Sutton-in-Holderness. The manor, the berewic, and the village community

Preface

. THE Domesday record of the Manor and the Berewic which, at the time of the Conquest, were intermixed under the name of Sudtone, describes a tract of land containing* no more than a fifth of the area of mediæval and modern Sutton. It is in the earlier chapters of the Chronica Monasterii de Melsa, which deal with the twelfth century, that we first recognise the broad meadows and far-stretching* pastures out of the midst of which there rose, on a group of gently swelling hills, the carucates and o-xgangs of the more ancient town. But since the days of our great-grandfathers, both the older and the newer lands have been seen in a changed aspect, under the network of hedges, tree-bedecked, which, since 1767, has covered the old meadows and pastures and the open arable fields. Long ago I formed the idea of making more familiarly known the condition of the parish at two or three of the most notable periods of its history.

In 1892, impressed with the accuracy and the interest of the monastic Chronicle, I read before the British Archæological Association a paper on " Sutton-in- Holderness and the Monks of Meaux."* In the Transactions of the East Riding Antiquarian Society, * Pron. Mewse.

PREFACE.

. vol. 2, I shewed that the " Hull" of thirteenth century writers was not, as had been supposed, the same as Wyke, now the central portion of Kingston-upon- Hull, but a tract of land by the river-side in the western part of Sutton, and that old references to Dripole usually refer not to any part of the present parish of Drypool, but to the south-western corner of Sutton, now called the Groves. I intended to shew finally, out of the ample materials that exist, how, before the Enclosure, the fragments of the old fashioned farms lay scattered and intermingled over the Ings and Carrs and tillage fields. The gaps between these portions of the history of the parish were, at first, wide and deep, but as they began to fill with new materials, essential to a correct understand ing of the matters in hand, it became necessary to make the whole into one story.

Thus, without premeditation, I felt myself responsible for a book. The work has had to be taken up in the intervals of many absorbing occupations, as its structure and arrangement must, no doubt, indicate. It deals with the great variety of occurrences which, in the course of eight centuries, mark the history of a manor or a parish, and hardly any period has failed to furnish some illustrative examples. Sometimes I have been writing for those to whom ancient documents and family pedigrees and customs, long extinct, would be of especial value ; sometimes for those who would be more interested in the long array of names of fields and roads and boundaries which I have been enabled to

PREFACE.

. III trace and identify. .As a rule I have dealt only with events long past, and with persons mostly forgotten, but in a few cases I have not refrained from using a modern name, or a recent incident, when these helped to illustrate some old-fashioned habit worthy of remembrance. Whether the matter of the book is, or is not, of general interest, a reference to the table of contents will shew. I have to acknowledge gratefully the assistance which I have received from the custodians of many public and private documents. I have been allowed to search the manorial records in the possession of the Corporation of Kingston-upon-Hull, and the manorial and family records of the late Colonel W. H. Harrison Broadley, as well as papers of the families of Priestman and Ross, of Sutton. I have received very cordial assistance, in many ways, from Mr. R. Hill Dawe, the Town Clerk of Hull ; from Dr. Walter de Grey Birch, ll.d., f.s.a., of the British Museum, who shewed me the newly-acquired charters in the Stowe collection ; from Mr. Edward S. Wilson, f.s.a., particularly with respect to Ann Watson's College ; from Mr. J. Travis-Cook, f.r.h.s., and Mr. Fred A. Scott, as regards modern dealings with the land.

I have also to acknowledge much kindly help in relation to ancient legal documents, and in other ways, from Mr. E. W. Oliver, of London. The Rev. H. 4-\. Holme, the late Vicar of Sutton, and the Rev. G. A. Coleman, the present Vicar, have much facilitated my examination of the parish

PREFACE.

. IV documents. To the latter is owing the original photographs which so effectively illustrate the church. From Mr. T. Tindall Wildridge I have received great assistance in many details of local history, and I am much indebted to Dr. G. B. Longstaff, of Putney Heath, the Rev. John Ellam, formerly Vicar of Drypool, Mr. J. R. Boyle, f.s.a., Mr. Godfrey R. Park, Mr. J. G. Hall, Mr. Wr. G. B. Page, and many others, for information and suggestions bearing upon certain sections of my subject. In many ways I have benefited by the judicious advice of Mr. William Andrews, f.r.h.s., of Hull. Without the assistance and suggestions of Mr. A. Gibbons, f.s.a., of Heworth Green, York, Miss Martin, of 250, Portsdown Road, London, and Miss Parker, of 39, Wellington Square, Oxford, I could not have utilized in any material degree the documents stored in the Registries at York, in the Record Office, London, and in the Bodleian Library at Oxford.

