The History of Scotland, during the life of Queen Mary, and until the accession of her son James to the crown of England

Front matter

THE HISTORY OF SCOTLAND, DURING THE LIFE OF QUEEN MARY. THE HISTORY OF SCOTLAND, DURING THE LIFE OF QUEEN MARY, AND UNTIL THE ACCESSION OF HER SON JAMES TO THE CROWN OF ENGLAND. BY THE REV. JAMES CARRUTHERS, of st. mary's chapel, newabbey'. I.oin de la cour alors, en cette grotte obscure, De ma Religion je vins pleurer l'injure. La, quelque espoir, au moins, console mes vieux jours ; Un culte si nouveau ne pent durer toujours. Des caprices de l'homme il a tire son etre : On le verra perir ainsi qu'on l'a vii naitre. Les œuvres des humains sont fragiles comme eux. Dieu dissipe a son gre leurs desseins orgueilleux. Lui seul est toujours stable. En vain notre malice De la sainte Cite veut saper l'edifice : Lui-meme en affermit les sacres fondemens, Ces fondemens vainqueurs de l'Enfer et des tems.

Lu Henriade de Voltaire, Chant, premier. Periculosæ plenum opus aleæ Tractas, et incedis per ignes Suppositos cineri doloso— Hor. Lib. ii. Ode 1. EDINBURGH : PRINTED FOR THE AUTHOR, AT THE UNIVERSITY PRF.SS. 1831. TO THE CANDID AND TRUTH-LOVING SONS AND DAUGHTERS OF OLD CALEDONIA, THK FOLLOWING VOLUME IS RESPECTFULLY INSCRIBED, BY THEIR AFFECTIONATE COUNTRYMAN, AND VERY HUMBLE SERVANT, THE AUTHOR.

ADVERTISEMENT.

Chapter I

Seeds of discord at the time of Mary's birth, ... ... ... 25 Earl of Arran Regent — Clergymen ought to be employed in their own sacred offices— Policy of Henry VIII 27 A Council summoned, 28 — Cardinal Beaton imprisoned — Commissioners sent to England — Regent's Council, ... ... ... 29 Lords of Articles restricted from meddling with church affairs, ... 30 Attempt to carry the young Queen and Cardinal Beaton to England, ib. Queens transferred to Linlithgow — Treaty of marriage ratified and broken, ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 31 Henry's bad policy, ... ... ... ... ... ... CONTENTS. VIII The Regent abjures the Reformed Doctrines— Mary's Coronation, page 33 A faction formed to serve King Henry— Lennox, disgusted with Cardinal Beaton ; joins the Reformers, ■•• **• A Parliament— Treaty with England annulled, ... 34 Committee appointed to treat with the French Ambassadors— English faction attempt an Insurrection — Henry invades Scotland, 35 Battle of Ancrum Moor, ■•■ ™" A faction contracts with Henry — New Doctrines countenanced, ... »»• The Regent flatters Henry's Ambassador— suggests the best means of extirpating the Monks, and abolishing the Pope's authority, 37 Yet punishes heretics— Reflections on persecution, George Wishart, ;• •"-* Cardinal Beaton strengthens his Castle — disagrees with Norman Leslie — is assassinated — his character, ... ... ... ••■ 41 The assassins take possession of the Castle — John Knox becomes their chaplain ... ... ... ... ... ••■ ■•• ••• 44 Hamilton, natural brother of the Regent, becomes Archbishop of St. Andrews — Castle of St. Andrews besieged, ... ... ... 45 Henry VIII. dies — also Francis I. King of France, ib.

