History of Cumberland Co, Maine. With illustrations and biographical sketches of its prominent men and pioneers

Preface

. The history of Cumberland County comprised in the present volume has been compiled according to the following plan : I. A General History of the County. IT. A history of the City of Portland. III. A history of each of the towns of the county. IV. Biographical Sketches, with portraits, on steel, wood, and stone, of men of more or less prominence in different parts of the county, arranged according to their respective towns, or in connection with the histories of those interests with which the subjects have been most intimately identified in their business or professions. The advantages of this arrangement, we think, are obvious. While it furnishes to each town its appropriate history, much more economically than could be afforded in separate volumes, it also gives the publisher a larger territory in which to dispose of his work, and in that degree enables him to add to its excellence and value.

It also conduces to a more orderly and systematic classification of the materials which make up the volume. It is common to include in town histories a great deal of matter that is of a general character, or common to all the towns, and such matter is usually repeated in each separate history of a town. But in the plan of the present work these repetitions are entirely avoided by placing all the matter of a general character in the general history, and only that which is strictly local in the town histories. The plan of the work is such as is deemed, upon the whole, best adapted to the orderly classification of the large amount of matter which such a county must necessarily furnish, — a county whose settlement dates back two hundred and fifty years, and whose varied resources and interests have been developed by a people remarkable for their intelligence, thrift, and enterprise.

It would be strange if such a people, during a period of two and a half centuries, in many respects the most eventful of modern times, had not made history enough to fill one volume, however large, to say nothing of the doings of their savage predecessors, or of the voyages of discovery and efforts at colonization which prepared the way for their advent to these shores. In this preparatory history Maine evidently took the lead, being the first to plant the standard of civilization on the New England coast. This is true, whether we consider the French or the early English settlements. Maine was the beginning, and not the outgrowth of an older colony : the early promoters of settlements on her shores — the Pophams, the Gilberts, and the Gorges — were, in truth, the fathers of New England colonization.

Sir Ferdinando Gorges and his associates procured the first New England charter in 1606, and the second in 1620; and Gorges was active in the mean time iu promoting settlements upon the coast of Maine, at least a dozen years before the landing of the Pilgrims at Plymouth. He was among the first to persuade the Pilgrims to leave Holland, and procured for them their final charter, upon which all the legal titles of the " Old Colony" are based.

PREFACE.

. But this history belongs to the State rather than to a single county : in the present work the writer has attempted only such an outline of the early discoveries and settlements in Maine as seemed necessary to fairly connect the subject with his local history. This is given in two or three of the preliminary chapters. It is unnecessary here to enumerate the authors consulted in the present volume, as they are generally referred to in the foot-notes or in the text of the work. Much is due, however, to the labors of our prede cessors, especially to those of the late Hon. William Willis, LL.D., the historian of Portland, and a large contributor to other historical collections, whose eminent and exhaustive labors have left little to be under taken in the way of original research within the limits of the subjects treated of by him.

The most that we have attempted in that direction has been a thorough examination and comparison of the works of this author with other sources of evidence and information, with a view to obtaining the most accurate facts of history. To this we have added a large amount of original matter relating to the city of Portland, to the towns, to several important chapters of the general history, and many biographical sketches of citizens. The history contained in the present volume has been compiled with great care and labor, yet it has been a pleasure to the writer. The citizens of the county, in nearly every locality, have manifested an in terest in the work, and many have freely and cheerfully aided in the collection of materials. Our thanks, and those of the publishers, are clue to Gen. J. Marshall Brown, of Portland, for valuable aid and suggestions.

Also to Hon. W. W. Thomas, Sr., Hon. Nathan Clifford, Hon. Edward Fox, Hon. Lot Morrill, Hon. Charles W. Goddard, William E. Gould, Esq., Hon. Israel Washburn, Jr., George E. B. Jackson, Esq., Fabius M. Ray, Esq., Nathan Webb, Esq., Gen. Charles P. Mattocks, and others, of Portland; to Gen. Joshua L. Chamberlain, of Brunswick ; and to Mr. S. M. Watson, librarian, by whose courtesy we have had access to many books of reference in the city library, and to the valuable collections of the Willis Room in that institution. In connection with the town histories, our thanks are also due to Hon. Warren H. Vinton, of Gray ; Hon. N. S. Littlefield and Professor A. F. Richardson, of Bridgton; Hon. Robert Eads, of Naples; G. Holden, Esq., of Otisfield; Capt. Augustus W. Corlis, of Yarmouth; James Banks and Seth Bailey, Esq., of Freeport; Col. Samuel True, of Cumberland; Capt. H. Hight, of Scarborough; Hon. William Goold and Thomas L. Smith, of Windham; Moses Plummer, of Pownal; Charles P. Haskell, Esq., and Rev. Otis Sawyer, of New Gloucester; Hon. Horatio J. Swasey, of Standish; Hon. Frederick Robie and Hon. John A. Waterman, of Gorham; Samuel Ingalls and Daniel T. Richardson, Esq., of Baldwin; Hon. Jesse Plummer, of Raymond; Samuel S. Brown and Lyman W. Holden, of Casco.

