History of Utah ... 1540-1887

Front matter

*3g lljubert Hjoroe Bancroft NATIVE RACES OF THE PACIFIC STATES ; five volumes. HISTORY OF CENTRAL AMERICA ; three volumes. HISTORY OF MEXICO; six volumes. HISTORY OF TEXAS and the NORTH MEXICAN STATES; two volumes. HISTORY OF ARIZONA AND NEW MEXICO; one volume. HISTORY OF CALIFORNIA; seven volumes. HISTORY OF NEVADA, COLORADO AND WYOMING; out volume. HISTORY OF UTAH; one volume HISTORY OF THE NORTHWEST COAST; two volumes. HISTORY OF OREGON; two volumes. HISTORY OF WASHINGTON, IDAHO and MONTANA ; one volume. HISTORY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA ; one volume. HISTORY OF ALASKA; one volume, CALIFORNIA PASTORAL; one volume. CALIFORNIA INTER-POCULA ; one volume. POPULAR TRIBUNALS; two volumes. ESSAYS AND MISCELLANY ; one volume. LITERARY INDUSTRIES ; one volume. CHRONICLES OF THE KINGS ; several volumes.

HISTORY OF UTAH BY HUBERT HOWE BANCROFT 1540-1887 SAN FRANCISCO THE HISTORY COMPANY, PUBLISHERS Entered according to Act of Congress In the year 1889, by HUBERT H. BANCROFT, Im the Office of the Librarian of CongTess, at Washington. All Rights Reserved.

Preface

. In the history of Utah we come upon a new series of social phenomena, whose multiformity and uncon ventionality awaken the liveliest interest. We find ourselves at ooce outside the beaten track of conquest for gold and glory ; of wholesale robberies and human slaughters for the love of Christ; of encomiendas, re partimientos, serfdoms, or other species of civilized imposition; of missionary invasion resulting in cer tain death to the aborigines, but in broad acres and well filled storehouses for the men of practical piety; of emigration for rich and cheap lands, or for colonization and empire alone; nor have we here a hurried scramble for wealth, or a corporation for the manage ment of a game preserve. There is the charm of novelty about the present subject, if no other; for in our analyses of human progress we never tire of watch ing the behavior of various elements under various conditions.

There is only one example in the annals of Amer ica of the organization of a commonwealth upon principles of pure theocracy. There is here one example only where the founding of a state grew out of the founding of a new religion. Other instances there have been of the occupation of wild tracts on this continent by people flying before persecution, or desirouB (V)

PREFACE.

. VI of greater religious liberty; there were the quakers, the huguenots, and the pilgrim fathers, though their spiritual interests were so soon subordinated to politi cal necessities; religion has often played a conspicuous part in the settlement of the New World, and there has at times been present in some degree the theocratic, if not indeed the hierarchal, idea; but it has been long since the world, the old continent or the new, has witnessed anything like a new religion successfully established and set in prosperous running or der upon the fullest and combined principles of theoc racy, hierarchy, and patriarchy. With this new series of phenomena, a new series of difficulties arises in attempting their elucidation: not alone the perplexities always attending unexplored fields, but formidable embarrassments which render the task at once delicate and dangerous.

If the writer is fortunate enough to escape the many pitfalls of fallacy and illusion which beset his wajr; if he is wise and successful enough to find and follow the exact line of equity which should be drawn between the hotly contending factions ; in a word, if he is honest and capable, and speaks honestly and openly in the treatment of such a subject, he is pretty sure to offend, and bring upon himself condemnation from all parties. But where there are palpable faults on both sides of a case, the judge who unites equity with due discrimination may be sure he is not in the main far from right if he succeeds in offending both sides. Therefore, amidst the multiformity of conflicting ideas and evidence, having abandoned all hope of satisfying others, I fall back upon the next most reasonable prop osition left — that of satisfying myself.

PREFACE.

