Plutarch's Lives, Volume 4 (of 4) (part 3 of 3)

Plutarch's Lives, Volume 4 (of 4) (part 3 of 3)

[167] P. Vatinius was afterwards consul B.C. 47. There is extant a speech of Cicero against him, in which of course he has a very bad character given to him. Kaltwasser says that a thick neck was considered by the Romans as a sign of a shameless man, and he refers to the Life of Marius, c. 29, where a like expression is used. Cicero's neck, according to his own account, was very thin, and he thought it no good sign of his strength. However this may be as to the thickness of the neck of Vatinius, it was clearly not a thing that he could alter.

[168] C. Manilius, a Tribunus Plebis, had in this same year proposed and carried the law which gave Pompeius the command in the Mithridatic war, and Cicero had supported the measure in a speech which is extant (Life of Pompeius, c. 30). This story of the accusation and defence of Manilius is unintelligible. C. Orchinius presided at the trials for peculatus, and Manilius should have been brought before him (Cic. Pro Cluentio, c. 53). See Dion Cassius, 36, c. 27; and Drumann's remarks, Tullii, p. 375.

[169] Cicero was consul in B.C. 63 with C. Antonius. As to the affair of Catiline, see the Lives of Cæsar and Cato, and the notes; and Drumann, Tullii, p. 385, &c.

[170] See the Life of Sulla, c. 32.

[171] Sallust (Bell. Catilin. c. 22) tells a story somewhat to the same effect, of the conspirators drinking of human blood, but he does not believe the story, and perhaps few people will.

[172] The measure to which Plutarch alludes was the Agrarian Law of the tribune P. Servilius Rullus. Cicero made three speeches against the proposal, which are extant, and he defeated the scheme.

[173] C. Antonius went as governor to Macedonia in B.C. 62, where he took the opportunity of getting all the money that he could. He gave it out that Cicero was to have a share of it. The evidence of such an unprincipled man is not worth much; but one of Cicero's letters to Atticus (i. 12), which he never expected would be read by anybody else, shows that he knew there was such a rumour; and the manner in which he treats it is perfectly incomprehensible. A certain Hilarus, a freedman of Cicero, was then with Antonius in Macedonia, as Cicero was informed, and Cicero was also informed that Antonius declared that Cicero was to have some of the money that he was getting, and that Hilarus had been sent by Cicero to look after his share. Cicero was a good deal troubled, as he says, though he did not believe the report; yet, he adds, there was certainly some talk. Cn. Plancius was named to Cicero as the authority for the report. Atticus is requested to examine into the matter, and--not to apply to Antonius or to Plancius--but to get the rascal (Hilarus) out of those parts, if in any way he can. This is a mode of proceeding that is quite inconsistent with perfect innocence on the part of Cicero. There was something between him and Antonius. Cicero says that if Antonius should be recalled, as was expected, he could not for his character's sake defend the man; and what is more, he says, he felt no inclination; and then he proceeds to tell Atticus about this awkward report. Yet Cicero did defend Antonius (B.C. 59) and Antonius was convicted.

[174] It appears from Cicero's oration for Murena, c. 19, that his name was Lucius Roscius Otho, and he was not Prætor, but Tribunus Plebis. This Lex Roscia was enacted B.C. 67, in the consulship of M. Acilius Glabrio and C. Calpurnius Piso (Dion Cassius, 36. c. 25). His law gave to the equites and those who had the equestrian census a select place of fourteen rows at the public spectacles, which were next to the seats of the senators. This unpopular measure was that which Cicero now spoke in favour of (Ad. Attic. ii. 1). Cicero's oration is lost, but a passage is preserved, says Kaltwasser, by Macrobius (Saturnalia ii. 10). Some also suppose, as Kaltwasser says, that Virgil alludes to it in the passage in the Æneid (i. 152). There is no extract from this oration in Macrobius, who appears to suppose that Cicero made an oration to rebuke the people for making a disturbance while Roscius, the player, was acting.

[175] As to the conspiracy, see the Lives of Cæsar and Cato, and the notes.

[176] His name was C. Manlius Acidinus. There is no reason for saying that his true name was Mallius: that was merely a Greek form of Manlius. He fell in the battle in which Catiline's troops were defeated.

[177] Cicero has recorded this answer of Catiline in his oration for Murena, c. 25: "duo corpora esse in republica, unum debile, infirmo capite, alterum firmum, sine capite: huic, cum ita de se meritum esset, caput se vivo non defuturum." Cicero makes Catiline say that the weak body had a weak head. Cicero's version of what he said is obviously the true one.

[178] Decimus Junius Silanus and L. Licinius Murena were consuls for the year B.C. 62. As to the trial of Murena for bribery at the elections (ambitus), see the Life of Cato, c. 21.

[179] This affair is not mentioned by Sallustius in his history of the conspiracy of Catiline. The usual form in which the Senate gave this extraordinary power is mentioned by Sallustius (c. 29): "dent operam consules nequid Res Publica detrimenti capiat."

[180] The assassins, according to Sallustius, were C. Cornelius and L. Vargunteius. See the note of Drumann, Tullii, p. 457: "Plutarch hunted in his authorities only after anecdotes and traits of character in order to paint his heroes: the names of the subordinate persons were indifferent to him; with such frivolous and one-sided views he could not fail to confound persons." "Frivolous," is perhaps hardly the translation of Drumann's "leichtsinnig," but it comes pretty near to it. And yet the fact of the design to assassinate is the main feature in the history: the actors in the intended assassination are subordinate to the design. A painstaking compiler is entitled to grumble at such a blunder, but Plutarch does not merit reproach in these terms.

[181] She was a mistress or something of the kind of one Q. Curius. Whether Curius sent her to Cicero or she went of her own accord is doubtful. Perhaps she expected to get something for her information. Sallustius, c. 23. 28, speaks of this affair; and Cicero, Catilin. i. c. 9.

[182] Plutarch, as Kaltwasser observes, appears to refer to the words of Cicero (Catilin. i. c. 5): "magno me metu liberabis, dum modo inter me atque te murus intersit." Catiline left Rome on the night of the 8th of November.

[183] L. Cornelius Lentulus Sura was consul B.C. 71. He had been put out of the Senate by the censors for his irregular life. His restoration to his rank and the matter of the prætorship are mentioned by Dion Cassius (37, c. 30, and the note of Reimarus). The meaning of the story about the ball is obvious enough; but Lentulus was not the first who had the name Sura, and Plutarch's story is so far untrue. See Drumann's note on the name Sura, Cornelii, p. 530.

[184] See the Lives of Marius and Sulla.

[185] It was a period of festivity, and considered suitable for the purpose of the conspirators. See the Life of Pompeius, c. 34, notes.

[186] The narrative of Sallustius, as to the proposed burning of the city, is somewhat different (Bell. Catil. c. 43).

[187] The Allobroges were a Celtic tribe of Gallia, on the Rhone. They belonged to the division of Gallia which under Augustus was called Gallia Narbonensis. Their chief town was Vienna, now Vienne. According to Cæsar's description (Bell. Gall. i. 6.) the Rhodanus in the upper part of its course separated the Helvetii from the Allobroges. The remotest town of the Allobroges, on the side of the Helvetii, was Geneva. Cæsar describes the Allobroges as recently (B.C. 58) brought to friendly terms with the Romans.