Besides these many other gentlemen have aided us in procuring matter for our local histories of towns and villages, whose names are too numerous to be mentioned in this connection. We are indebted to the editors of the city and county press, to the clerk of the courts and his assistants, to many clergymen and members of school boards and town clerks, who have courteously and freely rendered us assistance in various wavs. December 24, 1879. w. w. c. CONTENTS HISTORICAL. CHAPTER PAGE XXXII.— Thirtieth Regiment 155 XXXIII. — Miscellaneous 157 CITY OF PORTLAND 160 HISTORY OF THE TOWNS AND VILLAGES OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. PAGE Town of Baldwin 214 " Bridgton 218 " Brunswick 231 " Cape Elizabeth 249 " Caseo 259 " Cumberland 264 " Falmouth 269 " Freeport 278 " Gorham 286 " Gray 298 " Harpswell 303 " Harrison 314 " Naples 320 " New Gloucester 326 " Norih Yarmouth 339 " Otisfield 344 " Pownal 350 " Raymond 354 " Scarborough 359 " Sebago 369 " Standish 372 Towns of Westbrook and Deering 378 Town of Windham 393 " Yarmouth 407 Roster of Soldiers in the War of the Rebellion from Cumberland County 415 HISTOBY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY, MAINE.

CHAPTEE PAGE I. — Early Voyages and Discoveries on the Coast of Maine 9 II. — Explorations and Temporary Settlements by the English 15 III. — Aboriginal Inhabitants 16 IV. — Charters and Land-Grants 22 V. — Establishment of Civil Government ... 26 VI.— The First Indian War— 1675 34 VII.— French and Indian War— 16S8 .... 37 VIIL— French and Indian Wars of 1702 and 1722 . . 41 IX.— Frenoh and Indian War of 1744 .... 45 X. — Period of the Revolution 52 XI. — War of the Revolution 56 XII. — Organization of the County 62 XIII. — Physical Features 65 XIV. — Internal Improvements .73 XV. — Cumberland Bench and Bar 81 XVI.— Bench and Bar— (Continued) 84 XVII.— Bench and Bar— (Continued) 89 XVIII.— The Cumberland County Press . . . .104 XIX.— County Press— (Continued) 109 XX. — Authors and Artists ....... 113 XXI.— The Medical Profession .117 XXII. — Cumberland Civil and Judicial Officers . . . 125 XXIII. — Legislatures of Maine 127 XXIV. — County Civil and Judicial List .... 134 XXV.— Early Military Hislory 136 XXVI. — Cumberland in the War of the Rebellion . . . 141 XXVII.— Fifth Regiment 143 XXVIII.— Tenth Regiment 145 XXIX.— Twelfth Regiment 148 XXX. — Seventeenth Regiment 149 XXXI.— Twenty-fifth and Twenty-ninth Regiments . . 152 BIOGIR/AIPIIIOAL- PAGE Chief Justice Prentiss Mellen ....... 88 Gen. Samuel Fessenden ........ 89 William P. Fessenden 90 Albion K. Parris 90 Charles Stewart Daveis 91 William Pitt Preble 91 Ether Shepley 92 Hon. William Willis 92 Ashur Ware .......... 93 George F. Shepley 93 Edward Fox 95 Samuel A. Bradley ......... 95 Joseph Howard .......... 95 Nathan Clifford 96 Bion Bradbury .......... 9S Elbridgc Gerry 98 Josiah H. Drum mond ........ 100 William Wirt Virgin between 100, 101 PAGE Moses M. Butler 101 Sullivan C. Andrews 102 Nathan Cleaves between 102, 103 Marquis D. L. Lane " 102, 10.1 Charles E. Clifford " 102, 103 Henry B. Cleaves " 102,103 William H. Clifford facing 103 Augustine Haines 103 John M. Adams 107 Edward H. Elwell facing 109 Henry W. Longfellow 113 Nathaniel P.Willis 113 .l.ilin Xeal 114 William Willis 115 George F. French, M.D 120 John F. Oilman, M.D 120 Samuel II.