The assassins in St. Andrews are besieged — capitulate and surrender — Knox is transported to France with the assassins, ... ... 46 The Duke of Somerset invades Scotland, ... ... ... ••■ 47 Battle of Pinkie — Leith pillaged and burnt — Lennox assists the English in ravaging Galloway, Nithsdale, and Annandale, ... 48 Proposal of sending the young Queen to France, ... ... ... 50 Monsieur D'Esse assists the Scotch, ... ... ... ... ib. Mary sails to France, and lands in Brittany, ... ... ... ... 51 Joins the French Court— Treaty of Peace, including England, France, and Scotland, .. ... ... ... ... ... ... 52 Queen Dowager sails to France — Courts the Regency of Scotland, ib. On her return, visits the Court of young King Edward, ... ... 54 A Provincial Synod of the ancient Clergy is held at Edinburgh, 55 A catechism published in the mother tongue, ... ... ... ib.

King Edward dies, and is succeeded by his sister Mary, ... ... 56 The Regent, Earl of Arran, now Duke of Chatelherault, resigns the Regency to the Queen Dowager, ... ... ... ... 57 She proposes a tax for a standing army, but is opposed, ... ... 58 The nobles do not relish a war with England, ... ... ... 59 New preachers flee from England to Scotland, ... ... ... 60 John Knox, the apostle of the Scotch reformation, arrives — rages against the ancient religion — is cited before the ecclesiastical court, ... 61 The diet is deserted — Knox accepts of an invitation to Geneva, ... 62 The new preachers excite the minds of the people — The Queen, courting popularity, had allowed the Novelists to gather strength, ... ib. Knox is invited home, but stopped by contrary advice at Dieppe — writes a flaming letter, ... ... ... ... ... ... 63 The Novelists assume and give new titles — their bond of union — First Covenant, ... ... ... ... ,. ... ... 64 Resolutions formed — The Archbishop of St. Andrews writes to the Earl of Argyle, to no purpose, ... ... ... 66 Foolish aud cruel punishment of Walter Mill, ... ... ... 67 Procession of St. Giles, compared with the statue erected to Knox, 68 The preachers overrun the country, and blow up the people to frenzy and madness — Ridiculous observations of Dr. Robertson, ... ... 69 Preparations for the marriage of Queen Mary with the Dauphin, 71 Duplicity of the French Court, ... ... ... ...

CONTENTS. IX Articles of contract— Solemnization of the marriage, ... ... page 73 Four of the Scotch commissioners die suddenly, ... ... ... 74 Crown-matrimonial granted, but never sent, ... ... ... ... 75 Mary, Queen of England, dies — Mary, Queen of Scots, ill advised, quarters the arms of England with those of France and Scotland, ib.

Chapter II

The Reformers grow bolder, ... ... ... ... ... ... 77 Resolve to rebel, if their petition be refused — the Queen soothes them, 78 The Bishops ought to have offered liberty of conscience, 79 The Queen orders Ruthven to suppress tumults, ... ... ... ib. The mob accompanies the preachers, who are denounced rebels, ... 80 Knox arrives in Scotland — At Perth, intigates the mob to plunder and destroy churches and monasteries — Pillage at Cupar in Fife, ... 82 The Queen endeavours to surprise the Congregation, ... ... 83 The leaders write the Queen-Regent — and to the French officers — to the nobility— to the clergy, ... ... ... ... ... ... 84 Terms proposed by the Congregation — Glencairn joins them, ... 86 A sort of agreement — Second Convenant, ... ... ... ... 87 The Queen enters Perth ; is accused of breaking the articles, ... 89 Knox preaches the mob to sacrilege at Crail and at St. Andrews, ... 91 Adverse armies march to Cupar — The rebels take Perth, ... 92 Burn Scone — Reform three days at Stirling and vicinity, ... ... 94 Carry on destruction at Linlithgow — pillage and destroy every thing sacred in Edinburgh, and the palace and chapel of Holyroodhouse — Seize the mint and coining irons, ... ... ... ... 95 A proclamation by the Queen-Regent, ... ... ... ... ib.

