The Natural Wealth of California, etc

Front matter

■ ■ ■ ■ ■ THE NATUKAL WEALTH OF CALIEOENIA. L the NATURAL WEALTH OF CALIFORNIA COMPRISING EARLY HISTORY ; GEOGRAPHY, TOPOGRAPHY, AND SCENERY ; CLIMATE ; AGRICULTURE AND COMMERCIA PRODUCTS; GEOLOGY, ZOOLOGY, AND BOTANY ; MINERALOGY, MINES, AND MINING PRO- CESSES; MANUFACTURES; STEAMSHIP LINES, RAILROADS, AND COMMERCE; IMMIGRATION, POPULATION AND SOCIETY; EDUCATIONAL IN STITUTIONS AND LITERATURE; TOGETHER WITH A DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EACH COUNTY ; ITS TOPOGRAPHY, SCENERY, CITIES AND TOWNS, AGRICULTURAL ADVANTAGES, MINERAL RESOURCES, AND VARIED PRODUCTIONS. BY TITUS FEY CRONISE. SAN FRANCISCO: H. H. BANCROFT & COMPANY. NEW YORK: 113 WILLIAM STREET. 1868. Entered according to Act of Congress, in tho year 1SGS, By TITUS FEY CRONISE, In tho Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States, for the District of California.

StEUEOTYI>ED AT THE CALIFORNIA TtPE FOTJKDBT, From Type manufactured by Wit. Faclknee & Son, 411 Clay Street, San Francisco. INTRODUCTORY. The Publishers present this work as the most recent, comprehensive, and elaborate treatise upon the history, geography, geology, natural history, climate, population, wealth, industry, products, and resources of California. Unusual pains have been taken to insure its acceptance as a work not alone of passing interest, but as a standard authority on all the subjects it em braces. There is a strong demand for such, an authority, both, for the purposes of local information and reference, and for citation and general use abroad, where, for many reasons, much attention has recently been attracted to our State. The successful establishment of mail steam communication with Japan and China ; the acquisition of Alaska ; the near completion of the Pacific railroad ; the remarkable increase of our agricultural products and exports, enabling California to compete profitably with the foremost wheat countries in the markets of Europe, are circumstances that have, within the past twelve months, caused more particular inquiry to be made concerning the State than ever before.

It is no longer looked upon as the isolated abode of a nomadic and somewhat lawless community, absorbed mainly in gold seeking, and generally indifferent to the healthy pursuits and noble concerns of life — but as a well-ordered commonwealth, prolific in natural resources and capacities beyond all its sisters ; favored by a delightful cli mate ; advancing in substantial prosperity ; attesting the fertility of its soil by a wheat crop approximating in value its yield of gold ; and rivaling two zones in the variety of its other products. It is seen to be the nucleus of a great empire on the Pacific, already adjoined by States and Territories of remarkable characteristics, and laying a train of causes that will some day shift the currents of commercial and monetary exchange. VI INTRODUCTORY. Hence it is desirable to collate in one volume a reliable statement of tho salient facts concerning a region of so much interest ; to make such a com pilation as will serve as a magazine for the use of all who have occasion to write or speak about California, and which, when drawn upon by journalists abroad for popular articles, will disseminate correct information and ideas where these are most needed and will have the most beneficial effect.

Chapter I. Early History

Introduction — Origin of the Name — By Whom Discovered — The Changea in its Boundaries — The Missions — Their Beginning and End — The Aborigines of California— The Early Settlers — Commerce of California while under Spanish and Mexican Bule — The Acquisition of California by the United States Page 1

Chapter II. Geography And Topography

Outline of Geography — The Harbors of California — San Francisco Bay — Tidal Influences — San Diego Harbor — San Pedro Bay — The Santa Barbara Channel — San Luis Obispo Bay — Monterey Bay — Santa Cruz Harbor — Half Moon Bay — Drake's Bay — Tomales Bay — Bodega Bay — Humboldt Bay— Trinidad Bay — Crescent City Harbor — Improvements to be Made — Islands on the Coast. 71

