Discovery of the Yosemite, and the Indian War of 1851, which led to that event ... Third edition, revised, etc

Front matter

c_</7 /fy-, DISCOVERY OF THE YOSEMITE, AND THE INDIAN WAR OF 1551, WHICH LED TO THAT EVENT BY LAFAYETTE HOUGHTON BUNNELL, M. D , — K. OF THE MARIPOSA BATTALION, ONE OF THE DISCOVERERS, I.ATE SURGEON THIRTY -SIXTH REGIMENT WISCONSIN VOLUNTEEE8. THIRD EDITION— REVISED AND CORRECTED. Fleming H. Revell Company, NEW YORK: i CHICAGO t 80 Union Square: East. | 148 and 150 Madison St Entered according to Act of Congress in the year 18S0-1892, by L. H. BUNNELL, In the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. DEDICATION. TO THE HON CHARLES H. BERRY, THIS BOOK, IN REMEMBRANCE OF KINDLY SUGGESTIONS, IS RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED. LIST OF FAGl I. Maps Frontispiece. II. Portrait, III. The Yosemite Valley, ...... 13 IV. El Capitan 54 V. Bridal Veil Fall, 59 VI. Half Dome, 74 VII. North Dome and Royal Arches, .... 75 VIII.

Cathedral Rocks 77 IX. Glacier Fall 84 X. Vernal Fall and Round Rainbow, .... 86 XI. Nevada Fall, 87 XII. Caches, or Acorn Storehouses, 129 XIII. Three Brothers 146 XIV. Yosemite Fall 166 XV. Mirhor Lake, 204 XVI. Sentinel Rock, 213 XVII. The Indian Belle, 219 XVIII. Lake Ten-ie-ya, 236 XIX. Lake Starr King, 290 XX. Big Tree, 333 XX> Riding through a Tree Trunk, . . . 325 Fibe Stick jg^ Tunneled Trek ........ CONTENTS. CHAPTEE I. Incidents leading to the Discovery of the Yosemite Valley — Major Savage and Savages — Whiskey, Wrangling and War — Skinned Alive — A brisk Fight — Repulse — -Another Fight, and Conflagration, ... 1

Chapter II

The Governor of California issues a Proclamation — Formation of the Mariposa Battalion — The Origin and Cause of the War— New Material Public Documents — A Discussion — Capt. Walker — The Peace Commissioners' Parley and the Indians' Powwow— The Mysterious Deep Valley — Forward, March! 29

Chapter III

March Down the South Fork — Capture of an Indian Village — Hungry Men — An able Surgeon — Snow Storms — Visit of Ten-ie-ya, Chief of the Yosemites — Commander's Dilemma. — Unique Manner of Extrication — Ap proaching the Valley — First View — Sensations Experienced — A Lofty Flight Brought Down, 40

Chapter IV

Naming the Valley — Signification and Origin of the Word — Its proper Pronunciation : Yo-sem-i-ty — Mr. Hutchings and Yo Ham-i te — His Restoration of Yo-sem-i-te .57

Chapter V

Date of Discovery — First White Visitors — Captain Joe Walker's Statement Ten-ie-ya's Cunning— Indian Tradition — A Lying Guide — The Ancient Squaw — Destroying Indian Stores — Sweat-houses — The Mourner's Toilet — Sentiment and Reality — Return to Headquarters, . . 70 CONTENTS.

Chapter VI

Out of Provisions— A Hurried Move — Mills where Indians take their Grists, and Pots in which they Boil their Food — Advance Movement of Captain Dill— A Hungry Squad— Enjoyment— Neglect of Duty— Escape of Indians— Following their Trail— A Sorrowful Captain — A Mystery made Clear— Duplicity of the Chow-chillas — Vow-chester's Good-will Offering — Return of the Fugitives — Major Savage as Agent and Interpreter 92

Chapter VII

Campaign against the Chow-chillas — The Favorite Hunting Ground — A Deer Hunt and a Bear Chase — An Accident and an Alarm — A Torchlight Pow-wow — Indians Discovered — Captain Boling's Speech — Crossing of the San Joaquin — A Line of Battle, its Disappearance — Capture of Indian Village — Jose Rey's Funeral-pyre — -Following the Trail — A Dilemma — Sentiment and Applause — Returning to Camp — Narrow Escape of Captain Boling, . . 105