The Queen enters Edinburgh — Terms of agreement on Links of Leith, 98 Sir J. Melvil arrives from France, ... ... ... ... 99 Henry II. dies — Francis II. Mary's husband, succeeds, ... ... ib. Third Covenant at Stirling, 100 Monsieur Le Croc, the French ambassador, arrives, ... ... ... ib. Lords of the Congregation convene an army on Gowan-moor, ... 101 Aid from France fortifies Leith, ... ... ... ... ... ib. Doctors of the Sorbonne arrive in Scotland, ... ... ... 102 Arran, with his fadier, joins the Congregation, ... ... ... ib. The Congregation, guided by the preachers, depose the Queen-Regent, 103 Meeting among the insurgents — Money sent them by Elizabeth, 106 Valour, and defeat of the Provost of Dundee, ... ... ... 107 The Congregation discouraged by a second defeat — inspirited by Knox, 108 Elizabeth assists the rebels — The Congregation publish orders in the names of Francis and Alary — French troops take Edinburgh, 110 English fleet anchor in Leith Road, ... ... ... ... ...

Ill Evasive answer of Elizabeth to the Queen-Regent, ... ... 112 Contract between Elizabeth and the rebels, ... ... ... ... 113 Huntly's men, and others, save the Cathedral of Old Aberdeen, 114 An English army arrives at Prestonpans, ... ... ... ib. The Queen-Regent retires to the Castle of Edinburgh, ... ... 115 Skirmish of Hawk-hill — The English do mischief in Leith on Easter Sunday — Reprisals, ... ... ... ... ... ... ib. Reinforcements from England — The Queen-Regent dies, 117 Treaty of peace at Edinburgh — French commissioners outwitted, 1 18 Concessions to be granted by the King and Queen, 119 New superintcndants, 123— An irregular Parliament, 125 i CONTENTS. X Some excuses for the silence of the Catholic Prelates, ... page 127 Keith's remarks on ordination, ... ... ... ... •■• l*» The nobility keep hold of Church property — Here both Knox's greed and eloquence failed, ... ... ... ... ... •■• 13" Article 13th violated — A letter to Archbishop of Glasgow at Paris, 132 Comparison of the old and new Creeds, ... ... ... ■•■ 135 Francis and Mary refuse to ratify the irregular Parliament, ... 141 Elizabeth kindly receives commissioners from the junto, but rejects the proffer of Arran for a husband, ... ... ... ••• '*• Francis II. dies, ... ... ... ■•• ... ••- ■•• '43 The pretended Council send Lord James to the Queen ; her better friends send John Lesly, ... ... ••• ••• ■•■ 144 Lord James is promised the Earldom of Murray, ... ... 147 Crusades for further destruction of religious houses, ... ... 148 Singular Church polity, ... ... ... ••■ ■■• •• I*™ Mary refuses to ratify the treaty of Edinburgh, 151 Elizabeth refuses Mary a safe-conduct to Scotland, ... ... 152 Mary sets sail, and arrives safely, ... .. ... ■•• 153

Chapter III

Mary's reception in Scotland, ... ... ... ... 155 Queen Elizabeth addresses the Scottish Lords, ... ... 156 Correspondence of Elizabeth and Mary, ... ... ... 157 Mary's council ill chosen — She is insulted, and her religion persecuted, 158 Knox furious, ... ... ... ... ... 160 The Queen commands toleration on both sides — Arran's ravings, 161 The Queen's conference with Knox, ... ... ... 162 The Queen makes a progress, and is insulted in returning, ... 163 Imprudence of the Magistrates of Edinburgh ; they are deposed, ... 164 Knox and Buchanan detected, ... ... .. ... ib. Knox's wild rant, 166 — Laws paralysed by the Reformers, ... 167 Knox's false inuendoes — his and Buchanan's malice against the Queen, 168 Arran's frenzy, 169 — Bustle about Alison Craig, ... ... 170 Alienation of Church-lands, ... ... ... ... 171 Quarrel between the Lords and the preachers, ... ... 172 Some provision made for the preachers, ... ... ... 173 Monks neglected — Preachers starved by their own Saints, ... 174 Knox's pious prayer for his old friend — Every one for himself, 176 Scotland not improved by the new order of things, ... ... 178 Sir John Gordon breaks ward — Huntly incensed against Lord James, 1 79 Lord James first made Earl of Mar, then Earl of Murray, ... 180 Battle of Corrichie — Huntly killed, and kept unburied, ... ... 182 Lord Gordon condemned, but respited by the Queen, ... 184 Paul Methven's backsliding, and shelter in the new creed, ... ib.

