Young Japan. Yokohama and Yedo. A narrative of the settlement and the city, from ... 1858 to ... 1879. With a glance at the progress of Japan during a period of twenty-one years

Front matter

YOUNG JAPAN. YOKOHAMA AND YEDO. A NARRATIVE OF TG_E i__¥TL[£[___.[F_T MO® TUE ©.TV FEOM THE SIGNING OF THE TEEATIES IN 1858, TO THE CLOSE OF THE YEAE 1879. WITH A GLANCE AT THE PEOGEESS OF JAPAN DURING A PERIOD OF TWENTY-ONE YEARS BY JOHN B. BLACK, Formerly Editor ofthe 'Japan Gazette,'' and ofthe 'Japan Herald' ; Editor of the 'Far-East,' Illustrated Monthly Magazine. Also the Proprietor and Editor of the 'Nisshin Shinjishi ' — the first Newspaper, (worthy ofthe name J, ever published in the native language in Japan. — o-esSS*-0— IN TWO VOLUMES. VOL. II. LONDON, TRUBNER & Co. Yokohama, Kelly & Co. 1881. (All Rights reserved.) Printed at the " Japan Gazette " Office, No. 70, Main Street, YOKOHAMA, JAPAN. PAGE 1-9 10-16 27-53 CONTENTS. CHAPTEE I. Official announcement of Choshiu's submission. — Practically disproved. — Visit of Sir Harry Farkes and Admiral King to the Prince of Satsuma. — Also to the Prince of Uwajima. — Differing reports of the political situation from Nagasaki and Yedo — Mismanagement of the Tycoon's forces. — Remonstrances against the action of the Government regarding Choshiu

Chapter II

The Yokohama Race Club. — Ascent of Ftisiyama. — The Duke D'Alencon. — The Italian Treaty. — Local incident. — Rice riots. — The Compradores and the ' uncurrent ' Dollar difficulty. — Public meeting. — Establishment of the first Masonic Lodge in Yokohama

Chapter IV

Death of the Tycoon Iyemochi. — Roundabout way of making it known. — The cause of death. — His burial at Shiba. — Witnessed by but one foreigner. — Hitotsubashi's unwillingness to nccept the office of Shogun. — Appeals to the Mikado for confidence and support. — Calls a council of Daimios, and lays his plans before them. — Hitotsubashi entitled to sympathy. — He initiates many reforms, and imparts energy to the proceedings of the Government.— Japanese students at foreign Universities. — Visit of Inabe Mino-no-Kami to Yokohama. — The new Tycoon despatches an embassy to Russia. — Legalisation of rice purchases from foreigners. — Intention of the Tycoon to establish Legations at foreign Courts ?. contents. PAGE 35-48 57-63

Chapter V

Death of Kommei Tenno.— Public fears.— The mourning. — Accession of the present Emperor. — The brother of the Tycoon accredited as his representative at the " Exposition TJniverselle" in Paris. — The Tycoon invites the foreign Ministers to Osaka. — The Ministers' departure for Osaka and their gratifying reception. — The Tycoon himself the originator of the pleasant existing intercourse between Japanese and foreigners. — Danish treaty signed. — Sir Harry Parkes obstructed by a drunken Samurai. — A drunken French sailor killed in Yokohama. — Arrival of the first P. M. S. S. Co.'s steamer, from San Francisco.— JBenefits to Yokohama. — American enterprise

Chapter VI

Teso. — The Ainos. — Excursion of foreigners into the Aino districts and desecration of graves. — A second expedition, and further robbery of an Aino cemetery. — Complaint by the Ainos to the Governor of Hakodadi. — Demand of the Governor on the British Consul, for restitution of skulls and bones taken aud the punishment of the offenders. — Trial and acquittal of the accused.— The Governor appeals. New trial. — The French Minister's remonstrance with the Japanese Government on account of the desecration of the graves of French soldiers. — Government demand satisfaction for the Yeso outrage, from the English Minister.— The culprits punished. — Final settlement with the Ainos 49-5G

Chapter VII

Visit of Admiral King to Chikuzen.— And of M. Leon Roches to the Tycoon. — Foreigners obstructed on the Tokaido. — The Government apologise, and reprimand the Yakunins. — The 'Bankoku Shinbunski.' — Notification from the Governor of Kanagawa that coolies in Yokohama should be clothed...

