A Voyage in the 'Sunbeam.' Our home on the ocean for eleven months ... With 188 illustrations ... chiefly after drawings by the Hon. A. Y. Bingham

Front matter

A VOYAGE IN THE 'SUNBEAM' LONDON: 1'RINTED BY SrOTTISWOODE AND CO., NEW-STREET SQUARE AND PARLIAMENT STREET Frontispiece THE 'SUNBEAM A VOYAGE IN THE 'SUNBEAM' OUR HOME ON THE OCEAN FOR ELEVEN MONTHS BY MRS BRASSEY WITH 118 ILLUSTRATIONS ENGRAVED ON WOOD BY G. PEARSON CHIEFLY AFTER DRAWINGS BY THE HON. A. Y. BINGHAM CAPE BRASSEY I SMYTH'S SOUND Dear is to me the hour when daylight dies And sunbeams melt into the silent seas LONDON LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CO. 1878 All rights reserved DEDICATION To the friends in many climes and countries, of the white and coloured races, and of every grade in society, who have made our year of travel a year of happiness, these pages are dedicated by the ever grateful Author

Preface

. This volume needs no elaborate preface. A general sketch of the voyage which it describes was published in the 'Times' immediately after our return to England. That letter is reprinted here as a convenient summary of the ' Sunbeam's ' performances. But these prefatory lines would indeed be incomplete if they did not contain a well-deserved tribute to the industry and accuracy of the author. The voyage would not have been undertaken, and assuredly it would never have been completed, without the impulse derived from her perseverance and determination. Still less would any sufficient record of the scenes and experiences of the long voyage have been preserved had it not been for her painstaking desire not only to see everything thoroughly, but to record her impressions faithfully and accurately. The practised skill of a professional writer cannot

PREFACE.

. VIII reasonably be expected in these simple pages, but their object will have been attained if they are the means of enabling more home-keeping friends to share in the keen enjoyment of the scenes and adventures they describe. Thomas Brassey. CONTENTS. CHAPTER PAGE I. Farewell to Old England . . . . . i II. Madeira, Teneriffe, and Cape de Verde Islands 13 III. Palma to Rio de Janeiro 33 IV. Rio de Janeiro 46 V. The River Plate . 67 VI. Life on the Pampas 81 VII. More about the Argentine Republic . . 97 VIII. River Plate to Sandy Point, Straits op Magellan in IX. Sandy Point to Lota Bay 134 X. Chili 155 XL Santiago and Valparaiso 177 XII. Valparaiso to Tahiti 194 XIII. The South Sea Islands 2 211 XIV. At Tahiti 227 Tahiti to Sandwich Islands.— Kilauea by Day and by Night 254 XV. XVI. Hawaiian Sports 275 XVII.

Honolulu — Departure for Japan . . .291 XVIII. Honolulu to Yokohama CONTENTS. X CHAPTER PAGE XIX. Yokohama 316 XX. Kioto, late Miaco 333 XXI. The Inland Sea 353 XXII. To Canton up the Pearl River . . . . 376 XXIII. From Macao to Singapore 392 XXIV. Singapore 408 XXV. Ceylon 426 XXVI. To Aden 443 XXVII. Via Suez Canal 456 XXVIII. 'Home' . . . ... . . . 473

Appendix

. . . ... . . . . .489 MAPS AND PLANS. General Chart showing the 'Sunbeam's' Track At commencement, before Frontispiece The Sandwich Islands 1 \ . . ' . To face page 226 Paumotu or Low Archipelago • Japan „ 316 The Linschoten and Lu Chu Islands * • » •* 368 Strait of Singapore I Ceylon „ „ 42D Chart showing Monthly Average Temperatures of Water and Air during the Voyage At end of book, after Appendix FULL-PAGE ILLUSTRATIONS. The 'Sunbeam' . . . . . . . Frontispiece Retama Plains To face page 24 Cape Froward „ >■ I3^ Native Feast at Fuatawah . . - . • „ „ 252 Crater of Kilauea by Day ,. « -66 Lake of Fire by Night ,, ,, ?7° Leap at Hilo ,,,,278 Chock-sing-Toon - •• ,,402 The Corals we collected . . ... • „ „ 4§8 WOODCUTS IN TEXT. PAGE Cape Brassey : Smyth's Sound ....