Some new matter which was obtained while the book was going through the press, and some additional references, will be found in the appendix, which should be referred to after reading each of the chapters. There also are noted some errors in the text. I hope there are few that have failed to be noted. Thomas Blashill. 29. Tavistock Square, London, W.C. CONTENTS. PAGE The Isle of Holderness — Land deposited by the sea — Separated from the Wolds by the great hollow — The ancient inhabitants — The Romans — The Engles ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

I The Sudtone of Domesday— Almost an island — Bransholm and the Castle Hill — The Domesday Manor and Berevvic — An Agricultural Community * ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 6 Mediæval Sutton — Flight of Drogo — Holderness said to be barren — Embankment and Drainage — Marrs, sikes, and drains — New meadows and pastures — An Oxgang, with its appurtenances — The Lords of the Manor — The Berewic and its owners * ... ... ... 12 The Early Lords OF the Manor— The Monks of Meaux and their chronicle — They acquire lands in Sutton — Their legacy from Amandus de Sutton ... .. ... ... ... ... ... ... 24 Sayer the Second — The King's Bailiff— The forfeiture of his control over the river — Drainage of the marshes — Dripole in Sutton — The monks and the West Carr — Drainage ofthe West Carr — Mills, canals and fishery — The legacy of young Amandus — Death ofa Bondman— - Sale of bondmen — Large grants to the Monks * ... ... ... 29 Sayer de Sutton the Third — Grants to Martin de Otringham — A rebellion in Holderness — Grants to the Nuns of Swine — Roads, or rights of way in the parish — New arrangements in the West Carr — The monks acquire paslurage in the Salts, and are turned out — Isabella de Fortibus acquires some of Sayer's meadows — Death of Sayer * ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 45 S/VYER de Sutton the Fourth— Sayer's grant of dower to his father's widow — Fishery in Sutton Marr — New apportionment of the pasturage— An Oxgang with its appurtenances— A cottager's rights to meadow and grazing — The monks as sheep farmers — List of their Sutton possessions — The export of wool — Projected foundation of Kingston-upon-Hull ... .. ... ... ... ... ... 63 Sir John de Sutton, Senior — Sale of his marriage — His marriage settlement — Ottringham Chantry endowed with Sutton meadows — Kingston-upon-Hull founded — Conbination against Piers Gaveston — Imprisonment of John — Joan de Sutton in Swine Nunnery — Edward the Second passes through Sutton — Death of John — The Efifigy in Sutton Church * ... ... ... ... ... ... 74 Sir John de Sutton, Junior — A Hildyard Heiress — Thomas Sampson, Rector — Renewed disputes over the West Carr — Dispute over an old tunic — Knighthood of the Black Prince — The College of St. James founded, and Sutton Church built — Its dedication — The Black Death — Thomas Sampson's will — Death of Sir John de Sutton— His son no more heard of — The tomb in the Church — His wife's dower * ...

VI CONTENTS.

