The Wars of Succession of Portugal and Spain from 1826 to 1840: with résumé of the political history of Portugal and Spain to the present time

Front matter

THE WARS OF SUCCESSION OF PORTUGAL AND SPAIN, FROM 1826 TO 1840: WITH RESUME OF THE POLITICAL HISTORAr OF PORTUGAL AND SPAIN TO THE PRESENT TIME MAPS AND ILLUSTRATION'S. BT WILLIAM BOLLAEET, F.R.G.S. PORR. MEM. UNIV. CHILE ; ETHNO. SOCS. LONDON, NEW YORK, ETO. VOL. IL— SPAIN. CONTAINS FLIGHT OF ISABELLA II. IN SEPTEMBER, 18C8. LONDON : EDWARD STANFORD, 6 and 7, CHARING CROSS, S.W. 1870. [THE RIGHT OF TRANSLATION RESJiRVED.] LONDON : PRINTED BY RANKKN AND CO., DRURY HOUSE, ST. MARY-LF-STRAND, W.C. SUMMARY OF VOLUME II.

Chapter I

Charles IV., Maria Luisa, Godoy ; abrogation of Salic law — 1795, Convention of Basle — 1805, Nelson destroys French and Spanish fleets — 180S, French army enters Madrid ; Joseph Bonaparte King of Spain — Peninsular AVar — 1814, Ferdinand promises liberalism ; becomes despotic — 1820, Revolution; Riego and others successful — 1823, France supports despotism; Riego shot — 1829, Ferdinand's marriage with Cristina ; Salic law abrogated, should Cristina have a female child — 1830, Cristina gives birth to Isabella — Cadiz revolution ; Torrijos shot — 1832, Female law of succession abrogated ; Calomarde ; Zea Bermudez induces Ferdinand to cancel last abrogation — Don Carlos and legitimacy ; Isabella and Liberalism — Don Carlos banished, goes to Portugal. 1833, Ferdinand died — War of Succession; rising in the North for " Carlos V." — Santos Ladren shot by the Cristinos ; Zumalacarregui commands the Carlists — Whig Government and Louis Philippe recognise Isabella II. 1834, Zumalacarregui's successes — Carlist and Cristino writers . Page 1-20

Chapter II

1834 — March — Author takes despatches to Don Carlos and Dom Miguel ; made prisoner at Vigo ; escapes with his companion St. Sylvain ; Napier — Spanish Galleons 21-32

Chapter III

April. — Journey through Portugal — The Cristino Rodil on our left, Pedroites on the right and in front — Country declaring for Donna Maria — Miguelites retreating ; nearly caught ; cross the Douro ; come up with Miguelite General Cardozo retreating — Don Carlos nearly caught by Rodil — Cross mountains of Estella — Arrive at Abrantes, on the Tagus ; Don Carlos on opposite side . 33-49

Chapter IV

April 25. — Cross the Tagu6 ; interview with Bishop of Leon ; I proceed to Chamusca and deliver despatches to Don Carlos — Santarem besieged by Pedroites ; deliver despatches to Dom Miguel — Cholera and wounded — Don Carlos comes in haste to Santarem ; I return with him — Interview — Dom Miguel comes to see Don Carlos — Rodil in pursuit — Receive my despatches ; Don Carlos will join Zumalacarregui — Don Carlos retreats to Almerim — Dom Miguel cannot hold out ; get my despatches ; cross the Tagus ; robbed by brigands — Lisbon — Pedroites gain final Battle of Asceceira, 16th May ; Dom Pedro enters Santarem ; Dom Miguel retreats to Evora — Author sails for England ......... 50-70 . UM-MARY OF AOL. II.