Xewksbury, M.D 121 Thomas A. Foster, M.D facing 123 CONTENTS. ZBIOG-IR.-A.IPIIIC.A.Ij- PAGE John Noyes facing 272 George Bridgham 276 Mnj. Adam Winslow 277 Adam F. Winslow 277 Benjamin F. Hall 277 Grenville Hall 278 Capt. Albert S. Tibbetts 278 Nathan Nye fanmg 280 Samuel Bliss "282 William Gore "283 Samuel A. Holbrook 285 Elias S. Goff facing 286 John H. Roberts "288 Rev. John Rice .......... 303 Washington Bray facing 322 Ebenezer Choate .......

" 324 David H. Cole 324 The Perley Family 325 L. L. Crockett 325 Nicholas Rideout between 330, 331 Joseph B. Hammond ......... 334 John Morgan .......... 335 Joseph E. Foxcrost . . 335 Otis C. Nelson 336 Charles P. Haskell 336 Major Salomon H. Chandler 337 Winthrop True 338 William Buxton facing 340 Amos Osgood, M.D between 342, 343 William Osgood, M.D " 342, 343 Jonathan Ingalls ......... 349 Johnson Libby . 367 Asa M. Sylvester 368 John and Cyrus F. Moulton 368 Jordan L., John, and Benjamin Larrabee ..... 369 William Fitch 372 William H. Dresser facing 377 Tobias Lord and Tobias Lord, Jr 377 Col. Lemuel Rich (3d) 377 William Rich 378 Hon. Leander Vaienline ..... between 380, 381 William L. Pcnnell " 380, 381 Col. Thomas Westbrook .382 Hon. George Warren between 382, 383 Lewis P. Warren " 382, 383 Hon. Samuel Jordan " 388, 389 James M. Buzzell, M.D " 388, 389 Henry B. Walker 390 Charles Roberts 391 James Pennell .......... 392 William Gilmore 392 James M. Webb 392 George Johnson 393 Hon. William Goold 402 Thomas L. Smith 404 Richard Mayberry ......... 405 D. P. B. Pride 405 George T. Pratt 405 John M. White .405 Alley Hawkes 406 B. F. Dunn, M.D 406 Charles Rogers .......... 406 Benjamin M. Baker 407 James and James M. Bates, M.D. .... faeing 408 Capt. William Bucknam "410 Eleazer Burbank, M.D 414 Augustus H. Burbank, M.D 414 PAGE William C. Robinson, M.D facing 124 Israel Washburn, Jr 140 Gen. Charles P. Mattocks facing 151 Asa Clapp between 166, 167 AsaW.

H. Clapp " 166,167 George Walker facing 168 Sylvanus R. Lyman "170 George W. Woodman "172 Daniel W. True "174 Eben Corey "176 Henry B. Hart "183 Nathan Cummings . " 193 David Moulton between 194, 195 Lewis B. Smith " 194, 195 Weston F. Milliken facing 196 George Burnham, Jr " 198 George S. Hunt "200 Horatio N. Jose "202 D. W. Clark 204 William Moulton 205 Charles McLaughlin 206 George P. Wescott 207 Roswell M. Richardson 207 Capt. Jacob S. Winslow 208 Mark P. Emery 209 Charles H. Haskell 209 Neal R. Macalaster 210 William G. Davis facing 210 George Burnham 211 Capt. James Rackleff . . . 211 Col. James F. Miller 212 Z. K. Harmon 213 Reuben Brown 218 Darwin Ingalls facing 223 William F. Perry "225 George Taylor "225 Moses Gould, M.D "227 Albert Gould "227 Col. John P. Perley 229 Israel P. Peabody 229 Luke Brown 230 P. P. Burnham 230 R. A. Barnard facing 231 Rufus Gibbs 231 Albert F. Richardson 231 George Skolfield facing 232 Gen. Joshua L. Chamberlain 248 The Trickey Family facing 252 Eben N. Perry 256 Hon. W. B. Higgins 257 Silas Skillen 257 A. W. Peabbles 258 Reuben Higgins 258 Jonah Dyer 258 Edward F. Hill 259 Hon. A. S. Holden facing 263 David Duran 263 Richard Mayberry 263 Albion Cobb, M.D 263 Capt. Joseph Blanchard between 264, 265 Capt. Reuben Blanchard " 264, 265 Capt. Ephraim Sturdivant facing 266 Moses Thouies between 266, 267 Robert H. Thomes " 266, 267 Oren S. Thomes " 260, 267 Albert Rideout 268 Andrew R. Baston CONTENTS. 7 ILLTJSTE/ATIOITS.

