History of the Wars of the French Revolution ... Embellished with portraits of the most distinguished characters of the age and illustrated by maps, etc

Front matter

l'*1"r'""* ,m ,,„ S.BrrnailoUr. , pimiuI'I' ,}._-l_w"hrr_ -' ■ ''" ' "" 1 ,.Hi-hwart»™_3_rrg '"-' .^''/^^/^./''/^v;^//^7///^c^;?///;/./ ■ KJOTTISIBI AUDJflllRAlL 3 . HISTORY OF THE WARS OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION, FROM THE BREAKING OUT OF THE WAR IN 1792, TO THE RESTORATION OF A GENERAL PEACE, IN 1815 ; . COMPREHENDING M CIVIL HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND FRANCE DURING THAT PERIOD. BY EDWAKD BAINES. WITH AN ORIGINAL HISTORY OF THE LAST WAR BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES AND GREAT BRITAIN. BY WILLIAM GRIMSHAW, Of PHIL_.DEI.PUI A. % €m UnlnniM. VOL. I. NEW XOEK: SOLD BY BANGS, BROTHER, & CO., 13 PARK ROW. 1852. Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year one thousand eight hundred and thirty-five, By M' C a r t y & Davis, In the Clerk's Office ofthe District Court ofthe Eastern District of Pennsylvania.

ADVERTISEMENT.

TO THE FOURTH AMERICAN EDITION. The following history of that extraordinary period which commenced with the American Revolution, and ended with the establishment of a general peace in Europe, in 1815 — a period pre-eminently distin guished for intellectual activity and material advancement, for extraor dinary characters and great deeds, for the overthrow of old institutions and the establishment of new ones, for the breaking up of tyrannies dishonoured with the hoar of centuries, and the progress of liberty — it has generally been allowed, is upon the whole the most judicious, interesting, and trustworthy, that we have yet in the English language. The expectation that the brilliant work of Alison would supersede it has been disappointed by the manifest spirit of partiality and injustice with which that performance is written, especially in respect to every point connected with the affairs of our own country.

Preface

TO THE ENGLISH EDITION. Of all the studies which occupy the attention of the statesman, or employ the leisure of private individuals, that of history justly claims the pre-eminence in dignity and in utility : to the statesman it furnishes the most important les sons of political wisdom, and the private individual may hence extract maxims for the improvement of his understanding, and rules for the regulation of his conduct. This remark, though applicable to history in general, applies with peculiar force and cogency to the transactions of that period which this work embraces. If the importance of events be estimated by the magnitude of their effects, and the extent of their influence on the happiness of mankind, we shall be com pelled to confess that this portion of the history of the world is infinitely more interesting than any that has preceded it.

The period of the last five-and twenty years, commencing with the dawn of the revolution in France, has given birth to events which fix the attention by their novelty, gratify curiosity by their variety, and overpower the imagination by their magnitude — events which powerfully interest the heart by the astonishing influence they have exerted, not merely on the fate of monarchs and of empires, but over the do mestic circle of the most retired individual ; and it is no exaggeration to assert that there is scarcely a single inhabitant of Europe that has not been affected by these tremendous occurrences, either in his own person, in his family, or in his near connexions. If time were measured by events, instead of years, centuries might be said to have passed during the age in which we live. To compress the records of these transcendently important occurrences into a moderate compass; to nar rate them in a connected and lucid order, and to furnish a memorial, not merely instructive and interesting to his cotemporaries, but useful to the future histo rian, have been the primary objects of the author's labours.

A work undertaken with such views will, of course, be rather a record of facts than a medium of opinions. The time indeed has not yet arrived for exploring the secrets of cabinets, or for developing the hidden springs by which the principal actors in this mighty contest have been actuated. This is the work of posterity, and can never be successfully accomplished until time shall have shed his mellow ing influence over the passions and feelings which still continue to agitate the present age. In presenting to the public the history of the wars arising out of the French revolution, the most scrupulous regard has been had to fidelity of representation. No event has been suppressed, nor has any fact been distorted, to gratify the partiality or to advance the interests of a party. Truth has been the polar star by which the author has shaped his course ; and, though he makes no pretensions to freedom from political predilection, he assumes perhaps a higher merit, when he declares, that in the prosecution of this undertaking, he is not i

PREFACE.

