England under the Normans and Plantagenets: a history, political, constitutional, and social, etc

Preface

This series of Historical Manuals, of which the volume now reissued stands first in order of publication, is designed expressly for the use of Students, Teachers, and Candidates for examination. Each manual, therefore, presents the following distinctive features: — 1. A Text which serves as a mirror and epitome of the best historical authorities, so copiously illustrated with notes and references that the student can always ascertain the exact sources whence the information is derived. 2. A logical arrangement of the matter upon the basis of historical epochs ; the division of these epochs into subordinate periods; and the subdivision of these into sections and paragraphs, devoted to each event, or group of events, with the salient points of each paragraph specified in marginal notes. 3. An Index so full and elaborate as to present, under their respective heads, an abstract of each reign, the life of every important personage, a connected history of political parties and movements, and of all countries having transactions with England ; a list of battles and sieges, with dates and results; an enumeration of all Acts of Parliament, and, in fine, an epitome of all such matters whose history is necessarily scattered through out the body of the work. 4.

A fuller account of the Constitution and Laws, and of the National Progress in Arts, Literature, and Civili sation than has yet been given in any scholastic manual, with special attention to what is styled the Philosophy of History, so that the mind of the student is elevated above mere memory-work, and he is taught, for ex ample, to think out and unfold the origin, growth, and results of all great movements, and the principles that influenced the men who directed them. The success which has attended the publication of these Manuals is sufficient proof that their special and distinctive character has been appreciated. In return for this, the Author has to observe that each Manual, in its new edition, has been thoroughly revised and brought up, so to speak, to the latest researches in English History, while the volume now issued has been almost entirely rewritten, and very considerably extended.

He has, in fact, gone through each work as an historical student himself; nothing has been omitted which was necessary to the complete elucidation of the narrative, and nothing has been inserted which was irrelevant. Those for whom the works are intended have been constantly before the Author's mind, as they were formerly present in his lecture-room, and his sole aim has been to present the History of England on such a simple and methodical plan, that a youth of ordinary ability may readily comprehend the story, while the student of robust intellect may find abundant matter for thought and for a philosophical survey of the great drama of our national history. ANALYTICAL TABLE OF CONTENTS. GENEALOGICAL TABLES. PAGE The Dukes of Normandy 2 William the Conqueror's Family 8 The Earls of Anjou 47 The Plantagenets (Anglo-Norman) 48 The First Three Edwards 185 The Candidates for the Scottish Throne 193 The French Royal Family, to illustrate Edward III.'s claim . . . . 223 The Sons of Edward III 256 The Family of Lionel, Duke of Clarence 265 The Two Branches of the House of Lancaster 381 The French Royal Family during the 15th Century 395 The House of York 42S The Family of the Nevilles (to illustrate the Wars of the Roses) . . 438

Section I

— HISTORICAL SKETCH OF THE NORMANS PREVIOUS TO THE CONQUEST. PAGE! PAGE I. The first appearance of the Normans 3 4. Their National Character and Influence 5 2. Their Conquest of Neustria under Rollo 4 5. Their Government and Institutions 6 3. Their rapid Progress in Civilisation S 6. William the Bastard, Seventh Duke of Normandy . . . . 6

Section II

— THE REIGN OF WILLIAM THE CONQUEROR. I. From the Battle of Hastings to the 10. The Conqueror's Policy in the beginning of his Reign . . 11 Saxon War of Independence. 1066-67. 7. The Conqueror's Proceedings after the Battle of Hastings 9 II. His return to Normandy .. 12 12. Oppression of the Regents during the Conqueror's Absence 13 8. Proceedings of the Saxons after the Battle 10 9. Coronation of the Conqueror in Westminster Abbey . . 10 13. The Conqueror's return to England VI, PAGE PAGE] II. The Saxon War of Independence. 1068-1072. 25. Calamitous state of England during the War 20 14. Siegeand Surrender of Exeter. 1068 13 15. The Conqueror's First Inva- III. From the Completion of the Conquest to the Death of the Conqueror. 1072-1087. sion of the North. 1068. . 14 16. The Campaign of 1069 . . 15 17.