Chapter V

Political reports on Portugal and Spain — Don Carlos seeks refuge with the British fleet at Lisbon — Quadruple Alliance — Dom Miguel abdicates 26th May, and goes to Italy — Don Carlos arrives in England. and escapes to the Basque Provinces . ... . . 71-82

Chapter VI

June. — Author leaves London for Spain — Calomarde in Paris — Bayonne, hot-bed of Carlism — I go to Elizondo to the Junta of Navarre — Zumalacarregui's attacks on Vittoria and Alsasua — Reprisals; he shoots L. O'Donnell — Gains battle of Dos Hermanas — Camicer and Cabrera rise in Arragon — Rising in Catalonia — Spanish pride — Author leaves for Paris with despatches for Don Carlos ; he had just gone through, and crossed the frontier, 9th July — Author returns to Spain ; arrested on frontier ; comes up with Don Carlos : sent by him with despatches to King of Holland — Cholera in Madrid ; massacre of monks there — Paris, Antwerp, Holland . . . S3-103

Chapter VII

August. — Dutch politics — Carlist loan for £5,000,000 issued by Baron de Haber — Rodil burns convent of Aranzazua ; Zumalacarregui's revenge — Desire of Carlists to exchange prisoners ; Rodil shoots his ; Reprisals — Ouvrard meddling with De Haber's loan — Death of Don Carlos7 wife at Portsmouth, 4th September — Ponce de Leon shot by Carlists, as spy and assassin — De Haber's loan suspended ; Ouvrard's scheme annulled — Don Sebastian escapes from Spain ; his friend Romagosa shot — Foreign Courts send Don Carlos money — Carlist dissensions — Zumalacarregui's battle at Vittoria, in October ; O'Doyle shot ; great slaughter ; severities of Rodil and Mina — De Haber goes to Paris, I to London — Carlists defeated at Mendaca ; Cristinos at Arquijas; Mina driven into Pamplona .... 10-4-125

Chapter VIII

1835. — Carlists gain battle of Segura — Political difficulties — Second battle at Arquijas — Zumalacarregui's humanity; Mina's butcheries — The Press — Bonapartist intrigues— Carlists take Echarri, and liberate prisoners — Mina replaced by A'aldez — Eliot convention for exchange of prisoners ; proposal to affiance young Don Carlos to Isabella ; Don Carlos refuses — Mendizabal active — De Haber's loan annulled — French Carlists financial schemes — England assists Isabella ; France temporises — Carnicer and Cabrera ; Cabrera goes to Don Carlos for help ; Carnicer taken and shot — Zumalacarregui causes Valdez another " Beresina" — Don Carlos and the Princess Beira; she is arrested for d°bt — Carlos O'Donnell mortally wounded — Mr. Burgess (surgeon to Zumalacarregui), his journal — British Legion formed — Zumalacarregui wishes to push on to Madrid ; ordered to besiege Bilbao ; he is wounded 15th June, and died the 25th — Princess of Beira's political and financial tour — Siege of Bilbao . 126-151

Chapter IX

July. — Tax riots, Amsterdam — Durango decree — De Haber's account with Don Carlos — Fieschi affair — Carlists butchered at Puente de la Reyna --Battle of Mendigorria, Carlists retire— Massacres at Barcelona — SUMMARY OF VOL. II. V Cristinos fail at Hernani — Louis Philippe coquetting with Northern Powers — Espartero beaten at Arrigoriaga — I accompany De Haber to Paris ; Calomarde, Berryer — Conspiracies against Louis Philippe — Gambling— Carlists fail before Bilbao— Mendizabal raises 100,000 men — Don Sebastian joins Don Carlos — Jupiter and the Castilian — Louis Napoleon and Donna Maria— I accompany De Haber to Bayonne — Cabrera's operations in Arragon, defeated at Molina 152-172

Chapter X

1836 — January. — Bayonne; newspaper correspondents — Lord Ranelagh — Legitimist Courts send Don Carlos money — Massacre of J. O'Donnell and Carlists at Barcelona — De Haber goes to head-quarters — Defeat of Cordova at Arlaban — Sufferings of British Legion — De Haber saves English and Cristino prisoners — Baron de Los A'alles — Mendizabal attacks Church property — Sortie from St. Sebastian, driven back. February. — Cabrera's mother shot atTolosa; Cabrera shoots four of his female prisoners — De Haber returned to Bayonne, saw no chance of progress — Arrest of Mr. Hawkins ; fatal duels arise out of it — Eguia beats Espartero at Orduna — Spanish marriages . 173-195