. VII in regard to the quality of evidence I here encoun ter, I will say that never before has it been my lot to meet with such a mass of mendacity. The attempts of almost all who have written upon the subject seem to have been to make out a case rather than to state the facts. Of course, by any religious sect dealing largely in the supernatural, fancying itself under the direct guidance of God, its daily doings a standing miracle, commingling in all the ordinary affairs of life prophecies, special interpositions, and revelations with agriculture, commerce, and manufactures, we must ex pect to find much written which none but that sect can accept as true. And in relation to opposing evidence, almost every book that has been put forth respecting the people of Utah by one not a Mormon is full of calumny, each author apparently endeavoring to surpass his predecessor in the libertinism of abuse.

Most of these are written in a sensational style, and for the purpose of deriving profit by pandering to a vitiated public taste, and are wholly unreliable as to facts. Some few, more especially among those first appear ing, whose data were gathered by men upon the spot, and for the purpose of destroying what they regarded as a sacrilegious and pernicious fanaticism, though as vehement in their opposition as any, make some pretensions to honesty and sincerity, and are more worthy of credit. There is much in govern ment reports, and in the writings of the later resi dents in Utah, dictated by honest patriotism, and to which the historian should give careful attention. In using my authorities, I distinguish between these classes, as it is not profitable either to pass by any thing illustrating principles or affecting progress, or

PREFACE.

. to print pages of pure invention, palpable lies, even for the purpose of proving them such. Every work upon the subject, however, receives proper bibliograph ical notice. The materials for Mormon church history are exceptionally full. Early in his career the first presi dent appointed a historiographer, whose office has been continuous ever since. To his people he himself gave their early history, both the inner and intangi ble and the outer and material portions of it. Then missionaries to different posts were instructed to make a record of all pertinent doings, and lodge the same in the church archives. A sacred obligation seems to have been implied in this respect from the beginning, the Booh of Mormon itself being largely descriptive of such migrations and actions as usually constitute the history of a people.

And save in the matters of spir itual manifestations, which the merely secular historian cannot follow, and in speaking of their enemies, whose treatment we must admit in too many instances has been severe, the church records are truthful and reliable. In addition to this, concerning the settlement of the country, I have here, as in other sections of my historical field, visited the people in person, and gathered from them no inconsiderable stores of original and interesting information. Upon due consideration, and with the problem fairly before me, three methods of treatment presented themselves from which to choose: first, to follow the beaten track of calumny and vituperation, heaping upon the Mormons every species of abuse, from the lofty sarcasm employed by some to the vul gar scurrility applied by others; second, to espouse

PREFACE.

. IX the cause of the Mormons as the weaker party, and defend them from the seeming injustice to which from the first they have been subjected; third, in a spirit of equity to present both sides, leaving the reader to draw his own conclusions. The first course, however popular, would be beyond my power to follow; the second method, likewise, is not to be considered; I therefore adopt the third course, and while giving the new sect a full and respectful hearing, withhold nothing that their most violent opposers have to say against them. Anything written at the present day which may properly be called a history of Utah must be largely a history of the Mormons, these being the first white people to settle in the country, and at present largely occupying it. As others with opposing interests and influences appear, they and the great principles thereby brought to an issue receive the most careful consideration.

And I have deemed it but fair, in presenting the early history of the church, to give respectful consid eration to and a sober recital of Mormon faith and experiences, common and miraculous. The story of Mormonism, therefore, beginning with chapter iii., as told in the text, is from the Mormon standpoint, and based entirely on Mormon authorities; while in 'the notes, and running side by side with the subject matter in the text, I give in full all anti-Mormon arguments and counter-statements, thus enabling the reader to carry along both sides at once, instead of having to consider first all that is to be said on one side, and then all that is to be said on the other. In following this plan, I only apply to the history of Utah the same principles employed in all my his torical efforts, namely, to give all the facts on every

PREFACE.