The Great Danish Invasion . . 15 18. The Great Devastation of the 26. Rebellion of Norman Barons. The Bridal of Norwich .. 21 27. The Conqueror's Quarrel with his son Robert . . . . 22 North 16 19. Partition of the Devastated Lands 17 28. Other domestic troubles of the Conqueror 23 20. Fall of Chester and Subjugation of the Welsh Border . . 17 21. Deposition of the Saxon Clergy 18 29. The Feudal System Established by the Great Council at Sarum, 1085 . . . . 23 30. The Great Survey, 1080-1086 24 22. The Camrj of Refuge in the Isle of 'Ely 18 31. The Conqueror's last War and Death 25 23. Conclusion of the Conquest . . 19 24. The War of the Conquest .. 19 32. Person, Character, and Government of the Conqueror 27

Section III

— THE WARS OF THE CONQUEROR'S SONS. 1087-1154. I. The Eeign of William Rufus, n. The Eeign of Henry the First. 33. The Quarrels among the Conqueror's Sons 28 34. Character and Personal Appearance of the Conqueror's Sons 28 40. Henry's Popular Measure to secure the Throne . . . . 33 41. Henry's Contest with his brother Robert 34 42. -Henry's relations with Scotland and Wales . . . . 36 35. Conspiracy of Odo, Bishop of Bayeaux 29 36. Rufus invades Normandy . . 30 37. Hostilities against Scotland . . 30 38. Expeditions against Wales . . 31 39. Character of the Government during this Reign . . . . 32 43. The White Ship 36 44. Henry's schemes to ensure his Daughter's Succession . . 37 45. Character of Henry's Government 38

SECTION III.

— THE REIGN OF STEPHEN, 46. Circumstances which prevented the Accession of Matilda 35 47. Reasons of Stephen's Success 40 48. The reign begins with troubles 41 49. A Great Conspiracy is formed amongst the Saxons . . . . 41 SO. The Scots invade England to support it 42 51. Secession of Robert of Gloucester and the Clergy . . 43 52. Matilda's Invasion — Capture of Stephen 43 53. Matilda, after a brief reign, retires to Normandy . . 44 54. The War is terminated by a Treaty at Winchester . . 44 55. Miserable Condition of England during this reign ...

Section I

— THE REIGN OF HENRY THE SECOND, pageI PAGE I. Henry's Foreign Dominions. 13. Becket's Return to England . 6 1 I. Henry's Saxon Descent and Consequent Popularity . . 49 14. The Murder of Becket 61 1 5 . The Consequences of Becket's Assassination 62 2. European Politics in the Twelfth Century . . . . 50 III. The Conquest of Ireland. 3. Respective Positions of France and England . . 51 4. Extent and Condition of Henry's Continental Provinces 52 5 . The First War between Henry and the King of France . . 53 16. Ancient Condition of Ireland — its Inhabitants . . . . 64 1 7. Early Irish Civilisation . . 65 18. Irish Laws and Polity . . . . 66 19. Previous Relations between England and Ireland . . 67 n. The Quarrel between Henry and Thomas A Becket. 20. Invasions of Strongbow and his companions 68 21.

Henry's Invasion 69 6. Becket's Early Life and Advancement to Dignity . . 54 22. The First Governors of Ireland 7° 7. His Conduct as Chancellor . . 55 8. Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury 56 9. Beginning of the Quarrel . . 56 10. The Constitutions of Claren- IV. The Wars between Henry and his Sons. 23. The First Family War.. .. 71 don 57 11. Becket's Trial before the 24. The Second War 72 25. Character and Personal Appearance of Henry the Second 73 Council of Northampton . . 58 12. Becket's Exile on the Continent 60

Section II

— THE REIGN OF RICHARD THE FIRST. I. Events which occurred before Richard's departure for the Crusade. III. Domestic Affairs during Richard's Absence. 32. Regency of Longchamp . . 79 26. Character of Richard . . . . 74 33. Princejohn usurps the regency 79 27. Massacres of the Jews .. .. 75 34. John's dealings with Philip during Richard's Captivity So 28. Richard's Extortions to raise money for his Crusade . . 76 IV. After Richard's Return to England. II. Richard's Crusade. 1190-1194. 29. Events during the Voyage to Acre 7^ 30. Richard's Exploits in Palestine 77 35. Richard's new Reign . . . . 81 36. The War between Richard and Philip 81 31. Richard's Captivity in Austria 78 37. The last Saxon Rebellion . . vm. REIGN OF KING JOHN.

