An Investigation of the Theories of the Natural History of Man, by Lawrence, Prichard, and others, founded upon animal analogies: and an outline of a new Natural History of Man, founded upon history, anatomy, physiology, and human analogies

Front matter

AN INVESTIGATION OF THE THEORIES OF THE NATURAL HISTORY OF MAN BT LAWRENCE^PRICHARD, AND OTHERS. FOUNDED UPON ANIMAL ANALOGIES: AND AN OUTLINE OF A NEW NATURAL HISTORY OF MAN, FOUNDED UPON HISTORY, ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY, AND HUMAN ANALOGIES. BT WILLIAM FREDERICK VAN AMRINGE. Neœ $ork; PUBLISHED BY BAKER & SCR1BNEK. 145 N.-.ssau Street and 4G Park Row. 184S. Entered according to Act os Congress, in the year 134*. BY WILLIAM FREDERICK VAN AMRINGE, In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States, for the Southern District of New T-erk. S. IV. BENEDICT, Printer, 16 Spruce Street. DEDICATION. TO MRS. SUSAN BUDD AND MISS ELIZABETH OBORNE VAN AMRINGE. Mt Dear Wife and Daughter, It is one evidence of the love of soience and literature by the people, that a distinguished patron is no longer necessary to intro duce an author to the public.

He is, therefore, at liberty to fawn upon the great, or pay respect to private virtues, without the hope of reward for his sycophancy, or of loss for obeying his inclinations. But there is a propriety in the dedication of this work to you, exclusive of the affeotion which has always subsisted between us. It is not only that it has been chiefly by your instrumentality, under Providence, that I have been spared to oompose this work ; nor is it because you are the only two beings who have watched the progress of my labor, and have known and approved of my views, that I dedicate it to you. It is for something more selfish ; a determination that, as we have lived together so happily through all the vicissitudes of private life, you shall accompany me in all my changes — the sharers of my good or bad fortune as an author, as well as in my customary pursuits. You know how sincerely, I am, Yours affectionately, W. F. VAN AMRINGE. Montgomery, Orange County, J New York, Nov. 1, 1847. \

Preface

. The following work was commenced during a very slow conva lescence from a severe indisposition, more for occupation and recrea tion, than in the expectation of giving my speculations to the public, except through the pages of some of the current periodicals. It was, therefore, written in the plural number; a method which would not have been adopted, if I had originally designed it to appear in its present form. The original design was only to write a review of the principles and reasonings of the two eminent works of Lawrence and Prichard ; but my protracted indisposition, and consequent long confinement, gave me both leisure and inclination to pursue the subject, and to make it what it is — " An Investigation of the Theories of the Natural History of Man, by Lawrence, Prichard, and others, founded upon Animal Analogies — And an Out line of a new Natural History of Man, founded upon History, Anatomy, Physiology, and Human Analogies."

I had no theory to advocate when I commenced ; but being dissatisfied with the theories and inconclusive reasoning of the eminent authors above mentioned, I thought I might do some good to my fellow men by showing that the Natural History of Man had not yet been written. The theory I have ventured to present to the public, grew with the progress of my labor. It may be said, there fore, to be a natural theory, which presented itself without being sought after ; and it may also be said to be the joint offspring of Lawrence and Prichard, although it bears no resemblance to either parent, — a "congenital variety," — which may, possibly, propagate its kind, and become permanent. The immense advantao-es I have derived from the labors of these O two gentlemen especially, will be apparent to the reader. They have been chiefly of the negative kind ; but were not the less valuable on that account.

PREFACE.

. lowe an apology to the scientific reader for not, in every instance. giving the authorities from which I have drawn many of the facts and arguments used in the course of my work. It was impossible ; my library is too small. Confined to my room during the whole time I have been engaged in my work, in an agricultural district very scantily supplied with scientific books ; too much indisposed. for two-thirds of the time, to read or write, I found it to be impossible, without delay, trouble, and expense, to procure the necessary authors. I have, therefore, freely quoted the authors in my possession, and was obliged to depend on memory for others, which I did not quote, lest I might misrepresent them. The scarcity of books has been a serious grievance to me, in the progress of my labor. The great variety, and immense importance of the topics to be discussed in the Natural History of Man, according to my view of it, required a very large and select, instead oi a very small, though select, family library.