PAGE Sir Thomas de Sutton — Bondmen transformed into labourers — Enlargement of the Northlands— Impoverishment of the monks — Dispute about Mi-ignusdaile — Fresh mortgages — Disputes with tile makers from Beverley — The Children's Pestilence — New Statutes for the College — Marriage and death of the heir to the Manor — Succession of daughters of Sir Thomas de Sutton — Alice de Meaux inherits the Berewic * 102 The Fifteenth Century — The Hastings Manor — Disputes as to burials in Sutton— Dripole in Sutton — Lost Lopholme — Public enquiries as to burials — Appeals to Rome — Lists of witnesses — Long lists of the dead during 1429 — Decision of the dispute — Annual Dedication Festivals— The Players of Sutton — Eminence of William, Lord Hastings — His execution * ... ... ... ... ... 112 The Reformation Period — Increased freedom of the tenants and cottagers — Sub division of the Manor — Purchase of a portion by Cardinal Wolsey — Salvain's share acquired by the Corporation of Hull — The Reformation — Dissolution of the Abbey of Meaux, the Priory of Swine, the Carthusian Priory of Hull, and the College of St. James — Disposal of their lands * ... ... ... .. ... 133 Queen Elizareth to Queen Anne, Part I. — New landowners and tenants — The estates of the Constables — The Dudleys — The Alfords and the Abbey lands — Edward Truslove of the Rectory-house — Thomas Dalton acquires the Hastings manor and parts of the Manor of Sutton — The Daltons of Nuttles — Their estates go to the Withams — The last of .Magnusdaile — John Truslove, the Watsons and Bromflete — Burials in the Church * .. ... ... ... ... ... 144 Queen Elizareth to Queen Anne, Part II.— F'loods over the low grounds — The drains and their outfall — Scheme fora new drain — Sutton during the Civil War — The embankments cut — Soldiers quartered — Quakerism in Sutton — Persecution of the Ellikers and their brethren — A Quaker burial-ground — The Parish Registers — Arthur Harpur's gift to the poor — Churchwarden's Accounts — The Dog-Whipper and the Constable — The " Visited " People * ... ... 169 Old-Fashioned Farms — The scattered lands of each farm — Their grouping in the Fields — Their shape — The Balks — Oxgangs and their appurtenances — Management of the tillage and pasturage — Names of places and of lands — Details of farms — Corporation Farms — Land-Commons and House-Commons — Great mouths — Lands of Cocke, Munby, Chamberlaine, and Samuel Dalton — Periodical change of ownership * ... ... 187 Our Great-Grandfathers' Days — The reign of George II. — Chamberlaine's Charity — Watson's Charity — The Masons and Pooles — The tithes and the lands of the College of St.

James— Disputes among grantees of Church lands — The poet Mason — Mr. Thomas Broad ley's acquisition of lands — Sale of the property of the Withams' — General appearance of the parish — The village farms — Sutton Mill — The roads — Costumes of the residents— Their manner of life and of death— The Fishery Feast — The parish flooded once more — Old Sutton drain cut — The Rev. Arthur Robinson — The Church services — Value of the benefice — The religion ofthe people — The last harvest from the common fields * ...

CONTENTS. VII 285 Enclosure of the Common Fields — Need for the enclosure — Mr. page Charles Poole's interest in it — The enclosed lands made tithe free — Highways and private ways — Old Sutton drain cut — Possession of new allotments taken — Fencing in and the provision of new farmsteads — A lost allotment — Increased value of the land by enclosure and by drainage — Effect on the farmers and on the labourers* ... ... 248 Antiquities of Modern Sutton, Part I. — Consolidation of the shares in the Manor — Courts Leet and Courts Baron of Mr. Broadley — The Hastings Manor — The Rectory estate — Mrs. Watson's College — The White House in 1820 — Improvements in cattle and in farming arrangements —Work of the farm — Spinning — Quietude of Stoneferry — New families and new houses — Sutton Mill — Condition of the people as to health and security— The Press Gang — Robberies — .

Murder of John Taylor--The Parish Stocks — Superstition— The last witch* ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 259 Antiquities of Modern Sutton, Part II. — School— Letters — Amusements — Sporting — Guy Fawkes day — Carlin Sunday — Gooding — Plough-boys — Sutton Feast — Dress — Affairs of the Church — The Fabric and the Services — The Burying-stone — Protestant Dissenters — New Drain through the Carrs — Railway to Hornsea — Conclusion* ... * See Appendix. ILLUSTRATIONS. PAGE The Tomb of Sir John de Sutton. Frost's Notices of Town of Hull Frontispiece Seal of Sir Thomas de Sutton Title Page The Isle of Holderness > The Sudtone of Domesday 7 Castle Hill. Ton/son's Hist, of Holderness 9 Mediæval Sutton - , !4 Selions with Grass Balks l6 Seal of Sayer the third 52 Seal of Sir John de Sutton, senior 77 Plan of the Church 92 The Church about 1830.