Chapter VIII

A Camp Discussion — War or Police Clubs — Jack Regrets a Lost Opportunity — Boling's Soothing Syrup — A Scribe Criticises and Apologises — Indian War Material and its Manufacture — The Fire-stick and its Sacred Uses — Arrival at Head-quarters 123

Chapter IX

Starvation Subdues the Chow-chillas, and the Result is Peace — Captain Kuykendall's Expeditions — An Attack — Rout and Pursuit — A Wise Conclusion — Freezing out Indians — A Wild Country — ATerrific View Yosemite versus King's River — Submission ofthe Indians South ofthe San Joaquin — Second Expedition to Yosemite — Daring Scouts — Capture of Indians — Naming of "Three Brothers," 135

Chapter X

A General Scout— An Indian Trap— Flying Artillery— A Narrow Escape— A Tragic Scene— Fortunes of War— A Scout's Description Recovery from a Sudden Leap — Surrounded by Enemies, . CONTENTS. 7

Chapter XI

Camp Amusements — A Lost Arrow — Escape of a Prisoner — Escape of Anther — Shooting of the Third — Indian Diplomacy — Taking His Own Medicine — Ten-ie ya Captured — Grief over the Death of His Son — Appetite under Adverse Circumstances — Poetry Dispelled — Really a Dirty Indian 160

Chapter XII

Bears and Other Game— Sickness of Captain Boling — Convalescence and Determination — A Guess at Heights — A Tired Doctor and a Used-up Captain — Surprising an Indian — Know-nothingness, or Native Americanism — A Clue and Discovery — A Short-cut to Camp, but an Unpopular Route 175

Chapter XIII

The Indian Names — Difficulty of their Interpretation — Circumstances Suggesting Names of Vernal, Nevada and Bridal Veil Falls — Mr. Richardson's Descriptions of the Falls and Round Rainbow — Py-we-ack Misplaced, and "Illiliiitle" an Absurdity — An English Name Suggested for Too-lool-lo-we-ack, Pohono and Tote-ack-ah nii-la — Indian Superstitions and Spiritual Views — A Free National Park Desirable — Off on the Trail, . 198

Chapter XIV

A Mountain Storm — Delay of Supplies — Clams and Ipecac — Arrival of Train — A Cute Indian — Indian Sagacity— A Dangerous Weapon — Capture of Indian Village — An Eloquent Chief — Woman's Rights versus Squaw's Wrongs — A Disturbed Family — A Magnificent Sunrise — On a Slippery Slope — Sentiment and Poetry — Arrival at the Fresno, 222

Chapter XV

The Flora of the Region of the Yosemite — General Description of the Valley and its Principal Points of Interest, with their Heights, . CONTENTS.

Chapter XVI

A Trip to Los Angeles— Interview with Colonel McKee— A Night at Colonel Fremont/s Camp — Management of Cattle by the Colonel's Herdsmen — Back to Los Angeles — Specimen Bricks of the Angel Uity — An Addition to our Party — Mules versus Bears — Don Vincente — A Silver Mine -Mosquitos — A Dry Bog — Return to Fresno — Muster out of Battalion — A Proposition 257

Chapter XVII

Captain Boling elected Sheriff — Appointment of Indian Agents — Ten-ieya allowed to Return to Yosemite — Murder of Visitors — Lieut. Moore's Expedition and Punishment of Murderers — Gold Discoveries on Eastern Slope of Sierras — Report of Expedition, and First Published Notice of Yosemite — Squatter Sovereignty — Assault upon King's River Reservation — The supposed Leader, Harvey. Denounced by Major Savage — A Rencounter, and Death of Savage — Harvey Liberated by a Friendly Justice — An Astute Superintendent — A Mass Meeting — A Rival Aspirant — Indians and Indian Policy, . 272

Chapter XVIII

. Murder of Starkey— Death of Ten-ie ya and Extinction of his Band— A few Surviving Murderers -An Attempt at Reformation— A Failure and Loss of a Mule— Murders .of Robert D Sevil and Robert Smith —Alarm of the People— A False Alarm 291

Chapter XIX

Engineering and History— Speculation and Discouragement— A New Deal— Wall Street— A Primitive Bridge— First Woman in the Yosemite-Lady Visitors from Mariposa and Lady Teachers from San Francisco— Measurements of Heights— First Houses and their Occupants—A Gay Party and a Glorious Feast. ... 301