. conscious of having, in any instance, suffered his mind to be biassed, or his narrative tinctured, by any thing approaching either to national antipathies or to party asperity. Impressed for several years with a persuasion, that a history of his own times would be an acceptable tribute, both to the present age and to posterity, he waited only for the arrival of that period, when the termination of the war should render the annunciation of such an undertaking expedient ; and no sooner had the long-distracted nations of Europe begun to repose under the olive, than he addressed himself with unremitting assiduity to the completion of a duty, which he had contemplated with mingled feelings of hope and apprehension. Rising into manhood at the memorable epoch when the French revolution burst upon an astonished world, he has in effect witnessed the events which it has fallen to his lot to record ; and, engaged in a pursuit which ne cessarily fixed his attention upon the military and political occurrences of the world, he has brought to his voluntary task a portion, at least, of the necessary qualifications for collecting and arranging the materials, which lie scattered through immense masses of state papers, official despatches, and periodical publications ; and it is to the honour of having faithfully discharged this humble but laborious duty, that he aspires.

To every class of readers, a publication of this nature must be acceptable. To those who are sufficiently advanced in life to have witnessed the rise, pro gress, and consummation of the scenes here brought under review, this work will serve as a remembrancer, and present a tablet on which they will find inscribed the topics that fixed their attention in the morning of life, when im pressions are the most vivid and durable, and which will afford an inexhaustible theme for conversation and reflection in their more mature years. Those who entered the theatre after the rising of the revolutionary curtain, and when the great drama had made some progress, will here be able to learn why they found a world in arms, and to take a clear and comprehensive view of the early as well as of the latter stages of the contest ; while those, whose youth has hitherto prevented them from seeling any interest in the affairs of nations, will be brought acquainted with events which have stamped the features of gigantic greatness upon the days of their fathers.

A better defined period of history than that embraced in these volumes, it is impossible to imagine. It comprehends every thing that gives dignity, interest, and importance to the historic page. The opening scenes are calculated to im press the mind by their magnitude and grandeur ; the progress of the narrative is marked by a rapid succession of events, rising in importance as they advance in the order of time ; and in conclusion we behold the world emancipated, by an agency more than human, from a tremendous military despotism, that had nearly drawn into its vortex all the states of continental Europe ; while Great Britain, after braving the revolutionary storms of a quarter of a century, has come out of the contest, not merely with her liberties and invaluable institutions unimpaired, but with her national character exalted, and her army and navy irradiated by wreaths of imperishable renown. CONTENTS OF THE FIRST VOLUME. Introduction - Page 17 CHAPTER Vm.

Chapter I

Irruption into Holland — Siege of Williamstadt — Defeat of the French in Flanders— Dumouriez Military Preparations — French Decree of War — Commencement of Hostilities — Excesses on the retreats from Holland — Battle of Nerwinden — Defection of Dumouriez from the cause of the 20th of June — War declared against France by the allied Sovereigns — The duke of Brunswick Republic — Enters into a Treaty with Prince de appointed Generalissimo — His manifesto — Its Cobourg — Commissioners sent to arrest Duimmediate consequences — Military Force ofthe mouriez — The French General sends them as Confederates — Plan of Operations - -35 Hostages to the Austrians — The French army desert Dumouriez — His flight - - Page 81

Chapter II. Chapter IX

Agitations in Paris — Massacre of the 10th of Au- Congress at Antwerp— Renewal of hostilities — gust — The Royal Family take refuge in the Assembly — The King deposed — M. La Fayette's Dampierre appointed General— Action at Faconduct and history — Disposition of the other French Generals — Distracted state of the Capimars — Death of Dampierre — Surrender of Va lenciennes, Conde, and Mentz — Custine arresttal — Popular Enthusiasm - - - -42 ed — The French driven from Cæsar's camp 90

Chapter III. Chapter

X. Opening ofthe Campaign — Surrender of Longwy, Insurrection in Vendee — Convention overawed Verdun, and Stenay — Dumouriez repairs to Seby the Mountain party— Gironde members prodan, and takes the command of La Fayette's scribed — New Constitution of France — Departarmy — Precarious situation of the Prussian ments arm against the Jacobins — Revolt of Mararmy — Oversight of Dumouriez — Position of seilles and Lyons — Assassination of Marat 93 Croix-aux-bois forced by the Prussians — Retreat