. side pertinent to the subject. In giving the history of the invasion and occupation of the several sections of the Pacific States from Panama to Alaska, I have been obliged to treat of the idiosyncrasies, motives, and actions of Roman catholics, methodists, presbyterians, episcopalians, and members of the Greek church: not of the nature or validity of their re spective creeds, but of their doings, praising or blam ing as praise or blame were due, judged purely from a standpoint of morals and humanity according to the highest standards of the foremost civilization of the world. It was not necessary — it was wholly outside the province of the historian, and contrary to my method as practised elsewhere — to discuss the truth or falsity of their convictions, any more than when writing the history of Mexico, California, or Oregon to advance my opinions regarding the in spiration of the scriptures, the divinity of Christ, prophecies, miracles, or the immaculate conception.

On all these questions, as on the doctrines of the Mormons and of other sects, I have of course my opinions, which it were not only out of place but odious to be constantly thrusting upon the attention of the reader, who is seeking for facts only. In one respect only I deem it necessary to go a little further here: inasmuch as doctrines and beliefs enter more influentially than elsewhere into the origin and evolution of this society, I give the history of the rise and progress of those doctrines. Theirs was not an old faith, the tenets of which have been fought for and discussed for centuries, but professedly a new reve lation, whose principles are for the most part unknown to the outside world, where their purity is severely questioned. The settlement of this section sprung

PREFACE.

. XI primarily from the evolution of a new religion, with all its attendant trials and persecutions. To give their actions without their motives would leave the work obviously imperfect; to give their motives with out the origin and nature of their belief would be impossible. In conclusion, I will say that those who desire a knowledge of people and events impartially viewed, a statement of facts fairly and dispassionately presented, I am confident will find them here as else where in my writings. PASS CONTENTS OF THIS VOLUME.

Chapter I. Discoveries Of The Spaniards

1540-1777. Francisco Vazquez de Corouado at Cibola — Expedition of Pedro de Tobar and Father Juan de Padilla — They Hear of a Large River — Garcia Lopez de Cardenas Sent in Search of It — The First Europeans to Approach Utah — Route of Cardenas — Mythical Maps — Part of the Northern Mystery — Journey of Dominguez and Escalante — The Course They Followed — The Rivers They Crossed — The Comanches — Region of the Great Lakes — Rivers Timpanogos, San Buenaventura, and Others — The Country of the Yutas — Route from Santa Fe" to Monterey — The Friars Talk of the Lake Country — Return of the Spaniards to Zuni and March to Santa Fe > CHAPTER H ADVENT OF TRAPPERS AND TRAVELLERS. 1778-1846. Invasion by Fur-hunters — Baron la Hontan and his Fables — The Popular Geographic Idea — Discovery of the Graat Salt Lake — James Bridger Deciding a Bet — He Determines the Course of Bear River, and Comes upon the Great Lake — Henry, Ashley, Green, and Beckwourth on the Ground — Fort Built at Utah Late — Peter Skeen Ogden — Journey of Jedediah S. Smith — A Strange Country, — Pegleg Smith — Wolfskill, Yount, and Burton Traverse the Country — Walker's Visit to California. — Some Old Maps — The Bartleson Company — Statements of Bidwell and Belden Compared — Whitman and Lovejoy — Fremont — Pacific Coast Immigrations of 1845 and 1846— Origin of the Name Utah IS CHAPTER HX THE STORY OF MORMONISM. 1820-1830.

A Glance Eastward — The Middle States Sixty Years Ago — Birth and Parentage of Joseph Smith — Spiritual Manifestations— Joseph Telb> (Uil) CONTENTS. rAGS 36 his Vision — And is Reviled — Moroni Appears— Persecutions — Copy ing the Plates — Martin Harris — Oliver Cowdery — Translation — The Book of Mormon— Aaronic Priesthood Conferred— Conversions— The Whitmer Family— The Witnesses— Spaulding Theory— Printing of the Book— Melchisedec Priesthood Conferred— Duties of Elders ami Others— Church of Latter-day Saints Organized— First Miracle- - First Conference — Oliver Cowdery Ordered to the West

CHAPTER IV. THE STORY OF MORMONISM.