Poulson' s Holderness 94 Oak Screen - 9°" Tomb of Sir John de Meaux. Poulson' s Holderness - - ■ - in A Grass Balk - - - 1S9 Old Fireplace 214 Town of Sutton - 225 Town of Stoneferry 227 An Old House Enlarged - 229 Castle Hill and Ring with Swine Church ------ 266 Upright Spinning-wheel. Miss Eva Blashill 272 Latest Pattern of Spinning-wheel. Miss Eva Blashill - - - - 273 Sutton Mill, 1884 277 A Babble. Mr. H. Syer Cuming, P.S. .4. Scot. 289 The Church, 1 S95. The Rev. Geo. A. Coleman 294 Piers under Tower. The Rev. Geo. A. Coleman 295 East End of South Aisle. The Rev. Geo. .4. Coleman - - - - 296 Chancel or Chapel of St. James. The Rev. Geo. A. Coleman - - 297 The Church, 1S48 SUTTON-IN-HOLDERNESS. THE ISLE OF HOLDERNESS. Land deposited by the sea. — Separated from the Wolds by the great hollow. — The ancient inhabitants. — The Romans. — The Engles.

THE long line of the Yorkshire Wolds, stretching from the Humber at Hessle to the cliffs at Flamborough Head, is the upturned edge, or rim, of a thick bed of chalk rock that underlies the whole of Holderness, extending eastward far out below the sea. For a long period the sea lay deep over this basin of chalk, dashing against the lower portion of the wolds at Hessle, and northwards where the shore line then ran. How came the thick deposits of clay, gravel, and mud, that throughout Holderness have been heaped upon the chalk ? If we pick up any one of the pebbles or boulders, that are mixed with the clay of the low hills, but are most easily obtained from the cliffs or the shore, it will tell its own portion of this long and interesting story. Some of these rounded and water-worn stones were broken from such rocks as we may still see at Whitby, or in West Yorkshire, in Durham, or Cumberland, while others came from Scotland and Norway, or at least from these neighbour hoods.

Those which travelled the farthest are most perfectly rounded and smoothed by wear. The clays which embed them, preserve also the water-worn remains of very ancient animals washed out of the old rocks, and mixed with the remains of more recent animals that lived during the formation of the clays. SUTTON-IN-HOLDERNESS. 2 These clays came from the same general direction as the rocks and fossils, the carriers of the whole being water and ice. The composite mass of clay and gravel was left in heaps, with intervening hollows, where afterwards strong excavating currents flowed, and pools or marrs stagnated. Some of these became filled, during long ages, with thickening beds of peat. THE isle of holderness. The tall Irish elk stalked over the land, and the fallow deer, fore-runners of mankind. Where the carrs now lie, yew trees grew up, fell, and were buried, to be replaced by oak, alder, and hazel, that in their turn met with a like fate.

Then came up Scotch firs that died where they stood. In cutting the deep drains in THE ISLE OF HOLDERNESS. 3 the Carrs, the prostrate trees have been unearthed, and some may still be seen. Where the tide flowed over the wide areas that now form our Ings, thick beds of mud and silt were deposited, and Ings and Carrs alike were covered with a final layer of clay. The most ancient inhabitants of the eastern slope of the Yorkshire Wolds, looking eastward towards the far-off sea, would have a prospect very different from that which meets the eyes of their descendants. Instead ofthe broad, low-lying plain that now extends from the Wold foot to the comparatively high ground of Holderness, they would look down on a wide tidal inlet or hollow, branching northward from the Humber past Beverley and Driffield, and curving round to wards the sea in the direction of Bridlington Bay.

It had no depth of water, but its width was three times that ofthe Humber at Hull. At flood-tide, and when the upland waters were flush, the opposite shore would seem a great island, with small islets standing out from its brink, the smallest of them forming green patches or holms on the face of the shallow water. But when the tide ebbed out, it would leave an expanse of grey mud, varied by brackish, stagnant pools, and by the green holms then inaccessibly stranded in its midst. Indeed this must have been their most usual outlook. At such times might be traced a current of fresh upland water scooping out for itself a track down the middle of the muddy waste, from pool to pool, past one and another of the solitary holms in something like the same general course as that in which the river Hull now winds its way — the shrunken representative of the immemorial ebb and flow.