Reformers make and execute laws — Rival suitors of Queen Mary, 186 Assassination of the Duke of Guise — A Parliament, ... ... 188 Knox and his party rage, and disturb the service in Holyrood Chapel, 189 Knox defends the ringleaders, ... ... ... ... 191 Overtures from France — Elizabeth's duplicity, ... ... 192 Lennox comes to Scotland, ... ... ... ... ... 194 Darnley is permitted to follow, and gains the Queen's favour, 197 A dispensation from Rome for their marriage — Queen Elizabeth seems dissatisfied with the match, ... ... ... ... IDfi Murray refuses his consent, 199— Darnley disgusts the nobles, ... CONTENTS. XI Barbarous persecution — Bothwell returns from exile, page 201 Elizabeth's ambassador arrives to prevent the marriage, ... ... 202 Darnley is raised to high honours, ... ... ... 203 The Queen marries him, and proclaims him King, ... ... 205 The discontented Lords apply to Elizabeth, who orders Lennox and his son to return to England, ... ... ... 206 The rebel Lords are forced to retire southwards, and seek an asylum in England — Elizabeth treats them as they deserve, ... ... 208 Chatelherault is pardoned, and the rebels summoned to a parliament, 210 Extravagance of the reformers, 21 1— Plot of the rebel Lords, ... 212 Letter of Sir N. Throgmorton in favour of the rebels, ... 213 Contrary advice from France — A meeting of Parliament appointed, 214 Murder of Riccio, and the Queen detained prisoner, ... ... 216 Base council of traitors — the Queen disappoints them, ... 218 The King makes a ridiculous proclamation, ... ... ... 220 Riccio's assassins pardoned, ... ... ... ... 221 The Queen retires to the Castle for lying. in, ... ... ... ib.

Chapter IV

Birth of a young Prince — Elizabeth's fictitious congratulations, ... 224 Mary writes to the English Court, ... ... ... ... 225 Mary dismisses Randolph — removes to Alloa, ... ... 226 The King visits her there, and the Queen endeavours to reconcile him, 227 The King's obstinacy, ... ... ... ... 228 Mary, with her court, goes to Jedburgh, ... ... ... 229 Visits Bothwell— falls dangerously sick — The King's neglect, ... 230 The Queen visits at the Castle of Craigmillar, ... ... 231 Proposals of a divorce from Darnley, rejected by the Queen, ... 232 Plot for the death of the King, ... ... ... ... ib. The young Prince baptized, ... ... ... ... 234 Morton and his associates pardoned — Bloody council against Darnley, 235 Mary visits the King, dangerously sick, at Glasgow, ... 236 He is brought to Kirk-of-Field, and murdered, ... ... 237 The Queen's grief, and becoming deportment, ... ... 238 The King's burial— Mary retires to Seaton— Impeaching bills posted, 239 Lennox's correspondence with the Queen, ... ... 241 Time of Bothwell's trial fixed — Lennox requires a delay, ... 242 Murray slips away to France — Jury impannelled, ... ... 243 Bothwell acquitted, ... ... ... ... ... 244 The Queen's conduct justified — Bothwell's dying declaration, ... 245 Paris's declaration destitute of credit, ... ... ... ... 246 Base malice of the Queen's enemies, ... ... ... 247 Motives for the King's assassination — A Parliament, ... ... 248 Disgraceful document, ... ... ... ... 249 The Queen urged to marry Bothwell, ... ... ... 250 Bothwell carries off the Queen to Dunbar — No attempt to rescue her, 252 She is deceived, and forced to consent to a marriage with Bothwell, ib.