It may be, however. that the scarcity of books has been the reason that so many new views have been presented on the subjects discussed ; which might have been withheld if I had had an opportunity to refresh my memory by a re-perusal of the authors. The public may be bene fited by having a number of new ideas furnished to the intellectual stock on hand ; while the author may suffer by not having placed them in a proper light for his own credit and advantage. Wants. however, are not always disadvantages, though they must be incon veniences. They throw a man upon his resources, if he has any ; and have produced the most powerful exertions of human nature both for good and evil. How they have operated on the author. the intelligent reader must decide. I have ventured to differ from authorities, in several important instances, which have generally been regarded as standards. 1 offer no apology for it.

If I have contradicted them without sufficient reasons to justify me, I am well aware that I cannot expect, nor do I hope, to be sustained ; and, if my reasons are sufficient, no name can stand so high, in the republic of letters, as to carry away the judgment of the public against truth. It will be observed that, throughout my work, I have avoided the use of technical terms, wherever they could be avoided with out prejudice to the sense of the subject. In this I have consulted the taste of the general more than of the scientific reader. It must

PREFACE.

. be admitted that all the works hitherto published on the Natural History of Man, have been sealed books to the general reader, arising as well from the method of treating the subject, as from abounding in technicalities, which the initiated only could under stand, and which the general reader would not be at the labor of deciphering. The subject is too deeply interesting to be made so exclusive. The best interests of mankind are involved in its details ; and, if properly treated, cannot fail to interest every man, either from a desire for knowledge, or from motives of curiosity, or benevolence. I do not pretend to have so treated it ; but I hope I may be excused for believing that I have clothed the subject in a more appropriate, and therefore a more pleasing garb, than have my predecessors.

Chapter I

Page. Introduction 25 The Natural History of Man a desideratum. All definitions and systems artificial. Man always described as an animal, not as a Psychical Being. He has slowly advanced in zoological classification, without advantage. De velopists gained the fruits of victory, although defeated. The Natural History of Man too important a subject to be measured by animal and vegetable analogies. Man the only analogue for Man. Comparative Anatomy and Craniology are too narrow for foundations of this History. Heeren's view of the subject. His questions in regard to color are important only because it is the visible evidence of a difference of organization. Dr. Lord's Fœtal theory not used, and why. Josephus' distribution of the Patriarchs not followed. Analogy is the foundation of all histories of Man hitherto.

A natural truth can stand bv itself without artificial props. The History of Man demands greater attention to his Psychical than Physical nature. The peculiar sexual relations of the different races of Men have been hitherto disregarded. They are too important to be neglected. The taste for Sexual Beauty in the different races is founded on an important natural law. An enumeration ofthe topics to be dis cussed. Specific differences ofthe several races are subordinate in importance to the general Psychical, Sexual, Anatomical, and Physiological History of Man.

Chapter II

The investigation of the subject not forbidden by Scripture 40 The Church of Rome usurped authority over the consciences and intellects of Men. Her day is passed. Public opinion and Conscience supply her place. Philosophers and Theologians. Scepticism of philosophers not dangerous: Corrected by the progress of Science. Many sciences corroborate Scripture. Bible not given for scientific instruction. Philosophy not legitimately employ ed in opposing Scripture. Motives influencing authors in writing the History of Man. President Smith, his motive. Danger of a false issue. Moses establishes a diversity of species. Scripture addressed to the understanding as well as to faith. Rule for expounding Scripture. Moses' history short but compre- ' hensive. Parts not easily reconcilable. Adam and Eve, whether the first and only pair.