PAGE Map of Cumberland County (double page) . . between 8, 9 Portrait of Chief Justice Prentiss Mellon 88 " Nathan Clifford (steel) .... facing 96 " Bion Bradbury "98 " Elbridge Gerry (steel) .... "99 " Josiah H. Drummond (steel) ... " 100 " William W. Virgin .... between 100, 101 " Moses M. Butler (steel) .... facing 101 " Sullivan C. Andrews (steel) ... " 102 " Nathan Cleaves .... between 102, 103 " Marquis D. L. Lane ... " 102, 103 " Charles E. Clifford .... " 102, 103 " Henry B. Cleaves .... " 102, 103 " William H. Clifford facing 103 " Augustine Haines 103 " John M. Adams (steel) .... facing 107 " Edward H. Elwell "109 " William Wellis (steel) .... "115 " John T. Gilman (steel) .... "120 " S. H. Tewksbury, M.D. (steel) ... " 121 " Thomas A. Foster, M.D "123 " William C. Robinson, M.D. ...

" 124 " Israel Washburn, Jr " 140 " Gen. C. P. Mattocks "151 PAGE View of Town-House 221 Residence of James P. Webb, M.D. (with portrait) . facing 222 Portraits of Asa and Darwin Ingalls ... " 223 Residence and Mills of Rufus Gibbs (with portrait) " 224 Portrait of William F. Perry "225 " George Taylor "225 View of Bridgton Academy " 226 Portraits of Moses and Albert Gould .... "227 " Enoch and John P. Perley ... " 229 Residence of John P. Perley "229 Portrait of Israel P. Peabody 229 " Luke Brown 230 Residence of P. P. Burnham facing 230 " Albert F. Richardson .... "230 Portrait of R. A. Barnard "231 BRUNSWICK. Portraits of George and George R. Skolfield . . facing 232 Portrait of Clement Martin "234 " Gen. Joshua L. Chamberlain (steel) . . " 248 CAPE ELIZABETH. Residence of Eben N. Perry (with portraits) . . facing 250 Portrait of James Trickey " 252 " Hon. W. B. Higgins 257 " Silas Skillen 258 Portraits of Reuben Higgins and Wife . . . facing 258 " Jonah Dyer and Wife ....

"258 " A. W. Peabbles and Wife ... " 258 Portrait of Edward F. Hill 259 PORTLAND, View of the City of Portland and Harbor . . . facing 160 Residences of Israel T. Dana, George T. French, Francis K. Swan, and L. D. M. Sweat facing 164 Residence of Asa W. H. Clapp "166 Portrait of Asa Clapp between 166, 167 " A. W. H. Clapp .... " 166, 167 " George Walker facing 168 " S. R. Lyman "170 " George W. Woodman .... "172 " Daniel W. True "174 " Eben Corey "176 " Henry B. Hart "183 Views of the Cathedral, Episcopal Residence, Kavanaugh School, St. Dominic's Church and School . . facing 1S4 Portrait of Nathan Cummings ..... " 193 " David Moulton .... between 194, 195 " Lewis B. Smith .... " 194, 195 Store of Chas. McLaughlin & Co 195 Portrait of Weston F. Milliken facing 196 " George Burnham, Jr " 198 " George S. Hunt "200 •• H.N.Jose "202 « D. W. Clark 205 ■ William Moulton (steel) .... facing 205 " Charles McLaughlin (steel) ...