[188] This Titus of Croton is named Titus Volturcius by Sallustius.

[189] The Senate met on the third of December of the unreformed calendar in the temple of Concord, on the Capitoline Hill.

[190] See the Life of Cæsar, c. 9, and the notes.

[191] Compare Dion Cassius, 37, c. 35. Fabia, the sister of Terentia, was one of the Vestals, and Drumann supposes that this fact confirms his supposition that Cicero had arranged all this affair with his wife, in order to work on the popular opinion. Middleton made the same supposition a long time ago. It requires no great penetration to make such a conjecture; but it may not be true.

[192] It is said that this does not appear in any of Cicero's extant writings.

[193] The Senate assembled on the fourth of December in the temple of Concord; and again on the fifth to pass judgment on the conspirators. As to the speeches delivered on the occasion, see the Lives of Cæsar and Cato, and the notes. The whole matter of the conspiracy is treated with great minuteness and tedious prolixity by Drumann (Tullii, under the year B.C. 63).

[194] I believe that I have translated this correctly. I suppose that Plutarch means to say, that if Cæsar had been accused as a member of the conspiracy, he would have been acquitted, and the conspirators would have had a chance of escaping also. There was no chance of securing the condemnation of the conspirators and involving Cæsar in their fate. On the contrary, if Cæsar was accused, all might escape. It was better, therefore, not to touch him. Kaltwasser has made the passage unintelligible. The explanation of Coraës, as corrected by Schäfer, is right.

[195] Sallustius (Bell. Cat. c. 51, &c.) states Cæsar's proposal to have been the confiscation of the property of the conspirators and their perpetual confinement in the chief municipia of Italy, and that the Senate should make a declaration that any man who proposed to set them at liberty, or to mitigate their punishment, should be considered an enemy of the State. Cicero (In Catilin. iv. 5) states the opinion of Cæsar to the same effect. Cæsar had urged the illegality of condemning Roman citizens to death without a trial, and this was provided by a Lex Sempronia of C. Gracchus. But Cicero replies that Cææar's measure was as severe.

[196] The speech which he delivered on the occasion is the fourth oration against Catiline. Some critics maintain that it is not genuine. Drumann, who maintains that it is, has a long note on the subject (Tullii, p. 512).

[197] Plutarch likens the feelings of the youth at the sight of the prisoners being led to execution to the solemn ceremonies of initiation in some mysterious rites. The conspirators were taken to the only prison that Rome then had, the Tullianum, where they were strangled. Five men were put to death. Nine had been condemned to death, but four had escaped being seized. Appian (Civil Wars, ii. 6) seems to say that Cicero saw the men put to death. If he did not see the execution, we may safely assume that he took care to see that the men really were dead. Their bodies were delivered to their kinsfolk for interment.

[198] Antonius did not command in the battle. He was ill, or pretended to be ill. His legatus, Petreius, an able officer, commanded the troops. The battle was fought early in B.C. 62, probably near Pistoria (Pistoia) in Etruria. It was a bloody struggle, hand to hand, and the loss on the victorious side was great. Dion says that Antonius sent the head of Catilina to Rome. According to Roman usage, he was entitled to the honour of the victory, because Petreius was his inferior officer.

[199] Metellus Nepos and the other tribunes began to exercise their functions on the tenth of December. The consuls began to exercise their functions on the first of January. The oath that Cicero had to swear was, that he had obeyed the laws. He alludes to the oath that he did swear on the last day of December on giving up his office, in a letter to Q. Metellus Celer, the brother of Nepos (Ad Diversos, v. 2), and in his oration against Piso, c. 3. Manutius (Comment. in Cic. Ep. Ad Divers. v. 2) shows that Bestia was a tribune during Cicero's consulship, and as he had gone out of office on the ninth of December he could not have acted with Metellus on the thirty-first of December.

As to Metellus Nepos, see the Life of Cato, c. 20.

[200] It is said that this does not occur in the extant letters of Cicero.

[201] In the beginning of his treatise De Officiis, which is addressed to his son, then at Athens (B.C. 44), Cicero speaks of the youth having then been a year under the instruction of Kratippus. Kratippus was a native of Mitylene, and he was living there when Pompeius touched at the island after the battle of Pharsalia (Life of Pompeius, c. 75). Cicero's son was attached to his master, and in an extant letter to Tiro (Cic. Ad Diversos, xvii. 21) he expresses his affection for him. Kratippus was more than a philosopher: he was a pleasant companion, and perhaps young Cicero liked his table-talk as much as his philosophy.

[202] He is mentioned by Cicero in his Letters to Atticus (xiv. 16, 18, and xv. 16).

[203] Cicero, in the letter to Tiro (xvi. 21) above referred to, says that Gorgias was useful to him in his declamatory exercises, but he had dismissed him in obedience to his father's positive command.

[204] It does not appear which of the Munatii this was.

[205] Crassus could not well misunderstand the Stoical doctrine, but he appears to have purposely expressed himself as if the Stoics considered "rich" and "good" as convertible terms. Cicero's repartee implies that "good" is the more comprehensive term: Crassus therefore was not "good," because he was "rich."

[206] This is a frigid joke. Axius in Greek ([Greek: axios]) signifies "worthy;" and Cicero's words literally translated are, he is "worthy of Crassus," if we take Axius as a Greek word. They can also mean, he is "Axius son of Crassus." The wit lay in associating the name of Axius and Crassus; but the joke is only made duller by the explanation.

A Roman Senator named Axius is mentioned by Cicero (Ad Attic. iii. 15, and elsewhere).

[207] See the Life of Crassus, c. 16.

[208] L. Gellius Publicola was consul with Cn. Cornelius Lentulus, B.C. 72.

[209] It is uncertain who this man was. The allusion to the hole in his ear signifies that his ears were bored to carry pendants or earrings after the fashion of some nations at that time. Cicero meant to imply that he was not of genuine Italian stock. Juvenal alludes to a man's foreign origin being shown by his ears being bored, in the following terms:--

"----quamvis Natus ad Euphratem, molles quod in aure fenestræ Arguerint, licet ipse neges."

Sat. i. 103, and the note of Heinrichs.

[210] Publius Sextius or Sestius was the name of a tribunus plebis who exerted himself to accomplish the recall of Cicero. There is extant an oration of Cicero entitled Pro P. Sestio, in defence of Publius, who was tried in the year after Cicero's return on a charge of raising a tumult (de vi) at the popular meeting in which Cicero's recall was proposed. Cicero speaks of the acquittal of Publius in a letter to his brother Quintus (ii. 4).

[211] This obscure man's name is also incorrectly written.

[212] See the Life of Cato, c. 29.

[213] Kaltwasser conjectures that the name should be Manius Aquilius, who acted as Proconsul in the Servile war in Sicily B.C. 100. In B.C. 88 he conducted the war against Mithridates in Asia. He fell into the hands of Mithridates, who put him to death.

But this cannot be the person meant by Plutarch, who evidently means a person who may be called a contemporary of Cicero. A certain M. Aquinius is mentioned in the Book on the African War (De Bell. Afric. 57).

[214] Adrastus, king of Argos, gave his two daughters in marriage to Tydeus and Polynices, both of whom were exiles from their native country.