The only human beings in Eden. Cain and Abel. Dr. Good on the theory of Peyrere. Moses does not record two creations. The ante-diluvi ans not more prolific than the post-deluvians. If there were human beings before Adam and Eve, why create them? Reply. Objections to this construction. Days of Creation. Facts remain the same whatever may be thought of them. Creation of Adam and Eve a remedial measure. Found nothing on this theory. Introduced to show the latitude of inquiry. We admit all the human family sprang from Adam through Noah. The sons of Noah had different destinies, and required to be specifically distinct to accomplish them. Less than a physical change insufficient. Geographical separation, alone, insufficient. God ANALYTICAL CONTENTS. could modify by his word as well as create. Another view of the subject. Zoology is not interested in the origin of animals, beyond the permanence of generation. Conclusion.

Chapter III

The Classification of Man, and the proper names of the Species. ... 67 I Cuvier's nomenclature. Blumenbach's. Dr. Prichard's. Division of the Class Mammalia. Zoological character of Man. Reasons for new nomenclature. Harmony with kindred sciences. Josephus' distribution of patriarchs opposed to our nomenclature. His reasons for locating patriarchs investigated. Historical facts against Josephus. Influence of religion, law, and literature on language. Examples from history. Acknowledged errors of Josephus. Jews behind their age in geographic knowledge. " The Isles of the Gentiles " do not necessarily signify those of the Mediterranean. Natural for the Jews to sup pose the Mediterranean to contain " the Isles." But the meaning must be looked for at the time of the dispersion, 900 years before the Jews were a nation.

When dispersed, the inhabitants of Shinar knew nothing more of the Mediter ranean than of the Southern Ocean. Migrations not voluntary, but impulsive. Not left to chance nor human desire. Earliest history proves migratory ar rangement by species in masses, " after their families, after their tongues, after their countries, and in their nations." All the yellow people in Eastern Asia; the Red in Central Asia ; the Black in Africa and Asiatic Ethiopia ; and the White in Western Asia and Europe. Species did not mingle in migrations. Proofs. History our guide, not Josephus. Analogy of names his only au thority. Different patriarchs named children alike. Examples. The Hebrew language of Josephus not the language of the patriarchs. Arabian geography against Josephus. Grecian history. Pelasgians not originally savages.

How the name Ionia came to be applied to Greece. Not from Japheth, but from Ion, the son of Xuthus, a Pelasgian. The first name of Greece was Pelasgia, not Ionia. These views strengthened by circumstances. All nations around Babylon stationary in civilization. Western migrations were only progressive. Might have avoided this dispute, but preferred to encounter it, and why.

Chapter IV

The distribution of Vegetables and Animals over the Earth is not analogous to the distribution of the human species, and therefore such distribution will not assist our investigations in relation to Man 120 The importance of Vegetables. Habitats of Vegetables and Animals. Causes which influence them. Vegetables possess the power of chemical assimila tion, which animals do not. Theories of distribution. One Centre. Several Centres. Spontaneous productions. Plants in Europe, Asia, Africa, New Holland, and America. America contains nearly one half of the phaneroga mous plants of the world. Of the two last theories unimportant to our sub ject which is adopted. The earth arrayed at once in perfection aud beauty. The agencies of vegetable distribution. Example in Buenos Ayres. Potato. Canada thistle.

Geographic distribution of Animals marked by strong lines. Identity of species rare in different Continents. Examples. Field's description of New Holland. Peculiar Fauna which distinguish Asia, Africa, New- Holland, Europe, and America. Swainson on the Birds of Europe. Peculiar physical arrangement of America. No Deserts. Magnificent display of Crea tive power. Humming Bird. Mocking Bird. Quadrupeds. Remarks. Dis tribution of Man from one Centre. Proofs. Vegetables and Animals are not analogues of Man. Constitutional adaptation of Man for migration, different from vegetables and animals. Omnivorous, naked, ingenious, courageous, and migratory, Man alone accommodates himself to all circumstances. Extract from Dr. Good. Conclusion.