The marriage takes place at Holyroodhouse, ... ... 255 Mary entitled to sympathy — The demoniac virulence of her enemies, 256 Mary laments her indiscretion — Base treason of many of the nobles, 257 Baseness of Morton and Lethington — Murray's insidious calumnies, 258 Bothwell seeks the custody of the Prince, ... ... ... ib. Association to rebel under specious pretences, ... ... 259 Mary writes to France and England, and raises an army, ... ib. CONTENTS. XII The insurgents and preachers spread incendiary rumours, ••• PaSe -' The insurgents take Edinburgh— The Queen leaves Dunbar, ... £ Her army posted on Carberry Hill— Le Croc attempts a reconciliation, fv^ Bothwell's bravado, and escape, ... ... ■•• "j. „si. The Queen surrenders ; is cajoled, and insulted by some of the soldiers, £ Imprisoned in the Provost's house, and cruelly outraged, ... ••■ A spark of humanity shewn her— Contrasted and defeated by the confederates, ... ... ... ••• ••• "' 0p- The Queen imprisoned in Lochleven— Expostulation of Kirkaldy, -W Base forgery, a prelude to more forgeries against the Queen,

Chapter V

271 Confederacy of the Queen's enemies, ... ... ••• ••• ~' Death and declarations of certain accomplices of the King's murder, 2'- Fictitious search for Bothwell • his escape, imprisonment, death, and declaration, ... ... ... ••• ••■ ' Robbery and sacrilege of the rebels, ... ... ••• ••■ si* Convention of Mary's friends— Hypocrisy of the rebels, ... 275 They are joined by the City of Edinburgh— Tyrannical measures, The French and English ambassadors refused access to Mary, ... 277 Dissimulation of Throgmorton, ... ... ••• •• ~7<*» Obstinacy of the rebel faction — Treasonable documents, ... ... -79 Forced abdication of the Crown, and illegal coronation of the Prince, 280 Irresolution of the Queen's friends — Murray's hypocrisy, . . 282 Cruelty to the Queen, ... ... ... ■•• ••• Murray Regent — Base Parliament, ... ...

" ••• 285 Execution of accessaries to the King's murder, ... ... ■•• 287 Discontent of the people, 288— Mary's escape from Lochleven, ... 289 An army gathers around her — Various counsels — Battle of Langside, 290 Mary flees to Dundrenan ; sails to England, ... ... ... 293 Elizabeth's duplicity, and Mary's remonstrances, ... ... 295 Shameful deliberations and resolution of Elizabeth and her Council, 296 Murray strengthens his power ; cajoles Elizabeth, ... ... 297 Correspondence of the Queens, ... ... ... •■• 298 Elizabeth resolves to be umpire — Mary removed to Bolton — Her party write to Elizabeth, ... ... ... ••• ••• 301 Mary, deceived, bids her troops disband — Another Regent's Parliament — Cecil's cunning brings on Mary's trial, ... ... 302 Commissioners appointed, who meet at Y'ork, ... ... ... 303 Mary's Deputies open the charge, ... ... ... 305 Murray's fear and cunning — Flimsy apology — Intrigues, ... 307 Scheme of marriage between Mary and Norfolk, ... ... 309 The conference evoked to Westminster, ... ... ... 311 Mary complains of partiality, and insists on being heard by the Queen, and confronted with her accusers, ... ... ... 312 Murray encouraged, accuses his Sovereign, ... ... ... 313 Lennox introduced as accuser — Mary 's Deputies protest against the conference ; their remonstrance, ... ... ... ... 314 Elizabeth's fallacy imitated by Murray, ... ... ... 317 Nobles added to the Commissioners ; unjust manner of procedure, 319 Mary's Defence — Proofs of the forgery of the letters, ... 320 Obseqiousness of the nobles — Mary is urged to abdicate the crown — refuses, and impeaches her accusers, ... ... ...