Chapter III. The Counties Of California

Southern, Coast, Northern, Mountain and Valley Counties. Southern Counties: San Diego — San Bernardino — Los Angeles — Santa Barbara — San Luis Obispo — Kern. Coast Counties: Monterey — Santa Cruz — Santa Clara — San Mateo — San Francisco — Alameda — Contra Costa — Marin — Sonoma — Napa — Lake — Mendocino. Northern Counties: Humboldt — Trinity — Klamath — Del Norte — Siskiyou — Shasta — Lassen. Mountain Counties : Plumas — Sierra — Nevada — Placer— El Dorado — Amador — Alpine — Calaveras — Tuolumne — Mariposa — Mono— Inyo. Valley Counties: Tehama. — Butte — Colusa — Sutter — Yuba — Yolo— Solano — Sacramento — San Joaquin — Stanislaus — Merced — Fresno — Tulare. 92

Chapter IV. Climate

General Remarks — Temperature — Extremes of Heat and Cold — Winds — The Sea Breeze — Northers — Southeaster — Bains — Storms — Cloud and Mist — Snow and Hail — Thunder and Lightning — Belations of Climate to Agriculture and other Pursuits — Health, Domestic Economy, etc CONTENTS.

Chapter V. Agriculture

Agriculture. Preliminary Observations. The Cereals : Wheat, Barley, Oats, Bice, etc. Grasses: Alfalfa, Clover, etc. Cotton— Flax— The Sugar Beet— Melon Sugar— Hops- Tobacco— Mustard Seed— The Amole, or Soap Plant— The Tea Plant. Fruits and Nuts : Apples — Pears — Peaches — Plums — Cherries— Oranges — Lemons— Limes — Bananas — Olives— Almonds— Chestnuts, etc. Berries : Strawberries— Raspberries — Blackberries. Dried Fruits : Baisins — Currants — Prunes — Figs, etc. Pickles, Preserved Fruits and Vegetables: Orange Marmalade — Quince Jelly — Onions, etc. Potatoes — Large Growths. Dairy Products : Butter— Cheese. Cattle and Horses— Sheep and Wool— Hogs — Bees and Honey — Insects. Wood Planting : Transplanting Trees— The Sirocco. Agricultural Implements : Steam Ploughs — The California Land Dresser.

Irrigation — Under Draining — Famine Years — Late Bains — The Farmer's Troubles in California — Hints to Emigrants — Contrasts — Advantages — The Chinese in California — Farm Labor — Harmony among Producers. Viniculture. Grapes — Wine — Brandy — Wine Merchants, etc. Sim Cultuee. Mulberry Trees — Cocoons — Diseases of Silk Worms, etc. Page 352

Chapter VI. Geology

General Outlines of Topography — Geology of Coast Ranges— Monte Diablo Range — Coal Beds —Peninsula of San Francisco — North of San Francisco Bay — South of Monterey Bay— Southern End of Tulare Valley — Geology of the Sierra Nevada— The Great Auriferous Belt — Southern portion of the Gold Field — Mariposa County — The Fremont Grant — Mining — Tuolumne County — Table Mountains — Fossil Remains — Calaveras County — Union Copper Mine— Gold Mining — Amador County — El Dorado County — Placer County Nevada County — Sierra County — Plumas County 396

Chapter VII. Zoology

General Plan. Mammalia : Bears — Raccoon- -Skunks — Glutton — Fisher — Marten — Weasel Otter — Cougar — Jaguar — Ocelot — Wild Cats — Wolf — Coyote — Foxes— Sea Lions and Seals— Sea Elephant— Shrews— Bats — Beaver — Marmots — Squirrels — Rats — Gophers — Porcupine — Hares— Elk — Deer — Antelope — Bighorn — Whales and Porpoises. Birds: Paysano — Cuckoo — Woodpeckers — Eagles — Hawks — Owls — Vultures — Crows — Magpies Jays — Kingfishers — Flycatchers— Nighthawks — Humming Birds — Swallows — Waxwings Thrushes — Mocking Birds— Grosbeaks — Linnets— Goldfinches — Sparrows — Pigeons — Doves— Cranes — Herons— Ibis— Plover — Snipe— Curlews— Quail — Swans— Geese — Brant Ducks — Pelicans — Cormorants — Albatross — Fulmars — Petrels — Gulls — Loons — Grebes — Sea Parrot — Sea Pigeon— Murre. Beptiles : Tortoise— Turtles — Lizards— Iguana- Horned Toads — Glass Snake — Rattlesnakes — Harmless Snakes — Frogs, etc.,- — Salamanders— Four-legged Fish.