Title-page Portrait of the Author v Sunset on Southampton Water ....■• i Nearly Overboard 5 The Derelict ' Carolina ' laden with Port Wine . 9 Our First View of Madeira 13 Madeira Fish-carrier 17 A Cozy Corner 22 A Palm-tree in a Garden, Orotava, Teneriffe . . 31 Tarafal Bay, St. Antonio ........ 37 Father Neptune 39 His Doctor (Crossing the Line) 40 Lulu and her Puppies 41 Evening Vespers 42 Botafogo Bay 46 The Slave Village, Fazenda, Santa Anna . . . . 56 The Three Navigators ,67 Prairie Dogs and Owls 77 Devil's Horns 84 La Calera 87 Indians at Azul 104 Lassoing Horses io6 'Monkshaven' on Fire II2 Shipwrecked Crew coming on Board 115 Fuegian Weapons 12y Fuegian Bow and Arrows I2q Pin for fastening Cloak, made from a Dollar beaten out 131 Fuegian Boat and Oars I32 PAGE Bartering with Fuegians 135 Thornton Peaks 137 Glaciers, Snowy Sound . .139 Unfit Bay . . 144 Two-peaked Mountain 145 Indian Reach 147 Catching Cape-Pigeons in the Gulf of Penas . .153 Chilians waiting for the Train 164 A Fellow Passenger 167 Baths of Cauquenes 171 Up the Valley towards the Andes 173 Cacti of the Cordillera 174 Guacho Huts 175 Guacho of Chili 176 Morning Mass at Santiago 177 What makes Horses go in Chili 181 Juvenile Scrubbers 195 Conversation at Sea '97 Inscription from Easter Island 204 Tatakotoroa or Clarke Island 208 Going up the Mast in a Chair 209 Children looking up 2°9 Our First Landing in the South Pacific, Hao or Bow Island 2I4 Maitea 22° Maitean Boatman 221 Quarantine Island, Papiete 22° Under the Trees, Papiete . . . ' ■ ■ • -227 Chætodon Tricolor 229 Chætodon Plagmance 232 Waterfall at Fuatawah LIST OF ILLUSTRATLONS.

XIV PAGE A Tahitian Lady 247 Tropic Feathers 251 Chætodon Besantii . . 253 Tattoo in the Tropics . . . . • . . . . 256 Feather Necklace 279 War Necklace 283 Ancient War Masks and Costumes from the Museum at Honolulu 284 Chalcedon Imperator 287 Feathered Cloak and Helmets 294 The Pali-Oahu 295 Zeus Ciliaris . . . 301 Amateur Navigation 308 Little Redcap 313 Japanese Boats ... 315 Fujiyama, Japan 316 A Drag across the Sand in a Jinrikisha . . .327 Inoshima by a Japanese Artist 328 Japanese Boatman 329 Facsimile of our Luncheon Bill 330 A Family Group 338 Wayside Travellers 349 Arrima. The Village of Bamboo Basket Work . . 357 The Yacht on Fire 360 Yoken San or Sacred Mountain, Inland Sea . . 363 Hurusima, Inland Sea 364 How we were boarded by Chinese and dispersed them . 371 Chinese Visiting Cards . 377 Pearl River 370, Bogue Forts . 381 Chinese Pagoda and Boats PAGE The French Consulate, Canton 389 Chinese Foot and Boot 39s Maharajah of Johore's House 414 The Pet Manis . 417 Malacca 419 How the Journal was written 423 Peacock Mountain, Ceylon . . . . ' . . . 439 Soumali Indian, Aden 451 Straits of Bab-el-Mandeb 457 Beating up the Red Sea 462 Homeward Bound 473 Faldetta, Malta 475 Armoury in the Governor's Palace, Valetta . . . 477 Tangier 482 Vasco de Gama 484 Belem Cloister Gardens -485 Our Welcome back off Hastings 487 Home at Last 48S Sunset on Southampton "Water. A VOYAGE IN THE 'SUNBEAM

Chapter I. Farewell To Old England

Masts, spires, and strand receding on the right, The glorious main expanding on the bow. At noon on July ist, 1876, we said good-bye to the friends who had come to Chatham to see us off, and began the first stage of our voyage by steaming down to Sheerness, saluting our old friend the 'Duncan,' Admiral Chads's flagship, and passing through a perfect fleet of craft of all kinds. There was a fresh contrary wind, and the Channel was as disagreeable as usual under the circumstances. Next afternoon we were off Hastings, where we had intended to stop and dine and meet some friends ; but, unfortunately, the weather was not sufficiently favourable B PASSENGERS AND PETS. 2 for us to land ; so we made a long tack out to sea, and, in the evening, found ourselves once more near the land, off Beachy Head.