Chapter VIII

Approaching opening of the new Ports. — A "Proviso" accounts for their not being opened earlier. — Discussions as to the probabilities of trade in connection with them. — The "Rules" for the New Settlement satisfactory 63-6S

Chapter IX

Arrival of the Eaiyo-Naru. — San Francisco capitalists seek investments in Japan. — Gas for Yokohama. — A foreigner, who was clearly in the wrong, stabbed by a Samurai, at Nagasaki. — Missionaries. — Brown's " Colloquial Japanese." "Hepburn's Dictionary." — Present of Arab horses from the Emperor Napoleon to the Tycoon. — Unpleasant incident at Negishi 69-74 CONTENTS. V PAGE 87-95 96-105

Chapter X

Unfounded report. — Benefits of foreign commerce. — The Canal. — Japanese probity. — Bluff lands. — Obstruction offered to two foreigners by a Samurai in Yedo. — The Ainos. ■ — Russian settlement in Saghalien. — The Japanese in Saghalien. — Travelling in Saghalien. — Unsuccessful issue of the Japanese embassy to Russia. — Sir Harry Parkes visits Tosa. — The unpleasant object of his visit. — Murder of two English sailors at Nagasaki, by Tosa men. — The assassins not captured, but the Governor of Nagasaki disgraced. — Loss of the P. & O. steamer Singapore 75-80

Chapter XI

Establishment of the Japan Gazette. — Ascent of Fusiyama by Sir Harry and Lady Parkes. — Tragedy in Yokohama. — Rumours of Hitotsubashi's abdication. — Confidence as to the opening of the Ports. — Extent of proposed Settlements. — Certain Osaka merchants privileged to wear two swords. — The Japan of 1867 not that of 1858. — Resignation of the Tycoon. — " Kinsei Shiriaku " upon the subject. — The chief actors in the coming struggle

Chapter XII

The Municipality resigned into the hands of the Japanese. — Mr. Dohmen appointed Municipal Director. — Absence of the begging fraternity. — Judicious care taken of the poor, by the Government. — Effect of the scarcity of Rice. — Loafers. — Successful efforts to reduce their numbers. — Home for the Poor.— The General Hospital. — Catastrophes in Nagasaki and Yokohama. — Yedo. — Arrangements for the residence of foreigners. — The Yedo Hotel. — Yedo swarming with robbers. — Departure of foreigners for the Inland Sea

Chapter XIII

Opening of Hiogo and Osaka. — Early experiences of Settlers — Hitotsubashi leaves Kioto and arrives at Osaka. — Consequences. — Difficulty of his position. — The Prince of Aidzu. — Shimadzu Osumi-no-Kami's annoyance at the opening of Hiogo. — Intrigues against Hitotsubashi. — The foreign Ministers too strong to be interfered with. — Coup d'etat at Kioto. — Entire change in the Government. — Indignation of Hitotsubashi and his supporters. — Their deliberation and departure from Kioto.— Aidzu aud Kuwana forbidden to re-enter Kioto. — Robbers in Yedo. — Great fight, and destruction of Satsuma's Yashiki in Yedo. — Escape of Samurai. — Naval duel off Mississippi Bay. — Japanese Naval operations in the Inland Sea against Satsuma. —Owari and Etchizen sent to Osaka to invite Hitotsubashi VI CONTENTS.