Fishes : Perch— Kingfish — Bass — Moonfish— Goldfish — Viviparous Fish — Redfish — Kelpfish — Mackerel — Bonito — Albicore — Barracouta — Flying Fish — Panther Fish — Sticklebacks — Bock-Cod — Sculpin — Wolf-Eel — Gobies— Toad Fish — Lump Fish-Flat Fish — Halibut — Turbot — Sole — Cod — Whiting — Codling — Tom-Cod — Snake Fish — Salmon Trout — White Fish — Smelts — KiUies — Herring — Anchovies Chubs — Suckers — Conger-Eel — Balloon Fish — Sea Horse — Pipe Fish — Sturgeons Bays — Sharks — Torpedo — Angel Fish — Stingrays — Lampreys — Worm Fish. Mollusca: Oysters — Clams — Date Fish — Mussels. Ceustacea : Crabs — Lobster — Shrimps Crawfish. CONTENTS. XV

Chapter VIII. Flora

General Remarks— Sequoia — The Mammoth or Big Trees — Redwood — California Pines — Oaks — Cedars — Firs — California Nutmeg — California Yew Tree — Laurel — Manzanita — Madrona — Horse Chestnut, or Buckeye — Shrubs and Plants — Poison Oak — Alder — Barberry — Canchalagua — Pitcher Plant — Yerba Buena. — Flaxworts — Flea-bane — Soap Plant Grasses — Catalogue of Native Trees of California Page 502

Chapter IX. Mining And Metallurgical Processes

Gold — Placer Mining — The Shallow Placers — River Mining — The Deep Placers — Tunnel Mining — Hydraulic Mining — Blue Gravel — The Great Blue Lead — White Cement — Quartz, or Vein Mining — Mining Operations — Milling Machinery and Processes— The Grass Valley System of Amalgamation — Amalgamation in Battery — The Mariposa Process — Concentration — Plattner's Chlorination Process. .... 529

Chapter X. Mines And Mining

Rapid Exploration of the Placers — Overestimate of Earnings— Chances Still Good — Improved Conditions — Northwestern Counties — Character of Mines — Gold Beaches, etc.- - The Central Districts — Various Branches of Placer Mining — Quartz Mining — Number of Locations — Early Efforts — Present Results — Mining at Grass Valley — A Representative Mine — Butte, Sierra, and Plumas Counties — Gold Bearing Slates and Gossans — Auriferous Cement and Gravel Beds — Openings for Enterprise, Labor, and Capital — Silver — Iron — Quicksilver — The New Almaden Mine — Mineralogy. . . . 562

Chapter XI. Manufactures

Introductory Remarks. Woolen Mills : The Pioneer Mills — Mission Mills — Pacific Mills — Marysville Mills. Cotton Manufactures — Flouring Mills — Sugar Refineries. Ironworks: The Pacific Rolling Mills — Union Iron Works — Miners' Foundry, etc. — Boiler Works. Brass Foundries — Saw Mills and Lumber — Wire and Rope Works — The Pacific Cordage Factory — Tanneries — Powder Works — Fu=e Factory —Paper Mills— Glass Works — Manufacture of Salt — Soap Factories — Candle Factories — Glue Factory — Chemical and Acid Factories — Matches — Oil Works — Rice Mills— Lime and Cement — Lead Works — Marble Works and Quarries — Potteries — Boots and Shoes — Saddlery and Harness — Wagons, Carriages, Cars, Agricultural Implements, etc. — Furniture — Matting — Pianos, Organs, Billiard Tables — Breweries and Distilleries — Brooms, and Broom Corn — Wood and Willow Ware — California Type Foundry — Cigar Manufactories — Manufacture of Clothing, Shirts, etc. — Furs — Meat Packing and Curing— Dried and Preserved Fruits and Vegetables, etc. — Miscellaneous Manufactures — Works Projected or in Progress. . 596