" 206 " George P. Wescott (steel) . . . between 206, 207 " R. M. Richardson (steel) ... " 206, 207 " Jacob S. Winslow (steel) .... facing 208 " Mark P. Emery (steel) .... "209 " Charles H. Haskell 210 " Neal R. Macalaster 210 " William G. Davis facing 210 " George Burnham 211 " Capt. James Raokleff 212 " Col. James F. Miller 212 " Z. K. Harmon 213 CASCO. Residence and Carriage-Factory of S. C. Watkins . facing 261 Portrait of David Duran 262 Residence of Albion Cobb, M.D. (with portraits) . facing 263 " of Hon. A. S. Holden (with portrait) . " 263 Portrait of Richard Maybe rry 263 CUMBERLAND. Residence of Capt. Joseph Blanchard . . . facing 26-4 Portrait of Capt. Joseph Blanchard . . . between 264, 265 Portraits of Capt. Reuben Blanchard and Wife . " 264, 265 Portrait of Capt. Ephraim Sturdivant . . . facing 266 Residence of Moses Thomes .... between 266, 267 Portraits of Moses, Joseph, and Robert H. Thomes " 266, 267 Residence of Oren S. Thomes (with portrait) . . facing 267 " Albert Rideout (with portrait) . .

" 268 " the late A. R. Baston (with portrait) . " 269 FALMOUTH. View of West Falmouth facing 270 Portrait of John Noyes "272 Residence of Grenville Hall (with portraits) . . " 274 " Benjamin F. Hall (with portrait) . . " 275 Works of the West Falmouth Manufacturing Co. . " 276 Portrait of George Bridgham 276 Residence of Adam F. Winslow (with portraits) . facing 277 " Capt. A. S. Tibbetts .... "278 FREEPORT. trail oi i>aiuan i>yc. ...... i-ciug _ou " Samuel Bliss "282 " William Gore "283 " Samuel Holbrook (steel) . . . between 284, 285 " S. A. Holbrook (steel) ..." 284, 2S5 BALDWIN. Residence of John W. Flint (with portraits) . . facing 214 Portraits of Reuben Brown and Wife 218 BRIDGTON. GORHAM. View of Forest Mills facing 218 Residence of Byron Kimball 220 Portrait of Elias S. Goff facing 286 " John H. Roberts "288 CONTENTS. 8 ILLTJSTBATIOITS. • ■<-» ■ ■ PAGE GRAY.

Portraits of John and Capt. C. F. Moulton . . faeing 368 " Jordan L., Capt. John, and Benj. Larrabee " 368 Portrait of Cyrus Milliken "368 PAGE Portrait of Rev. John Rice 303 HARRISON. SEBAGO. Residence of Edward K. Whitney .... facing 314 " P. Tolman "314 Residence of the late Lnther Fitch (with portraits) between 370, 371 " William Fitch .... " 370, 371 NAPLES. STANDISH. Residence and Mills of Tobias Lord (with portraits) . facing 372 Residence of William Rich (with portraits) . . " 375 Portrait of William H. Dresser " 377 " Tobias Lord, Jr 377 " Col. Lemuel Rich (3d) 377 Residence of Hon. S. F. Perley facing 320 Portrait of Washington Bray " 322 Residence of the late Benj. Goodridge (with portraits) " 323 Portrait of David H. Cole 324 Portraits of Ebenezer, Eliza, and Charles Choate . facing 324 Residence of L. L. Crockett (with portraits) . .

" 325 WESTBROOK. Residence of Charles Roberts (with portraits) . . facing 378 Portrait of Leander Valentine .... between 380, 381 " William L. Pennell .... " 380, 381 Portraits of George and Lewis P. Warren . . " 382, 383 Portrait of Henry B. Walker 391 " James Pennell facing 392 " William Gilmore "392 " James M. Webb "392 NEW GLOUCESTER. Residence of Joseph B. Hammond .... facing 326 The Shaker Village "328 Residence of Nicholas Rideout (with portrait) . between 330, 331 " Charles P. Haskell (with portraits) . facing 332 " erected by Isaac Parsons, in 1762 . . " 332 " of Otis C. Nelson (with portraits) . . " 333 " the Foxcroft family (with coat of arms) between 334, 335 Portrait of Joseph E. Foxcroft .... " 334, 335 " John Morgan 336 " Solomon H. Chandler (steel) . . . facing 337 " Winthrop True 338 Residence of Jabez True, in 1840 .... facing 338 The True Homestead, residence of D. W. True, in 1S80 " 338 DEERING.