1830-1835. Parley Pratt's Conversion — Mission to the Lamanites — The Missionaries at Kirtland — Conversion of Sidney Rigdon — Mormon Success at Kirtland — The Missionaries in Missouri — Rigdon Visits Smith — Edward Partridge— The Melchisedec Priesthood Given — Smith and Rigdon Journey to Missouri — Bible Translation — Smith's Second Visit to Missouri — Unexampled Prosperity — Causes of Persecutions — Mobocracy — The Saints are Driven from Jackson County — Treachery of Boggs — Military Organization at Kirtland — The Name Latter-day J.aints— March to Missouri 71

CHAPTER V. THE STORY OP MORMONISM.

1835-1840. President Smith at Kirtland — First Quorum of Twelve Apostles — The Kirtland Temple Completed — Kirtland Safety Society Bank — In Zion Again — The Saints in Missouri — Apostasy — Zeal and Indiscretion — Military Organization — The War Opens — Depredations on Both Sides — Movements of Atchison, Parks, and Doniphan — Attitude of Boggs — Wight and Gilliain — Death of Patten — Danite Organization — Order Lodge— Haun Mill Tragedy — Mobs and Militia — The Tables Turned — Boggs' Exterminating Order — Lucas and Clark at Far West — Surrender of the Mormons — Prisoners — Petitions and Memorials — Expulsion — Gathering at Quincy — Opinions Ill

CHAPTER VI. THE STORY OF MORMONISM,

1840-1S44. The City of Nauvoo — Its Temple and University — The Nauvoo Legion— The Mormons in Illinois— Evil Reports — Revelation on Polygamy Its Reception and Practice— The Prophet a Candidate for the Presidency — The Nauvoo Expositor— Joseph Arrested— Governor Ford and his Measures— Joseph and Hyrum Proceed to Carthage— Their Imprisonment— The Governor's Pledge— Assassination of the Prophet CONTENTS. XV PAGE and his Brother — Character of Joseph Smith — A Panic at Carthage — Addresses of Richards and Taylor — Peaceful Attitude of the Mormons 143 CHAPTER VH. BRIGHAM YOUNG SUCCEEDS JOSEPH. 1844-1845. The Question of Succession — Biography of Brigham Young — His Early Life — Conversion— Missionary Work — Made President of the Twelve — His Devotion to the Prophet — Sidney Rigdon and Brigham Young Rival Aspirants for the Presidency — Rigdon's Claims — Public Meetings — Brigham Elected President of the Church — His Character — Temple-building — Fresh Disasters— The Affair at Morley — The Men of Quincy and the Men of Carthage — The Mormons Consent to Abandon their City 193 CHAPTER VHI EXPULSION FROM NAUVOO. 1845-1846.

A Busy City — Meeting in the Temple — Sacrifice of Property — Detachments Move Forward — A Singular Exodus — The First Encampment — Cool Proposal from Brother Brannan — The Journey — Courage and Good Cheer — Swelling of their Numbers — The Remnant of the Saints in Nauvoo — Attitude of the Gentiles — The Mormons Attacked — Continued Hostilities — The Final Departures — The Poor Camp — A Deserted City 214

CHAPTER IX. AT THE MISSOURI.

1846-1847. Native Races of the Missouri — The Pottawattamies and the Omahas — The Mormons Welcomed as Brethren — War with Mexico — California Territory — Mexican Boundaries — Application to the United States Government for Aid — An Offer to Serve as Soldiers Accepted — Organization of the Mormon Battalion — Departure of the Battalion — Bounty Money — March across the Continent — The Battalion in California — Matters on the Missouri 236

CHAPTER X. MIGRATION TO UTAH.