Chapter XII. City And County Of San Francisco

Situation, Topography, etc. — Early Settlement and Subsequent Progress — Street Grades, Public Grounds, etc. — Improvement of Water Front — Style and Peculiarities of Buildings — Fear of Earthquakes, and its Effects — Churches, and Place? of Public Worship — CONTENTS. Theatres, and other Places of Amusement— Scientific, Social, Literary, and Eleemosy nary Institutions— Number of Inhabitants— Diversity of Races, Ideas and Customs- Juvenile Population— Manufacturing Status, etc. — Educational System— Public Schools, Colleges, Seminaries and Private Institutions of Learning — Value of City Property — Municipal Income, Debt and Expenditures — Buildings, Improvements, etc. — Police and Fire Departments — Cemeteries, Public Gardens, Homestead Associations — City Rail roads — Gas Works and Water Works — Markets — Banking Institutions and Insurance Companies— United States Branch Mint — Advantages of Position — Foreign Commerce and Domestic Trade — Bullion Products — Passenger Arrivals, etc. . . Page GH

Chapter XIII. Miscellaneous Subjects

Railroads — Central Facific Railroad — Western Pacific Railroad — San Josd Railroad — Sacramento Valley Railroad — Placerville and Sacramento Valley Railroad — California Central Railroad — Yuba Railroad — Northern California Railroad — Various Short Railroads — Railroads Recently Commenced — Railroads Projected — Steamship Lines — Ship Building — Telegraphs — State and County Finances — Gold Product — Fisheries — Immigration — Population — Voters — Baces, etc. — Chinese in California — Libraries — Literature, Journalism, etc. — List of California Publications C68

Chapter I. Eaely Histoet

Introduction — Origin of the Name — By Whom Discovered — The Changes in its Boundaries — The Missions — their Beginning and End — The Aborigines of California.— The Early Settlers — Commerce of California while under Spanish and Mexican Bule — The Acquisition of California by the United States. This book, being more particularly intended as an exhibit of the natural wealth of the State of California, makes no pretensions to being a history of the Pacific Coast ; but the two subjects are so inti mately blended, that it is not possible to write about one without referring to the other. The limits of the portion of the work pro posed to be devoted to the historical branch of the subject, compel us to confine ourselves, as much as possible, to facts and events connected with that portion of the coast embraced within the boundaries of this State — a somewhat difficult task, as, until a comparatively recent period, the whole country, from the boundaries of South America, to' the late Russian possessions on the north, and from the Ocean to, the Eocky Mountains, was included in California.

ORIGIN OF THE NAME, There are few countries, the origin of the name of which is. involved: in as much mystery as that of California. A compound o£ Greek and Latin, it is not positively known by whom or when compounded ; nor the reason why, although many profound scholars in Europe and in the- United States have endeavored, during the past century, to trace its origin. It is first met with in a once popular, but now almost for gotten romance, entitled "The Sergas of Esplandian, the son of Amadis, of Gaul, " published at Seville, (Spain), in 1510, in which it occurs three times. In one passage, thus : "Know that on the right hand of the Indies there is an island called California, very near to the Terrestrial Paradise, which was peopled by black women, without any men among them, because they were accus tomed to live after the manner ol the Amazons.

They were of strong and hardened bodies, of ardent courage, and of great force. The island was the strongest in the world, from its steep rocks and great cliffs. Their arms were all of gold, and so were the caparisons of the wild beasts they rode. " Another passage reads : "In the island called California are many griffins, on account of the great savageness of the country and the immense quantity of wild game to be found there." This romance was very popular in Europe, passed through several editions during the twenty-five years immediately preceding the dis covery of this country, and it is quite possible that Hernando Grixalva — one of Cortez' officers to whom the honor of making that discovery belongs — or some of his companions, may have read it, and, finding ■what they supposed to be an island while sailing "towards the Terres trial Paradise," along the coast of Mexico, which is "on the right hand of the Indies, " they called it California — not because it answered to the description in the romance, but to secure an additional interest in the diseovery, by giving it a name that possessed the attraction created by that popular work.