Section III

— THE PAGE PAGEl 49. Defeat of John's Allies in the Battle of Bouvines . . . . 92 I. John's Contest with Philip of France. 1199-1206. III. Magna Charta. 121S-1216. 38. Political Position of England at John's Accession . . . . 83 39. John's Title lo the Throne . . 84 40. The Treaty of Goleton . . . . 85 41. Renewal of the War and Murder of Arthur . . . . 85 50. Circumstances which led to the Charter 93 51. The Baronial Leaders . . .. 93 52. The Meetings at St. Alban's and St. Paul's 94 42. Loss of Normandy, Anjou, Maine, Touraine, and Poitou 86 53. The Barons present their demands to the King . . . . 95 54. The Barons march upon London 95 43. French Provinces Remaining to England 87 55. The Council at Runnimede.. 96 56. The Articles of the Great Charter 97 II. John's Controversy with the Pope. 1206-1213. 57.

Effects of the Charter upon the Nation 98 44. The Contested Election of an Archbishop of Canterbury. 88 45. The Election is referred to the Pope 88 46. England laid under an Interdict 89 47. Conduct of John during the Interdict 90 IV. The First Baronial War. 1216-1217. 58. The Pope Annuls the Charter 99 59. John Ravages the whole of Eastern England . . . . 99 60. The Barons seek French aid . 100 48. England becomes the Fief of Rome 91 61. The King's Death and Character 100

Section IV

— THE REIGN OF HENRY THE THIRD. I. Continuation of the First 70. Continued Misgovernment . . 108 Baronial War. 71. Royal Exactions 108 62. Regency of the Earl of Pembroke 101 72. Insurrection in Wales . . . . 109 IV. The Second Baronial War. 63. The French are Expelled . . 102 1258-1270. II. Government of Hubert De Burgh. 73. Simon de Montfort .. .. no 74. The Provisions of Oxford . . 1 1 1 64. Two Political Parties Contest the Government . . . . 103 65. Ascendancy of Hubert de 75. Further Reforms demanded . . 112 76. The King's attempts to regain power ii2 Burgh 104 66. Expedition for the recovery of 77. The Barons Appeal to Arms. 113 78. The First Complete English Parliament 114 the French Provinces . . 104 67. Fall of Hubert de Burgh . . 105 68. His Character 106 79. The Battle of Evesham .. 115 80.

Character of De Montfort .. 116 III. Government by Favourites. 81. Restoration of Order .. .. 116 69. The Rule of Peter des Roches excites a Civil War . . . . 107 82. Court and Private Life of Henry

Section I

— INFLUENCE OF THE CONQUEST UPON THE ENGLISH CHURCH. PAGE] PAGE I. The Saxon Church was to be Subjected to Rome . . 2. Deposition of Archbishop 3. Lanfranc : his Life, Character, and Policy 4. Effects of the Change of US 119 Stigand 119 I Hierarchy 120

Section II

— THE DISPUTES BETWEEN ROME AND THE NORMAN KINGS. 5. SupremacyoftheCrownunder William the Conqueror .. 121 6. Anselm: his life and character 122 7. His Quarrel with Rufus .. 123 8. The Question of Investitures. 123

Section III

— THE RISE AND PROGRESS OF PAPAL DOMINION, 9. Circumstances which gave rise to Papal Supremacy . . 125 10. Events which marked its further progress . . . . 126

Section IV

—' •THE CRUSADES. I. Their Origin and Character. 16. In France they tended to consolidate the Monarchy. 1 30 II. Causes out of which they arose 127 12. The motives which encouraged them 128 17. They gave a new impulse to Chivalry, and improved its institutions 131 13. General Character and Results of the Crusades 128 18. They contributed to the revival of literature and the improvement of the arts . . 132 II. Their Influence upon the Social and Political Condition of Europe. 19. They extended Commerce, Navigation, and Geographical Knowledge . . . . 132 14. They greatly augmented the power of Rome 129 15. In England they favoured the progress of freedom and industry 130 20. They quickened Europe into Mental and Political life . . X,

Section I

— POLITICAL CHARACTER AND RESULTS OF THE CONQUEST. PAGE! PAGE I. Comparison between the Norman Conquest of England and the Barbarian Conquest on the Continent . . 134 3. Events which directly aided the Conquest 136 4. Results which immediately followed the Conquest . . 137 2. Effects of the Union of Saxon and Norman Institutions. . 135