1847. Camp Near the Missouri— Preparations at Winter Quarters— Departure of the Pioneer Band— Elkhorn Rendezvous — Route and Routine — Incidents of Journey — Approach to Zion — In the Canon— liosann»l CONTENTS. XVI PASS Hallelujah!— Entry into the Valley of the Great Salt Lake—Plough ing and Planting— Playing and Praising— Site for a City Chosen- Temple Block Selected— Return of Companies to Winter Quarters— Their Meeting with the Westward-bound— General Epistle of the Twelve 252

CHAPTER XI. IN THE VALLEY OF THE GREAT SALT LAKB.

1848. Food and Raiment— Houses— Home Manufactures— The Fort— Wild Beasts— Cannon from Sutter's Fort— Indian Children for Sale- Measles— Population— Mills aud Farming Machinery— The Plague of Crickets— They are Destroyed by Gulls— Scarcity of Provisions— The Harvest Feast— Immigration— Five Thousand Saints Gathered in the Valley— Fencing and Farming —Distribution of Lots— Organization of County Government— Association for the Extermination of Wild Beasts 275

CHAPTER XII. IW THE VALLEY OF THE GREAT SALT LAKE.

1849. Food Supplv and Shelter- Building Lots— Currency Issue — Bank Notes and Coinage — Private and Public Buildings — Wide Area of the City — Second Anniversary of the Pioneers— Festivals and Amusements —Labor a Duty among the Saints — Effect of the California Gold Discovery — Immigration — Carrying Company — California-bound Emigrants — Their Traffic with the Mormons — Prodncts and Prices — Gold-hunting Frowned upon by the Church 288 CHAPTER XHI. SETTLEMENT AND OCCUPATION OF THE COUNTRY. 1847-1852. Founding of Centreville — Bountiful— Ogden— Lynne — Easton — Marriotsville — San Pete — Provo — Indian War — Walled Cities — Evansville — Lehi — Battle Creek — Pleasant Grove — American Fork — Payson — Nephi — Manti — Chief Walker — Fillmore — Site Chosen for the Capital— Tooele — Grantsville— Kaysville — Little Salt Lake — Parowan — Cedar City — Paragoonah — Forts Walker and Harmony — Box Elder Creek — Brigham City — Willard City — San Bernardino in California . 305

CHAPTER XIV. EDUCATION, MANUFACTURES, COMMERCE, AGRICULTURE, SOCIETY.

1850-1852. Boundaries and Extent of Utah — Configuration and Physical Features of the Country — Its Lands and Waters — Flora and Fauna — State Uni- CONTENTS. XVII 321 versity — Curriculum — Educational Ideas— Library — Periodicals — Tabernacle and Temple— New Fort— Progress of the Useful Arts- Mills, Factories, and Manufactures — Farm Products — Traffic — Popu lation — Revenue — Mortality — Healthful Airs and Medicinal Springs.

CHAPTER XV. MORMONISM AND POLYGAMY.

What is Mormonism? — Tenets of the Chur«h — Sacred Books and Personages — Organization — Priesthood — First Presidency — The Twelve Apostles — Patriarchs — Elders, Bishops, Priests, Teachers, and Deacons — The Seventies — Stakes and Wards — Marriage — Temple-building — Tabernacle — Political Aspect — Polygamy as a Church Tenet — Celestial Marriage — Attitude and Arguments of Civilization — Polygamy's Reply — Ethics and Law — The Charge of Disloyalty — Proposed Remedies ... 333

CHAPTER XVI. MISSIONS AND IMMIGRATION.

1830-1883. Mormon Missionaries — Parley Pratt and his Colleagues — Missionary Labor in Canada — In Great Britain — Missionaries in Europe — And in Other Parts of the World — The Perpetual Emigration Fund — A General Epistle of the Twelve — From Liverpool to Salt Lake City for Fifty Dollars — Emigrant Ships — Report of a Liverpool Manager — The Passage to New Orleans — Overland Travel — Classes of Emigrants — George A. Smith's Companies at South Pass — The Handeart Emigration — Biographical 397 CHAPTER XVLT. UTAH AS A TERRITORY. 1849-1853. Need of Civil Government — The State of Deseret Organized — Memorials for Admission into the Union — Proposed Consolidation with California — Administration of Justice — Proceedings of the Legislature — Babbit's Reception at Washington — The State of Deseret before Congress — Act to Establish a Territorial Government — Appointment of Officials — 111 Feeling between Them and the Mormons — The Officials Depart for Washington — Measures of the Legislative Assembly — Stansbury's Survey — The Gunnison Massacre — Indian Outbreaks — The Walker War — Mexican Slave-traders 439

CHAPTER XVIII. THE GOVERNMENT IN ARMS.