CONTENTS. XIII Elizabeth and Murray's faction embarrassed — Lord Lindsay's affected challenge to Lord Herries, ... ... ... ... page 332 Mary's high spirit — Ridiculous issue of the trial, ... ... 333 Remonstrance of Mary's deputies, ... ... ... 336 Murray's cunning to elude danger, ... ... ... ... 336 Scheme of marrying Mary to Norfolk, concealed from Elizabeth, 337 The Regent sixes himself in authority ... ... ... ib. Murray and his Parliament shew their malevolence, ... ... 339 Lethington arrested, ... ... ... ... ... 340 Elizabeth's indignation against the marriage — Murray betrays Norfolk, 34 1 Insurrection in the north of England, suppressed, ... ... 342 Earl of Northumberland imprisoned, ... ... ... 344 Clamours of the Preachers — Murray's base agreement with Elizabeth, 345 His death, and character, ... ... ... ... •■• 346

Chapter VI

Opposite factions, ... ... ... ... . . 348 Elizabeth's army waste the east and west parts of the south of Scotland, 349 Lennox Regent ; his acts of terror, ... ... ... 350 Bull of excommunication launched against Elizabeth ; Felton executed for placarding it, ... ... ... ... ... 351 Proposal of accommodation between Mary and her subjects, ... 352 Capture of Dumbarton, and execution of the Archbishop of St. Andrews, 353 The application to the King of Denmark, to give up Bothwell, dropt, 355 Ministers refuse to pray for the Queen — Their favour for a friend, ... 356 Adverse Parliaments — Stirling surprised—Regent killed, ... 357 Earl of Mar Regent, ... ... ... ... ... 358 Treaty of marriage — Conspiracy for liberating Mary, ... 359 Conspiracy detected — Norfolk examined, ... ... ... 362 Defence of the Bishop of Ross, ... ... ... ... 363 Execution of Norfolk — Hatred against Mary ; her apology, ... 366 Execution of Northumberland — Proposal of marriage, ... ... 367 Massacre of Paris, ... ... ... ... ... ib.

Elizabeth wishes to give up Mary to her enemies, ... ... 368 Death and character of the Earl of Mar, ... ... ... 369 Morton Regent — Incongruous hierarchy — Death and character of Knox, 370 Fury of opposite factions — Morton's scheme of accommodation ... 375 Kirkaldy fires on the city of Edinburgh — Penal laws against Catholics, 377 Morton agrees with Chatelherault and Huntly — Kirkaldy excluded, ib. Morton and Drury besiege the Castle of Edinburgh, ... 378 Kirkaldy and his brother basely put to death, ... ... ... 379 Elizabeth and Morton triumph in Scotland, ... ... 380 Elizabeth's strange jealousy — Severe sufferings of Mary, ... ... ib. Morton's extortions ; his inconsistent punishments and avarice, 38 1 He harasses the Hamdtons, and James is requested to assume the reins of government, ... ... ... ... ... 382 Morton regains power — Athole poisoned, ... ... ... 383 James's favourites, 385 — Bowes, Elizabeth's agent, dismissed, 386 Morton accused of the King's murder ; tried, condemned, beheaded, 387 Arran's ill conduct, ... ... ... ... ... 389 The court and the preachers at variance, ... ... ... 390 English Catholics sue for James's protection, ... ... ib.

Scheme for uniting Mary with her Son on the throne, ... ... 391 Raid of Ruthven, ... ... ... ... ... CONTENTS.