Chapter XXII

StaR^CpT™°0ad0S TnAc,° mmodations-Chapel and Sunday School- KrCl^ ReS^FA Varie* of P->uycts-Long INTRODCCTION. 9 INTRODUCTION'. The book here presented is the result of an attempt to correct existing errors relative to the Yosemite Valley. It was originally designed to the matter in this volume within the limits of a magazine article, but this was soon found to be impracticable; and, at the suggestion ol Gen. C. H. Berry, of Winona, Minnesota, it was decided to "write a book." This, too, proved more difficult than at first appeared. Born in Rochester, New York, in 1824, and carried to Western wilds in 1833, the writer's opportunities for culture were limited; and in this, his first attempt at authorship, he ha3 found that the experiences ol frontier life are not the best preparations for literary effort.

Beside this, he had mainly to rely upon his own resources, for nothing could be obtained in the archives of California that could aid him. It was not deemed just that California should forget the deeds of men who had subdued hei savages, and discovered her most sublime scenery. Having been a member of the "Mariposa Battalion," and with it when the Yosemite was discovered, having suggested its name, and named many of the princi pal objects of interest in and near the valley, it seemed a duty that the writer owed his comrades and himself, to give the full history of these events. Many of the facts incident thereto have already been given to the public by the author at various times since 1851, but these have been so mutilated or blended with fiction, that a renewed and full statement of facts concerning that remarkable locality seems desirable.

Introduction

While engaged upon this work, the writer was aided by the scientific researches of Prof. J. D. Whitney, and by the " acute and helpful criti cism " of Doctor James M. Cole of Winona, Minnesota. Since the publication of the second edition of this book, and an article from the author's pen in the Century Magazine for September, 1890, numerous letters of approval from old comrades have been received, and a few dates obtained from old official correspondence that will now be introduced. In addition to what may properly belong to this history, there have been introduced a few remarks concerning the habits and character of the Indians. This subject is not entirely new, but the opinions expressed are the results of many years acquaintance with various tribes, and may be useful. The incidental remarks about game will probably interest some.

To the author, the study of nature in all its aspects has been interesting. The author's views regarding the gold deposits and glaciers of the Sierras are given simply as suggestions. His especial efforts have been directed to the placing on record events connected with the discovery of the Yosemite, for description of its scenery he feels to be impossible. In reverent acknowledgment of this, there are submitted as a prologue, some lines written while contemplating the grandeur of his subject. WONDER LAND. Hail thee, Yosemite, park of sublimity! Majesty, peerless and old! Ye mountains and cliffs, ye valleys and rifts. Ye cascades and cataracts bold! None, none can divine the wonders of thine, When told of the glorious view!

INTRODUCTION.

. 11 The wild world of light— from " Beatitude's" height, Old " Rock Chief," » "El Capitan" true! Thy head proud and high! white brow to the sky! Thy features the thunderbolts dare! Thou o'erlookest the wall would the boldest appal Who enter Yosemite's " Lair." * Fair '■ Bridal Veil Fall! " the queen over all, In beauty and grace intertwined! Even now from thy height water-rockets of light Dart away, and seem floating in wind! And thou, high " Scho-look! " proud "Ah-wah-ne! " invoke To receive from " Kay-o-pha" * a boon! That flowing from pines, in the region of vines, May temper the heat of bright noon. " Nevada" and " Vernal," emblems eternal Of winter and loveliest Spring, No language so bold the truth can unfold- No pen can thee offerings bring! And yet dare I say, of the cool "Vernal Spray," In the flash of the bright sun's power, I welcome thy " ring," * though a drenching it bring, The smile of a god 's in the shower!

And thou, " Glacier Fall," 6 from thy adamant wall, And winter-bound lakes at thy head — Thy nymphB never seen, except by the sheen So fitful from "Mirror Lake's" bed. Ye North and South Domes,8 " Ten-ie-ya's" lake homes, "Cloud's Rest." and high " Tis-sa-ack" lone; Mute "Sentinel," " Brothers," ye "Starr King," ye others — • " Rock Chief,' a literal translation of " Tote-ack-ah-noo la," rendered " El Cap itan" in Spanish, from the likeness of a man's head upon the wall. > The Yosemites were known as tbe " Bear tribe." " Ten-ie-ya" was chief. *"Scho look" is tbe Indian name for the '' High Fall ;" "Ah wan ne," the old name of Valley, and " Kay o pha" (the sky), the name of highest or snow-clad peaks. * At intervals at the Vernal a round rainbow Is formed, perfect as a finger ring. ' "Glacier Fall," in place of "Too loo lo-we ack." « "Sentinel Dome" was known to the disc.iverers as the "South Dome," aud " Tis ■a ack," meaning cleft rock, as ihe " Half Dome."