1853-1857. Brigham as Dictator — Utah Seeks Admission as a State — Dissatisfaction among the Saints — Conflicting Judiciaries — The New Federal Offi- Hibt. Utah, b CONTENTS. PAOi cials — Disputes with Judge Drummond — Colonel Steptoe — An Expe dition Ordered to Utah— Official Blunders— The Troops Assemble at Fort Leavenworth — Hockaday and Magraw's Mail Contract — Tbi Brigham Young Express — Celebration of the Pioneer Anniversary- - News of the Coming Invasion — Its Effect on the Mormons — Arrival of Major Van Vliet — The Nauvoo Legion — Mormon Tactics 481

CHAPTER XIX. THE UTAH WAR.

1857-1858. Opening of the Campaign — Burning of Supply Trains — Strategic Movement of Colonel Alexander — His Retreat — Arrival of Albert Sidney Johnston — The March to Fort Bridger— Winter at Camp Scott — Mission of Colonel Kane — Governor Cumming at Salt Lake City — Pardon Proclaimed — The Peace Commissioners — The Army of Utah Advances on Zion — The City Deserted — The Mormons Return to Their Homes — The Troops Cantoned at Camp Floyd — Conduct of the Soldiery and Camp Followers — Judges Sinclair and Cradlebaugh — The Reformation in Utah 512

CHAPTER XX. THE MOUNTAIN MEADOWS MASSACRE.

1857. An Arkansas Emigrant Party Arrives at Salt Lake City — Assassination of Parley P. Pratt— 111 Feeling against the Emigrants— Alleged Outrages — Their Arrival at Mountain Meadows — They are Attacked by Indians— A Flag of Truce— Plan of the Massacre— Surrender of the Emigrants— The Butchery— Burial of the Slain— The Survivors Judge Cradlebaugh's Investigation— The Aiken Massacre — John D. Lee on Trial— Tl»e Jury Disagree— The Second Trial-Lee Convicted, and Sentenced — His Confession and Execution 543

CHAPTER XXI. POLITICAL, SOCIAL, AND INSTITUTIONAL.

1859-1862. Brigham Threatened with Arrest— The Federal Judges Reproved— Departure of Governor Cumming— And of the Army of Utah— Population of the Territory— Mortality— Wealth— Industries— Prices- Wages— Trade— Salt Lake City in 1860— The Temple Block— Social Gatherings— Theatricals— Scientific and Other Institutions— Character of the Population— Carson Valley— San Bernardino— Summit County and Its Settlements— Purchase of Fort Bridger— Wasatch County— Morgan County— Cache VaHey— Settlements in Southern Utah CONTENTS. XIX PAGE CHAPTER XXH. PROGRESS OF EVENTS. 1861-1869. Governor Dawson's Gallantry — Utah Refused Admission as a State — Passage of a Bill against Polygamy — Measures of the Legislature — Arrival of Governor Harding — Disputes between Brigham and the Federal Officials — Arrival of the California Volunteers — A False Alarm — The Morrisite Troubles — Governors Doty and Durkee — The Limits of Utah Curtailed — Celebration of Lincoln's Second Inauguration — The Brassfield and Robinson Murders — Indian Outbreaks — The Battle of Biar River — Disturbances in Southern Utah — Treaties with Indian Tribes— The Uintah Valley Reservation — Bibliographical 604 CHAPTER XXHI SCHISMS AND APOSTASIF.S. 1844-1869.