[215] L. Aurelius Cotta was consul B.C. 65, and censor B.C. 64, the year in which Cicero was elected consul. In his prætorship, B.C. 70, he proposed the Lex Aurelia, which determined that the judices for public trials should be chosen from the Senators, Equites and Tribuni Ærarii. Notwithstanding this joke, Cotta was a friend of Cicero, and Cicero often speaks in high terms of praise of him.

[216] It is uncertain who this Voconius was. The verse, which is apparently from some Greek tragedian, is conjectured to allude to Laius, who begat OEdipus contrary to the advice of the oracle of Apollo.

[217] Cicero means that he had acted as a public crier (præco). Such persons were often of servile descent.

[218] See the life of Sulla, c. 34. The Roman word "Proscriptio" means putting up a public notice, as a sale and the like. The term was also applied to the public notices, now commonly called proscriptions, by which Sulla and the Triumviri declared the heads of their enemies and their property to be forfeited. (See the Life of Sulla, c. 81, and the notes.) This saying of Cicero had both truth and point.

[219] This story of the intrigue of Clodius is told in the Life of Cæsar, c. 9.

[220] There is something wanting in the Greek text; but the meaning is not obscure. See the note of Sintenis.

[221] Of course on the day on which Clodius pretended that he was not at Rome. Kaltwasser has inserted the words "on that day;" but they are not in the original.

[222] So it is in the MSS., though it should probably be Tertia. A confusion may easily have arisen between the name Terentia, which has already been mentioned in this chapter, and the name Tertia (third), though the wife of Q. Marcius Rex is said to have been the oldest of the three sisters. Quadranteria is a misprint for Quadrantaria. This lady was the wife of Q. Metellus Celer, and was suspected of poisoning him. Cicero vents unbounded abuse upon her; and he also preserved the name Quadrantaria (Or. Pro Cælio, c. 26). The Roman word Quadrans, a fourth, signified a fourth part of a Roman as, and was a small copper coin. The way in which one of her lovers is reported to have paid her in copper coin seems to have circulated in Rome as a good practical joke.

[223] See the Life of Cæsar, c. 10, and the notes.

[224] The number twenty-five agrees with the common text in Cicero's Letter to Atticus (i. 16): the other number in the common text of Cicero is thirty-one. See the note in the Variorum edition.

[225] Clodius was tribunus plebis in B.C. 58. The consuls of the year were L. Calpurnius Piso, the father of Calpurnia, Cæsar's wife, and Aulus Gabinius, a tool of Pompeius.

[226] Dion Cassius (38, c. 15) says that Cæsar proposed to Cicero to go to Gaul with him; and Cicero, in a letter to Atticus (i. 19), speaks of Cæsar's proposal to him to go as his legatus. It is difficult to imagine that Cæsar made such a proposal, or at least that he seriously intended to take Cicero with him. He would have been merely an incumbrance.

[227] Read "as in a public calamity." Cicero speaks of this affair in his oration for Cn. Plancius, c. 35; in the latter part of which oration he speaks at some length of the circumstances that attended his going into exile.

[228] This was C. Calpurnius Piso Frugi, the first husband of Tullia. She was his wife at least as early as B.C. 63, and she was his widow before the end of B.C. 57.

[229] Cicero, in the oration which he subsequently spoke against this Piso, gives (c. 6) a strange account of his reception by Piso.

Cato and Hortensius advised Cicero to go (Dion Cassius, 38, c. 17).

[230] Compare Cicero De Legibus, ii. 17, ed. Bakius; and Ad Attic. vii. 3. Cicero left Rome in the month of March, B.C. 58.

[231] Cicero, in a letter to Atticus (iii. 4) says that he was required to move four hundred Roman miles from the city. Compare Dion Cassius, 38, c. 17.

[232] Cicero received the news of his sentence when he was near Vibo, a town in the country of the Brutii, now Bivona, on the gulf of Sta. Eufemia. He had written to Atticus (iii. 3) to meet him at Vibo, but his next letter informed Atticus that he had set out to Brundusium. Cicero names the person, Sica, who had shown him hospitality near Vibo. Plutarch calls him [Greek: Ouibios Sikelos anêr], as if he had mistaken the name Sica.

[233] Cicero mentions this circumstance in his oration for Cn. Plancius, c. 40 (ed. Wunder, and the Notes). He was well received by the municipia which lay between Vibo and Brundusium. He did not enter the city of Brundusium, but lodged in the gardens of M. Lænus Flaccus.

[234] Cicero did not remain at Dyrrachium. His movements are described in his own letters, and in his oration for Cn. Plancius. He went to Thessalonica in Macedonia, where Plancius then was in the capacity of quæstor to L. Apuleius, Prætor of Macedonia. He reached Thessalonica on the 23rd of May (x. Kal. Jun.), and there is a letter extant addressed to Atticus (ii. 8), which is dated from Thessalonica on the 29th of May (Dat. iiii. Kal. Jun. Thessalonicæ).

[235] His unmanly lamentations are recorded in his own letters and in his own speech for Cn. Plancius, c. 42.

[236] Cicero was not a practical philosopher. Like most persons who have been much engaged in public life, he lived in the opinion of others. He did not follow the maxim of the Emperor Antoninus, who bids us "Look within; for within is the source of good, and it sends up a continuous stream to those who will always dig there" (vii. 59). Cicero did not reverence his own soul, but he placed his happiness "in the opinion of others" (i. 6). Perhaps however he was not weaker than most active politicians, whose letters would be as dolorous and lachrymose as his, if they were banished to a distant colony.

[237] This is not obscure, if it is properly considered, and it contains a serious truth. A man must view things as they are, and he must not take his notions of them from the affects of the many. "Things touch not the soul, but they are out of it, and passive; perturbations come only from the opinion that is within a man" (M. Antoninus, iv. 3).

The philosophic emperor and the unphilosophic statesman were very different persons. The emperor both preached and practised. The statesman showed his feebleness by his arrogance in prosperity and his abjectness in adversity.

[238] These proceedings are described by Cicero in his oration (Pro Domo, c. 24). The marble columns were removed from his house on the Palatine to the premises of the father-in-law of the consul Piso, in the presence of the people. Gabinius, the other consul, who was Cicero's neighbour at Tusculum, removed to his own land the stock that was on Cicero's estate and the ornaments of the house, and even the trees.

[239] In B.C. 57, P. Cornelius Lentulus Spinther and Q. Cæcilius Metellus Nepos were consuls. Cicero alludes to the disturbance which preceded his recall in his oration for P. Sextius, c. 35: "Caedem in foro maximam faciunt, universique destrictis gladiis et cruentis in omnibus fori partibus fratrem meum, virum optimum, fortissimum, meique amantissimum oculis quaerebant, voce poscebant." Cicero adds that his brother being driven from the Rostra lay down in the Comitium, and protected himself "with the bodies of slaves and freedmen;" by which Cicero seems to mean that his slaves and freedmen kept watch over him till he made his escape at night. Plutarch appears to have misunderstood the passage or to have had some other authority. In this dreadful tumult "the Tiber was filled with the dead bodies of the citizens, the drains were choaked, and the blood was wiped up from the Forum with sponges." This looks somewhat like rhetorical embellishment.