Chapter V

The progressive improvement of Man, by increased moral and mental faculties, is a law applicable to human nature, notwithstanding the stationary condition of some, and the retrograde condition of another species. . 156 What is progress. The Shemites only possess the elements. The interests of Man promoted by a correct knowledge of the natures of the respective races. The method of investigating the subject of progress. By Geological, the Mo saic, and Profane History. Arbitrary division of Geological periods. The Ig neous Period. The Zoophytic. The Saurian. The Mammalian Periods. The Revealed, or Adamic Period. Previous Creations destroyed. New Creation headed by a Psychical, instead of an Instinctive Being. Climate of the Adamic Period. Proofs. Noachian Period. No new Creation designed for it.

Sin gular fact in the history of Man. Men live longer now in three-score years and ten, than did Methuselah in forty-eight score years and nine. Diminished duration of life in the Adamic and Noachian periods. No important geological change since the Deluge. Fixation of Oxygen and other gases during the dif ferent periods. Creation out of nothing not a matter of as much surprise as the living self-executing laws impressed on matter. Chemistry proves the world to have been made out of nothing so nearly that but one step remains. Quality produced out of nothing. Man alone organized for indefinite improvement. Shemitic family succeeded to the inheritance of the Jews. Security or liberty essential to progress. Tyranny can raise Pyramids, Liberty raises Taste, Genius, Refinement, and Delicacy. Increased moral and mental powers chiefly arise from exercise.

Chronology ofthe Septuagint, and probable time of the Flood. Ancient Civilization, what. Shinar, the centre of distribution. Egypt. Canaan. Phœnica, or Syria. Assyria. Persia. India. China. No important improvement from the Deluge until patriarchal civilization was en grafted on the Greeks. Causes of Progress among the Greeks. The Egyptians built Pyramids, the Greeks intellectual structures. The Romans were stately and grave, as the Greeks were gay and lively. They added little to the Greek stock, but made it the currency of the world. Effects of their conquests. Importance of the division of the Roman Empire. The Dark Age. The Ger mans. Consequences of their inroads. The Dark necessary for moral and mental renovation. Roger Bacon, Dante. Petrarch, Wickliffe. Progress com menced before the social elements became homogeneous.

The Mariner's Com pass, the Art of Printing, and Steam Power, their effects upon civilization. Discovery of a New World. Constitutional capability for Progression increased. Examples. Materials or elements of Knowledge always the same. Apples fell from trees before one fell on Newton. Water boiled and steam generated before the Marquis of Worcester. Elements the same, but capability increased. Capability and experience must be equal. Generation transmits capability. Comparison ofthe different Species in regard to capability. The Ante-Adamic periods types of the Post-Adamic. Responsibility of the Shemitic Species cannot be discharged by avowals of brotherhood. Asia surrounded by Shemites. Probable consequences. Africa invested on three sides. Oceanica occupied. Civilization actively in progress. Conclusion.

Chapter VI

The effect of Climate, mode of living, &c, to produce organic and functional differences in men 216 How it came that climatic influences were supposed to be applicable to man. Animal analogies. Animals have prescribed habitats. Isothermal lines not equally habitats. Man has no habitat. Domestic animals not analogues for Man. They are not analogues of each other. Wild types not known. Sheep never known wild. Would become extinct without the protection of man. ANALYTICAL CONTENTS. The Horse probably the last domesticated quadruped. His wild type lost. Change of color of Cattle and Sheep in Jacob's history. Tendency to change in different animals. Mice and Rats have suffered no change. Sheep, Oxen, and Horses, variable in a wild state. Assumptions by the advocates for the unity of species. Food of men and animals, in which they are not analogous.

Color an important specific item. Importance of, to the animal economy. Zoology not interested in the operations of climate, if they are invariable on the same subjects. If climate can produce specific changes, the doctrine of La Mark is proved. Specific differences of men the same, whether produced by climate or direct creation. Individual examples prove nothing of a general nature. Inductive and syllogistic logic. President Smith's method. Example. Example from Lawrence. Dr. Smith's opinion of the Negroes of the U. S. controverted. The wide dispersion of the Jews. Their original type preserved. All the races known for 3500 years. The same species in all climates preserve specific character. Example from Lawrence.