Chapter XI

April. — Mendizabal and Palmerston — Carlist absoluto and fanatical doings — Erro replaces Cruz-Mayor as Minister — Old and young Spain ; enmity to England — Evans7 sortie from San Sebastian; Carlists retire ; Segastibelza killed ; no quarter — Don Carlos should join Cabrera and push for Madrid — Mendizabal upset by Isturitz, who begs for French intervention — Cordova fails before Ofiate — Cristinos take Pasages — French take Carlist battery at Behobie — Spanish marriages 196-219

Chapter XII

June Cruelties to English prisoners — Maroto goes to Catalonia ; dark doings in the provinces — Prussian agents sent to Don Carlos — Carlist and Cristino forces — Carlists shoot mutinous deserters from the Legion — Cabrera's attack on Gandesa ; battle of Chiva ; fortifies Cantavieja; success at Daroca; Ulldecona — Gomez's expedition — Evans fails before Fuenterrabia — Bishop of Leon succeeds Erro ; Carlist absolute decree 220-239

Chapter XIII

July, — General Bellengero's letter to Don Carlos ; the Corte will ruin him ; Bellengero exiled to France ; the provinces tired of the war — Cristina at La Granja in fear of the Carlists— Cordova resigns to Sarsfield — British Legion fail at Ametzagama — Proclamation of Constitution of 1812 — Murderings in Malaga — Biographies — Discontent in Carlist army 240-260

Chapter XIV

August. — Don Carlos takes no advantage of his position — Sergeant Garcia forces Cristina to accept the Constitution of 1812 — Camarillas — Isturiz falls ; Mendizabal forms a Ministry — Quesada murdered — Conspiracies against Don Carlos ; instead of a manifesto issued a sermon. — Author goes to London — Cabrera's operations . . 261-282 VI SUMMARY OF VOL. II.

Chapter XV

September. — Louis Philippe temporising ; England firm to Isabella— Maroto leaves Catalonia — Tory and Liberal politics — Louis Napoleon's failure at Strasbourg, 30th October — Carlists before Bilbao — Don Carlos requested to issue a reasonable manifesto — San Sebastian saved by the Legion — Carlists fail before Bilbao- Gomez's expedition; Cabrera joins it ; they enter Cordova ; Flinter capitulates to Gomez ; Gomez routed — Cabrera hears of the loss of Cantavieja ; he is surprised and wounded — Alleged inquisition in London . 283-301

Chapter XVI

1837— January. — Death of Mina — Palmerston has Spanish politics in his hands ; Hernani falls to the Cristinos ; Evans takes Irun — Don Carlos prepares to go South — Marriage of Louis Philippe's children — Fall of Mendizabal ; Espartero at head of affairs ; insubordination in the army , Generals Escalera, Sarsfield, and others assassinated — Louis Philippe wants Isabella for one of his sons — Don Carlos' expedition on Madrid ; his fights at Huesca, Barbastro, and Gra — Cabrera passes Don Carlos across the Ebro ; Madrid approached ; Don Carlos' indecision ; beaten at Bufiol ; retires to Cantavieja ; beats Buerens at Herrera ; Carlists advance again on Madrid ; beaten at Aranzaque ; they retire to the North — Cabrera's operations, prepares to take Morella . 302-323

Chapter XVII

1838 — January. — Don Carlos marries the Princess of Beira — Leon's cavalry exploits — Cabrera takes Morella — Failure of the Carlist expeditions of Garcia, Negri, and Cabanero — Narvaez severe with Carlists — Maroto returns to the provinces — Cabrera's celebrated defence of Morella, created a Conde ; gains battle of Maella — Espartero and Maroto — I prepare to go to Dom Miguel at Rome — Details of military operations 324-339