CHAPTER XI.

of the French to St. Menehould — Affair at The allied Courts agree to divide their Forces — Valmy, and its consequences - - - 47 The Duke of York makes an unsuccessful at-

Chapter IV

tempt upon Dunkirk — Is obliged to retreat — State ofthe armies — France declared a Republic — Action at Maubeuge — Capture of Quesnoy — Frederic William solicits and obtains an Armis- Campaign on the Rhine — Victories of Pichegru tice**— Cordiality between the two armies — Rupand Hoch — War in La Vendee, and on the ture of the Armistice — Disastrous retreat of the Frontiers of Spain and Italy — Siege and Evacua- Prussians — Observations on the failure of the tion of Toulon — Cruel Treatment of the inha- Enterprise — Agitation in Paris — Massacre on bi tants of Toulon - - - - -99 the 2d and 3d of September - - - 53 CHAPTER XH.

Chapter V

Horrible despotism of the Mountain ] arty — De- Spire taken by the French — Surrender of Worms, Mentz, and Francfort — War declared against cree against Public Worship — French Ecclesiastics abjure the Christian Religion — Execu- Sardinia by France— Conquest of Savoy — Of Nice — G»?neva acknowledges the French Re public — Unsuccessful attack of the Austrians tion of Custine — Trial and execution of the Queen — Of the Gironde Members — Madame Roland — New Calendar — Energetic Measures adopted by the Committees for carrying on the upon Lisle — Dumouriez's successes in the Netherlands — Battle of Gemappe — Privations of War 108 the French army — Evacuation of Francfort by

CHAPTER XIII.

the French — Dumouriez repairs to Paris to save Preparations for the Campaign of 1794 — The King the life of the King 58 of Prussia subsidized — Surrender of Landre-

Chapter VI

cies — Decree ofthe Convention, that no quarter Observations — Discovery — Contents of the concealed documents — Trial of Louis XVI. — His should be given — Battle of Fleurus — Actions at Mons and Soignes — French enter Brussels 111 conduct subsequent to the Trial — His Execu-

CHAPTER XIV.

tion — His last Will and Testament - - 64 Recapture of Landrecies, Valenciennes, and

Chapter VII

Conde — Defeat of Clairfayt — Coblentz taken — Austrians driven beyond the Rhine — Campaign All the principal States of Europe likely to become involved in the War — The Government in Holland — Campaign on the Rhine — In Spain of France disinclined to a War with England— and Italy — Progress of the war in La Ven- Chauveland and Talleyrand arrive from France —Disputes relative to the opening ofthe Scheldt Political clubs — Maret's Missions— Sensations dee 117

CHAPTER XV.

produced in England by the execution of the Cruise ofthe Channel Fleet — French Fleet sails — French King— Declaration of War - - 74 The two adverse Fleets meet— Obstinate Con- 9 B CONTENTS,

CHAPTER XXI.

flict continues three days — Victory decided in favour of lhe British Fleet, commanded by Lord British History. Session of Parliament of 1793 his Majesty's Speech ; Address; renewed Sus pension of lhe Habeas Corpus Act ; Ways and Means ; Motion for Inquiry — Affairs of Ireland ; Howe — Naval History — Conquest of Corsica — New Constitution, formed by the Corsican House of Representatives — Crown offered to and accepted by his Britannic Majesty - - 125

CHAPTER XVI.

Earl Fitzwilliam appointed Lord-lieutenant, Measures of his Government ; his Recall ; Discussions thereon in the British Parliament — Melancholy state of France under the Reign of Marriage of the Prince of Wales— Motion for Terror — Abolition of the Slave-trade — The Honours of the Pantheon voted to Ronsseau — the Abolition ofthe Slave-trade lost— Acquittal of Warren Hastings — Termination of the Ses- Hebert, Rousin, Clootz, and their Associates sion of Parliament — Distracted state of Ireland guillotined — Trial and Execution of Damon, Eglantine, and their Party. — Execution of Gene ral Dillon and Madame Desmoulins — Of Male- — Treaties with America and Russia— The Duke ofYork appointed Commander-in-chief— Peritions for Peace — Riots in Westminster — sherbes and Baron Trenck — Of the Princess Elizabeth and twenty-five other persons — De- Revival of the Charge against Higgins, Smith, _._,.._.._. -.._ w._.&_ — e — OD — , - and Le Maitre* their Trial and Acquittal — cline of the Power of Robespierre — The Tv rant'sfall 132 Alarming Scarcity— Outrageous attack on the King, on his way to open the Session of Parliament; Proclamation thereon — Treason and Se-