The low margins of the promontory or isle and its dependant islets, where they bounded the inlet, would be wide-skirted with salt marshes, the general surface of the land being seamed with boggy valleys helping to mark out manors and parishes, and dotted over SUTTON-IN-HOLDERNESS. with sedgy marrs, of which Hornsea Marr, a veritable lake, is practically the last survivor. The whole district would be populous with sea fowl, whose range was no less over the inlet than over the Humber, and off the North Sea shore. The most striking feature of the whole district was this inlet or hollow that parted the naze, or ness, or promontory, from the wold country. It must have been a dreary region, for the most part neither navigable water nor firm shore ; impassable e4xcept by voyaging from holm to holm during the brief periods of the highest spring tides.

That it bore the name of the Hul or the Hoi, either of which would express the notion of such a hollow, is probable. The first of these forms is found at the earliest date in Holderness, the name of the district cut off by it from the mainland. When we first hear of the river which resulted from the subsequent reclamation, it was called Hul. To reach the "isle" of Holderness by any land route, it would be necessary to skirt the lower slope of the wolds curving round northward and eastward, as far as Bridlington Bay, then turning to the south along the higher ground by the sea. There stood the great Castle of Skipsea, begun in a remote time, and enlarged, no doubt, by successive owners. After the Norman Conquest, those enormous banks and ditches, and the Castle mound, would be completed for the purpose of controlling the only convenient entrance to the isle.

The condition of this district, in the times of its most ancient inhabitants, may to some extent be con jectured. The high grounds must have been cultivated in a rude way, and their cattle would graze on the lower slopes. The Castle Hill, which is the most ancient evidence of their occupation now existing in Sutton, was formed down in the submerged Carr, just clear of the high land of Bransholm, from which only it could be attacked. The Romans left but THE ISLE OF HOLDERNESS. 5 scanty traces of their presence in the isle ; coins have been found at Swine. Five centuries before the Norman Conquest the German invaders called " Engles " or "Angles," included Yorkshire in their conquests and gave their name to England. Those who occupied the East Riding, which extends to the valley of the Derwent, called their country Deira, a name that has been thought to survive partially in the middle syllable of Holderness.

Whatever these pagan Engles may have found here, their little clusters of farmsteads must have occupied all the most eligible sites on the higher grounds of the isle. Each would have its ditch or enclosure forming a "tun," the nucleus of the modern town or village. From it the cornlands, meadows, and pasturage extended down to the rough margins of marsh and marr. Subject to intermixtures with any survivors of earlier races, or with their fellow-countrymen, the Danes, who swarmed here in the eleventh century, these Engles probably form the main stock in our own ancestry. Almost an island. — Bransholm and the Castle Hill. — The Domesday Manor and Berewic. — An Agricultural Community. THE most prominent portion of the land on the west side of Holderness, facing the hollow, then bore the written name of "Wagene," afterwards Waghen, now Wawne.

It is said to have been so named from the ancient highway which ran through it. As an ecclesiastical parish it was closely connected with the Cathedral Church of York. It included all the holms scattered over the waste to the southward as far as the Humber, particularly that long tract of land stretching out to the south and east, along which the ancient highway was continued, so as to communi cate with south-eastern Holderness. This connecting tract of high land was known as " Sudtone ; " it was the South Town of Wagene. In secular matters it was independent, belonging to the manor of Brocste wic, or Burstwick, while Wagene was attached to Aldenberg, now Aldbrough. The high ground of Sudtone consisted of three very slightly connected parts. Nearest to Wagene was the round hill or holm called Sefholm, the name of which is still preserved in Soffham Farm.

Next came the long ridge where Sutton village now stands, and, last, the round hill called Riseholm, but slightly connected with the main land of Holderness to the south-east. ' Behind this long stretch of dry land lay, towards the east and north, a wide expanse of shallow waters, where are now the North and East Carrs. There the streams issuing from a great breadth of country beyond Swine met and mingled with the salt water of the higher tides. Beyond the waters in the North Carr was Brans holm, a cultivated island, which originally belonged to Swine, but which became attached to the manor and parish of Sutton. Bransholm is particularly inter esting because of the ancient mound with its moat that stands out into the Carr and is called Castle Hill. Near to it is a small mound, that probably marks a THE 5UDTONE OF DOMESDAY.

WITH modern boundaries . burial place, and there is an embankment leading towards the Castle Hill from the higher ground. No doubt these earthworks, like some smaller ones at Swine, and the great mound and banks at Skipsea, were begun by a race that has left no precise records, and, like them, they became in the middle ages useless for purposes of defence. SUTTON-IN-HOLDERNESS. About the middle of the eleventh century, in the time of Edward the Confessor, the chief portion of Sudtone was held under Earl Morcare by Grinchil, who is probably the same as Grinchil the owner of Holmpton, near Withernsea. The first historical record of the condition of the parish is found in the great survey of all his rents in England, ordered by William the Conqueror for financial purposes, and completed in 1086.

