The Two Hemispheres: a popular account of the countries and peoples of the world ... Illustrated, etc

Front matter

THE TWO HEMISPHERES THE MATTKKHOKN.iph MONT CERVIN. FROM AB8VK ZERMATT. SWITZEHKMŒl. BLACKIE a. SON.LONDON. GLASGOW & EDINBURGH THE TWO HEMISPHEBES A POPULAR ACCOUNT (IF THE COUNTRIES AND PEOPLES OF THE WORLD BY GEO. G. CHISHOLM, M.A., Translator of " Sirilzerland : its Scenery and its Peopli ILLUSTRATED BV ABOVE 300 ENGRAVINGS PRINTED IN THE TEXT. LONDON: BLACKIE & SON, 49 & 50 OLD BAILEY, EC; GLASGOW, EDINBURGH, AND DUBLIN. 1882. GLASGOW : W. G. ELACKIE AND CO , PRINTERS, VILLAFIELD. I

Preface

. The work to which the title of The Ttvo Hemispheres has been given contains a complete account of the surface of our earth, its products, and inhabitants in greater or less detail. In the Introduction the general relations of land and water and the form and depth of the ocean-bed are considered; and the body of the work then opens with an account of the Polar regions both of the north and south. This is followed by a description of the continent of Europe as a whole, its superficial configuration, rivers and lakes, geology and minerals, climate, vegetation and zoology, people and political divisions; after which the different countries and regions composing that continent are described separately, and under each the same topies are treated in greater detail, while in addition notices are supplied relating to trade and commerce, means of communication, government and defence, the chief towns, and the historical vicissitudes of the territories which now compose the various political divisions of Europe.

In the remainder of the work the other great land-masses of the earth, with the countries which they comprise, are each in turn treated of in the same manner as the European continent. Numerous pictorial Illustrations, derived from authentic sources, accompany the descriptions, and tend to convey definite ideas in a manner that could not be accomplished without their aid. They consist of views of interesting localities, notable physical features, and character istic groups of people representing the habits and social and out-door life of natives of various countries. The author, while endeavouring to make an interesting and readable volume suitable for use in the family circle, has been careful to arrange the information in such a systematic manner, as also to adapt the work for use as a book of reference, and fit it for a place in the study, the library, and the counting-house.

A copious Index has been added. Glasgow, November, 1881. CONTENTS. PAGE Introduction, xi Arctic and Antarctic Regions, . . . . ' . . . l EUROPE. PAGH PAGE The United Kingdom, ... 32 German Empire (continued). England and Wales, ... 48 Thuringian States, . . . 206 Scotland, ..... 05 German Duchies, . . . 207 Ireland, 77 „ Principalities, . . 210 Adjacent Dependencies of the United Kingdom, . . .87 „ Free Towns, . . .214 Austrian Empire, . . . .217 France, 88 ( !isleithan Provinces, . . . 230 Monaco, Ill Transleithan Provinces, . .251 Belgium, Ill Liechtenstein, .... 258 Kingdom of the Netherlands, . .119 Luxemburg, . . . .129 Switzerland, 259 Italy, 274 Denmark, 129 San Marino 296 Danish European Dependencies, . 137 Spain, 297 Norway, ...... 141 Andorra, 311 Sweden, 149 Portugal, 312 German Empire, .... 159 Russia, 319 Prussia, 172 Turkey, 343 Saxony, 183 Roumania, ..... 356 Bavaria, . . . . .188 Servia, 359 Wurtemberg, . . 193 Montenegro, 361 Imperial Territory of Alsace-Lorraine, ..... 195 Greece, 363 British Dependencies in the Mediterranean, 371 German Grand- Duchies, . 198 ASIA.

Russia in Asia, .... 387 India, 434 Independent Turkestan, . . . 399 Presidency of Bengal, . . 468 Governor-Generalships, . 468 Lieutenant-Governorships, . 475 Turkey in Asia, .... 401 Arabia, 414 Persia, 421 Chief Commissionerships, . 487 Afghanistan, ..... 429 Presidency of Madras, . . 492 Kafiristan, 433 „ Bombay, . 495 Beluchistan, 433 Foreign Possessions in India, . CONTENTS. VIII PAGE PAGE Nepal, 499 The Chinese Empire, . . . 537 China Proper, .... 538 Bhutan, 501 Foreign Possessions in China, . 570 Ceylon, 501 Manchooria, . . . .571 The Straits Settlements, . . .510 Mongolia, 572 Burma, ...... 511 The Karens, 516 Dzoongaria, .... 575 Eastern Turkestan, . . . 576 Siam, 517 The Malay Peninsula, . . . 525 Tibet, 579 Cambodia, 527 Corea, 582 French Cochin-China, . . -. 530 Japan, ...... 583 Anam, 532 The Eastern Archipelago, . . 596 AFRICA The Dominions of the Khedive, . 630 Egypt, 630 Western Africa and Soudan, . 660 Cape Colony and Dependencies, . 669 Nubia, 641 The Transvaal, . . . .678 Egyptian Soudan and the Higher Regions of the Nile, . . 642 Natal, . . - . . . .680 Orange River Free State, . . 681 Eastern and South Central Africa, . 682 Tripoli and Barca, .... 646 Tunis, 647 Abyssinia, 688 Algeria, ...... 650 Islands in the Indian Ocean north of the Tropic of Capricorn, . . 693 Marocco, 656 AMERICA West Indies (continued).

NORTH AMERICA. Dutch Possessions, . . .817 Danish Possessions, . . . 817 Dominion of Canada, . . . 713 Hayti, 818 Canadian Provinces, . . .719 Newfoundland, .... 729 SOUTH AMERICA. United States, . . . .731 New England and North-eastern States, 742 Brazil, 829 Guiana, 848 South-eastern States, . . . 754 Venezuela, 852 Western Inland States and Territories, 767 Colombia, 856 Ecuador, 862 The Pacific Coast, . . .775 Peru, . . . . . . 866 Bolivia, 877 Alaska, 779 Mexico 781 Chile, 882 Argentine Confederation, . . 890 Central America, .... 791 West Indies, 800 Uruguay, 901 Spanish Possessions, . . . 808 Paraguay, 904 British Possessions, . . .811 The Falkland Islands (including South Georgia), .... 907 French Possessions, . . . contents. IX AUSTRALASIA AND OCEANIA. PAGE PAGE Australia, ..... 909 Tasmania, 940 Australasian Colonies, . . .917 New Zealand, .... 943 Victoria, 921 New Guinea, 953 New South Wales, . . .926 Melanesia, 956 Queensland, .... 929 Polynesia, 962 South Australia, . . . 934 Micronesia, 964 Western Australia, . . . 937 Sandwich Islands, .... 965 Islands in the South Indian Ocean, THE TWO HEMISPHERES.