They must have drawn on their imagi nation immensely, however, when adapting such a description to that portion of the coast first discovered, which is near the site of the present port of La Paz, in Lower California. There is a tradition .among the native Calif ornians, that, in an expedition of the Spaniards against the Indians, in 1829, they found in the country between'Tomales Bay and Cape Mendocino, a tribe in which the squaws had as much to say, and to do with the affairs of peace and war, as the men. These women are stated to have been stout and well made, -and are remembered, in the old traditions, as "Los Amazones. " Where the author of the romance obtained the name, has not been •ascertained. It is probable that he took the idea of the location of Abe "Terrestrial Paradise" from a letter, written by Columbus to Ferdinand and Isabella, many years previously, when the great navigator was about to make a voyage in the same direction as that followed by Grixalva, in which he informed his sovereigns that "he shall be sailing towards the Terrestrial Paradise."

It may be stated, in explanation, that long after the discovery made by Grixalva, California was considered an island. The peninsula was subsequently called the Island of Santa Cruz, and, more than a century afterwards, it was renamed the "Islas Carolinas," in honor of Charles II of Spain. Some authorities insist that the name is derived from calidus fornus, two Latin words signifying "hot oven," giving as a reason for such an hypothesis, that it is a custom of immemorial antiquity, among the aborigines of this section of the coast, to use "hot ovens" called temescal, as a remedy for most of the diseases to which they are sub ject. Every tribe had one or more of these "hot ovens" near their villages. These ' ' sweat houses" were quite familiar to the mission aries and early settlers, and may be found in many parts of the State at the present time.

It is very probable that the earliest explorers may have seen some of them; and, because the natives used "hot ovens" to heal their bodies, may have called the country "a land of hot ovens, or calidus fornus. Clavigero, who wrote a history of California many years ago, quotes the opinion of D. Guiseppo Compoi, a learned Jesuit, on this subject, who states that the name is derived from the Spanish word cala, which means "a little cove of the sea," and the Latin word fornix, "the vault, or concave roof of a building"— giving, as a reason for this extra ordinary interpretation, that within Cape St. Lucas (near where Grixalva is supposed to have landed) there is "a little cove of the sea, "near which there was a rock so worn by the waves, that its upper part was hollow, like "a vaulted roof," and from these circumstances its dis coverers called the place cala fornix, which has since been softened down to California, and applied to the whole country.

A learned Greek scholar suggests that the name may have been compounded from the Greek words kala-phora-nea, signifying a beautiful young woman, or new country. Another Greek scholar suggests that it may be derived from kala-phomeia, signifying beautiful adultery. The application of such an interpretation is not very clear, though Powers' statue of California represents a beautiful, nude female, holding a bundlo of thorns behind her, which is claimed to be an embodiment of this interpretation ; but it may be quite as appropriate to explain such a figure by the seductive beauty of the country, and the disappointments so many of its earlier visitors encountered. It is quite clear that the Spanish explorers, who are credited with giving the name, had no acquaintance with the seductions that lured so many here in after years, because that portion of the country they applied this name to, is the most barren and uninviting on the coast.

Venegas, the most learned of all the early historians of the coast, in his "Natural and Civil History of California, " published in 1758, states that the name was first used by Bernal Diaz, an officer who had served under Cortez, during the conquest of Mexico, and applied by him to a bay which he discovered during one of the earliest voyages. This learned historian objects to the proposition that the name is derived from calida fornax, alleged to have been given to it by the early navigators, on the very probable ground -that these persons did not possess sufficient knowledge of the Latin to make such a com bination. There is still another alleged origin for the name, mentioned by Captain Beechey, in his account of his voyage to this coast in 1826, wherein he relates a conversation on this subject, between himself and Father Felipe Arroyo, who was at that time in charge of the Mission of San Juan Bautista.