CHAPTER XVII.

dition Acts — Ways and Means — Message from British History — Meeting of Parliament — Discussions on the King's Speech — Public Feeling strongly excited — Alien bill passed — Parliamentary proceedings on the French declaration of War — Traitorous Correspondence Bill passed — Alarming Failures — Motion for Parliamentary Reform negatived — Charter of the East India Company renewed — Supplies voted for the Pubhe Service — Concessions to the Catholics of Ireland— Prosecutions for Sedition in Scotland — Alliances formed with foreign Powers — Debates on the expediency of continuing the War — Augmentation of the Army and Navy — Precautions against Invasion— Subsidy voted to the King of Prussia — Political Societies — Suspension ofthe Habeas Corpus Act— Trials for High Treason — Poland overwhelmed by foreign Despotism 128 his Majesty — Birth ofthe Princess Charlotte of Wales — Motion for peace ; for the Abolition of the Slave-trade — Second Loan — Motion for the Appointment of a Committee of finance ; for Censure on Ministers — Prorogation and Dissolution of Parliament 169

CHAPTER XXII.

Italian Campaign of 1796: General Bonaparte appointed Commander-in-chief— -Opening of the Campaign — Success of the French Army — Sardinia detached from the Coalition — Italy overrun by the Conqueror — The Pope and the King of Naples sue for an Armistice — Its Conditions — The command of the Austrian Army conferred on Marshal Wurmser, on the resignation of General Beaulieu — The Marshal, after successive defeats, shut up in Mantua —

CHAPTER XVIII.

Operations in the West Indies — Expedition under the command of Sir Charles Grey, and Sir John Jervis — Capture of Martinico, St. Lucia, the Saints, and Guadaloupe — French Expedition under Victor Hughes — Recapture of Guadaloupe — Operations in St. Domingo - - ]50 Close of the Campaign — Campaign in Germany: The French Armies, under the command of Generals Moreau and Jourdan, penetrate into Germany — Arrested in their victorious Career by the Archduke Charles — Jourdan's Army, panic-struck, retreats in disorder — The memorable Retreat of Moreau — Germany freed from the Presence of the Invaders — Extinction of

CHAPTER XIX.

* the War in La Vendee, and Execution of the Retrospect of the triumphant progress of the French Arms — Dissolution of the first Coalition — The Republic recognized, and peace concluded with Tuscany, Prussia, Hesse Cassel, and Spain — War in La Vendee ; its origin, sanguinary progress, and temporary cessation — The Vendean War resumed — Expedition to Quiberon; its disastrous result — French Civil History : — State of the finances ; Conflicts of parties ; Insurrections of the 1st of April, and the 20th of May— Death of Louis XVII.— Exchange of the Princess, his Sister, for the arrested Deputies — New Constitution*.— Insurrection of the Sections of Paris — Dissolution and Character of the National Convention — The new government .... 155 insurgent Chiefs — Colonial Conquests of Great Britain — Evacuation of Corsica — Naval Campaign of 1796 179

CHAPTER XXIII.

Foreign History : Differences between France and America — Holland declared a Republic — The Conspiracy ofFloreal — Further Insurrections in France — State of the French Finances — Insurrection in the South — Daring attempt of the Jacobins to turn the Arms of the French Soldiery against the existing Government — Slate of the Gallican Church — Synod of the Constitutional Eishops — Abolition of the national Church in Holland — Establishment of the National Institute — English Manufactures exclud-. ......... uBiiwH — i_,.&i._,ii uMu-_u_.iuia *e.\*ui*__-. ed from the Ports of the Continent — Death of.

CHAPTER XX.