While becalmed off Brighton, we all — - children included — availed ourselves of the opportunity to go overboard and have our first swim, which we thoroughly enjoyed. We had steam up before ten, and again pro ceeded on our course. It was very hot, and sitting under the awning turned out to be the pleasantest occupation. The contrast between the weather of the two following days was very great, and afforded a forcible illustration of the uncertainties, perhaps the fascinations, of yachting. We steamed quietly on, past the ' Ovvers ' lightship, and the crowds of yachts at Ryde, and dropped anchor off Cowes at six o'clock. On the morning of the 6th a light breeze sprang up, and enabled us to go through the Needles with sails up and funnel down, a performance of which all on board felt very proud, as many yachtsmen had pronounced it to be an impossibility for our vessel to beat out in so light a breeze.

We were forty-three on board, all told, as will be seen by reference to the list I have given. We had with us, besides, two dogs, three birds, and a charming Persian kitten belonging to the baby. The kitten soon disappeared, and it was feared she must have gone overboard down the hawse pipe. There was a faint hope, however, that she might have been packed away with the new sails, which had been stowed in a great hurry the day before. Unhappily she was never found again, and the children were inconsolable until they discovered, at Torquay, an effective substitute for ' Lily.' The Channel was tolerably smooth outside the Isle of Wight, and during the afternoon we were able to hold on our course direct for Ushant, After midnight, however, the wind worked gradually round to the W.S.W., and blew directly in our teeth.

A terribly heavy sea got up ; and, as we were 'making little or no progress, it was decided to THE CHOPS OF THE CHANNEL. 3 put in to Torquay or Dartmouth, and there await a change. We anchored in Torbay, about half a mile from the pier, at 8.30 a.m., and soon afterwards went ashore to bathe. We found, however, that the high rocks which surround the snug little bathing cove made the water as cold as ice. Nothing more having been heard of our poor little kitten, we can only conclude that she has gone overboard. Just as we were leaving the railway-station, however, we saw a small white kitten with a blue ribbon round its neck ; and all the children at once exclaimed, ' There's our Lily ! ' We made inquiries, and found that it belonged to the young woman at the refreshment room, who, after some demur, allowed us to take it away with us, in compliance with Muriel's anxious wish, expressed on her face.

About ten o'clock we got under way, but lay-to for breakfast. We then had a regular beat of it down Channel — everybody being ill. We formed a melancholy-looking little row down the lee side of the ship, though I must say that we were quite as cheery as might have been expected under the circumstances. It was bright and sunny over head, which made things more bearable. Sunday, July gth. — A calm at 2 a.m. Orders were given to get up steam ; but the new coals from Chatham were slow to light, though good to keep up steam when once fairly kindled. For four long hours, therefore, we lolloped about in the trough of a heavy sea, the sails flapping as the vessel rolled. By the time the steam was up so was the breeze — a contrary one, of course. We accordingly steamed and sailed all day, taking more water on board, though not really in any great quantity, than I had ever seen the good ship do before.

She carries a larger supply of coal and other stores than usual, and no doubt the square yards on the foremast make her pitch more heavily. We were all very sorry for ourselves, and ' church,' postponed from eleven until four o'clock, brought together but a small congregation. F IN THE BA Y OF BISCA Y. 4 On the 8th we were fairly away from Old England, and on the next day off Ushant, which we rounded at about 4.30 p.m., at the distance of a mile and a half; the sea was tremendous, the waves breaking in columns of spray against the sharp needle-like rocks that form the point of the island. The only excitement during the day was afforded by the visit of a pilot-boat (without any fish on board), whose owner was very anxious to take us into Brest, ' safe from the coming storm,' which he predicted.