Chapter XVIII

1839 — January. — Rome ; mission to Dom Miguel, his projected marriage ; Archbishop of Evora, his Minister, not sanguine as to his return to Portugal — Calomarde— Mezzofanti — Maroto's shootings of Carlist Generals at Estella ; Tejeiro, the Minister, flies to France — Cabrera's and Maroto's operations — Non-success of Dom Miguel's marriage ; I leave for Germany — Don Carlos' difficulties increase — Maroto's Convention with Espartero at Vergara, 31st August — General Moreno assassinated — Don Carlos escapes to France — Cabrera's successes ; Exchanges prisoners — Espartero prepares to attack Cabrera — Maroto — Assassination of the Conde de Espana — Cristina and her camarilla despotic ; Espartero and the army liberal . . 340-368

Chapter XIX

1840. — Espartero's successful campaign against Cabrera — Capitulation of Morella ; Cabrera retires to Berga — Catalonian Carlists lose battle of Peracamps ; Segarra deserts to the Cristinos — Espartero drives Cabrera into France — End of the War of Succession — Cost of the War — Cabrera sent prisoner to Ham ; removed to Lille to make room for Louis Napoleon, after the Boulogne affair — Cristina promises Espartero to be judicious ; breaks her promise ; Madrid in com- SUMMARY OF VOL. II.

VII motion ; Cristina abdicates the Regency and leaves for France ; Isabella II. returns to Madrid ; Espartero President of the Council 369-377 RESUME. [Independently of the authorities alluded to, I have had recourse to telegrams, correspondents' letters, Annual Reviews, and other sources, as well as pi-irate communications.^ 1841 to 1844. 1841. — Cortes opened, composed nearly of Progressists or Liberals — Espartero Regent — October : Great military conspiracy against Espartero, Cristina the principal mover ; it fails ; Diego Leon, Borso di Carminati, Montes de Oca, and others shot. 1842. — Gonzales Ministry upset ; Rodil President of the Council ; Cortes dissolved — Carlist and other risings in the North — November : Insurrection in Barcelona, bombardings and shootings. 1813. — Barcelona fined £240,000 — Spanish Liberals angry with Louis Philippe for upholding Cristina — Juan Prim revolts against the Government, with vivas for Isabella's majority — Intrigues, particularly by Narvaez, against Espartero, who leaves for England — Narvaez at head of affairs — Barcelona again bombarded — Prim declares against the Government — November : 8th, Isabella 1 3 years and 1 month, declared to be of age ; all was to be " peace and prosperity ;" Serrano the palace favourite — •_ Olozaga Minister ; the Queen instigated to defy him ; he obtained some necessary signatures "by violence;" he was banished — Despotic Ministry of Gonzales Bravo and Narvaez. 1844. — Dissensions — Cristina returns to Madrid — Zurbano's insurrection ; he is shot 378-388 1845 to 1849. 1845. — Don Enrique favoured by Isabella, but not by Cristina; seeing he was not to be a candidate for the Queen's hand, declared against the Government, and left Spain — Risings in Galicia against Narvaez ; shootings — Don Carlos relinquished his claim in favour of his son (Montemolin). 1846. — Narvaez's plan to " rule Spain by despotism" not succeeding, he retired to France — Risings put down in Galicia — August: 10th, Isabella II. married to her cousin, Francisco, and her sister to the Duke of Montpensier ; the nation was displeased — Observations on Spanish marriages. 1847. — Second Carlist War in favour of " Carlos VI." — Narvaez returns to power — The Queen shot at — Espartero restored to his honours — Isabella wished for a divorce. 1848. — Revolutions in Europe; dynasties fall ; Louis Philippe loses his throne ; France a Republic — Popular rising in Madrid, severely suppressed by Narvaez — May : Narvaez orders Sir H.