The Strangites — The Gatherers — Brannan's Followers — The Gladdenites — The Reorganized Church of Latter-day Saints — Alexander and David Hyrum Smith — The Utah Magazine — Trial of Godbe and Harrison — Success of the Godbeite Movement — The Struggle for Commercial Control — Persecution of Gentile Merchants — Zion's Cooperative Mercantile Institution — Extent of its Operations — Disastrous Effect on Gentile Trade — Reaction in Favor of the Reformers 641

CHAPTER XXIV. THE LAST DAYS OF BRIGHAM YOUNG.

1869-1877. Visit of Schuyler Colfax — Godbe's Interview with President Grant — Governor Shaffer — Military Riot at Provo — Governor Woods — Judge McKean — Burlesque of Justice — Arrest of Brigham Young and Others — George Q. Cannon Chosen Delegate — Axtell's Administration—Governor Emery — Death of Brigham — His Obsequies — His Character— His Will 656

CHAPTER XXV. CHURCH AND STATE.

1877-1885. Conference of the Church — Reorganization of the First Presidency — John Taylor Appointed President — His Appearance and Mien — The Edmunds Bill — Its Penalties— An Ex Post Facto Law — Polygamists Disfranchised — Utah again Refused Admission as a State — Operations of the Utah Commission — Governor Murray's Message — His Administration 67T CONTENTS. XX PAOB

CHAPTER XXVI. SETTLEMENT, SOCIETY, AND EDUCATION.

1862-1886. Population and Statistics— Salt Lake City— The Temple— The New Tabernacle — The Museum — Condition of the Inhabitants — Distinctive Features— Salt Lake County— Davis County— Ogden— Cache County —Rich County— Summit County— Brigham City— Nephi— Provo — Uintah, Emery, San Juan, Garfield, and Piute Counties— Sanpete and Sevier Counties — Iron, Kane, and Washington Counties — Schools— The University of Deseret — The Deseret Alphabet— Libraries — Journals and Journalism : 691 CHAPTER XXVLT. AGRICULTURE, STOCK-RAISING, MANUFACTURES, AND MINING. 1852-1886. Agricultural Products and Yield per Acre — Irrigation — Character of the Soil — Fruit Culture — Viticulture — Sericulture — Timber and Timber-lands — Bunch-grass — Cattle-raising — Dairy Products — Horses — Sheep — Woollen Manufactures — Leather— Other Manufactures — Iron-mining — Coal-mining — Copper — Sulphur — Gypsum and Mica — Other Minerals — Building Stone — Gold and Silver — The West Mountain District; — The Rush Valley District— The Cottonwood District — The American Fork District — The Tintic District; — The Ontario Mine — Other Mining Districts — Mining Products — Milling, Smelting, and Reduction-works 720 CHAPTER XXVm.

COMMERCE AND COMMUNICATION. 1852-1S85. <toramon Roadways — Railroads — The Union and Central Pacific The Utah Central— The Utah Southern— The Utah and Northern The Utah Eastern— The Salt Lake and Western — The Utah and Nevada — The Denver and Rio Grande Western — Imports and Exports Commerce and Trade — Banking — Insurance — Taxation and Revenue —Mails and Mail Services— The First Telegraphic Message— The Deseret Telegraph Company yg j Index. „„ — ~„J.. .- IN THE HISTORY OF UTAH Adams (G. J.), A Few Plain Facts, etc. Bedford (Eng.), 1841; Letter to President John Tyler. New York, 1844. Address by a Minister of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints to the People of the United States. Printed while the Mormons were at Nauvoo. Philadelphia, n.d. A Friendly Warning to the Latter-day Saints.