Catharine II. of Russia .... ]S_t Openmg of the Campaign of 1795 — Luxemlwurg, Dusseldorff, and Manheim taken by the French, who invade Mentz — Tho siege of Mentz raised, and Manheim retaken by the Imperial army — Renewal of Hostilities in Ilaly — Success of the French Armies, and retreat of the Austrians — War declared by Great Britain against Holland — Capture of the Dutch Se:tlemen's in the East bv the British— Conquest of the Cape of Good Hope — Campaign in the West Indies — Naval Campaign ofl795 - - . -162

CHAPTER XXIV.

Campaign of 1797: Attempts to raise the siege of Mantua frustrated — Signal defeat of the Austrian Army — Fall of Mantua — Entrance of tho French into the Ecclesiastical States — Correspondence between his holiness the Pope and General Bonaparte — Treaty of Tolentino — War carried into lhe Hereditary States of Austria — Critical situat on of the French Army — Correspondence between the French Commander and CONTENTS. 11 the Archduke — The Emperor accepts the pro posal to negotiate — Suspension of Arms — Treaty of Leoben — Campaign on lhe Rhine — Conquest ofthe Venetian Territory by the French — Sub version of the Governments of Venice and Ge noa — Peace of Campo Formio — Bonaparte re turns to Paris — Retrospect ofthe military movements ofthe six years' War — See Charts - 195 again to the Coast of Egypt— Battle ofthe Nile , its glorious Termination — Influence of that memorable Event upon the Courls of Europe The Porte declares War against France — The King of Naples invades the Roman Republic, suffers a signal defeat, and is driven from his Dominions — The King of Sardinia obliged to abdicate his Throne — Expedition against Os tend, and its disastrous result — Minorca captured by the British — St. Domingo evacuated — Goza taken — Summary - 229

I. Chapter VI

Naval Campaign of 1797 : Battle of Cape St Vincent — Battle of Camperdown — Capture of Trinidad — Unsuccessful attack on Porto Rico — Failure of an attempt to capture the Island of Teneriffe — Descent on the Coast of Wales — The Invaders made Prisoners of War - - 203 British History : Ministers again express a wish to enter into Negotiation with the French Government — Correspondence on that Subject — The Negotiators assemble at Lisle — Progress of lhe Negotiation — Its rupture — Meeting of Parliament — Secession of the Members of Opposition — Joint Address of both Houses of Parliament on the Rupture of the Negotiations — New Measures of Finance ; triple Assessment — Voluntary Contributions; Redemption of the Land Tax — National Defence — Motion for calling out the supplementary Militia ; for the encouragement of voluntary Associations : for more effectually manning the Navy — Duel between Mr. Pitt and Mr. Turney — The name of Mr. Fox erased from the Council-books by his Majesty — Second Estimate of Supplies — Motion for the abolition ofthe Slave-trade — Discussions

CHAPTER II.

British History : Opening of the new Parliament — Earl Fitzwilliam's Protest — Lord Malmsbury's first Negotiation — Its progress and failure — Debate on the Negotiation— Preparations against Invasion — Ominous Aspect of Public Affairs at the commencement of the year 1797 — Stoppage of the Bank— Mutiny in the Fleets — Concessions to the Seamen — Suppression of the Mutiny — Trial and Execution of Richard Parker and his principal associates — Motions in Parliament on the state oflreland — For the dismissal of Ministers — For Parliamentary Reform — Prorogation of Parliament — Death of Mr. Burke — Marriage of the Princess Royal - - - 208 on the state of Ireland .... 235

CHAPTER VII.

Irish Rebellion : The predisposing Causes — Disaffection arising from exclusive Privileges, and defective Parliamentary Representation — ■ French Connexion — The arrival of Mr. Jackson, a French Emissary — His Conduct and Fate — Progress of the spirit of disaffection — Trial of Arthur O'Connor and his Associates at Maidstone — Conviction and Execution of Quigley — Arrest ofthe Irish Directory — Arrest and Death of Lord Edward Fitzgerald — Arrest of John and Henry Sheares — Origin and object ofthe White Boys — Of the Defenders — Of the Peep-of-day Boys — Constitution and organization of the Society of United Irishmen — Institution of Orange Lodges — Excess of contending Factions - 243

CHAPTER III.