Section II

— THE FEUDAL SYSTEM. I. Its General Character and 1 1 . The different kinds of English tenure 145 Principles. 12. Tenure in Chivalry . . . . 145 5. Origin of Feudalism . . . . 141 13. The Feudal Incidents . . . . 146 6. Allodial and Feudal Lands . . 141 7. How Feudal Lands became Hereditary 142 14. Peculiar kinds of Tenure in Chivalry 147 15. Tenure in Free Socage . . 147 8. Respective duties of Lord and Vassal 142 9. The Ceremonies used in Conferring a Fief 142 16. Tenure in Villeinage . . . . 148 17. Modes by which Villeins obtained Emancipation . . 149 18. Origin of Copyhold Tenure . . 149 19. Influences of Feudalism on Society 150 II. Feudalism in England. 10. Distinctions between English and Contintental Feudalism 143 20. Advantages and Evils of the System 150

Section III

— THE ROYAL AUTHORITY 21. Circumstances which augmented the Royal Power . 152 22. Origin of Royal Prerogative . 152 23. Rise of the Popular Party, or Opposition among the Barons 153 24. The National Revenue and 25. The Great Council or Assembly of the Nation .. 154 26. The Great Officers of the Court I54 27. Business transacted in the King's Court 155 Expenditure 153

Section IV

-THE ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE. I. The Great Law Courts of the I 2q. The fn„rl »rf r„m ™„ 29. The Court of Common Pleas 156 30. The Court of King's Bench. . 157 31. Institution of Justices of Assize 157 Realm. 28. The Court of Exchequer . . PAGE PAGEl II. local and Inferior Courts. 36. The Common Law . . . . 160 37. The Civil Law 161 32. The Hundred and County Courts 158 38. Presentment of Prisoners by a Grand Jury 162 33. The Forest Courts .. ..158 39. The Duel, or Trial by Wager of Battle 162 34. Courts with peculiar jurisdiction 158 40, Wager of Battle in the Court of Chivalry 163 HI. Systems of Law and Hodes of Trial. 41. The Grand Assize . . . . 164 35. Conflicting systems of Jurisprudence 159 42. Anglo-Norman Police . . . . 164 THE NORMAN AND ANGLO-: PERIODS. 1066-1272. ■NORMAN

Section I

— LITERATURE AND LEARNING UNDER THE NORMANS I. Saxon Rule unfavourable to the National Progress . . 165 2. Impulse given to the National Progress by the Conquest . 166 3. Beginning of Learning under the Normans 166 5. Subjects of Instruction.. .. 168 6. Influence of Scholastic Philosophy 168 7. The Diffusion of Literature . . 169 8. Influence of the Church upon Daily Life 170 4. Establishment of Universities and Schools 167

Section II

— SOCIAL LIFE. 9. Grades and Distinctions of the Privileged Classes .. .. 1 71 12. Articles of Diet 173 13. Baronial travelling and retinue 174 14. Norman Style of Dress .. 174 10. The Villeins or Unprivileged Classes 1 72 II. Daily Life in the Castle . . 173 15. Armour and Weapons . . .. 175 16. Sports and Pastimes .. .. 175

Section III

— BUILDINGS AND ARCHITECTURE. 1 7. A Norman Castle 176 18. A Norman House .. .. 177 19. Furniture 178 20. The Houses of the Common 21. Norman Architecture . . .. 178 22. A Norman Cathedral Church 1 79 23. Existing Specimens of Norman Architecture . . . . 1 79 People AND MANUFACTURES

Section IV

— i ■COMMERCE PAGE) 24. Chief Imports and Exports . . 180 25. The Jewish Money Lenders. . 181 PAGE 26. The Flemings and the Woollen Manufacture 182 27. The Currency 182

Section I

— THE REIGN OF EDWARD I. I. Before the Welsh War. 13. The Dispute is referred to Edward for Arbitration . . 193 1. The English Regency . . .. 183 2. Edward's Crusade . . . . 184 14. He decides in favour of John de Baliol 1 94 15. Edward exercises his newpre- 3. Edward's Character and Personal Appearance . . . . 184 4. The First Measures of Edward's Government .. 186 rogatives 194 16. Baliol Revolts and is Deposed 195 1 7. The War with France . . .. 196 II. The Conquest of Wales. 5. Condition of Wales at the time of Edward's Invasion 187 6. Llewellyn's Refusal of Homage 187 7. The Welsh War 188 V. The Scottish War of Indepen dence underSir William WaUace. 18. The First Exploits of Wallace 197 19. The Battle of Stirling . . .. 198 20. The Battle of Falkirk . . . . 198 21. Edward's oppression in raising supplies for his Wars . . 199 22.

