors, 301. Lord Combermere, 30T. Sir John Burgoyne; the Constable's salary abolished, 304. CLOSING THE GATES. Ceremonies practised, 303. Seizure of the Tower always an object with the ringleaders in riots ; Jack Cade ; Lord George Gordon, 304. Colonel Despard; Sir Francis Burdett; Watson; Thistlewood; the Chartists, 305. Precautions of the Duke of Wellington ; alarms of fire, 306. Paul Hentzner's account of his visit to the Tower in Queen Anne's time, 306-308. THE MENAGERIE. Early custom of keeping wild beasts in the Tower; Henry III.'s leopards, bear, and elephant, 309. Edward II.'s lion; increased importance of keepers, 310.

Baiting of lions introduced by James I.; account of an eye-witness, 310, 311. The King's second visit to a like exhibition, 312, 313. A horse worried by dogs; a bear baited to death by the King's order ; his niggardly device for saving his own pocket, 314. A popular reason for anticipating the death of George II., 314. Removal ofthe menagerie, 315. Contents. XXI