L. Bulwer out of the country — Cabrera had 6,000 volunteers in Catalonia ; has successes ; - is wounded at Pastoral ; retires to France — Don Enrique sympathises with the Liberal and Republican risings; these were put down by being " smothered in blood." 1849. — Narvaez had to resign ; but soon returned to power, continuing his " repression by the sword" 389-400 SUMMARY OF VOL. II. 1850 to 1854. 1850. — Diplomatic relations restored with England — Lopez's expedition against Cuba failed. 1851. — January : Xarvaez resigns, mainly through the influence of Cristina — Bravo-Murillo Cabinet — August: Spanish financial operations excluded from the European markets — Second invasion of Cuba by Lopez ; defeated and executed — December : Louis Napoleon's coup de canon suited the line of policy of the Spanish Moderados. 1852. — Serious attempt on the life of Isabella — promises made of great reforms. 1853. — Prim fiercely opposes the Roncali Ministry — Mendizabal died. 1854. — O'Donnell and others conspire against the Government — June : His military revolt ; Espartero and Liberals assist ; Espartero becomes Prime Minister, O'Donnell Minister of "War — Cristina impeached, had to leave ; Isabella nearly deposed . . * . . . ■ 401-404 1855 to 1859. 1855. — February : The Cortes vote that " all power proceeds from the people" — Liberty of belief permitted, but not of worship — Don Carlos died at Trieste. 1856. — April : Insurrection, caused by the despotism of O'Donnell, the Corte, and the Moderados, to overthrow Espartero and the Liberals — July : Espartero resigned ; O'Donnell and Narvaez come into power ; the National Guard and populace go against the troops in Madrid and other cities ; the troops carried the day ; there was great loss of life. 1857. — June and July : Cruel executions of Liberals — November: 28th, the Queen gave birth to Prince Alfonso. 1858. — Ministerial changes — Joint expedition of France and Spain against Cochin China, caused by persecution of Roman Catholics. 1859. — Spain declares war against the Emperor of Morocco; O'Donnell in command ; various conflicts ....... 405-407 1860 to 1864. 1860. — Prim distinguishes himself against the Moors; they are defeated at Tetuan ; treaty of peace ; history of the war ; O'Donnell made Duque de Tetuan; Prim, Marques de Castillejos— April: General Ortega's rising for " Carlos VI." at Tortosa; Ortega taken and shot on the 19th; Montemolin and his brother captured the 21st; to obtain their liberty they renounce their claim to the throne ; June : 5th, being at Cologne, they "annulled their renunciation." 1861.. — Montemolin and his brother Fernando died — Annexation of Santo Domingo — Insurrections of Liberals against O'Donnell — October r Spain, France, and England agreed in hostilities against Mexico for various outrages ; the Emperor Napoleon had the idea of monarchising Spanish America — December .- Prim entrusted with Spanish contingent and took Vera Cruz ; " He recognised his error and

retreated," and tried to dissuade the Emperor from the Mexican Imperial scheme. 1862. — The Emperor's project of establishing an empire in Mexico with Maximilian of Austria, disapproved by England and Spain. 1863. — The French occupy a portion of Mexico, and induce Maximilian to become Emperor — Spain, in concert with the monarchising views of the Emperor Napoleon, arranges a said to be scientific expedition for South America ; two men-of-war sent. 1864. — Changes in Moderado Ministry — April: Rupture with Peru ; the Spanish Admiral, Pinzon, took possession of the Chincha Islands as a " material SUMMARY OF VOL. II.

IX guarantee" — Tune: The Emperor Maximilian and his wife, Charlotte, entered the City of Mexico ; war between Imperialists and Repub licans — August: Prim exUed by Narvaez — Cristina returned to Spain to look after her property 408-413 1865 to 1870. 1865.— Peruvian Government paid Spain £600,000, and the Chinchas were restored ; this caused a popular rising in Peru — Conspiracy to unite Spain and Portugal — Narvaez resigns to O'Donnell, who forms a "Liberal" Ministry — Popular clamour in Chile against Spain ; amicably settled by the Spanish Minister Tavira ; his arrangements disavowed by O'Donnell — Pareja, in command of a powerful Spanish fleet in the Pacific, demands satisfaction, which Chile refuses ; Pareja declares war ; Chilians take the Spanish man-of-war " Covadonga," at which Pareja commits suicide ; succeeded by Mendez Nunez ; United States protest against French army being in Mexico; it is withdrawn. 1866. — Prim's insurrection fails ; he fled to Portugal, thence to England — History of war in the Pacific ; bombardment of Valparaiso, 3 1st March, by Mendez Nunez ; he attacks Callao 2nd May ; repulsed and wounded ; cost of the war.