The Evil Toll 200 8. Incorporation of Wales with England 189 III. Interval between the Subjugation of Wales and the beginning of the Troubles in Scotland, 1284-1290. 23. Capture and Execution of Wallace 2oi 9. Edward's Mediation in the Contest for the Crown of Sicily 190 VI. Continuance of the Scottish War under Robert Bruce. 24. Edward issues an Ordinance for the Pacification of Scotland 20, 25. The Coronation of Robert Bruce 2f„ 26. Bruce Escapes to Ireland . . 203 27. He returns and gains several victories 20 . 28. Edward dies on the Scottish Border 204 10. Disorders in England during Edward's Absence . . . . 191 II. Death of Queen Eleanor; its Effect on the King's Character igi IV. The Controversy concerning Scottish Homage. 12. The Disputed Succession to the Scottish Throne.. .. Xlll.

Section II

— THE REIGN OF EDWARD II. PAGE! PAGE I. The Third Baronial War. III. Renewal of the Third Baronial War. 1320-1327. 1307-1312. 36. Execution of the Earl of Lancaster 211 29. Gaveston's Conduct towards the Barons 206 37. Rebellion and Escape of Lord Mortimer 212 30. Proceedings of the Lords Ordainers 207 31. Execution of Gaveston by the Barons 207 38. He is joined by Queen Isabella in France 212 39. Rebellion of the Queen and Mortimer 213 40. The King Surrenders and is Deposed 214 II. The Scottish War of Independence. 1307-1320. 32. The Battle of Bannockburn . . 208 33. The Scots make Reprisals in the North 209 IV. Rule of the Queen and Mortimer. 1327-1330. 34. Edward Bruce Invades Ireland 209 41. The Murder of Edward II. . . 214 35. Scotland declared Independent 211 42. Fall ofMortimer and the Queen 216 43. "The Evil Days of Edwardll." 217

Section III

— THE REIGN OF EDWARD III. I. Renewal of the Scottish War. III. The Armistice of Eight Years. 1347-1355. 1330-1337. 59 Incidents of Private Warfare . 235 44. Edward's Popularity and Personal Advantages .. .. 218 45. Seizure of the Scottish Crown by Edward Baliol .. ..219 60. Institution of the Order of the Garter 236 61. The Black Death 236 Garter 46. The Battle of Halidon Hill . . 219 IV. From the Renewal of the War until the conclusion of the Great Peace. 1355-1360. II. From the breaking out of the Great French War until the Capture of Calais. 1337-1345. 62. Events which led to the Renewal of Hostilities 237 47. The Causes of Dispute . . 220 48. Consideration of Edward's Claim to the French Throne 221 ■63. The French King Assembles the States-General 238 64. The Battle of Poitiers 239 49.

Preparations for the War . . 223 50. Edward's Operations in Flanders 224 65. Scottish Affairs during the Captivity of David Bruce . 241 66. Condition of France after the Battle of Poitiers 242 51. The Battle of Sluys 225 52. The King's dispute with Archbishop Stratford 226 53. The disputed succession to the Duchy of Bretagne 226 54. Murder of Von Artavelde ... 227 55. Edward's Famous March before the Battle of Cressy ... 228 56. The Battle of Cressy 230 67. The Treaty of Bretigni 244 68. Circumstances which contributed to England's successes in the French War . 245 V. From the Peace of Bretigni to the Suspension of the War. 1360- 1374. 69. Charles V. Restores Order in France 246 57. Battle of Nevil's Cross 232 58. The Siege of Calais PAGE pageI VI. The Last Five Tears of Edward's Reign. 70.

The Black Prince's Expedition into Castile 247 74. Lay Opposition to Clerical Ministers 251 7.1. Events which led to the Renewal of the War with France 248 75. Lancaster's Misrule 251 76. Proceedings of the "Good Parliament " 252 72. General Character of the War which followed 249 77. The Last Year of the Reign . 253 78. General Character of Edward 73. General Result of Edward's French War 250 and his Reign 254 REIGN OF RICHARD II.