INTRODUCTION.

. Oh ! what of the past have ye known? To you has been given the mission from heaven To watch through the ages of earth ! Your presence sublime is the chronicled time, From the æon the world had birth! VIEW OF THE TOSEMITE. Looking np the valley from a height of about 1,000 sect above the Merced River, and above sea level 5,000 feet, giving some faint idea of the beauty, grandeur and magnitude of this mao; nificent work of nature. DISCOVERY OF THE YOSEMITE.

Chapter I

Incidents leading to the discovery of the yosemite Valley — Major Savage and Savages — Whiskey, wrangling and War — Skinned Alive — A brisk Fight — Repulse — Another Fight, and Conflagration. During the winter of 1849-50, while ascending the old Bear Valley trail from Ridley's ferry, on the Merced river, my attention was attracted to the stupendous rocky peaks of the Sierra Nevadas. In the distance an immense cliff loomed, apparently to the summit of tbe mountains. Al though familiar with nature in her wildest moods, I looked upon this awe-inspiring column with wonder and admira tion. While vainly endeavoring to realize its peculiar prominence and vast proportions, I turned from it with re luctance to resume the search for coveted gold; but the im pressions of that scene were indelibly fixed in my memory.

Whenever an opportunity afforded, I made inquiries con cerning the scenery of that locality. But few of the miners had noticed any of its special peculiarities. On a second visit to Ridley's, not long after, that towering mountain which had so profoundly interested me was invisible, an in tervening haze obscuring it from view. A year or more passed before the mysteries of this wonderful land were satisfactorily solved. During the winter of 1850-51, 1 was attached to an expedition that made the first discovery of what is now known as the Yosemite Valley. While entering it, I saw at a glance that the reality of my sublime vision at Ridley's ferry, forty miles away, was before me. The locality of the mysterious cliff was there revealed — its proportions en larged and perfected. The discovery of this remarkable region was an event in timately connected with the history of the early settlement of that portion of California.

During 1850, the Indians in Mariposa county, which at that date included all the terri tory south of the divide of the Tuolumne and Merced rivers within the valley proper of the San Joaquin, became very troublesome to the miners and settlers. Their depredations and murderous assaults were continued until the arrival ofthe United States Indian commissioners, in 1851, when the general government assumed control over them. Through the management of the commissioners, treaties were made, and many of these Indians were transferred to locations reserved for their special occupancy. It was in the early days ofthe operations of this commis sion that the Yosemite Valley was first entered by a com mand virtually employed to perform the special police du ties of capturing and bringing the Indians before these representatives of the government, in order that treaties might be made with them.

These wards of the general government were provided with supplies at the expense of the public treasury: provided that they confined themselves to the reservations selected for them. My recollections of those early days are from personal observations and information derived from the earlier set tlers of the San Joaquin valley, with whom I was person ally acquainted in the mining camps, and through business connections; and also from comrades in the Indian war of 1851. 26 1850-51. Among these settlers was one James D. Savage. a trader, who in 1849-50 was located in the mountains near the mouth of the South Fork of the Merced river, some fifteen miles below the Yosemite valley. At this point, engaged in gold mining, he had employed a party of native Indians. Early in the season of 1850 his trading post and mining camp were attacked by a band of the Yosemite Indians.

This tribe, or band, claimed the territorj' in that vicinity, and attempted to drive Savage off. Their real object, however, was plunder. They were con sidered treacherous and dangerous, and were very trouble some to the miners generally. Savage and his Indian miners repulsed the attack and drove off the marauders, but from this occurrence he no longer deemed this 1 cation desirable. Being fully aware ofthe murderous propensities of his assailants, he removed to Mariposa Creek, not far from the junction of the Aqua Fria, and near to the site of the old stone fort. Soon after, he established a branch post on the Fresno, where the mining prospects became most encouraging, as the high water subsided in that stream. This branch station was placed in charge of a man by the name of Greeley. At these establishments Savage soon built up a prosper ous business.