Residence of Charles Ramsay facing 384 J. J. Frye "386 " L. B. Chapman "387 Portrait of Hon. Samuel Jordan . . . between 388, 389 " James M. Buzzell, M.D. ..." 388, 389 Residence of George Johnson (with portraits) . . facing 393 NORTH YARMOUTH. WINDHAM. Portrait of William Buxton facing 340 Portraits of Amos and William Osgood, M.D. . between 342, 343 Residence of J. M. White facing 394 Portrait of Hon. William Goold 403 " Thomas L. Smith 404 " Richard Mayberry facing 405 " George T. Pratt "405 " D. P. B. Pride "405 " J. M. White "405 " B. F. Dunn, M.D "406 " Benjamin M. Baker " 406 " Alley Hawkes "406 " Charles Rogers " 406 OTISFIELD. Portraits of Jonathan Ingalls and Wife 350 RAYMOND. Portraits of Moses and Gideon Plummer . . . facing 354 " Henry (deceased) and Henry Jordan . " 354 SCARBOROUGH.

Residence of Benjamin Larrabee .... facing 360 Portraits of Joseph Larrabee and Wife ... " 360 Higgins' Beach and Residence of Hiram Higgins (with portraits) facing 364 Portrait of Johnson Libby 368 " Asa M. Sylvester 368 YARMOUTH. Portraits of James and James M. Bates, M.D. . facing 408 Portrait of Capt. William Bucknam .... " 410 " Elenzer Burbank, M.D. (steel) . between 414, 415 " A. H. Burbank, M.D. (steel) . . " 414,415 PLAa\ of Cumberland County MAINE. BY W. W. CLAYTON.

Chapter I

and between it and Brazil is a great gulf in which are the islands of the West Indies discovered by the Spaniards.' * EABLY VOYAGES AND DISCOVEKIES ON THE COAST OF MAINE. This first name, applied by European geographers to the coast of Maine, was afterwards used in a more restricted sense. Thus we find Andre Thevit, the French navigator who visited the Penobscot in 1556, applying it to that river, probably because it was deemed, at that time, tho chief river, and therefore entitled to the general name of the country. Describing his entrance into the Penobscot, he says, " Here we entered a river which is one of the finest iu the world. We call it Norumbega. It is marked on some charts as the Grand River. The natives call it Agoncy. Upon its banks the French formerly erected a small fort, about ten leagues from its mouth.

It was called the Fort of Norumbega, and was surrounded by fresh water, "j" We learn from this that the French, at a very early day, claimed the eastern part of the State of Maine ; that charts had been made of its coasts and principal rivers, and that they had built a fort on the Penobscot, ten leagues above its mouth, before the year 1556. Thirty-two years before this Verrazano had taken possession of it in the name of the king of France, and had formed some sort of a league or treaty with the natives. Discovery of Verrazano — Charts of New France — Norumbega — French Fort on the Penobscot — Expedition of De Jlonts — Voyages and Charts of the Coast, by Champlaio — French Settlement at St. Croix. Ouit local history may be properly introduced by some general remarks respecting the early voyages and discoveries on this coast.

It was only six years after Columbus had discovered the West India Islands that the Cabots (John and Sebastian) sailed from England, and, making a voyage to North America, passed along this coast, though nothing definite is learned from them respecting it. Twenty-six years later, in 1524, the coast of Maine was discovered by Giovani da Verrazano, an Italian navigator, who had been sent on an exploring expedition by Francis I., king of France. The name Norumbega, by which it was called by the natives, was taken to France, and probably to Italy, by this explorer, and soon found its way into the maps and charts of those countries as a designation of the coast from the Gulf of St. Lawrence to the semi-tropical regions towards Florida. Thus, in the charts of Ramusio, the Italian geographer, prepared, as he says, for students in Italy, iu 1556, there is a chart of New France, in which the coast southwestward from Nova Scotia appears under this ancient aboriginal name.

The remarks accompanying this chart were made by Crignon, the French geographer, who had accompanied the famous French captain, Parmcntier, in his voyage to America in 1529. He says, " Going beyond the Cape of the Bretons, there is a country contiguous thereto, the coast of which trends to the west a quarter southwest to the country of Florida, and runs along for a good five hundred leagues, which coast was discovered fifteen years ago by Master Giovani da Verrazano in the name of the king of France and Madame la Regente ; and this country is called by many ' La Francaes,' and even by the Portu guese themselves. Its end is towards Florida under TS3 west and 38° north. The inhabitants of this country are a very pleasant, tractable, and peaceful people. The country abounds with all sorts of fruits.