Foreign History — The French Directory announce that their Finances are approaching to a state of ruin — Reply ofthe Council of Five Hundred — Royalist Conspiracy — Election of the New Third — Conduct of the Directory censured by the Council of Five Hundred — The two Bodies become decidedly hostile— The Army espouses the Cause of the Directory— The bloodless Revolution of the 18th Fructidor— Pichegru's Conspiracy — Synodical Assembly — The Sect of the Theophilanthropists— Negotiations between the French Republic and the United States of America— Death of Frederic William II. — Further encroachments made upon the rights of the Council, and the elective franchise of the People— Revolutions in Holland - - 219

Chapter VIII

Irish Rebellion : Insurrectionary Movements in Dublin ; in the counties of Kildare and Carlow Attacks on Naas, Killcullen, Rathfarnham, and Prosperous— Defeat of the Rebels at Carlow, Hacketstown, and Tara— Surrender of two thousand insurgents to General Dundas — Insurrection in the County of Wexford — The Insurgents vanquished at Kilthomas, Victors at Oulart — Fall of Enniscorthy and Wexford into the hands ofthe Insurgents — Attack on Bunclody — Defeat of the rebel Force at Ballicannoo— Pathetic incident — Defeat of Colonel Walpole, and retreat of General Loftus — Signal Victory obtained by General Johnson at Ross — Massacre at Scullabogue — Defeat of the Rebels at Arklow— Their retreat to Vinegar Hill— General Lake advances with an army of thirteen thousand Troops against that station — Recapture of Enniscorthy, and Battle of Vinegar Hill Murders on the Bridge of Wexford— Wexford abandoned by the Rebels— Bloody Friday- Expiring Efforts ofthe Wexsordian Insurgents — Defeat of the Revolters in Ulster and Munster— Surrender of the Chiefs— Extinction of the Rebellion - - - - 251

CHAPTER IV.

Congress at Radstadt — War renewed in Italy — The Pope overcome, and Rome proclaimed a Republic — The French enter Switzerland- Conquer that Country, and change the Federal States into an uniteci Republic — The attention of the French Government turned from the Conquest of England to the Invasion of Egypt Brilliant Theories — Bonaparte with an Army of forty thousand Men, and a Fleet of three hundred Sail, embarks at Toulon— Conquest of the Island of Malta— The French Forces re-embark for Egypt — Description of that Country and its Inhabitants— The French attack and carry the city of Alexandria — Rosetta taken — Battle of Chebreisse— Battle of the Pyramids— The Gates of Cairo opened to the Invaders- Curious Proclamations ofthe French Chief 222

CHAPTER V.

Naval Campaign of 1798 : Sir Horatoo Nelson sent in pursuit of the French Fleet ; touches at Malta* proceeds to Alexandria; and returns to Sicily without meeting with the enemy— Sails CONTENTS 12 and its disastrous Result— Suworow, discontented alike with his Allies and his Colleagues, retreats into Bohemia— His Death and Charac ter—Termination of one ofthe most sanguinary Campaigns upon record - 276

Chapter IX. Conseouences Of The Irish Rebellion

: Trial and Execution of several of the rebel Chiefs — The Marquis Cornwallis called to the vice-regal Office in Ireland ; adopts an enlightened and humane System of Policy — The principal Conspirators obtain the royal clemency, on condition of making certain Disclosures to Government — The Object ofthe Rebellion, as explained by its Instigators — Ireland still scourged by Bands of Marauders, " The Babes in the Wood" — Military Excesses — Estimate of the Loss sustained by the Country from the Rebellion — General Humbert invades Ireland, obtains a Victory at Castlebar, but is subsequently obliged to surrender himself and his Forces prisoners of war to the Marquis Cornwallis — Description of the Battle of Killala, by an Eyewitness — Napper Tandy, attended by General Rey, lands from a French Brig, on lhe small Island of Rutland, and after an ineffectual attempt to excite the People to rise in arms, re-embarks for France — A French Fleet equipped for the Invasion of Ireland — Defeated by Sir J. B. Warren — The closing Scenes of the Insurrection - - 265