Chapter VII

What constitutes a distinct species 24 3 Different attempts at a definition of species. Hybridity. De Candole's, Lawrence's, and Prichard's definitions examined. Not correct. Dr. Prichard abandons his definition, and assumes an independent position, which is examined. Lawrence also abandons his definition. Descent how proved zoologically. Hybridity, what it is. Anatomy and Physiology indicate zoological character. What they signify. Owen's Osteological comparison of the Orang, Chimpanzee, and Man. What it proves on our subject. Psychical beings im portantly modified by slighter differences than Instinctive. Ogilby on the value ofa thumb. Zoological characters of Polypi and Infusoria. Definition of Species, and critical examination of it. Supported by examples. De Kay's New York Fauna, Class Mammalia.

All animals governed by Instinct but Man . Reason in Man the equivalent for instinct. General survey of the different zoological families of Man. British compared with the Chinese. Secret of British superiority actually three times the population. Capability of improve ment of all the races proves nothing but that they are all Psychical. Glance at the psychical condition of all the races. Shemites colonize, other races do not. Characteristics of species must be permanent. Nature of proof to estab lish it. Natural law applicable to it No permanent varieties. Probable presumption is the weakest proof. Violent presumption is often equivalent to positive proof. What gives rise to it. Positive proof, what. Application of these principles t6 our definition. Different specific organizations have pre vailed immemorially among men.

All the races ot men agree in generic cha racters. Physical characteristics unimportant compared with Psychical. Dif ferences of races in this respect. Conclusion.

Chapter VIII

Whether the differences of physical organization, and of moral and intellectual qualities^vhich characterize the several races of men, are analogous in kind and clegree to those which distinguish the breeds of domestic animals, and must therefore be accounted for on the same principle. . 303 Statement! orthe question. Analogies used without reasons, which should be explicitly stated, but which has not been attempted. Easy mode of philosophizing. Analogy is not of indefinite meaning Resemblance is not analogy. Analysis of definitions. In comparative Anatomy, what. Examples. Differ ence between scientific and strict analogy and speculative. Speculative should be founded upon strict. Example. At best uncertain. Not a fit foundation for Science. Natural History of Man founded on Speculative Analogy and Resemblance.

Analysis of the subject. Domestication and civilization not synonymous. Meaning attached to them. Effects of domestication upon ani mals extremely difficult to be known. Dr. Prichard's statement. Wild types restored in America supposititious. But granted, and all conclusions founded on it, and what then ? No physical change of men by civilization, proved. What is man, and what an animal. Difficulties of definitions arise from what cause. Infinite variety of organic, life. Man is a psychical animal. Few in stincts compensated by mind. Animals inferior in what. Reason may violate natural laws, instinct never. Superior to instinct, in what. To attribute psychical power to animals an error. Lawrence's opinion. The Mule on the Andes is no example. Impropriety of examples from single traits. The mind of Man not a single trait, but a combination of many, all equally necessary.

What constitutes the mind not the question. Mind without brains. Lawrence refuted. The mind to be judged, zoologically, by manifestations. The Ele phant, Fox, and Horse, compared with the Bee, the Ant, and the Spider. Marvellous stories of animals. Strong instance of apparent reason in the Bee. Definition and analysis of instinct. It is unimprovable. Altered by domesti cation, but returns to types when set at liberty. Its limits. Example. In stinct more perfect than abstract reason. Examples. Uniform, even in deviations, under all similar circumstances. Reason defined. Improvable. Ex amples. Extension and expansion of. An additional sense, exclusively hu man. Spallanzani's experiments on Bats. Accounted for by Cuvier. Reason produces different modes of action in men. Comparison of the mechanical powers of men and animals.

In what sense man is domestic, not explained by authors. Animals are not domesticated, but enslaved. Improvements by do mestication are degenerations. Civilization produces improvement, not de generation. Why. Man and animals analogous, in what. In classification the descending series give value to the ascending. Quotations from Lawrence. Importance of slight anatomical and functional differences. Dr. Prichard's Psychological Characteristics of animals. Materialists. Man a Psychical Be ing apartfrom eternity. Kings of Egypt returning to the living. Man the type of all nature. His improvements voluntary. Conclusion.