There grow oranges, al monds, wild-grapes, and many other fruits of odoriferous trees. The country is named by the natives 'Norumbega,' The maps of Ramusio, above referred to, were made from the study of the original charts and reports of voyages undertaken by the Spanish, Portuguese, and French navigators. In his remarks accompanying the collection he says he " had compiled these maps, such as they were, not because he thought them perfect or complete, but be cause he wished to satisfy the desire of Italian students, entertaining the hope that in some time to come they would be improved. "J The results of the voyages of Champlain along the coast of Maine, in 1605-6, were embodied in a carefully-prepared chart, and, in connection with a personal narrative of his expeditions, published in Paris, in 1613. ''It is almo?t incredible," says the author of a late paper read before the Maine Historical Society, on the subject of these voyages, " that, in the histories of the United States, New England, and Maine, scarcely an allusion is made to this expedition under Champlain.

Bancroft devotes a few lines to the op- * Maine Historical Collection?, vol. i. p. 231. f Singularities of Antarctic France, otherwise called America. J .Maine Hist. Cull., vol. i. p. 227. 9 o panied by the Sieur Ralleau, secretary of De Monts, and ten men, left ' Port au Mouton' for the purpose of making a reconnoissance of the coast. He rounded Cape Sable, passed along the west coast of Nova Scotia, and penetrated the Bay of Fundy to nearly the site of Annapolis, and then returned to ' Port au Mouton' about the middle of Juno. On the following day the company, now increased by the arrival of the other vessel, abandoned their temporary shelters. Following the course which Champlain had previously taken, they diligently explored the south and north shores of the Bay of Fundy, but without determining upon the place for their settlement.

Leaving the mouth of the St. John River, and proceeding westward, they landed first upon an island, which, from the great number of birds resembling magpies (margos), they named ' L'lsle aux Margos' (the little cluster is now known as 'The Wolves'). Farther to the westward could be seen other islands, says Champlain. one of large extent, called by the natives ' Manthane,' a name which, under the disguise of ' Menan,' it still bears. erations of De Monts, under the dates of 1605-6, but does not mention Champlain's agency. Williamson, quoting from Belknap, gives the same date. Folsom notes the landing at Saco. Judge Godfrey gives a somewhat de tailed account of the discoveries in the Penobscot, but erroneously makes the date 1605, and De Monts one of the party. Palfrey gives three pages to Gosnold, one to Pring, and one to Weymouth, but dismisses the French discoveries in a few disparaging lines, emphasizing the fact of their having landed at Cape Cod, but giving no account of the detailed operations on the coast of Maine."* Happily, the time has come when a truer history of these events can be written without any coloring from the prejudices of nationality and religion ; and to this end the valuable paper of the author above quoted furnishes an im portant contribution.

We shall follow General Brown's paper substantially in the remaining portion of this preliminary chapter : " In 1603, Champlain sailed with Du Pont-Grave and explored the St. Lawrence. The following year he joined the company of De Monts, not, as some historians assert, the pilot of the expedition, but especially commissioned, it would appear, by the king himself, a royal geographer, ordered to make discoveries and prepare maps and charts, and report directly to the crown. Three years he remained here, faithfully carrying out, under circumstances of great hardship and peril, the instructions he had received, and the record he has left is a marvel of accuracy, patience, and indomitable courage. The entire coast line of the Gulf of Maine was reconnoitered and described, and charts made of the principal harbors, which were, in 1613, published at Paris under his own supervision.

" After leaving ' Isles aux Margos' they came to a river in the main land, and passing by the present site of East port, they entered the broad expanse of Passamaquoddy Bay. Ascending the river, they came to a point where were two islands, on the larger of which the little colony disembarked and began at once the necessary preparations for their winter's residence. The narrative of Champlain gives a simple but vivid picture of this diminutive settle ment of the ' Holy Cross,' so short-lived that its very site was for more than a century unknown. It is now called Neutral, or De Monts Island, and the river is fitly called by the name which the ill-starred adventurers piously gave to the first organized attempt to plant a colony on the shores of Maine. " The expedition of De Monts was prepared with great deliberation, and its composition arranged with thoughtful reference to the needs and possibilities of the future colony.