PAGE to return to Kioto, unaccompanied by his army. — Aidzu and others insist on their troops accompanying him. — The fatal result. — Battle of Fushimi. — Flight of Hitotsu bashi to Yedo. — Foreign Ministers warned to provide for their own safety. — The castle visited by English officials. — French Marines mobbed and obliged to use their arms. — Departure of the foreign Ministers from Osaka — Proceed ings in Hiogo. 106-121

Chapter XIV

Death by drowning of Rear Admiral Bell, U. S. N., his flag Lieutenant and ten Seamen in crossing Osaka Bar. — Danger of the English Admiral a few days before. — Funeral of the deceased.— Death of Mr. Myburgh.— H. B. M.'s Consul at Yokohama issues a Notification in consequence of the disturbances in Yedo, warning his countrymen to avoid long excursions into the country 122-128

Chapter XV

A personal narrative by a former page of the late Tycoon. — His introduction to the Palace. — Iyemochi's kindness. — Presentation to and reception by Hitotsubashi. — Halcyon days. — The daily life of the Tycoon. — Excitement in Kioto before the opening of the Ports. — The Tycoon goes to Osaka. — The consequences '. 129-141

Chapter XVI

The Ex-Tycoon arrives in Yedo. — The Miya, Commanding-in-chief enters Osaka in triumph. — Nature of his office. — Military advisers. — Saigo averse to force. — The force of events. — The Ex-Tycoon stripped of power. — An army under Arisugawa-no-Miya to proceed to the East, to enforce submission. — Southern clans acquiescent. — Matz'daira Bizen -no-Kanii. — Attack on foreigners in Kobe by his troops. — Vigorous action of the foreign Ministers and forces. — Kobe in a state of siege. — Proclamations by the foreign representatives.— Emissaries from Satsuma. — Bad conduct of some foreign soldiers and sailors. — An envoy from the Mikado. — Satisfactory assurances. — End of the state of siege. — Capture, examination and release, of a party of Tosa's officers. — Second visit of the Mikado's Envoy with plan of Government. — Ito Shiunske Governor of Kobe. — Invitation of Ministers to an audience of the Mikado at Kioto. — Mr. Satow and Dr. Willis visit Kioto.— Osaka re-visited. — French Minister returns to Kobe with four men-of-war. — Sir Harry Parkes' influence strongly exerted in support of the new Government, — Sympathy of other Ministers and the communities with the Tycoonate. — Hara-kiri of Bizen's officer 142-161 CONTENTS.

Chapter XVII. Page

Another tragedy. — Intense hatred to foreigners. — The victims Frenchmen. — Admiral Ohier orders survey of coast between Osaka and Sakai. — H. I. M. S. Dupleix arrives to make the survey. — Guests of French Minister at Osaka attempt to visit Sakai. — Turned back by Tosa soldiers. — Steam-launch of the Dupleix waiting at Sakai, attacked by Tosa men, and massacre of the Crew. — Action of the Captain of the Dupleix and of the French Minister. — The funeral of the victims. — Demands of M. Leon Roches on the Government acceded to. — Decapitation of the Assassins 162-168

Chapter XVIII

Imperial amnesty. — Exceptions.— Yedo citizens' manifesto. — Arisugawa-no-Miya sets forth for Tokio. — Tycoon resolutely refuses to oppose the Mikado. — Retires to Uyeno. — Appeals of Rinnoji-no-Miya, Katsu Awa-no-Kami and others, that the city of Yedo might be spared, complied with. — Mikado's Envoy enters Yedo, receives submission of Tokugawa, and proclaims the terms on which the city is unmolested. — Keiki retires to Mito, and' subsequently to Sumpu. — Effects Tokugawa retainers. — Offer of a Yedo merchant to the Rinnoji-no-Miya 169-175

Chapter XIX

The New Constitution.— Sosai, Gijo, Sanyo.— The eight departments. — R.sults of the demeanour of foreign Ministers at Kobe. — Memorial of Daimios to Daijokuan. — 1'he reply. The Daimios set aside. — Okubo Ichizo. — His memorial to the Mikado. — Its result. — Foreign Ministers visit Kioto. — Fanatical attack on Sir Harry Parkes and his retinue. — Details. — Its consequences : Imperial proclamation against all who molest foreigners. — Audience of His Majesty the Mikado. — Return of Sir Harry Parkes to Kobe. — Execution of the assailants.— Swords presented by the Queen to Goto Shojiro and Nakai Kozo 176-192

Chapter XX

Return of Ministers from the Inland Sea. — Opening of Yedo postponed. — Precautions in Yokohama against attack. — Arrival of H. B. M. 10th Regiment.— The Emperor's oath. Emperor visits Osaka. — Review of the Fleet. — Arrival of the Ironclad Stonewall. — Detained by the U. S. Minister to avoid infraction of neutrality. — The procession of the Mikado on his return to Kioto 193-201 CONTENTS.