[240] Cicero in a letter to Atticus (iv. 2) gives an account of the compensation which he received. The valuation of his house at Rome (superficies aedium) was fixed at HS. vicies, or two million sesterces. He seems not to have objected to this, but he complains of the valuation of his Tusculanum and Formianum.

[241] In the seventeenth month according to Clinton (Fasti Hellen. B.C. 57). The passage that Plutarch refers to is in the Oration to the Senate after his return (c. 15): "Cum me vestra auctoritas arcessierit, Populus Romanus revocarit, Respublica implorarit, Italia cuncta paene suis humeris reportarit."

[242] See the Life of Cato, c. 40, and Dion Cassius, 39, c. 21.

[243] Clodius was killed B.C. 52, the year in which Pompeius was chosen sole consul. Cicero's speech for Milo is extant, or at least a speech which he wrote after the trial. Milo was condemned and went an exile to Massilia. His property was sold and it went cheap. Cicero was under some suspicion of being a purchaser; but the matter is quite unintelligible (Drumann, Annii, p. 49, and the references). There could be no reason why Cicero should write in such obscure terms to Atticus, if his conduct in this matter was fair.

[244] Crassus perished B.C. 54. See the Life of Crassus.

[245] His province also comprehended Pisidia, Pamphylia, and Cyprus. The proconsulship of Cicero was in B.C. 51, though he had been consul in B.C. 63. Cicero went to Cilicia against his will (Ad Diversos, iii. 2). Pompeius had got the Senate (B.C. 52) to pass an order that no person should hold a province within five years after being consul or prætor. This was aimed at Cæsar, if he should get a second consulship. Pompeius also wished to have Cicero out of the way, and the provinces were to be supplied with governors from among those who did not come within the terms of the new rule: and Cicero was one of them (Cicero, Ad Diversos, iii. 2; Ad Attic. vi. 6).

[246] He was the third Cappadocian king of this name. This unlucky king was a debtor of Cn. Pompeius and M. Junius Brutus, the most distinguished Roman money-lender of his day (Cicero, Ad Attic. vi. 1-3). Both Pompeius and Brutus were pressing the king for money. Deiotarus also sent to Ariobarzanes to try to get some money out of him for Brutus. The king's answer was that he had none, and Cicero says that he believed he told the truth, for that no country was in a more impoverished state and nobody more beggared than the king. Cicero dunned the king continually with letters, but he was not particularly well pleased with his commission (Ad Attic. vi. 2). The end was that the king provided for the payment of about one hundred talents to Brutus during Cicero's year of government. He had promised Pompeius two hundred in six months, which, as a judicious commentator remarks, is not worth so much as a security for one hundred. These money doings of the supposed patriot Brutus should be well examined by those who still retain an opinion of the virtues of this Republican hero.

[247] There seems no reason to doubt that Cicero's administration of his province was just and mild. Plutarch has apparently derived some of the facts here mentioned from Cicero himself (Ad Attic. vi. 2): "Aditus autem ad me minime provinciales; nihil per cubicularium: ante lucem inambulabam domi, ut olim candidatus."

[248] Cicero's exploits were such as would not have been recorded, if he had not been his own historian. In a letter to Cato (Ad Diversos, xv. 4), he gives a pretty full account of his operations; and he asks Cato to use his influence to get him the honour of a Supplicatio or Public Thanksgiving. Cato's short reply, which he says is longer than his letters usually are, is a model in its way.

[249] So it is in Plutarch's text: it may be the blunder of Plutarch, or the blunder of his copyists. The true name is M. Cælius (Cic. Ad Diversos, ii. 11), who was curule ædile B.C. 51. The saying about the panthers is in this letter of Cicero, who had set the panther-hunters to work.

Cicero returned to Rome in B.C. 50. He mentions (Ad Attic. vi. 7) his intention to call at Rhodes.

[250] The events of this chapter, which belong to B.C. 49, are told at length in the Lives of Pompeius and Cæsar. Cicero's irresolution is well marked in his own letters; in one of which (Ad Attic. viii. 7, referred to by Kaltwasser) he says:--"Ego quem fugiam habeo, quem sequar non habeo."

There are no letters extant of Trebatius to the purport which Plutarch states, but Cæsar wrote to Cicero and begged him to stay at Rome. Cicero (Ad Attic. ix. 16) has given a copy of Cæsar's letter; and a copy of another letter from Cæsar (Ad Attic. x. 8), in which he urges Cicero to keep quiet. There seems to be no doubt that Trebatius had been employed by Cæsar to write to Cicero and speak to him about remaining neutral at least. Cicero had an interview with Cæsar at Formiæ, after Cæsar's return from Brundusium (Ad Atticum, ix. 18, 19; Ad Diversos, iv. 1). The letter last referred to is addressed to Servius Sulpicius.

[251] L. Domitius Ahenobarbus. See the Life of Cæsar, c. 34.

[252] See the Life of Pompeius, c. 37, notes.

[253] Smart sayings are not generally improved by explanation, and they ought not to require it. Cicero apparently meant to say that it was as absurd to talk of men being dispirited after a victory, as if one were to say that Cæsar's friends disliked him.

[254] After defeating Pharnaces Cæsar landed in Italy, in September, B.C. 47, of the unreformed calendar. Cicero had received a letter from Cæsar before Cæsar's arrival in Italy. The letter was written in Egypt (Cicero, Ad Diversos, xiv. 23; Pro Q. Ligario, c. 3). Compare Dion Cassius, 46, c. 12, 22, as to the conduct of Cicero to Cæsar. Before the end of the year Cicero was in Rome.

[255] It is difficult to see what was the resemblance between Perikles and Cicero. Theramenes was somewhat more like him, for he tried to be on more sides than one, and met with the usual fate of such people. He was one of the so-called Thirty Tyrants of Athens, and he was sacrificed by his colleagues.

[256] The speech of Cicero is extant. The allusion of Plutarch is particularly to the third chapter.

[257] Cicero in a letter to L. Papirius Pætus (Ad Diversos, ix. 18) alludes to his occupations at Tusculum. He compares himself to Dionysius, who after being driven from Syracuse is said to have opened a school at Corinth. Cicero's literary activity after B.C. 47 is the most remarkable passage in his life. He required to be doing something.

[258] The allusion is to the story of Laertes in the Odyssey, i. 190, and xxiv. 226.

[259] She was divorced some time in B.C. 46. The latest extant letter to Terentia is dated on the first of October, B.C. 47, from Venusia. Cicero was then on his road from Brundusium to Tusculanum. He orders his wife to have everything ready for him; some friends would probably be with him, and they might stay some time. The bath was to be got ready, and eatables, and everything else. A gentleman would write a more civil letter to his housekeeper.

In a letter to Cn. Plancius (Ad Diversos, ix. 14), who congratulates Cicero on his new marriage, he says that nothing would have induced him to take such a step at such a time, if he had not found on his return his domestic affairs even worse than public affairs. According to his own account he was hardly safe in his own house, and it was necessary to strengthen himself by new alliances against the perfidy of old ones. Terentia may have been a bad housekeeper, and her temper was not the sweetest. She could not have any feeling for her husband except contempt, and he repaid it by getting rid of her. Cicero had to repay the Dos of Terentia, but she never got it back, so far as we can learn.