SECTION III.

— THE HI. The Dissensions between Richard and his Uncles. 1382-1389. I. Proceedings of Richard' s First Parliaments. 1377-1381. 86. An Alleged Conspiracy to place Lancaster on the Throne 264 79. Important features of the Reign ... 255 80. Continued Opposition of the Commons to Lancaster's Administration 257 87. Events during Richard's Invasion of Scotland 264 88. Proceedings of Gloucester's "Wonderful Parliament" 266 81. The Parliament controls the accounts and the appointment of Ministers 258 89. Civil War between the King and Gloucester 267 II. The Great Uprising of the Serfs. 1381. IV. Richard's Ten Tears of Power. 1389-1399. 90. The King suddenly resumes the Government 268 82. The causes which produced discontent 259 83. The Risings in Essex and Kent 260 91. The King's first Visit to Ireland 269 92.

Richard's Revenge upon Gloucester and his Partisans ... 270 84. The Insurgents enter London and are pacified by the King 261 85. Conduct of the Government after the Rebellion was suppressed 262 93. The Quarrel of Hereford and Norfolk 271 94. Richard's Despotic Rule ... 272 95. Bolir.gbroke's Invasion — Deposition of Richard 273

Section I

— THE CHURCH AS AN INDEPENDENT STATE WITHIN THE REALM. I. Circumstances which maintained Papal Supremacy... 275 2. Clerical Opposition to Rome PAGE 3. Judicial Immunities of the Clergy 278 4. Jurisdiction of the Spiritual Courts 278 PAGE 5. Wealth and Power of the Church 279

Section I

, -THE CROWN. I . Principles of the Constitution Established by the Great Charter 289 2. Powers and Prerogatives of the Crown 289 3. The Limitations upon the Power of the Crown ... 290 5. Hereditary Succession 292 6. Parliamentary Revenues of the Crown 293 7. Imperial Revenues of the 296 Crown 294 8. General Character of the Government 296 4. Tyrannical Exercise of the Royal Prerogatives 291 OF PARLIAMENT,

Section II

— THE CONSTITUTION Union of County and Borough Representation... 301 9. Its Origin and Early Composition 296 10. Origin of the House of Peers. 297 14. Advantages derived from the Division of Parliament into Two Houses 302 II. The House of Commons — Origin of County Representation 298 15. The Constitution of Parliament 303 16. Mode of Transacting Busi- 12. Rise of Borough Representation 300 3. Advantages attending the ness

Section III

— ESTABLISHMENT OF THE PRIMARY PRINCIPLES OF THE CONSTITUTION. PAGE; PAGE 1 7. Origin of the Struggle between King and Commons 306 18. The Illegality of Raising Money without Consent of Parliament 307 19. The Concurrence of both 20. The Administration of Government is Subject to the Inspection and Control of Parliament 309 21". The Right of Impeachment... 309 22. Appropriation of Supplies ... 310 Houses necessary to Legis lation 307

Section IV

— IMPROVEMENTS IN LAW AND THE ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE. 26. Reorganisation of the Courts of Justice 313 23. The Statute of Treasons ... 311 24. The Statute of Westminster the First 312 27. Measures of Police 314 25. The Statutes of Entail and Quia Emptores 313 28. Securities for the Administration of Justice 315

Section V

— ' ■TRIAL BY JURY. 29. Distinction between English and Foreign Juries 316 30. Saxon Mode of Trial by Jury 316 31. NormanModeof Trialbyjury 317 32. Establishment of Trial by Jury in England 317 33. Growth of Trial by Jury ... 318 34. Advantages of Trial by Jury . 319

Section I

— THE CUSTOMS OF CHIVALRY AND WAR I. Character and Spirit of Chivalry. 9. The Connection of Chivalry with Military Service ... 328 I. Origin and Growth of Chivalry 320 HI. Decline of Chivalry. 2. The Virtues it encouraged ... 321 3. The Evils it produced 321 4. Influence of Chivalry upon the Habits of the Nobility ... 322 5. Position of Women in Society 323 10. Small Influence of Chivalry in England 329 II. Circumstances which tended to its general decay 330 12. Relics of Chivalry 331 II. Circumstances which encouraged Chivalry. IV. The Military and Naval Resources. 6. Regular Education for Knighthood 325 7. The encouragement of Princes — Tournaments 327 8. The Privileges of Knighthood 328 13- The Army 351 14. The Militia 332 15. Composition of the Army ... 333 16. The Navy 335 17. Armour and Weapons