Chapter XXI. Page

Ohara Saki-no-Jijiu arrives on naval affairs. — Petition of Tokugawa army and navy, as to the terms imposed on Keiki. — The Men-of-war remove from Yedo. — Letter of Yenomoto. — Annoyance of the Imperialists, and letter to Tayasu.— Aidzu's men and others form bands to oppose the Kuangun. — Otori Keis'ke at Utsonomiya. — The courage of both parties, and spirit of their Leaders. — Sanjo arrives in Yedo.— Kamenosuke made the head of Tokugawa family. — The "Shogitai."— Rinnoji-no-Miya.— Battle at Uyeno 202-210

Chapter XXII

The Tokugawa levenues confiscated. — Appropriation for the family. — Expedition against Aidzu. — Desperate fighting. — The Northern Confederation. — Its address as sent to foreign Ministers.— The Imperial reply. — Deserters from the Confederation placed in the van to attack Aidzu. — Aidzu's appeal to them, conveyed to the Kuges in charge, rejected by the military advisers. — Indignation of the clans Yonezawa and Sendai. — Murder of Serata.— Kuges take refuge in Akita. — The Rinnoji-no-Miya in Sendai. — The Mikado of the North. — Decree of the Confederation respectihg him. — The Ex-Tycoon retires to Sumpu. — The Tokugawa navy. — Departure from Yedo, and manifesto of its officers. — Renewed confidence and return of the deserting clans. — Reinforcements and brightened prospects of Imperialists. — The name of Yedo changed to Tokio 211-224

Chapter XXIII

Purchase of the Hongkong Mint, — Base coin. — Paper money. — The difficult task of reconstruction of Government ably conducted by inexperienced men.— The common people took no part in the strife. — Reasons for the Imperial removal to Tokio. — Current events connected with foreigners. — The new Governors of Kanagawa. — Departure of H. E. M. Leon Roches and arrival of H. E. M. Outrey. — Indemnity to men permanently maimed at Kioto. — Municipal affairs in Yokohama.— Mr Benson elected Municipal Director. — Conflict at Niigata.-Loss of H. M. S. Rattler.— Yokoska Dockyard. — Government obtains a loan from Oriental Bank. Serious incident at Osaka. — Review of British troops before Sir Harry Parkes and Sanjo Dainagon on the Mikado's birthday. — Presentation of sword to Nakai Kozo. — Swedish treaty signed.— The Mikado first visit to Tokio 225-236 CONTENTS. IX

Chapter XXIV. Page

Surrender of Aidzu.— End of Rebellion.— Descent of Tokugawa fleet on Yeso. — Hakodate and other places taken. — Loss of the Kaiyo Maru. — Government orders Kamenos'ke to put a stop to the operations in Yeso. — Keiki's offer to lead the expedition rejected. — Rejoicings in Hakodate. — The elected officials. — Memorial from the Clansmen presented by foreign officers, and rejected by Government. — The Northern Daimios summoned to Tokio. — Rinnoji-no- Miya ordered into retirement at Kioto. — Paper money. — Yedo and Niigata 237-242

Chapter XXV

"Sedo and Niigata opened. — Emperor receives all foreign Ministers and many foreign Officers. — Imperial clemency to all who had been in Rebellion. — His Majesty goes afloat for the first time. — Return to Kioto. — Letter of Sir H. Parkes to the English foreign office. — Japanese officials take Dr. Mats'moto out of a foreigner's house whilst a visitor. — Acknowledgement of their error and restitution. — Kinsats' made legal currency in Tokio. — Government fears as to Russia in Saghalien. — Neutrality proclamation withdrawn, and the Stoneioall handed over to the Government. Daimios visit Yokohama. — Violence of Ronins in Kioto. — Murder of Yokoi Heishiro. — Abolition of " Shitaniro." — Kido Jiunichiro. — His antecedents. — His scheme of Government centralization. — Obtains Choshiu's assent to his proposal that Daimios return their territories to the Emperor.