It is not known what was the age of Terentia when she was divorced, but she could not be young. Yet there are stories of her marrying Sallustius, the historian, and after him Messala Corvinus, but the authority for these marriages is weak. She is said to have attained the age of one hundred and three. Terentia had a large property of her own. There is no imputation on her character, which, for those times, is much in her favour. She had courage in danger and firmness of purpose, both of which her husband wanted. "Her husband," says Drumann, "who always looked for and needed some support, must often have acted under her influence: for him it was a fortunate thing to have such a woman by his side, and a scandal that he put her away."

[260] Her name was Publilia. Cicero was now sixty years of age. Various ladies had been recommended to Cicero. He would not marry the daughter of Pompeius Magnus, the widow of Faustus Sulla, perhaps for fear that it might displease Cæsar; another who was recommended to him was too ugly (Ad Attic. xiv. 11). Publilia was young and rich: her father had left her a large fortune, but in order to evade the Lex Voconia, which limited the amount that a woman could take by testament, the property was given to Cicero in trust to give it to her. The marriage turned out unhappy. In a letter to Atticus (xiv. 32), written when Cicero was alone in the country, he says that Publilia had written to pray that she might come to him with her mother; but he had told her that he preferred being alone, and he begs Atticus to let him know how long he could safely stay in the country without a visit from his young wife. Tullia died in B.C. 45, and Cicero had now no relief except in his studies; his new wife was a burden to him, and he divorced her. He had the Dos of Publilia now to repay, and Terentia was not settled with; thus, in addition to his other troubles, he was troubled about money (Ad Attic., xiv. 34, 47).

Dion Cassius (57. 15) says that Vibius Rufus, who was consul A.D. 22, in the time of Tiberius, married Cicero's widow, and Middleton supposes that Terentia is meant, but this is very unlikely; Dion must mean Publilia.

[261] Tiro was a freedman of Cicero, and had been brought up in his house. He had a good capacity and his master was strongly attached to him. Cicero's letters to him are in the sixteenth book of the Miscellaneous Collection. It is said that Tiro collected the letters of Cicero after Cicero's death, by doing which he has rendered a great service to history, and little to his master.

[262] Tullia's first husband was C. Calpurnius Piso Frugi, who died probably early in B.C. 57. In B.C. 56 Tullia married Furius Crassipes, from whom she was divorced, but the circumstances are not known. Her third husband was P. Cornelius Dolabella, a patrician. It seems that she was separated from Dolabella before she died. Tullia did not die in Rome, but at her father's house at Tusculum, in February, B.C. 45. Tullia left one son by Dolabella, who was named Lentulus. His father, Dolabella, is also named Lentulus, whence it is concluded that he had been adopted by a Lentulus. The Lentuli were Cornelii.

[263] Cæsar was murdered on the Ides of March, B.C. 44. The circumstances of Cæsar's death, and the events which follow, are told in the Lives of Cæsar and Antonius. Cicero saw Cæsar fall (Ad Attic. xiv. 14), and he rejoiced.

[264] An "oblivion" or "non-remembrance" is a declaration of those who have the sovereign power in a state, that certain persons shall be excused for their political acts. It implies that those who grant the amnesty have the power, and that those to whom it is granted are in subjection to them, or have not the political power which the authors of the amnesty assume. After Thrasybulus at Athens had overthrown the Thirty Tyrants as they are called, an amnesty was declared, but the Thirty and some few others were excluded from it (Xenophon, Hellen. ii. 4, 38).

Cicero in his first Philippic (c. 1) alludes to his attempt to bring about a settlement. The senate met on the eighteenth of March in the temple of Tellus: "In quo templo quantum in me fuit jeci fundamenta pacis, Atheniensiumque renovavi vetus exemplum: Græcum etiam verbum usurpavi quo tum in sedandis discordiis erat usa civitas illa, atque omnem memoriam discordiarum oblivione sempiterna delendam censui."

[265] P. Cornelius Dolabella, once the husband of Tullia, Cicero's daughter. He was consul, after Cæsar's death, with M. Antonius, and in the next year, B.C. 43, he was in Syria as governor. Cassius, who was also in Syria, attacked Dolabella and took Laodicea, where Dolabella was. To avoid falling into the hands of his enemy, Dolabella ordered a soldier to kill him.

[266] A. Hirtius, or as Plutarch writes the name Irtius, and C. Vibius Pansa were the consuls of B.C. 53. Cicero set out from Rome soon after Cæsar's death with the intention of going to Greece (Ad Attic. xiv.). He went as far as Syracuse, whence he returned to Rome, which he reached on the last day of August (Ad Diversos, xii. 25; Ad Attic. xvi. 7; Philipp. i. 5; v. 7). Cicero in the passage last referred to speaks of the violent measures of Antonius; "huc etiam nisi venirem Kal. Sept. fabros se missurum et domum meam disturbaturum esse dixit." On the second of September he delivered his first Philippic in the Senate. It is an evidence of Cicero's great mental activity that he wrote his Topica, addressed to Trebatius, on shipboard after he had set sail from Velia with the intention of going to Greece. He says that he had no books with him (Topica, c. 1, &c.).

[267] C. Octavius, the grandson of Cæsar's younger sister Julia, and the son of C. Octavius, prætor B.C. 61, by Atia, the daughter of M. Atius Balbus and Julia. C. Octavius, the young Cæsar, was born B.C. 63, in the consulship of Cicero. The dictator by his testament left him a large property and his name. Accordingly he is henceforth called C. Julius Cæsar Octavianus, but he is better known as the future Emperor Augustus. At the time of the Dictator's assassination he was at Apollonia, a town on the coast of Illyricum. He came to Rome on the news of Cæsar's death with his friend M. Vipsanius Agrippa. Cicero saw him at his Cuman villa on his way to Rome (Ad. Attic. xiv. 11, 12).

[268] Plutarch probably means Greek drachmæ, for he states the sum in his Life of Antonius, c. 15, in round numbers at 4000 talents. The Septies Millies which Cicero speaks of (Philipp. ii. 37) is a different sum of money.

[269] Cæsar's mother had taken for her second husband L. Marcius Philippus. She just lived to see her youthful son consul in B.C. 43.

Octavia, the younger sister of Cæsar, was now the wife of C. Marcellus, who had been consul B.C. 50. After the death of Marcellus, she married M. Antonius (B.C. 40), being then with child by her deceased husband. The Roman law did not allow a woman to marry till ten months after her husband's death; the object of the rule was to prevent the paternity of a child from being doubtful. Plutarch correctly states the time at ten months (Life of Antonius, c. 31). If Octavia was then with child, as Dion Cassius says (48. c. 3), the reason for the rule did not exist. In later times, at least, the rule was dispensed with when the reason for it ceased, as when a pregnant widow was delivered of a child before the end of the ten months. Ten months was the assumed time of complete gestation (Savigny, System, &c. ii. 181).

[270] Young Cæsar had raised troops in Campania, and chiefly at Capua among the veteran soldiers of the dictator, who had been settled on lands there (Dion Cassius, 45. c. 12; Cicero, Ad Atticum, xvi. 8). He gave the men five hundred denarii apiece, about eighteen pounds sterling, by way of bounty, and led them to Rome. These men were old soldiers, well trained to their work. The youth who did this was nineteen years of age, a boy, as Cicero calls him; but a boy who outwitted him and everybody else, and maintained for more than half a century the power which he now seized.