He exchanged his goods at enormous profits for the gold obtained from his Indian miners. The white miners and prospecting parties also submitted to his de mands rather than lose time by going to Mariposa village. The value of his patrons' time was thus made a source of revenue. As the season advanced, this hardy pioneer of commerce rapidly increased his wealth, but in the midst of renewed prosperity he learned that another cloud was gathering over him. One of his five squaws assured him that a combination was maturing among the mountain Indians, to kill or drive all the wlrite men from the coun- 3.; try, and plunder them of their property. To strengthen his influence over the principal tribes, Savage had, according to the custom of many mountain men, taken wives from among them, supposing his personal safety would be some what improved by so doing.

This i6 the old story of the prosperous Indian trader. Rumor also came from his Indian miners, that the Yosemites threatened to come down on him again for the purpose of plunder, and that they were urging other tribes to join them. These reports he affected to disregard, but quietly cau tioned the miners to guard against marauders. He also sent word to the leading men in the settlements that hostilities were threatened, and advised preparations against a surprise. At his trading posts he treated the rumors with indifference, but instructed the men in his employ to be continu ally on their guard in his absence. Stating that he was go ing to " the Bay" for a stock of goods, he started for San Francisco, taking with him two Indian wives, and a chief of some note and influence who professed great friendship.

This Indian, Jose Juarez, was in reality one of the leading spirits in arousing hostilities against the whites. Notwithstanding Juarez appeared to show regard for Sav age, the trader had doubts of his sincerity, but, as he had no fears of personal injury, he carefully kept his suspicions to himself. The real object Savage had in making this trip was to place in a safe locality a large amount of gold which he had on hand; and he took the chief to impress him with the futility of any attempted outbreak by his people. He hoped that a visit to Stockton and San Francisco, where Jose could see the numbers and superiority of the whites, would so impress him that on his return to the mountains his report would deter the Indians from their proposed hos tilities. 1851. 3 The trip was made without any incidents of importance, but, to Savage's disappointment, and regret, Jose developed an instinctive love for whiskey, and having been liberally supplied with gold, he invested heavily in that favorite In dian beverage, and was stupidly drunk nearly all the time he vvas in the city.

Becoming disgusted with Jose's frequent intoxication, Savage expressed in emphatic terms his disapprobation of such a course. Jose at once became greatly excited, and forgetting his usual reserve, retorted in abusive epithets, and disclosed his secret of the intended war against the whites. Savage also lost his self-control, and with a blow felled the drunken Indian to the ground. Jose arose apparently sober, and from that time maintained a silent and dignified demeanor. After witnessing the celebration ofthe admis sion of the State into the Union — which by appointment occurred on October'29th, 1850, though the act of admis sion passed Congress on the 9th of September of that year — and making arrangements to have goods forwarded as he should order them, Savage started back with his dusky re tainers for Mariposa.

On his arrival at Quartzberg, he learned that the Kah-we-ah Indians were exacting tribute from the immigrants passing through their territory, and soon after his return a man by the name of Moore was killed not far from his Mariposa Station. From the information here received, and reported murders of emi grants, he scented danger to himself. Learning that the Indians were too numerous at "Cassady's Bar," on the San- Joaquin, and in the vicinity of his Fresno Station, he at once, with characteristic promptness and courage, took his course direct to that post. He found, on arriving there, that all was quiet, although some Indians were about, as if for trading purposes. Among them were Pon-wat-chee '2, and Vow-ches-ter, two Indian chiefs known to be friendly. The trader had taken two of his wives from their tribes.

Savage greeted all with his customary salutation. Leav ing his squaws to confer with their friends and to provide for their own accommodations, he quietly examined the memoranda of his agent, and the supply of goods on hand. With an appearance of great indifference, he listened to the business reports and gossip of Greeley, who informed him that Indians from different tribes had come in but had brought but little gold. To assure himself of the progress made by the Indians in forming a union among themselves. he called those present around him in front of his store, and passed the friendly pipe. After the usual silence and delay. Savage said: " I know that all about me are my friends. and as a friend to all, I wish to have a talk with you before I go back to my home on the Mariposa, from which I have been a long distance away, but where I could not stop until I had warned you.

"I know that some of the Indians do not wish to be friends with the white men, and that they are trying to unite the different tribes for the purpose of a war. It is better for the Indians and white men to be friends. If the Ind ians make war on the white men, every tribe will be exter minated; not one will be left. I have just been where the white men are more numerous than the wasps and ants; and if war is made and the Americans are aroused to anger, every Indian engaged in the war will be killed before the whites will be satisfied." In a firm and impressive manner Savage laid before them the damaging effects of a war, and the advantages to all of a continued peaceful intercourse. His knowledge of Indian language was sufficient to make his remarks clearly understood, and they were apparently well received.