Conference with Okubo.— The leading Daimios assent, and Kido draws up a memorial to the Emperor, which they sign and present. — A " parliament " assembled. — The restdt favourable. — Mikado's return to Tokio. — The " Shimpei " endeavour to dissuade him from leaving Kioto, and failing, accompany him to Tokio. — The Imperial message on opening "Parliament." — Good effects of the discussions. — Close of the Yeso troubles 243-264

Chapter XXVI

Abolition of the distinction between Kuges and Daimios. — All ' Kuazoku.' — Announcement of Sir H. Parkes of the intended visit of the Duke of Edingburgh. — Reply, placing O'Hama Goten at his disposal. — Discussion as to mode of reception. — Triumph of the onward party. — The Prince's arrival. — Levee at the British Legation. -Address of British residents. — H. R. H. at O'Hama Goten. — His gratifying visit to the Emperor. — Arisugawa-no-Miya visits the Galatea, and attends a ball at the English Legation. — X CONTENTS. PAGE Banquet to Admiral Sir H. Keppel.— The Duke leaves Japan. — Turbulence of the Shimpei. — Their return to Kioto. Murder of Omura Masujiro. — The Austro-Hungarian mission, and the treaty.— Old times contrasted with New. — H. E. Mr. De Long's speedy audience with the Mikado. — The Mikado presents his autograph to the Duke of Edinburgh. — Writes an autograph letter to the Emperor of Austria. — The Empress arrives in Tokio. — Local matter. —Death and casualities. — Mr. Brunton and the Lighthouse Department. — Yokohama improvements. — Railways and Telegraphs. — Mr. Lay arranges a Foreign Loan for the Japanese Government -. 205-279

Chapter XXVII

Events begin to flow smoothly. — The Telegraph opened. — Mr. Lay's position. — He engages Engineers, and the Railway is commenced. — Mr. Lay's difficulty. — He places the Loan on the Stock Exchange. - The consequences. — Yokohama improvements. — The English flying Squadron. — ■ Fatal collision between the Bombay and Oneida. — Court of enquiry. — The Government persecution of Buddhists and native Christians. — Remonstrances of the foreign Ministers not a first successful. — First land sale at Tskiji. — The Bluff Gardens, Yokohama. — A sign of the times. — Boiler explosion on board the City of Yedo. — The Satsuma band. — Disagreement between the French and North German Ministers. — Review of troops by the Mikado. — Emperors' relatives visit foreign countries. — Incompetency of Daimios. — Discontent shows itself among the Samurai. — Some of them turn Merchants and farmers. — Marked transition and advance 280-296 CHAPTEA XXVIII.

Concert for the French wounded. — Rival of companies. — Mr. Hannen arrives as A. A. J. of H. B. M. Supreme Court. Murder of Hirosawa Sangi. — Imperial Envoy sent to Kagoshima. — Iwakura's commission. — The Mikado's letter to Shimadzu Saburo. — His reply. — Opening of Yokoska dockyard and Arsenal. — Their cost. — Opening of the Mint. — The currency tampered with. — Niboo-Kin. — Description of the Mint. — The opening ceremonies. — Post offices established 297-308 CONTENTS. XI

Chapter XXIX. Page

The Shinbun Zasshi. — The Empress, the patroness of female industry and education. — Japanese officials and Sericulture. — Sundry visits to the Silk districts. — Officials encourage the Silk industry. — M. Brunat and the Tomioka filature.— JinriKishas. — Samurai of certain clans resign their privileges and become Heimin. — Restlessness in the Government. — Hosokawa resigns his office of Chiji, and suggests constitutional modifications. — Saigo Kitchinosuke made a Sangi. — Probable reasons. — Itagaki Sangi. — Saigo's early history. — Goto Shojiro. — Conversion of Han into Ken. — Certain Samurai request permission to discontinue wearing swords. Imperial commission on Constitutional Law. — The objectionable clauses in the treaties. — Notice given by the Japanese Government of their wish to revise the treaties. — Their uncertain laws a bar to their wishes. — Determination to amend their legal and judicial system. — And to send an embassy to all the treaty powers 309-323