[271] Dreams were viewed in a sort as manifestations of the will of the gods. This dream happened, as Dion Cassius tells (45. c. 2), to Catulus; and he makes Cicero dream another dream. Cicero dreamed that Octavius was let down from heaven by a chain of gold, and was presented with a whip by Jupiter. Suetonius (Octav. Cæsar, c. 94) agrees with Dion Cassius. The whip was significant. Jupiter meant that somebody required whipping, and he put the whip in the hands of a youth who knew how to use it.

[272] The young man cajoled the old one and made a tool of him. Like all vain men, Cicero was ready to be used by those who knew how to handle him. There is a letter from Brutus to Cicero (Ad Brutum, 16), and one of Brutus to Atticus (Ad Brutum, 17), to the purport here stated by Plutarch. But these letters may be spurious.

[273] He was at Athens in B.C. 44, when Cicero addressed to him his Officia. He had been a year there (De Offic. i. 1) at the time when the first chapter was written. The poet Horatius was there at the same time. When M. Brutus came to Athens in the autumn of B.C. 44, Cicero joined Brutus, who gave him a command in his cavalry (Plutarch, Brutus, c. 24, 26).

[274] The consuls were sent to relieve Mutina (Modena), in which Decimus Brutus, the governor of Cisalpine Gaul, was besieged by Antonius. Cicero had recommended the Senate to give Cæsar the authority of a commander. Cæsar received a command with the insignia of a prætor. There were two battles at Mutina, in April, B.C. 43, in which the two consuls fell.

[275] It is stated by various authorities that Cicero was cajoled with the hopes of the consulship (Dion Cassius, 46. c. 42; Appian, Civil Wars, iii. 82). The testimony of the tenth letter to Brutus (Cicero Ad Brutum, 10) is not decisive against other evidence. Cæsar came to Rome in August, B.C. 43, with his army, and through the alarm which he created, was elected consul with Q. Pedius (Dion Cassius, 16. c. 43, &c.; Appian, Civil Wars, iii. 94).

[276] After he was elected consul, Cæsar left the city for North Italy, and was joined by Antonius and Lepidus (Appian, Civil War, iii. 96, &c.). M. Æmilius Lepidus, son of M. Lepidus, consul B.C. 78, was consul in B.C. 46, with C. Julius Cæsar. He was elected Pontifex Maximus after Cæsar's death: he had been declared an enemy of the State by the Senate, but Cæsar had compelled the Senate to annul their declaration against Antonius and Lepidus, as a preparatory step to the union with them which he meditated. Lepidus is painted to the life by Shakespeare (Julius Cæsar, iv. 2):

"Ant. This is a slight unmeritable man, Meet to be sent on errands."

[277] Now Bologna. They met in a small island of the Rhenus, or Lavinius, as the name is in Appian (Civil Wars, iv. 2). The meeting is also described by Dion Cassius (46. c. 45), and here they formed a triumvirate for five years. The number of the proscribed, according to Appian, was three hundred senators and two thousand equites. The power of the triumvirate was confirmed at Rome in legal form (Appian, Civil Wars, iv. 7).

[278] L. Æmilius Paulus, consul B.C. 50, who is said to have sold himself to the Dictator Cæsar (Life of Cæsar, c. 29). As to his name Paulus, see Drumann (Æmilii). Paulus was allowed to escape to M. Brutus, by the favour of some soldiers. He was as insignificant as his brother the Triumvir. L. Cæsar, consul B.C. 64, was the brother of Julia, the mother of M. Antonius. Julia saved her brother's life. Lucius was a man of no mark.

[279] The circumstances of Cicero's death are told more minutely by Plutarch than by any other writer. He left the city before the arrival of the Triumviri in November, and apparently when the bloody work of the proscription had commenced. He had probably heard of his fate before he reached Tusculum.

[280] Astura was a small place on the coast of Latium, a little south of Antium. Near Astura a small stream, Fiume Astura, flows into the sea. Cicero had a villa here. The country at the back was a forest. (Westphal, Die Römische Kampagne, and his maps.)

[281] Appian (Civil Wars, iv. 20) says that the father told his murderers to kill him first, his son did the same, on which they were parted and murdered at the same time. Dion Cassius (47, c. 10) gives a different story. The main fact that they were murdered is not doubtful, but, as is usual, the circumstances are uncertain.

[282] Or Circeii, now Monte Circello, that remarkable mountain promontory which is the only striking feature on the coast of Latium. The agony of Cicero's mind is powerfully depicted in his irresolution. The times were such as to make even a brave man timid, but a true philosopher would have shown more resolution. His turning his steps towards Rome and his return are not improbable. He had been doing the same kind of thing all his life.

[283] So in the text of Plutarch, but Caieta (Gaeta) is meant. Cicero had a villa at Formiæ, near Caieta, his Formianum, which he often mentions and which in his prosperous days was a favourite retreat.

The Appian road passed from Terracina through Fundi (Fondi) and Itri, whence there is a view of Gaeta. The next place is Formiæ, Mola di Gaeta, on the beautiful bay of Gaeta. There are numerous remains about the site of Formiæ, which of course are taken for Cicero's villa. The site was doubtless near the Mola and the village Castiglione. The Formian villa was destroyed when Cicero was banished, but he received some compensation, and he rebuilt it.

[284] This Popilius was C. Popilius Lænas, a military tribune, whom Cicero at the request of M. Cælius had once defended (Dion Cassius, 47. c. 11).

[285] Plutarch's narrative leads us to suppose that Cicero saw that his time was come and offered his neck to the murderers. Appian's narrative (Civil Wars, iv. 20) is that Lænas drew Cicero's head out of the litter and struck three blows before he severed it. He was so awkward at the work that the operation was like sawing the neck off.

Cicero was murdered on the 7th of December, B.C. 73, being nearly sixty-four years of age.

[286] The same story is told by Appian, except that he mentions only the right hand. The murderer received for his pains a large sum of money, much more than was promised. It is hardly credible that Antonius placed the head of Cicero on a tablet at a banquet (Appian, Civil Wars, iv. 20). Though he hated Cicero and with good reason, such a brutal act is not credible of him, nor is it consistent with the story of the head being fixed on the Rostra; not to mention other reasons against the story that might be urged. Dion Cassius (47. c. 8) says that Fulvia, the wife of Antonius, pierced the tongue of Cicero with one of the pins which women wore in their hair, and added other insults. To make his story probable, he says that it was done before the head was fixed on the Rostra.

[287] His name was Philogonus. The story about Philogonus is refuted by the silence of Tiro.

Pomponia, the wife of Quintus, was the sister of T. Pomponius Atticus, the friend of Cicero. She and her husband did not live in harmony.

[288] These were Caius and Lucius, the sons of Cæsar's daughter Julia by M. Vipsanius Agrippa.

[289] Cæsar defeated Antonius at the battle of Actium, B.C. 31. Cicero's son Marcus was made an augur, and he was consul with Cæsar in B.C. 30. He was afterwards proconsul of Asia. The time of his death is unknown. Cicero's son had neither ambition nor ability. All that is certainly known of him is that he loved eating and drinking, for neither of which had his father any inclination. There are two letters of the son to Tiro extant (Cicero, Ad Diversos, xvi. 21, 25).