Mary's letter to Elizabeth-Ambassadors from France and England, page 394 James recovers his liberty, ... ■•■ ■•• .'." „nfi The conspirators refuse their pardon clogged with a condition, ojo Elizabeth writes to James ; his answer, ... ••• ■■■ ' Walsingham in Scotland, 397-Plan for Mary's liberation frustrated, 3J8 Elizabeth's disquietude arising from her persecution— Letters intercepted, SJJ Throgmorton executed— Seditious railing of the preachers, ... 40 1 Gowrie beheaded, and the conspirators declared rebels, ... ••• wj> New church polity crippled, ... ... ••• ••• " Proposed agreement with Mary abortive— Association against her, ... 40.J Arran gained by Elizabeth — James's political manœuvres, Association confirmed — Arran's misdeeds, Penal statutes against Catholics — Parry's opposition, ... <*■ His history, intrigue with Nevil, and execution, ... ... 409 Severity against Catholics — Rigour against Mary increased, ... 411 Undutiful behaviour of her Son — Elizabeth's policy, ... ... 413 Wotton at the Scottish court ; his flight, ... ... ... 414 Banished nobles return ; are reconciled to the King — Treaty concluded, 415 New church affairs — Reciprocal anathemas, ... ... ••• 416 Sham agreements — Shameful acquittal of Archibald Douglas, ... 418 Disunion of Mary's friends — Morgan's intrigues — Giffordand Greatley, 419 Ballard and Babington's plot, discovered by Walsingham, ... 421 His design of implicating Mary, ... ... ... 423 Execution of the conspirators — Mary's papers seized, ... ... 424 Deliberations and order for her trial, ... ... ... 425 Mary at first refuses to plead, but consents to do so conditionally, 426 Accusations against her — Her Defence, ... ... ... 428 First charge considered as frivolous ; second charge denied, ... 429 Alleged proofs, answered and refuted, ... ... ... 430 Objections from Naue and Curie, completely repelled, ... 431 Mary declared guilty by malevolence, ... ... ... 433 Ratification and petition by Parliament — Elizabeth's fears, ... 434 Mary informed of her fate, glories in suffering for her faith, ... 435 Basely treated — Her letter to Elizabeth, not answered, ... 436 Foreign Sovereigns resent Elizabeth's violation of royalty, ... ... 437 Henry, King of France, interposes to save Mary, ... ... ib.

James remonstrates without effect — Treachery of his envoys, ... 439 Elizabeth's perplexity ; signs the death-warrant ; proposes assassination, 440 Behaviour of the Scottish preachers, ... ... ... 442 Elizabeth dissembles with Davidson — Commission sent to Fotheringay, 443 Mary makes oath of her innocence, ... ... ... ... 445 Consoles her servants ; her employment during her last night, ... 447 She is summoned to the scaffold ; her discourse with Melvil, ... 448 Demands the admission of her servants, ... ... ... 449 Enters the hall, and addresses the Assembly, ... ... 450 Is harassed by the Dean of Peterborough, ... ... ... 451 Is beheaded — Treatment of her body, ... ... ... 453 Sketch of Mary's Life and Character, ... ... ... 454

Chapter VII

Dissimulation of Elizabeth, ... ... ... ... 460 James somewhat appeased for his mother's death, ... ... 461 Gray disgraced — James tries to reconcile his disagreeing nobles, ... 462 A commission from the Assembly to Parliament, ... ib. CONTENTS. XV Annexation of the Church-lands to the Crown, ... ... page 403 Lesser Barons are to send Commissioners to Parliament, ... ib. Proclamation against Jesuits, ... ... ... ... ib. Demands made to the King — Preacher Gibson absconds, ... 464 Lord Herries acquitted — Lord Maxwell imprisoned, ... ... 465 Preparations to invade England — James courted by Spain and England, 466 The Armada sails ; assailed by a storm ; followed by the English fleet ; disconcerted by fire-ships, and defeated by storm and battle, 467 James accedes to Elizabeth's offers — Philip not dismayed, ... 469 Elizabeth's ingratitude to the Catholics, ... ... ... 470 Correspondence of the Duke of Parma with the Catholic Lords, 47 1 The Catholic Lords warded ; liberated, ... ... ... ib.