Chapter XXX

Attack on Messrs. Dallas and Ring. — The punishment of the culprits. — Mr. De Long presents his credentials as U. S. Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary. — Three remarkable proclamations. — The Yetas. — A Japanese philanthropist. — The Kaitakushi. — Appointment of General Capron. — Colonization in Yezo. — Horticulture, &c, in the neighbourhood of Tokio. — Disastrous typhoon in the Inland Sea. — Departure of the 10th Regiment and arrival of Royal Marines. — Healthful season. — First trips on the Railway. — Visit of Kobe Athletic Club to Yokohama. — Drs. Mueller and Hoffmann arrive and establish "Dai -Biyo-In." — Changes of the Governors of Yokohama. — Mutsu. — Oye Taku. — The Mikado receives foreign employees 324-333

Chapter XXXI

Marco Polo's golden reports. — Illusion dispelled. — The vision of wealth in Japan excites Kublai Khan to seek its conquest, and Columbus its discovery. — Portuguese and Dutch Traders. — Large receipts in gold. — The Island of Sado. — Its gold mines. — Mr. Gower appointed to superintend them. — Reason of their non-remunerative working. — Russia and Saghalien. — Prison discipline in Japan. — Commissioners sent to Hongkong and Singapore to enquire into the prison system. — Dr. Newton, Lock Hospital and Vaccination. — His death. — The approaching revision of the treaties. — Japanese resolve to send an embassy to the treaty powers. — Iwakura its chief. — His assistants. — The antecedents of Iwakura.— The departure of the embassy.... 334-346 CONTENTS. XII

Chapter XXXII. Page

Imperial visit to Yokosuka. — Festival of Dai-jo- Ye. — Great conflagration in Tokio-Nishi Honganji. — The Government and the foreign claims upon the flans. — Christians set free. — Austrian ambassador invites Japan to take part in the Vienna Exhibition of 1873. — Commission appointed. — The collection exhibited before departure. — Exhibition at Kioto. — Foreigners allowed to visit Kioto. — Treaty between China and Japan. — Reported attempt to assassinate the Mikado. — Reception of the embassy in San Francisco. — The Mission's manifesto 347-360

Chapter XXXIII

Heavy responsibilities of the Government. — Money wanted. — Foreign financial adviser engaged. — Yoshida Kiyomari. — Attempt to raise a loan in America a failure. — Difficulties experienced in Europe. — Ultimate success through the friendly offices of Sir Harry Parkes. — A guarantee required, obtained, and paid for. — The Japanese press. — Starting of the Nisshin Shin Jishi. —Its immediate effects. — Ignorance of the people as to newspapers. — The Mikado visits the South. — Shimadzu Hisamitz's plain-spoken address. — Umbrage of the Government. — The Emperor's return. — The Maria Lui affair. — Abolition of traffic in human servitude. ..361-378

Chapter XXXIV

Yedo E:xhibition. — Grave of Will Adams discovered. — Outbreak at Niigata. — Railway from Yokohama opened to Shinagawa. — Yezo colonization. — The Corean insults. — Burning of the P. M. S. S. America. — State opening o:' the Railway by the Mikado. — Asiatic Society of Japan. — Dr. Hepburn presents a bible to the Mikado. — Visit of H. I. H. the Grand Duke Alexis. — The Mikado visits tbe Russian. Frigate. — Direct shipments of rice to England. — Edict on the fashion of wearing the hair. — The Japanese army. — General Yamagata. — The conscript rules.— Strength of the army. — The French military mission. — Imperial Marines. — The navy 379-3S7

Chapter XXXV

The change in the calendar. — Reception of Ladies by the Empress. — Position of the Empress in Japan. — Improved intercourse due to the desire of a proper reception of the embassy abroad. — The Ladies of the Palace. — Troubles threatened in the provinces. — Demands of the people. — Education.— The new school plans. — Christians restored to their homes. — Peruvian Envoy arrives and a treaty concluded between Japan and Peru 388-398 'CONTENTS. XIII