William had given the lordship of Holderness, which Earl Morcare had held, to a Flemish follower, Drogo de Brevere, who had married the King's relative, and who occupied the Castle of Skipsea, which he, no doubt, strengthened after the method of the time. Several of his manors were, however, intermixed with lands belonging to the See of York and to the College of St. John of Beverley, afterwards called Beverley Minster. The entries in Domesday Book relating to Sutton are in two parts, which are here translated from the contracted Latin. Amongst the manors in Holderness is this entry : — 'In Sudtone Grinchil had three carucates and two oxgangs of arable land to be taxed. Lanbert, a vassal of Drogo, has now there two ploughs and four villeins, and nine bordars, and sixty acres of meadow, rough pasture two quarentens long and one broad."

It is "two miles long and a half mile broad. In King Edward's time worth fifty shillings, now fifty shillings." The entry relating to Sutton amongst the lands called Berewics, held by the College of St. John (of which the Archbishop was the head), is as follows : — "In Sudtone are nine oxgangs of land to be taxed. One free man had there three villeins with one plough and a half." A carucate was as much arable land as a plouoL with its team of eight oxen could cultivate durino* the year, which in Sudtone was a hundred and twenty acres, the usual quantity. An oxgang, or bovate, was the eighth part of a carucate representing the share of one ox, and measuring about fifteen acres. The three carucates and two oxgangs in the manor would contain about three hundred and ninety acres. The nine oxgangs in the berewic would measure about one hundred and thirty-five acres.

The ploughland reckoned in Sudtone thus amounts to five hundred and twenty-five acres "to be taxed." Many attempts have been made to account for this peculiar e.xpression, which seems to suggest that there was other plough land that was not taxable. By the old system of cultivation it was not possible to produce a crop off the same land more frequently than two years in three ; or, if the land was poor, one year in two. There is little doubt that in Sudtone the land had always produced a crop two years in three, there would, therefore, always be at least one-third part of it lying fallow. It may be that this was the land not liable to be taxed. The five hundred and twenty five acres in Sudtone producing a crop would thus be associated with half as much fallow, making a total area of seven hundred and CASTLE HILL. eighty-seven acres, and this is almost precisely the quantity of tillage that was found to exist in Sutton when the open fields were enclosed, a hundred and twenty-seven years ago.

The sixty acres of meadow in the Manor lay outside the arable fields. The rough pasture would be the worst of the grass land, on which the cattle grazed when they were not turned on to the mown meadows, or on to the bare tillage fields. SUTTON-IN-HOLDERNESS. 10 This description of the Manor gives no idea of Sutton as it is known to us. But it very fairly describes the ridge on which the village stood, except that the length of two miles would not include Sefholm and Riseholm. It will be observed that the nine oxgangs in the berewic formed fully a fourth ofthe whole ofthe arable land in Sudtone. The tillage and meadows belong ing to it would generally be intermixed with the lands held by the vassal of Drogo. We shall see that the principal house with the homestead, belonging to the berewic, and occupied by the free-man, was in the centre of the village on the east side of the churchyard, where a terrace has been built in recent years.

It is possible that Sefholm belonged to the berewic. Lanbert, vassal of Drogo de Brevere, was the fore runner, if not the ancestor, of the Lords of the Manor. He was responsible to Drogo for taxes, and for services of various kinds in peace and in war, as Drogo was to the King. The " free man " who held the berewic was the fore-runner of a long line of important men, who were tenants under the College of St. John. The villeins were small farmers or cottagers holding their portion of the land under the Lord of the Manor, assisting in the cultivation of his lands, and giving him part of the produce of the land which they held. The bordars were cottagers, no better than serfs or bondmen, who worked as farm labourers, and were as much attached to the land as the four-footed farming stock. The fact that the Manor was worth as much per annum in 1086 as in King Edward's time, indicates that it had escaped the ruin which had fallen on more prominent places in the north, where manors in general are said to have been greatly reduced in value, and many are reported in the Domesday record as "waste."