Elizabeth urges severity against them — Reasons for James's lenity, 473 James's marriage, ... ... ... ... ... 474 Adamson's recantation — Presbyterian government established by law, 4/5 Immorality prevails — Bothwell accused of consulting witches ; his attempts to seize the King, ... ... ... ... 476 Earl of Murray killed — Quarrel and schism, ... ... ... 477 Conspiracy of the Catholic Lords detected, ... ... 478 Illegal proceedings — The houses of the Lords seized, ... .. 479 A message from Elizabeth — Shameful act of Parliament overstretched, 480 Monday market— The Lords submit to the King, and ask a trial, 481 Petition of the Kirk — Sentence of the Convention, ... ... 482 The Lords despise the terms offered them, ... ... ... 483 Elizabeth afflicted by Henry IV. 's reconciliation to the Catholic faith, 484 Base conduct of Elizabeth's ambassador, ... ... 485 Bothwell's credit with the preachers ; failureof his projects, ... ib.

The Clergy urge the King to severity, ... ... ... 487 The Lords forfeited — Penal statutes, ... ... ... 488 James delegates his authority to Argyle, ... .. ... ib. Battle of Altnahoilachan — Huntly and Errol leave the kingdom, 489 Bothwell dies in exile ; division of his estates — Baptism of the Prince, 491 Chancellor's death — The Octavians, ... ... ... ... 492 James loses the favour of the Catholics — Project of the Spanish exiles, 493 Philip resents the loss sustained at Cadiz ; intends a new Armada, 495 Zeal of the Scotch Clergy— James refuses their petition, ... 496 The Lords allowed to remain at home, ... ... ... ib. The Clergy alarmed ; they form a standing council, ... ... 497 Seditious murmurs, not deserved — Obstinate reply, ... ... 498 Black's scurrilous speech ; defended by his brethren, ... 499 The King's orders contemned — Seditious proceedings, ... ... 501 James retires to Linlithgow — The Clergy persist in their contumacy, 504 They write to Lord Hamilton, and flee to England ... 506 Reflections on the conduct and commission of the clergy, ... ... ib.

The King asserts his authority, ... ... ... 508 Regulations for keeping the ministers in order, ... ... 509 The Catholic Lords conform to the new creed, ... ... ... 510 New Clergy introduced to Parliament, ... ... ... 512 James sends agents to Germany, and Bruce to England, ... ... 514 Sends Ogilvy to Italy and Spain ; despatches Drummond to Rome, 515 Elizabeth offended ; James denies — His letter to the Pope discovered, 517 Balmerinoch takes the guilt on himself, ... ... ... ib. James at great pains to gain the Catholics — Regulations for Clerical Parliamenters, ... ... ... ... ••• 518 The King's danger, and the deaths of Gowrie and his brother, 519 Various attempts to explain the strange adventure, CONTENTS. Adventures of the Earl of Essex ; courts the friendship of James, page 524 Urges James to join him ; his execution, ... ... ... 526 Cecil privately espouses the cause of James, ... ... 527 Elizabeth's illness and death, ... ... ... ... 528 James proclaimed King of Britain and Ireland, &c. ... ... 529 ERRATA.

Page 246, 9th line, for have able, read have been able. 443, 19th line, for Calcanquhal, read Balcanquhal. State of Reli gion in Scot land previous to the Reformation. Character of Leo X. PRELIMINARY REMARKS. X ROM tbe time of the introduction of the Christian religion into Scotland, that kingdom had scarcely been troubled with heresy ; and amidst all the evils with which it had been afflicted, it had never been visited with the curse of religious wrangling, nor the flames of discord blown up by fanatical zealots. It was no small consola tion in the distresses, and a great means of allaying the miseries of its inhabitants, that they still agreed in the profession of the same faith, received the same sacra ments, prostrated themselves before the same altars, and were subject to the same hierarchy.