Not supposing that Jose would attempt there to advocate 1851. 4'. any of his schemes, the trader remarked, as he finished his speech: " A chief who has returned with me from the place where the white men are so numerous, can tell that what I have said is true — Jose Juarez — you all know, and will be lieve him when he tells you the white men are more powerful than the Indians." The cunning chief with much dignity, deliberately stepped forward, with more assurance than he had shown since the belligerent occurrence at the bay, and spoke with more en ergy than Savage had anticipated. He commenced by saying: "Our brother has told his Indian relatives much that is truth; we have seen many people; the white men are very numer ous; but the white men we saw on our visit are of many tribes; they are not like the tribe that dig gold in the moun tains."

He then gave an absurd description of what he had seen while below, and said: "Those white tribes will not come to the mountains. They will not help the gold dig gers if the Indians make war against them. If the gold diggers go to the white tribes in the big village they give their gold for strong water and games; when they have no more gold the white tribes drive the gold-diggers back to the mountains with clubs. They strike them down (referring to the police), as your white relative struck me while I was with him." (His vindictive glance assured Savage that the blow was not forgotten or forgiven.) " The white tribes will not go to war with the Indians in the mountains. They cannot bring their big ships and big guns to us; we have no cause to fear them. They will not injure us." To Savage's extreme surprise, he then boldly advocated an immediate war upon the whites, assuring his listeners that, as all the territory belonged to the Indians, if the tribes would unite the whole tribe of gold-diggers could be easily driven from their country ; but, if the gold-diggers should stay longer, their numbers will be too great to make 5i war upon, and the Indians would finally be destroyed.

In his speech Jose evinced a keenness of observation inconsist ant with his apparent drunken stupidity. Savage had thought this stupidity sometimes assumed. He now felt assured that the chief had expected thereby to learn his plans. To the writer there seems to be nothing inconsist ent with Indian craft, keenness of observation and love of revenge in Jose's conduct, though he was frequently drunk while at "the bay." While Jose was speaking other In dians had joined the circle around him. Their expressions of approval indicated the effects of his speech. During this time Savage had been seated on a log in front of the store, a quiet listener. When Jose concluded, the trader arose, and stepping forward, calmly addressed the relatives of his wives and the Indians in whom he still felt confidence.

The earnest and positive speech of the cunning chief had greatly surprised him ; he was somewhat discouraged at the approval with which it had been received; but with great self-possession, he replied, "I have listened very attentively to what the chief, who went with me as my friend, has been saying to you. I have heard all he has said. He has told you of many things that he saw. He has told you some truth. He has told of many things which he knows nothing about. He has told you of things he saw in his dreams, while "strong water " made him sleep. The white men we saw there are all of the same tribe as the gold-diggers here among the mountains. He has told you he saw white men that were pale, and had tall hats on their heads, with cloth ing different from the gold-diggers. This was truth, but they are all brothers, all of one tribe.

All can wear the clothing of the gold-diggers; all can climb the mountains, and if war is made on the gold-diggers, the white men will come and fight against the Indians. Their numbers will be so great, that every tribe will be destroyed that joins in a war against them." 1851. 5 Jose observing the effects of these statements, excitedly interrupted Savage by entering the circle, exclaiming: "He is telling you words that are not true. His tongue is forked and crooked. He is telling lies to his Indian relatives. This trader is not a friend to the Indians. He is not our brother. He will help the white gold-diggers to drive the Indians from their country. We can now drive them from among us, and if the other white tribes should come to their help, we will go to the mountains; if they follow after us, they cannot find us; none of them will come back; we will kill them with arrows and with rocks."

While Jose was thus vociferously haranguing, other Indians came into the grounds, and the crisis was approaching. As Jose Juarez ended his speech, Jose Rey, another influential chief and prominent leader, walked proudly into the now enlarged circle, followed by his suite of treacherous Chow-chillas, among whom were Tom-Kit and Frederico. He keenly glanced about him, and assuming a grandly tragic style, at once commenced a speech by saying: " My people are now ready to begin a war against the white gold-diggers. If all the tribes will be as one tribe, and join with us, we will drive all the white men from our mountains. If all the tribes will go together, the white men will run from us, and leave their property behind them. The tribes who join in with my people will be the first to secure the property of the gold-diggers."