Chapter IX

The Anatomical and Physiological structure and functions of the different races of Men are sufficient to constitute distinct species 360 The comparative importance of Anatomy in different departments of Natu ral History. Anatomy insufficient to class Man. Man is more than a mere animal. His erect attitude is not a subject for boasting. The human mind is not disclosed by the knife to the materialist. Division of the human head. The Skull. The Face. The relation between them. Tlie Forehead. The Facial _4.ngle. Of little value to compare different species. But an approxi mation to the truth in the same species. Size and proportional weight of the Brain of Men and Animals. Ratio of the Brain to the Nerves. Lawrence's opinion of these theories. Sandy matter in the Pineal gland an evidence of virility.

Universal rule sought, but not found. Method of Phrenologists. Division of tlie Skull into moral, intellectual, and animal properties and pro pensities correct. The foundation of Craniology. Exceptions. Craniological rules applicable to one species may not apply to another. Example. The mass of brain is important, but not more than quality. Dr. Smith's opinion. Operations of the Encephalos not understood. Order in complexity. Evidence that mass of brain is not all-important Function, what. The cause of function is not the mind. The effect is. Childhood. Puberty. Manhood. Temperaments of the different species. Strenuous. Passive. Callous. Slug gish. Insensibility of ail the dark races. The skin, different in the different races. Rete mucosum, what it is, and how it modifies sensibility. Cutis.

Conclusions from the facts. The matter which constitutes the Rete Mucosum XX ANALYTICAL CONTENTS. pervades the flesh. Canaanites not subject to nervous disorders. Dr. Pri chard on the Rete Mucosum. Albino compared with European. Colonization Society. Hair and perspirable matter. Dr. Prichard proves the Negro not to have wool, but veritable hair. Remarks upon his concluding paragraph. Co lor of the hair independent of the Rete Mucosum. Dr. Prichard's examina tions of different hair, what they prove. Exceptions unimportant. Less carbonic acid expired by the negro, and more animalized. Functions of the lungs. Lubricitv of the skin and Odor. Diseases. Identity of, in the races is no evi dence of the unity of species. Torpor of the dark races. Domestic animals subject to human diseases. Vaccination.

Example of epidemics. List ot identical animal and human disorders and remedies. Osteology. Skull and brain. Craniology proves too much by classing half of Asia, North Africa, and Europe, ancient and modern, together. Crania ofthe Turks probably not correctly observed. Functions more important than osteology. Modification of one bone modifies the system. Smith in relation to the chin. Physical characters ofthe different species. Conclusion.

Chapter X

Whether any, and what inferences can be draw-n from accidental varieties springing up in the human family, to enable us to account for the differences observed among men 422 Negroes the progenitors of mankind. Dr. Prichard's theory. A Law of Na ture. Albinos always known to belong to the species from whom they are de rived. Buffon's theory. Mutes. All monsters hybrids. The Porcupine men. These freaks of nature prove men to have been made in the form they now bear. Albinos among all warm blooded animals. Varieties not noyv produced. Proportion of monstrous births not one in millions. Chances against them. Esau. Not early enough. Is there no place in the world now fit for the pro cess ? New Holland ? America .' Dr. Prichard's mixed races not perma nent. Mulattoes return to their types. They are hybrids.

Professor Wag ner's rule. Maternal influence on progeny. The doctrine of congenital varie ties depends on analogy. The Porcupine family is extinct. They were inca pable of continuing the species. Conditions necessary to produce varieties in the animal kingdom. Constitutional preparation necessary. Youatt Tenden cy in stock to return to original type. AU the conditions inapplicable to Man. If animals are the analogues of man, the conditions are essentials. Layvrence's theory. Preventing intermixture is not the only requisite for success. If animals are analogues now, they were not 4000. years back. If domestication and civilization are equivalents, why do not white women noyv bear black children. Layvrence's examples to prove color not essential to race examined. Excep tions slight to a general layv.