June : Revolt in Madrid against O'Donnell and Narvaez ," " Prim and aRepublic ;" the fiercest conflict during Isabella's reign ; Reign of Absolutism— Gonzales Bravo and Narvaez Ministers ; O'Donnell left Spain — Spain in the throes of a Governmental reign of terror — Shootings — October : " RsestabUshment of tranquiUity" — December: Narvaez arrests Serrano andothers. 1867. — February: Decree " of death to authors and printers of clandestine writings" — June : MaximiUan shot ; the Republic again in Mexico — August : Popular insurrections ; shootings — November : O'DonneU died. 1868. — Carlist movements under " Carlos VII."

(eldest son of Don Juan) — April: Narvaez died — July : Gonzales Bravo sends the Duke and Duchess of Montpensier into exile ; Military chiefs of Liberal party exiled — Central Revolutionary Committee formed against the Government, headed by Prim — Serrano and others ordered into exile — September: Formidable rising against the Queen and her dynasty; Serrano, Prim, and Topete the chiefs ; Prim's Proclamation, " To arms ;" 17(4, The fleet declared against the Government ; Montpensier gave funds ; Serrano and Prim headed the military ; the Juntas proclaimed; "Down with the Dynasty" — Isabella was in San Sebastian — 26th, Prim's cry was for a " Federal RepubUc" — 29th, Battle of Alcolea, General Novaliches beaten by Serrano — Concha resigned theGovernment to the Provisional Junta — 30th, Queen Isabella deposed, and "Down with the Bourbons" — IsabeUa flies to France and protested — October r Fete to celebrate the Revolution — Serrano enters Madrid — Provisional Ministry ; Serrano, President of Council ; Prim, Minister of War — Who was to be King ? — Prim's entry into Madrid — Freemasons had much assisted the Revolution — Concordat burnt — Protestant Churches to be built — Elections for Constituent Cortes, to meet in December — Don Juan renounces his claim to his son, "Carlos VII." — Cuba desires its independence — Insurrection against the Government in Cadiz put down by Rodas — Troops sent to Cuba— Insurrection in Malaga. 1869. — January : Rodas quells insurrection in Malaga— Government recommends a Monarchy ; the RepubUcans, a Central or Federal Republic ; Cabrera's address ; X SUMMARY OF AOL.