Chapter XI

Campaign in Egypt i Policy of Bonaparte— Introduction ofthe institutions of civilized society into Egypt — New Form of Government— Insurrection at Cairo — Dessaix's Expedition into Upper Egypt — Bonaparte's Expedition into Syria — Surrender of El Arisch to the French— Surrender of Jaffa— Charges preferred by Sir Robert Wilson against Bonaparte (note) — Battle of Corsum —The memorable Siege of St. Jean d'Acre— Battle of Mount Tabor— Victory over the Angel Mahdi— Siege of Acre raised— Retreat of the French Army across the desert to Cairo — Signal Victory obtained over the Turks at Aboukir — Bonaparte abandons his Army, and returns lo France 290

Chapter XII

Campaign in Holland : The Expedition under General Sir Ralph Abercrombie sails from England — Debarks at the Helder Point — Defeats the Batavian Troops under General Daendels, and enters the Helder — Admiral Mitchel takes possession ofthe Dutch Fleet in the Nieuve Diep — Surrender of the Dutch Squadron in the Texel to the British — Repulse of the Gallo-Batavian Army, in an attack made on the British Lines — Arrival of the second division of the British Troops, and of the auxiliary Russian Force, in Holland — The combined Army placed under the command of the Duke of York — General but indecisive Battle at Bergen — Victory of Alkmaar — Battle of Baccum*— Retreat of the Anglo-Russian Army — Failure in the political and military Objects ofthe Expedition, and disastrous issue of the Campaign — Affairs of the East: Fall of Seringapatam — Naval Campaign of 1799 — Colonial Acquisitions 303

CHAPTER X.

Campaign of 1799 : Invasion of Naples by the French — Establishment of the Parthenopean Republic — Ehrenbreitstein capitulates to the French — The Austrians, under the command of the Archduke Charles, again take the Field. Campaign in Germany : The French Army under Jourdan, and the Austrians commanded by the Archduke, meet near Pfullendorf — Battle of Stokach — Battle of Leiblingen — Retreat of the French across the Rhine — Assassination of the French Plenipotentiaries on quitting Radstadt. Campaign in Italy: Tuscany invaded by the French under Scherer — Battle of Castle of Nuovo — Battle of the Adige — Arrival of the Russians at Verona — Field-marshal Suworow assumes the command of the allied Armies in Italy — Defeats the French Army, and enters Milan — The Allies besiege the principal Fortresses of Italy, and advance into Piedmont — The kingdom of Naples re-conquered by an Army under Cardinal Ruffo, and the Parthenopean Republic dissolved — The People of Italy rise against the defeated Army of Francis — Rome capitulates to Captain Trowbridge — Signal Defeat of the French Army on the banks of the Trebia — Turin, Bologna, Alexandria, and Mantua surrender to the Allies — Suworow, having conquered the principal part of Italy, menaces the south of France — Battle of Novi, General Joubert killed, and the French Army defeated — Dissensions in the Courts and Camps of the Allies.

CHAPTER Xin. British History : Opening of the Session of Parliament of 1798-9— Rejection of Mr. Tierney 's motion for Peace — Renewal of the Habeas Corpus Suspension Act — Introduction ofa Bill for imposing a Tax upon Income — Annual Supplies — Message from the King relating to Ireland — Animated Discussion on the Subject of a Legislative Union between Great Britain and Ireland — Vehement Debates in the Irish House of Commons — State of the Public Feeling in Ireland — Mr. Pitt's Resolutions, containing Overtures of Union — Carried in the British Parliament — Joint Addresses of the two Houses to his Majesty — Motion for the Abolition of the Slave-trade lost — India Affairs — Prorogation of Parliament 312 Campaign in Switzerland: Schaffhausen and Peterhausen fall into the hands of the Allies — The French expelled from the Grisons — Defeat ofthe French Army at Zurich — Vigorous Efforts made by the French Directory to retrieve the Disasters of the Campaign — Massena, having received fresh supplies, becomes the assailant — The French, aster obtaining possession of the Pass of the Devil's Bridge, and of Sl Gothard, seize on the Valais — The French Armies again cross the Rhine, and oblige the Archduke to return to the German Frontier — Suworow quits Italy, and advances into Switzerland — His disastrous March — Arrives in the Valley of Mutten, and takes possession of the Post of Brunnen — Termination ofhis Successes — Battle ofZurich,