In addition to our other discomforts, it now rained hard ; and by half-past six I think nearly all our party had made up their minds that bed would be the most comfortable place. Two days later we sailed into lovely, bright, warm, sunny weather, with a strong north-easterly breeze, a following sea, and an occasional long roll from the westward. But as the sun rose, the wind increased, and we got rather knocked about by the sea. A good deal of water came on board, and it was impossible to sit anywhere in comfort, unless lashed or firmly wedged in. We were, however, going ten knots through the water, on our course, under our new square head canvas ; and this fact made up for a good deal of dis comfort. The thirty extra tons of spare sails, spars, and provi sions, the fifteen tons of water, and the eighty-four tons of coal, made a great difference in our buoyancy, and the sea came popping in and out at the most unexpected places ; much to the delight of the children, who, with bare feet and legs, and armed with mops and sponges, waged mimic war against the intruder and each other, singing and dancing to their hearts' content.

This amusement was occasionally interrupted by a heavier roll than usual, sending them all into the lee -scuppers, sousing them from head to foot, and necessitating a thorough change of clothing, despite their urgent protest that sea-water never hurt anybody. NEARLY OVERBOARD. 5 After our five o'clock dinner, however, we very nearly met with a most serious accident. We were all sitting or standing about the stern of the vessel, admiring the magnificent dark blue billows following us, with their curling white crests, mountains high. Each wave, as it approached, appeared as if it must overwhelm us, instead of which, it rushed grandly by, rolling and shaking us from stem to stern, and sending fountains of spray on board. Nearly Overboard. Tom was looking at the stern compass,Allnutt being close to him.

Mr. Bingham and Mr. Freer were smoking, half-way between the quarter-deck and the after-companion, where Captain Brown, Dr. Potter, Muriel, and I, were standing. Captain Lecky, seated on a large coil of rope, placed on the box of the rudder, was spinning Mabelle a yarn. A new hand was steering, and just at the moment when an unusually big wave overtook us, he unfortunately allowed the vessel to broach-to a little. In a second the sea came pouring over SPARS CARRIED AWAY. the stern, above Allnutt's head. The boy was nearly washed overboard, but he managed to catch hold of the rail, and, with great presence of mind, stuck his knees into the bulwarks. Kindred, our boatswain, seeing his danger, rushed forward to save him, but was knocked down by the return wave, from which he emerged gasping. The coil of rope, on which Captain Lecky and Mabelle were seated, was completely floated by the sea.

Providentially, however, he had taken a double turn round his wrist with a reefing point, and, throwing his other arm round Mabelle, held on like grim death ; otherwise nothing could have saved them. She was perfectly self-possessed, and only said quietly, ' Hold on, Captain Lecky, hold on!' to which he replied, ' All right.' I asked her afterwards if she thought she was going overboard, and she answered, ' I did not think at all, mamma, but felt sure we were gone.' Captain Lecky, being accustomed to very large ships, had not in the least realised how near we were to the water in our little vessel, and was proportionately taken by surprise. All the rest of the party were drenched, with the exception of Muriel, whom Captain Brown held high above the water in his arms, and who lost no time in remarking, in the midst of the general confusion, ' I'm not at all wet, I'm not.' Happily, the children don't know what fear is.

The maids, however, were very frightened, as some of the sea had got down into the nursery, and the skylights had to be screwed down. Our studding-sail boom, too, broke with a loud crack when the ship broached-to. and the j'aws of the fore-boom gave way. Soon after this adventure we all went to bed, full of thankfulness that it had ended as well as it did ; but, alas, not, so far as I was concerned, to rest in peace. In about two hours I was awakened by a tremendous weight of water suddenly descending upon me and flooding the bed. I immediately sprang out, only to find myself in another pool on the floor. It was pitch dark, and I could AN UNCOMFORTABLE NIGHT. 7 not think what had happened ; so I rushed on deck, and found that, the weather having moderated a little, some kind sailor, knowing my love of fresh air, had opened the skylight rather too soon ; and one of the angry waves had popped on board, deluging the cabin.

I got a light, and proceeded to mop up, as best I could, and then endeavoured to find a dry place to sleep in. This, however, was no easy task, for my own bed was drenched, and every other berth occupied. The deck, too, was ankle-deep in water, as I found when I tried to get across to the deck-house sofa. At last I lay down on the floor, wrapped up in my ulster, and wedged between the foot stanchion of our swing bed and the wardrobe athwart ship ; so that as the yacht rolled heavily, my feet were often higher than my head. Consequently, what sleep I snatched turned into nightmare, of which the fixed idea was a broken head from the three hundredweight of lead at the bottom of our bed, swinging wildly from side to side and up and down, as the vessel rolled and pitched, sug gesting all manner of accidents.