The worthy father is stated to have expressed his belief that the name originated from colofonia, the Spanish word for rosin ; giving his reason for such belief — that the great number of resinous trees the discoverers* of the country saw, when they landed, impelled them to exclaim : colofonia! — or rosin. This story is so absurd, as to be almost unworthy of notice ; but having been quoted by a gentleman who has obtained some reputation as an authority on California archæology, it deserves consideration. The fact that the portion of the peninsula where these discoverers landed, and to which it is admitted they gave the name, is one of the most barren, treeless sections of the coast, demolishes the whole story. The records of the Jesuit Missions, on the peninsula, say the "extreme barrenness of the soil prevented the growth of trees of any magnitude."

Father Ugarte, who built the first vessel constructed in California — Tlie Triumph of the Cross — in 1772, had to haul the timber used in its construction "full thirty leagues from the river Mulege, where she was built, " because there was none growing any nearer. According to these records, the first discoverers had but little cause to exclaim "colofonia !" It may be mentioned as a curious fact, although one not having any particular reference to this subject, that in Bavaria, and other portions of the south of Germany, rosin is called ' ' Kalifornea, " the word being pronounced precisely as we pronounce California. The origin of the German word it is out of our province to discuss. It is merely mentioned as a curious fact. Webster thinks that the root of the name is probably the Spanish Califa, from the Arabic Khalifah, successor or to succeed, the Caliphs being the acknowledged successors of Mahommed.

The explanation of the origin of the natives of the country, under the head of aborigines, may throw some light on this subject.. Numerous other attempts have been made by writers in Mexico, the United States, and Europe, to explain the origin of this name; but the above are the best and most reasonable of such efforts. BY WHOM DISCOVERED, AND WHEN. The territory which at present comprises the great State of Cali fornia, was first discovered, and partially described, in the year 1542, by Juan Eodriguez Cabrillo, a Portuguese by birth, but at the time serving as pilot, or navigator, in the Spanish service. He also dis covered and named the Farallones islands. Equipped for a voyage of discovery along the then unknown shores of the Pacific, under the auspices of Mendoza, the "Viceroy of Mexico, Cabrillo sailed from the port of Navidad, Mexico, on the 27th of June, 1542.

Keeping within sight of the shore, the greater portion of the distance, he reached as far as latitude 40° 30', and longitude 124° 35', when he encountered the great western headland, which he called Cape Mendoza, in honor of his friend and patron, the viceroy — but now called Cape Mendocino. This fact is almost all that remains on record to prove that Cabrillo was the discoverer of the country. He appears to have returned from the voyage on the 14th of the following April, without making any further discoveries. It was supposed, for many years, that Sir Francis Drake, the famous English navigator, was the discoverer of California, as well as of the Bay of San Francisco. But, before the light of history, he is stripped of both honors, on the clearest possible testimony. Sir Francis, it is known, reached the Pacific Ocean through the straits of Magellan, on board the Golden Hind, in 1578, thirty-six years after Cabrillo had named Cape Mendocino.

He was not aware of this fact ; but, thinking he had discovered a new country, took possession of it for "Good Queen Bess," as was the custom in those days. It is clearly settled, that the place where he landed is near Point de los Eeyes, latitude 37° 59' 5". Sir Francis marked it on his chart as in latitude 38°. The locality will probably be ever known hereafter as Drake's Bay. The most conclusive argument that could be advanced, to prove that he did not discover the Bay of San Francisco, is found in the name he gave the country — New Albion. There is nothing about the entrance of this bay, to call up images of the "white cliffs of old England," so dear to the hearts of the mariners of that country. Its heetling rocks, must have been additionally dark and dreary at the season of the year when the great navigator saw them — neither green with the verdure of spring, nor russet by the summer's heat ; while, near Point de los Eeyes, there is sufficient whiteness about the cliffs which skirt the shore to attract attention, and "as it is out of the fullness of the heart the mouth speaketh," the "bold Briton," longing for home, may have pictured to his "mind's eye " some resem blance to "Old Albion."