II

Cardinal Moreno's pastoral — Assassination of Governor of Burgos — IsabeUa's relics — February : Wth, Opening of Cortes by Serrano — Don Enrique and Montpensier — Conscription riots at Xeres — March: 30th, Draft of Constitution, limited Monarchy, Senate, and Deputies — Dom Fernando of Portugal declines the crown — Debates in Cortes — Old "Quemadero" of the Inquisition— The year's deficit, £9,000,000— May : 2lst, Close of debates, 214 to 71 for Monarchy— Duke of Genoa, Prim's candidate ; Montpensier, Topete' s — June: lllh, Serrano, Regent ; Prim, President of the CouncU — Rodas arrives in Cuba — July : Don Carlos' manifesto — AUeged plots to assassinate Serrano, Prim, and Rivero — Carlist doings ; death of a Cariist ex-nun — Cuban insurgents successful — Outrage on Mr. Jencken at Lorca — August : Defeat of Carlists supposed to be led by Don Carlos ; execution of two — The clergy Carlist — Prim went to Paris — Don Carlos returned to Paris from Spain — Prosecution of seven bishops — September : Prim. proposed the Duke of Genoa as King — Prim had interview with Emperor Napoleon ; returned to Madrid 21st — October: Republican risings in Zaragoza vanquished after twenty-two hours' fighting ; many Republican deputies fled ; 10th, two RepubUcan insurgents shot; Wth, desperate fighting in ATalencia ; 16-A, routed — Prim against Œcumenical Council — November : Topete resigned — 21th, Mr. Layard, British Minister — December r two RepubUcan insurgents shot — 16(A, Cortes adjourned. 1870. — January : 2nd, the King of Italy will not consent that the Duke of Genoa be King of Spain ; the Ministry resigned in consequence ; 9th, new Ministry, including Prim, Topeto, and Rivero — 9th, General De Lacy Evans died — Cabrera and Montpensier address the electors — 21th, Prim said he had no candidate for the throne — AUeged peace between Spain, Chile, and Peru — Pay scarce in the army ; last annual deficit, £11,000,000 — February : Cabrera refuses to take command of Carlists without sufficient force — Isabella's letter to the Pope on her son, Alfonso, going to Rome — Don Carlos at Lyons ; escorted to Switzerland by French authorities — March : 12th, Duel between Don Enrique and Montpensier; the former killed ; history of the affair — 12th, Castelar and Prim ; history of Prim — Great debates in Cortes ; trial of strength of parties ; Topete resigned ; 23rd, Government in a majority, 129 to 79, on financial biU — Prim's decision against the Unionists — Becerra, the Colonial Minister's difficulty with Romero ; Becerra resigns. — April r Isabella and her husband agree to separate — Melancholy confusion of politics in Madrid — Anti-Conscriptionriots, particularly at Barcelona — Lenten Plays — 12th, Montpensier fined £1200 for shooting Don Enrique — Castelar on the Affairs of Spain — Candidates for the throne — Cariist Junta in Switzerland ; Cabrera separates from it. — May r Olozaga left Paris for Madrid, to advise with the Government — Dom Fernando again a candidate —

Cuban insurgents are defeated — Prim offers Espartero the Crown ; he refuses ; proposed to Serrano ; he refuses — Montpensier returns to Madrid — 19th, Saldanha's military pronunciamiento in Lisbon ; removal of Louie ; effect on Spanish politics ; Saldanha swears to maintain the independence of Portugal — The United States sympathise with the Cubans — Spanish stock and "Almaden Quicksilver Loan" — Bill for abolition of slavery in the colonies 414-497 ILLUSTRATIONS VOL. II.

PAGE. 1. Map of Spain and Portugal, Frontispiece. 2. Zumalacarregui . . . ■ • .146 3. Cabrera • WAR OF SUCCESSION OF SPAIN.

Chapter I

Introduction — Charles IV.'s accession to the throne — The Queen ; her favourite Godoy ; their abrogation of the Salic law — Godoy Prime Minister — War with France ; settled ; Godoy becomes Principe de la Paz — French and Spanish fleets defeated by Nelson — Royal dissensions — Godoy's Fontainebleau treaty — Portugal to be dismembered — Royal dissensions increase — The French enter Madrid — Abdication of Charles IV. — FaU of Godoy — Royal family of Spain sent into exile by Napoleon — Ferdinand and Carlos — Massacre of the French in Madrid ; Murat's vengeance — Joseph Bonaparte enters Madrid as King — Peninsular War — FaU of Napoleon — Constitution of 1812 — Return of Ferdinand VH. to Spain ; becomes absolute — Riego's revolution ; Ferdinand forced to swear to the Constitution — Secret treaty of Verona — Louis XVIII. sends an army to put down Liberalism; Riego sacrificed — Conspiracy of ultra-Absolutos in favour of Don Carlos — Ferdinand marries a fourth wife — Parties in Spain — Power of the Church — The Queen pregnant ; the SaUc law again abolished ; Move by the Liberals against the succession of Don Carlos — Queen Christina gives birth to a daughter — Liberal revolution under Torrijos ; he is shot, also Mr. Boyd — Illness of the King ; supposed to be dead ; partially recovers ; proposal to make Don Carlos co-Regent ; he refuses — Calomarde and others persuade the King to restore the SaUc law ; the Infanta Carlota's daring opposition ; Calomarde banished — Zea Bermudez recalled ; he gets the Salic law abrogated — Carlist disturbances in the north ; Zea Bermudez banishes Don Carlos, who goes to Portugal to Dom Miguel ; refuses to acknowledge the Princess of Asturias ; ordered to Rome ; will not go — Pedroites besieged in Oporto by the MigueUtes — Napier takes Miguelite fleet; Dom Miguel beaten before Oporto, and his capital entered by the Pedroites — Ferdinand VII. dies ; Christina declared Regent during the minority of IsabeUa II. — Commencement of the War of Succession — Carlist rising continues in the north ; Santos Ladron shot ; Zumalacarregui succeeds him — The Carlist, Cura P. Merino ; his aUy, Hilarion, shot— Louis Philippe recognises Isabella II. ; England also— Unsuccessful rising in Madrid of RoyaUst Volunteers— Conflicting Carlist and Christino politics— Don Carlos assumes the title of Carlos V., King of Spain— Zea threatens him— Don Carlos tries Rodil— Isabella II. proclaimed in Madrid— Don Carlos tries Sarsfield— Bishop of Leon " Ministro Universal "—Don Carlos has no funds and few soldiers— He writes to Legitimist sovereigns for help — Zumalacarregui successful — Zea Ministry falls ; Martinez de la Rosa in power ; causes a Liberal Royal Statute to be issued — Authorities.