The Life of Cicero is only a sketch of Cicero's character, but a better sketch than any modern writer has made. It does not affect to be a history of the times, nor does it affect to estimate with any exactness his literary merit. But there is not a single great defect in his moral character that is not touched, nor a virtue that has not been signalized. Those who would do justice to him and have not time to examine for themselves, may trust Plutarch at least as safely as any modern writer.

If in these notes I have occasionally expressed an unfavourable opinion directly or indirectly, I have expressed none that I do not believe true, and none for which abundant evidence cannot be produced, even from Cicero's own writings. It is a feeble and contemptible criticism that would palliate or excuse that which admits not of excuse. It is a spurious liberality that would gloss over the vices and faults of men because they have had great virtues, and would impute to those who tell the whole truth a malignant pleasure in defaming and vilifying exalted merit. This assumed fair dealing and magnanimity would deprive us of the most instructive lessons that human life teaches--that all men have their weaknesses, their failings and their vices, and that no intellectual greatness is a security against them. "It is not absolutely railing against anything to proclaim its defects, because they are in all things to be found, how beautiful or how much to be coveted soever" (Montaigne). The failings of a great man are more instructive than those of an obscure man. They exhibit the weak points at which any man may be assailed, and in some of which no man is impregnable. Cicero's writings have made us as familiar with him as with the writers of our own country, and there is hardly a European author of modern times who is more universally read than Cicero in some or other of his numerous compositions. His letters alone, which were never intended for publication, and were written to a great variety of persons as the events of the day prompted, furnish a mass of historical evidence, which, if we consider his position and the times in which he lived, is not surpassed by any similar collection. He is thus mixed up with the events of the most stirring and interesting period of his country's history; and every person who studies that history must endeavour to form a just estimate of the character of a man who is both a great actor in public events and an important witness.

The Life of Cicero by Middleton is a partial work: the evidence is imperfectly examined and the author's prejudices in favour of Cicero have given a false colouring to many facts. The most laborious life of Cicero is by Drumann (Geschichte Roms, Tullii), in which all the authorities are collected. In the 'Penny Cyclopædia' (art. 'Cicero') there is a good sketch of Cicero's political career; and in the 'Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology,' edited by Dr. W. Smith, a very complete account of Cicero's writings, distributed under their several heads.

[290] "Cedant arma togæ, concedat laurea linguæ."

[291] "Written," because many of them were never spoken.

[292] Augustus.

[293] For some account of the evil repute of those who dealt in these insurances, see vol. ii., Life of Cato Major, ch. 21.

[294] Plutarch uses the equivalent Greek word for ædile, but we know that Cicero went to Sicily as quæstor.

[295] Antigonus, surnamed the one-eyed, King of Asia, was the son of Philip of Elymiotis. He was one of the generals of Alexander the Great.

[296] Hor. Carm. ii. 19.

[297] This was the holy robe of Athena, carried in procession through Athens at the Panathenaic festival. See Smith's 'Dict. of Antiq.,' s.v.

[298] A poisonous plant of the convolvulus kind.

[299] An engine described by Amm. Marcell. 23. 4. 10, and also in Smith's 'Dict. of Antiq.' art. 'Helepolis.' See also Athen. v. p. 206. d. for a description of these machines.

[300] A mina weighed 100 drachmæ, 15·2 oz.

[301] The Attic talent, which is probably meant, weighed about 57 lbs. avoird.

[302] This is the famous picture of Ialysus and his dog, spoken of by Cicero and Pliny, in which the foam on the dog's mouth was made by a happy throw of the sponge, while the painter in vexation was wiping off his previous unsuccessful attempts. (Clough.)

[303] A nephew of Demosthenes.

[304] Meaning that Stratokles would be mad not to continue his flattery of Demetrius, because it was so profitable to himself.

[305] Hereditary chief minister in the mysteries.

[306] The minor rite. See Smith's 'Dict. of Antiq.' s.v. 'Eleusinia.'

[307] Lamia in Greek is the name of a fabulous monster, a bugbear to children.

[308] A much more decent version of this story will be found in Rabelais, book iii. ch. 37.

[309] The Thracian Chersonese.

[310] The capital city of Seleukus, now Antioch.

[311] Tyre and Sidon.

[312] The usual Attic corn-measure, containing about 12 gallons.

[313] A dry measure, containing a sixth of a medimnus, or about 2 gallons.

[314] By the entrance commonly assigned to the principal person in a drama.--Thirlwall.

[315] Alexander, Antipater's younger brother.

[316] Antigonus, surnamed Gonatas, afterwards King of Macedonia.

[317] He laid siege to Thebes, the only important city in Boeotia, which seems to have quickly recovered itself after its destruction by Alexander.

[318] O. Kardia.

[319] See vol. ii., Life of Pyrrhus, ch. 7.

[320] See ch. 10.

[321] Wife of Ptolemy, King of Egypt.

[322] B.C. 284.

[323] His death is told in the Life of Marius, c. 44.

[324] The Antonia Gens contained both Patricians and Plebeians. The cognomen of the Patrician Antonii was Merenda. M. Antonius Creticus, a son of Antonius the orator, belonged to the Patricians. In B.C. 74 he commanded a fleet in the Mediterranean against the pirates. He attacked the Cretans on the ground of their connection with Mithridates; but he lost a large part of his fleet, and his captured men were hung on the ropes of their own vessels. He died shortly after of shame and vexation. The surname Creticus was given him by way of mockery. According to Dion Cassius (xlv. 47) he died deeply in debt. He left three sons, Marcus, Caius and Lucius. His eldest son Marcus was probably born in B.C. 83.

[325] See the Life of Cicero, c. 22.

[326] C. Scribonius Curio, the son of a father of the same name. See the Life of Cæsar, c. 58. The amount of debt is stated by Cicero (Philipp. ii. 18) at the same sum, "sestertium sexagies."

[327] He joined Aulus Gabinius at the end of B.C. 58. Gabinius and L. Calpurnius Piso were consuls in that year.

[328] He was king and high priest of the Jews. Pompeius had taken him prisoner and sent him to Rome, whence he contrived to make his escape, B.C. 57. Gabinius again sent him prisoner to Rome (Dion Cass. xxxvi. 15; xxxix. 55).

[329] Ptolemæus Auletes was the father of Cleopatra, and now an exile at Ephesus. His visit to Rome is mentioned in the Life of the younger Cato, c. 35, and in the Life of Pompeius, c. 49. During his exile his daughter Berenice reigned, and she was put to death by her father after his restoration.

[330] This Greek word literally signifies "outbreak." It was the narrow passage by which the Serbonian lake was connected with the Mediterranean. This lake lay on the coast and on the line of march from Syria to Pelusium, the frontier town of Egypt on the east.

[331] Typhon, a brother of Osiris and Isis, was the evil deity of the Egyptians, but his influence in the time of Herodotus must have been small, as he was then buried under the Serbonian lake (Herodotus, iii. 5).

[332] The Greek name is Erythra, which may be translated Red: the Romans called the same sea Rubrum. In Herodotus the Red Sea is called the Arabian Gulf; and the Erythræan sea is the Indian Ocean. See the Life of Pompeius, c. 38.