Natural varieties yvithin the limits of species. Thirty three-millions of children born every year, each different, yet preserving their specific agreements. Conclusion.

Chapter XI

The Psychical Attributes peculiar to Man 454 Why called attributes. Dr. Prichard's Psychological Characteristics. All Religions of one origin. The universal idea of spiritual agency derived from one source. Geogony of each species peculiar. Extraordinary distribution of the specific masses of mankind. Different races took different routes. Division of religion into symbolical and personified. Regularity of arrangements in ap parent confusion. Sexual relations of the different species. Monogamy de stroyed patriarchy in the Shemitic family. Poets the early priests of Shemites. Homer and Hesiod. Edda and Voluspa. Ossian. Education, Religion, and Government, not the foundation of intellectual character, but Genius, founded upon specific temperaments. Benevolence universal among men. Compari son of species in regard to it Conscientiousness universal.

Influence of edu cation upon. Expansive quality of. Intellectual Appetite. Its peculiar mani festations in. and contrasts of the several species. Prudence depends chiefly on specific temperaments. Species contrasted in regard to. Admiration what. Specific differences and contrasts in regard to. Fame what. Objects of. War and Hunting. Theory of Jurists. Contrasts of Species in regard to. Speech, or Language. Origin of. Not artificial. Duponceau and Richardson's opinions. Dr. Blair's theory examined. Vocabulary of Adam. Variety of Languages. Affiliation ot Languages. Shemitic, Japhethic, Ishmaelitic, and Canaanitic Lan guages. Reason, or Causality yvhat. Phrenological organs denied. Influence of Temperaments upon. Identity of civilization of the ante-historic world. Standard of mind after the flood.

Patriarchal, or Colossal civilization. State of the arts and sciences. Egypt, Babylon, Nineveh, India, China, all very similar. Greeks only remodeled patriarchal civilization, and made it progres sive. Patriarchal civilization a type for Asia and Africa, but only a rudiment for Europe. Importance of sexual relations to progress. Admirable migatory arrangements of the patriarchs. Sesostris. Shepherds. Colchians. Germans. Pelasgians. The Greeks the types of Shemites. The Dark Age. Reinvigora tion of Shemitic intellect by the infusion of the German. Greeks best quali fied for types, Germans for progression. Precocious and early maturity of the Grecian, more than compensated by the substance of the German element. Contrasts of the species in respect to intellectual power. Dr. Prichard's com parison ofthe human races with respect to mental endowments examined.

Chapter XII

The History of Woman is a necessary and important item in the Natural History of Man 595 Woman's power, active and passive. Anterior to education. The condition of, indicative of specific character. Men have advantages yvhich are compensated to yvomen. The Dark Races. The Shemitic Species. Seraglios. Zananahi. The Turk and Hindu. Chinese. Africans. New Hollander. European. Specific differences made by Him who knows. Different treatment of yvomen arises from difference of specific temperaments, not from education and government. Mohammedanism. Spaniards. Hindus. Israelites not examples of the sexual relations of the Shemites. The Greeks and Romans omitted. Heeren's remarks. Fact in Herodotus. Germans. Tacitus De Mor. Ger. Guizot's theory against Tacitus examined. The importance of the subject.

Flippant manner of disposing of Tacitus. The sexual relations of the Germans do not depend exclusively on Tacitus. Confirmed by Cæsar, Floras, &c. German yvomen taken as hostages for the performance of treaties. Guizot indirectly confirms Tacitus. The Germans barbarians in the arts and sciences, the Romans in morals. Feudalism introduced by the Germans. What elements of civilization sprang from it. Isolation. The Baron in his Castle, and what he carried to it. Guizot's theory against Tacitus' facts. Guizot's subsequent Lecture. His analogies improper. His conclusion is not against Tacitus. His two things introduced by the Germans. A third proposed, the individuality of yvoman, and the importance of this element. The Germans produced modern civilization. They saved Europe from the Ishmaelites and Mohammedanism.