Charles IV. ascended the throne of Spain in 1788 ; his Queen was Maria Luisa de Borbon and Parma. About 1784 Manuel Godoy, the guitar-player and singer of " seguidillas graciosas y picantes " of the Royal Body Guard, became the inseparable favourite of the Queen, and was also on the best of terms Avith her husband ! In 1789 was the " Jura " by the Cortes to Ferdinand (born in 1784) as Prince of Asturias, as next heir to the throne. However the Queen and Godoy were the principal actors in worrying the King to abrogate the Salic law ; when at a special meeting of the Cortes, which was bound to secrecy, they were told that their concurrence was Avished to vary the law of succession as it stood, by revising law 2, title 5, of the " Partidas," whereby females succeed to the crown on a par with males.

By this stratagem the proposed measure was carried. The government of the country was despotic, still it was necessary for the Cortes to sanction all public acts. One reason stated for this abrogation was that, as Maria Luisa's daughter, Carlota, was then the wife of the Prince Royal of Portugal, through her, or her children, Portugal might be joined to Spain ; however, the main cause was the enmity of the Queen and Godoy to Fer dinand. The Queen made Godoy Prime Minister and Duke of Alcudia in 1792. Then followed a war Avith the French Republic, terminating in 1795 by the discreditable Con vention of Basle, when Godoy became Principe de la Paz ! He obtained the hand of a Spanish Infanta, the daughter of Don Luis and niece of Charles IV., although his first wife was living. He even aspired to be Regent of Spain.

In 1801 he was Generalissimo, and shortly afterwards Grand Admiral. He now entered into arrangements with Napoleon, and the Spanish fleet in conjunction with that of France, which was to destroy the naval power of England, was gloriously shattered to pieces by Nelson at Trafalgar, October 21st, 1805, when Spain lost her commerce and her colonies. Still in 1806 Godoy was all-powerful and supported by the Queen. Early in 1807, Napoleon, perceiving there was royal domestic discord in Madrid, particularly between Godoy and Ferdinand, sent an army across the Pyrenees, under pretext of marching into Portugal, but to be in readiness for operations in Spain. In July was the so-called con spiracy of Ferdinand against his father (it was against Godoy). October 27th the secret treaty of Fontainebleau was entered into, Godoy and Maria Luisa being the principal negotiators, by which Charles IV. ceded his infant grandson's kingdom of Etruria to France on con dition that Napoleon should receive from the King of Spain the Portuguese provinces of Entre Minho and Douro and Tras os Montes, under the name of the kingdom of Northern Lusitania ; Alemtejo and Algarves to constitute a principality for Godoy.