Chapter XXXVI. Page

Soyeshima accredited Ambassador to China. — Outrage of Formosan savages on wrecked Liukiuans. — Relations of Liukiu to Japan. — The King of Liukiu's account of them. — Soyeshima at Peking.— Chinese Government sanctions the punishment of the Formosan savage tribes by Japan. ...399-405

Chapter XXXVII

Exhibition in the palace, Kioto. — Mikado's palace in Tokio burnt. — Shimadzu Saburo arrives in Tokio. — His retainers. Shimadzu Sa-Daijin. — Inouye Bunda and the finances. — Okuma Okura-Kiyo. — The Duke of Genoa. — Criminal code modified. — Return of Iwakura's embassy. — Postal convention between Japan and America. — J. A. Bingham, U. S. Minister. — Corea, Formosa. — Change in the ministry. — The Portuguese Minister to Japan. — Sheep farming. — Imperial Engineering College. — German Asiatic Society. — Loss of the P. M. S. S. Ariel. — State visits of the Emperor and Empress 406-410

Chapter Xxxviii

Destruction of Zojoji. — Attempted assassination of Iwakura. The culprits decapitated. — First scheme for capitalization of the incomes of Samurai. — Census. — Memorial to Sa In as to a representative assembly. — Yezo. — The Saga rebellion. — Its origin, suppression, and results. — Yeto Shimpei beheaded. — TheFormosan Campaign. — The transitof Venus.. .411-420

Chapter XXXIX

Formosa. — Juloong the freebooter. — China obtains possession and it is placed under the charge of the Viceroy of Fukien. — Northern Formosa Chinese territory. — Southern Formosa Still unsubdued.— Opposition to the expedition.— Appointments connected with it. — Charters effected and preparation made. — The Government designs. — The Savage tribes The English Minister's influence in Japan. - Japanese habit of making indiscriminate enquiries of inexperienced persons, irritating to foreign Ministers. — Quotation from a Chinese document, showing that in 1867, Chinese disavowed the savage territory. — Embarassing obstructions.— Charter of the P. M. S. S. New York broken —Departure of the first Japanese troops. —Purchase of P. & O. S. Delta. — Mr. House on the qualities of the Japanese soldier 421-445 CONTENTS.

Chapter XL. Page

First effect of the Formosan expedition. — Abolition of Sa-In. —Establishment of Genro-In — Tai-Shin In. — Muzzling the Press. — Increase of Newspapers and boldness of their utterances. — What led to the change in the press law. — Rigid censorship. — The press a means of employing the Shizoku. — The Shizoku as employers. — Saghalien ceded to Russia in exchange for the Kurile islands. — Native Steamship Companies. — The Mitsu Bishi. — The National Mail S. S. Company. — The Postal System and its rapid development. — Purchase of Pacific Mail S. S. Co.'s Steamers by the Mitsu Bishi Co. — Examination board 446-456

Chapter XLI

Future of the Shizoku. — Retrospective. — Shimadzu Saburo; his influence and opposition to the Cabinet. — Restlessness of the Shizoku. — Attempt to conclude a treaty with Corea. — Opposition of the Coreans. — Measures adopted, and division of public opinion in Japan 457-46S CHAPTRR XLII. Special embassy to Corea. — Conclusion of a treaty with Corea. Wearing of swords forbidden. — Imperial progress to the North. — Arrival of a Corean Envoy. — His reception. — Discontent in Kiushiu. — Risings in the South. — Sumiye Jimbei. — Mayebara Issei assumes the lead. — Capture and execution of Mayebara Issei. — Capitalization of Pensions. — Public opinion on the matter. — Great advance in price of Silk 464-472

Chapter XLIII

Reduction of the Land Tax. — Limitation of Local taxation. — Discontent among the farmers. — Alarming reports from Kiushiu. — Saigo, Field Marshal and Commander-in-chief. — Shimadzu Hisamitsu. — Death of the Author of " Young Japan." 473-479