When morning came at last, the weather cleared a good deal, though the breeze continued. All hands were soon busily employed in repairing damages ; and very picturesque the deck and rigging of the ' Sunbeam ' looked, with the various groups of men, occupied upon the ropes, spars, and sails. Towards evening the wind fell light, and we had to get up steam. The night was the first really warm one we had enjoyed, and the stars shone out brightly. The sea, which had been of a lovely blue colour during the day, showed a slight phos phorescence after dark. Thursday, July 13th. — When I went on deck, at half past six, I found a grey, steamy, calm morning, promising a very hot day, without wind. About 10.30 a.m, the cry of ' Sail on the port beam ! ' caused general excitement, and in a few minutes every telescope and glass in the ship had been brought to bear A FLOATING CELLAR. upon the object which attracted our attention, and which was soon pronounced to be a wreck.

Orders were given to starboard the helm, and to steer direct for the vessel ; and many were the conjectures hazarded, and the questions asked of the fortunate holders of glasses. ' What is she ? ' ' Is there any one on board ? ' ' Where does she come from ? ' ' Can you read her name ? ' ' Does she look as if she had been long abandoned ?' Soon we were near enough to send a boat's crew on. board, whilst we watched their movements anxiously from the bridge. We could now read her name — the 'Carolina' — surmounted by a gorgeous yellow decoration on her stern. She was of between two and three hundred tons burden, and was painted a light blue, with a red streak. Beneath her white bowsprit the gaudy image of a woman served as a figure-head. The two masts had been snapped short off about three feet from the deck, and the bulwarks were gone, only the covering board and stanchions remaining, so that each wave washed over and through her.

The roof and supports of the deck-house and the companions were still left standing, but the sides had disappeared, and the ship's deck was burst up in such a manner as to remind one of a quail's back. We saw the men on board poking about, apparently very pleased with what they had found ; and soon our boat returned to the yacht for some breakers,1 as the ' Carolina ' had been laden with port wine and cork, and the men wished to bring some of the former on board. I changed my dress, and, putting on my sea boots, started for the wreck. We found the men rather excited over their discovery. The wine must have been very new and very strong, for the smell from it, as it slopped about all over the deck, was almost enough to intoxicate anybody. One pipe had already been emptied into the breakers and barrels, and ' Small casks, used for carrying water in boats, frequently spelt barricos, evidently from the time of the old Spanish navigators.

BOARDING A WRECK. 9 great efforts were made to get some of the casks out whole ; but this was found to be impossible, without devoting more time to the operation than we chose to spare. The men managed to remove three half-empty casks with their hea,ds stove in, which they threw overboard, but the full ones would have required special appliances to raise them through the hatches. It proved exceedingly difficult to get at the wine, which was stowed underneath the cork, The Derelict 'Carolina' laden "with. Port Wine. and there was also a quantity of cabin bulkheads and fit tings floating about, under the influence of the long swell of the Atlantic. It was a curious sight, standing on the roof of the deck-house, to look into the hold, full of floating bales of cork, barrels, and pieces of wood, and to watch the sea surging up in every direction, through and over the deck, which was level with the water's edge.

I saw an excellent modern iron cooking-stove washing about from side to side ; but almost every other moveable article, in cluding spars and ropes, had apparently been removed by previous boarders. A HARBINGER OF WIND. 10 It would have delayed us too long to tow the vessel into the nearest port, 375 miles distant, or we might have claimed the salvage money, estimated by the experts at 1,500/. She was too low in the water for it to be possible for us, with our limited appliances, to blow her up ; so we were obliged to leave her floating about as a derelict, a fertile source of danger to all ships crossing her track. With her buoyant cargo, and with the trade winds slowly wafting her to smoother seas, it may probably be some years before she breaks up. I only hope that no good ship may run full speed on to her, some dark night, for the ' Carolina ' would prove almost as formidable an obstacle as a sunken rock.