Besides, Drake lay thirty-six days at anchor, which it would have been impossible for so experienced a sailor to have done, had it been in our glorious bay, without being impressed with its great importance as a harbor, on a coast so destitute of such advantages as this ; but he makes no allusion to any feature traceable in our bay. He never had the honor of seeing it. In 1602, General Sebastian Viscayno, under orders from Philip III. of Spain, made an exploration of the coast of Upper California, in the course of which he discovered the harbors of San Diego, on the 10th of November. After remaining a few days, he proceeded to the north, and, on December 16th, discovered the bay of Monterey, which he named in honor of Gaspar de Zunniga, Count de Monte Eey, the then Viceroy of Mexico. It was at first called Port of Pines.

Viscayno remained eighteen days at Monterey, and was much impressed with the beauty of its surroundings. He also discovered the islands which form the Santa Barbara Channel. Forbes, in his "History of California," states that Viscayno, on this voyage, discovered the bay of San Francisco — a statement which is not supported by any other authority. It is possible that Forbes may have misinterpreted a passage from the diary of the voyage, which states that ' ' in twelve days after leaving Monterey, a favorable wind carried the ship past the port of San Francisco, but she afterwards put back into the port of Francisco. " As the diary further states that "she anchored, January 7th, 1603, behind a point of land called Punta de los Eeyes, (which was named by Viscayno), where there was a wreck," there is no room to doubt that it was not inside the bay of San Francisco, which there is no proof that Viscayno ever saw.

In 1595, Sebastian Cermenon, while on a voyage from Manilla to Acapulco, was wrecked near Punta de los Eeyes. This was the wreck alluded to. There is a work extant, written by Cabrera Bueno and published in Spain, in 1734, which contains instructions to navigators for reaching the ' ' Punta los Eeyes, and entering the port of San Francisco, " which some authors consider the present bay ; but the wreck of Cermenon's vessel near that point, and Viscayno's putting into that port, is toler able evidence that it was not the harbor of San Francisco which is here alluded to. There was also a map published in Europe, in 1545, three years after Cabrillo's voyage, in which a San Francisco bay is named, as well as the Farallones, which some authors consider a proof that it was "the Bay." As it was Cabrillo who named those islands, after Farallo his pilot, and it is known that he did not enter "the Bay," it is clear that there must have been another San Francisco harbor, which is not that known by that name at present.

It may be stated, as a proof that there was another port of San Francisco, besides the present bay, that, in 1812, Baranof, chief agent of the Eussian-American Company, asked permission from the Gov ernor of California, to erect a few houses and leave a few men at Bodega Bay, a "little north of the port of San Francisco." San Fran cisco Bay had been visited before that time, by the Eussians, and was known to be nearly sixty miles south-east from Bodega, which place is only "a little north" of Punta de los Eeyes, where the Spanish port of San Francisco is located, and where Viscayno anchored. As further proof that there was such a harbor, we refer to the fact that Governor Portala, when his party first discovered the great bay, called it San Francisco, under the impression that it was the harbor of that name, north of Punta de los Eeyes, which had long been known to the Spanish navigators on the coast, as is proven by the above extracts.

From 1610 to 1660, upwards of twenty attempts were made to explore and take possession of the country, under a vague, irresistible impression that it contained not alone large deposits of gold, silver, and pearls, but diamonds and other precious stones. But little, however, is known of the country from the date of Viscay no's discoveries, till 1767, or one hundred and sixty-four years after wards ; when the Jesuit missionaries, being expelled from Lower Cal ifornia by order of Charles III of Spain, their missions and property were granted to the Fathers of the Order of St. Francis. These enthu siastic propagandists, acting under instructions from the Marquis de Croix, then Viceroy of Mexico, made arrangements for extending their labors into the upper territory. To carry this object into effect, Father Junipero Serra, a very energetic and zealous member of the order, was, in 1768, appointed President of all the Missions to be established in Upper California.