Section II

— COUNTRY LIFE. PAGEI PAGE I. The Landed Proprietors and their Dependents. II. Causes which led to the Emancipation of the Serfs. 18. Freedom of Social Intercourse during the Fourteenth Century 336 19. Agricultural Classes . . . . 336 20. Wealth and Estate of a Baron 337 21. The Franklin, or Country Gentleman 337 22. General Condition of Agriculture 339 23. Officers and Labourers engaged on the Manor . . 340 24. Wages and Hiring . . . . 341 25. Rise of the Copyholders .. 341 26. The Improved Condition of the towns 342 27. Continuous Warfare abroad . . 342 28. The Great Pestilence, or Black Death 342 29. Influence of the Roman Catholic Church . . . . 344 30. Contrast between the two Insurrections under Wat Tyler and Jack Cade . . 344

Section III

— TOWN LIFE. I. Guilds and Corporations. 36. London Houses, Shops, and Streets 351 31. Condition of Towns after the Conquest 345 32. Origin of Municipal Corporations 346 33. Rise of Guilds or Commercial Corporations 347 II. Trade and Manufactures. 37- Foreign Traders 352 38. Internal Trade 353 39. The Woollen Manufacture . . 354 34. Intemalorganisationofaguild 348 40. New Arts and Inventions . . 355 35. London Merchants — their Influence and Wealth . . . . 349 41. Male Costumes of the Period 356 42. Female Costumes 356

Section IV

— CLERICAL AND MONASTIC LIFE. 43- The Regular Clergy .. ..357 44. The Secular Clergy . . . . 359 45- The Monks of the Fourteenth Century 361 46. The Mendicant Friars . . . . 362

Section V

— ARCHITECTURE. 47. The Gothic Style of Architecture 364 48. The Early English Style . . 364 51. Ornaments and Mouldings of this Style 367 52. Castles 367 53. Old English Manor Houses. . 368 49. Characteristic Ornaments of the Style 365 50. The Decorated English Style 366 55. Construction of Houses . . 369 56. Furniture

Section VI

— LITERATURE, LEARNING, AND EDUCATION. PAGE 57. Progress of English Language 371 58. Education of Laymen .. .. 372 59. Branches of Scholastic Education 373 60. Schools and Colleges . . . . 374 PAGE 61. Literary Men. Famous Schoolmen 375 62. Chroniclers — Matthew Paris . 376 63. Poets — Piers Plowman . . .. 377 64. Chaucer and Gower . . . . 377

Section I

— THE REIGN OF HENRY IV. I. Conspiracies for the Restoration of Richard. 8. The Rebellion of the Percies. 387 9. The Northern Conspiracy . . 388 1. Distinctive Features of the Period 379 10. The Last Rising of Glendower 389 2. HenryVClaim to the Throne 380 3. The Authority of Parliament is Restored 382 4. Conspiracy in Favour of Richard 383 5. Murder of Richard in Pontefract Castle 384 6. The Battle of Homildon Hill 384 HI. Henry's Domestic Government. II. Statutes for the Settlement of the Succession 390 12. Character of the Prince of Wales 390 II. The Rebellions in connection with the Rising of Glendower. 7. The Feud between Lord Grey and Owen Glendower . . 386 13. The King's Declining Days.. 391 14. Character of Henry's Government 392

Section II

— THE GREAT FRENCH WAR. I." The Troubles which preceded the English Invasion. 21. Conspiracy of the Earl of Cambridge 401 15. French Hostility to Henry IV. 393 16. Condition of France after the 22. The Siege and Capture of Harfleur 402 23. The Battle of Agincourt . . 403 24. Continued Civil War between the Burgundians and Ar- Accession of Charles VI . . 394 1 7. Contests for the Regency between the Dukes of Burgundy and Orleans . . . . 396 magnacs 405 25. Henry determines to Conquer Normandy 406 26. Massacre of the Armagnacs in Paris 407 27. The Siege and Capture of Rouen 408 28. Henry's Negotiations with the French Court . . . . 410 18. The Civil War between the Burgundians and Armagnacs 397 II. During the Reign of Henry V. 19. The First Year of Henry's Reign 400 20. Henry's preparation for the war XIX, PAGEI PAGE 36.