Tom was now signalling for us to go on board again, and for a few minutes I was rather afraid we should have had a little trouble in getting the men off, as their excitement had not decreased ; but after a trifling delay and some rather rough play amongst themselves, they became steady again, and we returned to the yacht with our various prizes. A ' Mother Carey's chicken ' hovered round the wreck while we were on board, and followed us to the ' Sun beam ; ' and although a flat calm and a heavy swell prevailed at the time, we all looked upon our visitor as the harbinger of a breeze. In this instance, at least, the well known sailor's superstition was justified ; for, before the evening, the wind sprang up, and ' fires out and sails up ' was the order of the day. We were soon bowling merrily along at the rate of seven knots an hour, while a clear starlight night and a heavy dew gave promise of a fine morrow.

Friday, July 14th. — We still have a light wind, right aft, accompanied by a heavy roll from the westward, which makes it impossible to sit anywhere with comfort, and difficult even to read. By 6 a.m. the sun had become very powerful, though its heat was tempered by the breeze A FOG-BANK. 11 which gradually increased throughout the day, until, having set all our fore-and-aft canvas, as well as our square sails, we glided steadily along, in delightful contrast to the un easy motion of the morning, and of the past few days. Under the awning— with the most heavenly blue sky above, and the still darker clear blue sea beneath, stretching away in gentle ripples as far as the eye could reach— it was simply perfect. Our little party get on extremely well together, though a week ago they were strangers to each other.

We are all so busy that we do not see much of one another except at meals, and then we have plenty to talk about. Captain Lecky imparts to us some of his valuable information about scientific navigation and the law of storms, and he and Tom and Captain Brown work hard at these sub jects. Mr. Freer follows in the same path ; Mr. Bingham draws and reads ; Dr. Potter helps me to teach the children, who, I am happy to say, are as well as possible. I read and write a great deal, and learn Spanish, so that the days are all too short for what we have to do. The servants are settling down well into their places, and the commissariat department does great credit to the cooks and stewards. The maids get on satisfactorily, but are a little nervous on rough nights. We hope not to have many more just at present, for we are now approaching calmer latitudes.

In the course of the day, whilst Tom and I were sitting in the stern, the man at the wheel suddenly exclaimed, ' There's land on the port bow.' We knew, from the distance we had run, that this could not be the case, and after looking at it through the glasses, Tom pronounced the supposed land to be a thick wall of fog, advancing towards us against the wind. Captain Brown and Captain Lecky came from below, and hastened to get in the studding-sails, in anticipation of the coming squall. In a few minutes we had lost our fair breeze and brilliant sunshine, all our sails PRECAUTION AGAINST DANGER. 12 were taken flat aback, and we found ourselves enveloped in a dense fog, which made it impossible for us to see the length of the vessel. It was an extraordinary phenomenon. Captain Lecky, who, in the course of his many voyages, has passed within a few miles of this exact spot more than a hundred and fifty times, had never seen anything in the least like it.

As night came on the fog increased, and the boats were prepared ready for lowering. Two men went to the wheel, and two to the bows to look out, while an officer was stationed on the bridge with steam-whistle and bell ready for an emergency ; so that, in case we ran into anything; or anything ran into us, we should at least have the satisfaction of knowing that, so far as we were concerned, it had all been done strictly according to Act of Parliament. Saturday, July i$th. — Between midnight and 4 a.m. the fog disappeared, as suddenly as it had come on. We must have passed through a wide belt of it. At 5.30 a.m., when Tom called me to see a steamer go by, it was quite clear. The vessel was the ' Roman,' and she passed so close to us that we made our number, and exchanged salutations with the officers on the bridge. Towards the afternoon a nice breeze sprang up, and we were able to bank fires and sail. Our First View of Madeira

Chapter II. Madeira, Teneriffe, And Cape De Verde Islands

Full many a green isle needs must be In this wide sea of misery, Or the mariner worn and wan Never thus could voyage on. Sunday, July 16th. — Porto Santo being visible on the port bow, a quarter of a mile ahead, by 3.55 a.m. this morning, our three navigators congratulated themselves and each other on the good land-fall they had made. It looks a curious little island, and is situated about thirty-five miles north-east of Madeira, with a high peak in the centre, of which we could only see the extreme point, appearing above the clouds. It is interesting to know that it was from his observa tion of the drift-wood and debris washed on to the eastern shore that Columbus, who had married the daughter of the Governor of Porto Santo, derived his first impressions of the existence of the New World.