Chapter XLIV

The confession of Nakahara Hisao. — Outbreak of the rebellion. — Rebel leaders. — Arrest and degradation of Oyama Tsumayos hi. — First battle and death of Shinowara. — Reported overtures for a compromise. — Firmness of the Government. — Saigo Takamori and his influence. — Description of Saigo Takamori. — Beloved by the common people. — His defence. — Progress of the rebellion. — Hopelessness of the rebel cause. — Succession of Imperial victories. — Dispersion of the rebels and the flight of Saigo. — Supposed close of the war.— Sudden re-appearance of Saigo and Kirino at Kagoshima. — Renewed activity of the Imperialists. — Attack on the rebel position. — Defeat of the rebels, and death of Saigo and Kirino. — Close of the rebellion. — General view , 480-499

Chapter I. Official Announcement Of Choshiu's Submission

PRACTICALLY DISPROVED. VISIT OF SIR HARRY PARKES AND ADMIRAL KING TO THE PRINCE OF SATSUMA. ALSO TO THE PRINCE OF UWAJIMA. DIFFERING REPORTS OF THE POLITICAL SITUATION FROM NAGASAKI AND YEDO. MISMANAGEMENT OF THE TYCOON'S FORCES. REMONSTRANCES AGAINST THE ACTION OF THE GOVERNMENT REGARDING CHOSHIU. The practice of jumping to conclusions is confined to no time or race. At the beginning of July, 1866, the Gorojiu officially announced to foreign ministers that when Choshiu perceived that the troops of the Tycoon were absolutely in motion, he had submitted. It was thus generally believed that the great crisis had passed ; giving to foreigners the expectation that an equilibrium being restored to the country, there would be a general and rapid improvement in trade, and in the relations between themselves and the Japanese who had hitherto opposed them.

It was joyously declared to be a new starting point for Japan. The ratification of the treaties was a real, tangible point of departure ; but the sequel will shew how little reliability could be placed on the submission of the Choshiu clan. VOIi. II A YOUNG JAPAN. On the 12th July the daimio was to have sent hostages to the Tycoon, as a pledge of his good faith ; but on that day he sent a letter, stating that his people were against the arrangement, and would not allow him to keep it. New forces were therefore ordered from Yedo, and the recommencement of war declared to be inevitable. We had not long to wait for it. Before the end of the month, an official communication was sent by the Gorojiu to the foreign ministers, to the effect that fighting had commenced ; and intimating that the Tycoon's army had been successful in three battles.

But while these things were going on, the British Minister was engaged in a manner eminently novel and agreeable. Having paid an official visit to Nagasaki, he returned to Yokohama, taking the opportunity of paying a friendly visit to Kagoshima in his way. The following account of the visit was given me by an officer on board the Princess Royal on its arrival in Yokohama. " The sim shone from a clear sky, and the sea was calm and beautiful, on the 27th July _866, when H.M.S. Princess Royal, followed by the Serpent and Salamis, steamed into Kagoshima harbour. There were some on board who had been there when the sea was furious, and the wind was high, and shots were poured from those grim-looking batteries to the right and left, which were now quiet — with the exception of one, in which the gunners were preparing to salute the admiral's flag.

One could not help contrasting the former hostile visit with the present friendly one, undertaken at the invita tion of Matsudaira Shiuri-no-Daibu, Prince of Satsuma, given to Sir Harry Parkes, through his agent at Naga saki. "In beautiful order the three ships steamed into the harbour a little after noon. As soon as the anchors were let go, the fort near the town fired a salute of fifteen guns, slowly, but with wonderful regularity. The Princess Boyal rattled back the answer. On board the THE BRITISH MINISTER'S VISIT TO PRINCE SATSUMA. 3 Salamis were Sir Harry and Lady Parkes, Dr. Willis and Captain Applin. On the Princess Royal were Messrs. Siebold and Lowder, T. B. Glover and a Japanese interpreter named Hori. " Satsuma's Prime Minister and other officers now came on board, and paid their respects with that courtly politeness which distinguishes the Japanese gentleman ; and, after explaining to them the meaning of what was about to be done, the Japanese flag was saluted with twenty one guns ; the salute being returned by the forts.