London, 1860. Albany (Or. ), Journal. Aldrich (Hazen), The Olive Branch, monthly. Kirtland (O.), 1851-2. Alegre, Hist. Comp. Jesus, i. 233-8. Alexander (W. G), Princ. Mag., xxiv. 687. Alta (Utah), Times. Amberley, in Fortnightly Rev., xii. 511. American Almanac. Boston and New York, 1830 et seq. American Geog. and Statis. Soc. Mag. New York, 1850 et seq. American Quarterly Register and Magazine. Philadelphia, 1848 et seq. American Whig Review. New York, 1845-51. 13 vols. Among the Mormons, in All the Year Round, x. 1863. Among the Mormons, in Gent. Mag., new ser., vii. Ampe>e (J. J.), Promenade en Amerique, etc. Paris, 1855. 2 vols. Paris, 1860. 2 vols. Ancient American Records, n.d. Ancient and Modern Michilimackinac. (History of James J. Strong's Movement.) n.d. Anderson (R. R. ), Salt Lake City Street-Railroad.

MS. Andouard, Far West. Andree (Karl), Die Mormonen und ihr Land. Dresden, 1859. An Exposure of Mormonism. Dunstable (Eng.), n.d. Anti-Mormon Almanac. New York, 1842. Antionh (Cal.), Ledger. A Plan to Solve the Utah Problem. Salt Lake City, 1880. Apples of Sodom. Cleveland (O.), 1883. Appleton (D. & Co.), Amer. Cycloped., N. Y., 1873, 1875; Journal, N. Y. Appleton's Illustrated Hand-book of Amer. Travel. New York, 1856 et seq. Arch. Cal., Prov. Ree. MS., i. 47-8, vi. 69. Archives du Christianisme (1852-3). Ashland (Or.), Tidings. Astoria (Or.), Astorian. Athrawiaeth a Chyfammodau (Wales). n.d. Atlantic Monthly. Boston, 1858 et seq. (xxl) Austin (Nev. ), Reese River Reveille. Authentic History of Remarkable Persons, etc. New York, 1849. A Visit to the Mormons, in Westm. Rev., lxxvi. 1861. A Voice from the Mountains.

Salt Lake City, 1881. Balch (W. R.), Mines of the U. S. Philadelphia, 1882. Ballantyne (Richard), Proclamation of the Gospel. Madras (Hind.), 1853; Only Way to be Saved. Madras (Hind.), 1853; Replies to Rev. J. Richards. Madras (Hind.), 1853; Millennial Star. Madras (Hind.), 1854. Bancroft (H. H.), History of California; History of Nevada; History of New Mex. ; History of North Mex. States; History of Northwest Coast; Native Races, etc. Barber (F. C), in De Bow, Comml. Rev., xvi. 368. Barber (J. W.), History of the Western States, etc. Cincinnati, 1867. Barclay (Jas W), Mormonism Exposed. London, 1884. Barfoot (J. L.), Brief History of the Deseret Museum. MS.; Hand-book Guide to the Salt Lake Museum. Salt Lake City, 1880. Barneby (W. H.), Life and Labor in the Far, Far West. London, Paris, and New York, 1884.

Barnes (D.), From the Atlantic to the Pacific, Overland. New York, 1866. Barr, Treatise on the Atonement, etc. Bates (Geo. C), Argument on Jurisdiction of Probate Courts, etc. Salt Lake City, n.d. Battle of Bear River, 1863. Bays (Joseph), The Blood of Christ. Chatteris (Eng.), 1849. Beadle (J. H.), Bill Hickman, Brigham's Destroying Angel. New York, 1872; Life in Utah. Philadelphia, 1870; Undevel. West. Philadelphia, 1873; Western Wilds. Cincinnati, 1879; in Harper's Mag., liii. 641; Pop. Sci. Monthly, ix. 479; Scribner's Monthly, xiv. 397. Beatie (A. S.), The First in Nevada. MS. Beaumont, Hist. Mich. MS., 407-22, etc. Beaver City (Utah) Chronicle; Enterprise. . Beckwith (E. G.), Report on Route, etc. Washington, 1855; Washington, 1856. Belden (J.), Statement. MS. Bell (J. F.), Reply to John Theobald.