[333] He was the son of Archelaus, the general of Mithridates. See the Life of Sulla, c. 23. He had become the husband of Berenice and shared the regal power with her. Probably Antonius had known Archelaus in his youth, for Archelaus the father went over from Mithridates to the Romans. Dion Cassius (xxxiv. 58) says that Gabinius put Archelaus to death after the capture of Alexandria. This Egyptian campaign belongs to B.C. 55.

[334] This characteristic appears on the coins of Antonius.

[335] Decies is literally "Ten times." The phrase is "Decies sestertium," which is a short way of expressing "ten times a hundred thousand sesterces." When Plutarch says "five-and-twenty thousand," he means drachmæ, as observed in previous notes, and he considers drachmæ as equivalent to Roman Denarii. Now a Denarius is four sesterces, and 25,000 Denarii = 1,000,000 sesterces, Kaltwasser suggests that in the Greek text "sestertium" has been accidentally omitted after "decies;" but "decies" is the reading of all the MSS., and it is sufficient.

[336] Antonius, after returning from Egypt in B.C. 54, went to Cæsar in Gaul, who was then in winter-quarters after his return from the second British expedition. In B.C. 53 Antonius was again at Rome, and in B.C. 52 he was a Quæstor, and returned to Cæsar in Gaul. In B.C. 50 he was again in Rome, in which year he was made Augur, and was elected Tribunus Plebis for the following year.

Compare with this chapter the Life of Pompeius, c. 58, and the Life of Cæsar, c. 31.

[337] Quintus Cassius Longinus is called by Cicero a brother of C. Cassius; but Drumann conjectures that he may have been a cousin. After the defeat of Afranius and Petreius by Cæsar B.C. 49, he was made Proprætor of Spain.

[338] This expression of Cicero occurs in his Second Philippic, c. 22: "ut Helena Trojanis, sic iste huic reipublicæ causa belli, causa pestis atque exitii fuit." Plutarch's remark on Cicero's extravagant expression is just.

As to the events mentioned in this chapter, compare the Life of Cæsar, c. 34, &c.

[339] Cæsar returned from Iberia (Spain) before the end of B.C. 49. Early in B.C. 48 he crossed over from Brundusium to the Illyrian coast, where he was joined by Antonius and Fufius Calenus.

[340] Gabinius took his troops by land, and consequently had to march northwards along the Adriatic and round the northern point of it to reach Illyricum. From Plutarch's narrative it would appear that he set out about the same time as Antonius. Drumann (Cornificii, 3) states that the time of his leaving Italy is incorrectly stated by Plutarch, Appian, and Dion Cassius (xlii. 11), and he places it after the battle of Pharsalus (B.C. 48). Gabinius, after a hard march, reached Salonæ in Dalmatia, where he was besieged by M. Octavius and died of disease.

[341] L. Scribonius Libo commanded the ships before Brundusium with the view of preventing Antonius from crossing over to Macedonia. He was the father-in-law of Sextus Pompeius, the son of Pompeius Magnus; and Cæsar Octavianus afterwards married Libo's sister Scribonia, as a matter of policy.

[342] See the Life of Cæsar, c. 44.

[343] P. Cornelius Dolabella, the son-in-law of Cicero, who complains of his measures (Ep. Ad Attic. xi. 12, 14, 15; xiv. 21). Dolabella was in debt himself and wished to be relieved. If he had lived in England, he could easily have got relief. The story is told by Dion Cassius (xlii. 29). The Romans occasionally proposed sweeping measures for the settlement of accounts between debtor and creditor. A modern nation has a permanent court for "the relief of insolvent debtors;" and a few years ago a statute was passed in England (7 & 8 Vict. c. 96), which had the direct effect of cancelling all debts under 20_l._; the debtors for whose relief it was passed were well pleased, but the creditors grumbled loudly, and it was amended. Those who blame the Roman system of an occasional settlement of debts, should examine the operation of a permanent law which has the same object; and they will be assisted in comparing English and Roman morality on this point by J.H. Elliott's 'Credit the Life of Commerce,' London, Madden and Malcolm, 1845.

[344] Fadia was the first wife of Antonius. His cousin Antonia was the second. Cicero's chief testimony against Antonius is contained in his Second Philippic, which is full of vulgar abuse, both true and false.

[345] She was sometimes called Volumnia, because she was a favourite of Volumnius. Cicero (Ad Div. ix. 26) speaks of dining in her company at the house of Volumnius Eutrapolus.

[346] Her first husband was P. Clodius, and she was his second wife. She had two children by Clodius, a son and a daughter. The daughter married Cæsar Octavianus B.C. 43 (c. 20). After the death of Clodius she married C. Scribonius Curio, the friend of Antonius, by whom she had one son, who was put to death by Cæsar after the battle of Actium. Curio perished in Africa B.C. 49. In B.C. 46 Antonius married Fulvia, after divorcing Antonia, and he had two sons by her. Fulvia was very rich.

[347] Cæsar returned from Iberia in the autumn of B.C. 45, after gaining the battle of Munda. He was consul for the fifth time in B.C. 44 with Antonius; and also Dictator with M. Æmilius Lepidus for his Magister Equitum.

[348] See the Life of Cæsar, c. 61.

[349] Compare the Life of Cæsar, c. 67, and of Brutus, c. 16.

[350] Compare the Life of Cæsar, c. 68, and of Brutus, c. 20. Dion Cassius (xliv. 36-49) has given a long oration which Antonius made on the occasion. It is not improbable that Dion may have had before him an oration attributed to Antonius; nor is it at all improbable that the speech of Antonius was published (Cic. Ad Attic. xiv. 11). Meyer (Oratorum Romanorum Frag. p. 455) considers this speech a fiction of Dion and to be pure declamation. He thinks that which Appian has made (Civil Wars, ii. 144, &c.) tolerably well adapted to the character of Antonius. Appian, we know, often followed very closely genuine documents. Shakespere has made a speech for Antonius (Julius Cæsar) which would have suited the occasion well.

[351] Charon was the ferryman over the river in the world below, which the dead had to pass; hence the application of the term is intelligible. The Romans' expression was Orcini, from Orcus (Sueton. August. c. 35).

[352] See the Life of Cicero, c. 43, and Dion Cassius (xlv. 5) as to the matter of the inheritance. A person who accepted a Roman inheritance (hereditas) took it with all the debts: the heir (heres), so far as concerned the deceased's property, credits and debts, was the same person as himself. There was no risk in taking the inheritance on account of debts, for Cæsar left enormous sums of money: the risk was in taking the name and with it the wealth and odium of the deceased. Cæsar might have declined the inheritance, for he was not bound by law to take it. Cæsar had three-fourths of the Dictator's property, and Q. Pedius, also a great-nephew of the Dictator, had the remainder.

[353] See the Life of Cicero, c. 44.

[354] Consuls in B.C. 43. See the Life of Cicero, c. 45. As to the speech of Cicero, see Dion Cassius, xlv. 18, &c.

[355] Lepidus was in Gallia Narbonensis. He advanced towards Antonius as far as Forum Vocontiorum, and posted himself on the Argenteus, now the Argens. (Appian, Civil Wars, iii. 83; Dion. Cass. xlvi. 51, &c.; Letter of Munatius Plancus to Cicero, Ad Div. x. 17; Letter of Lepidus to Cicero, Ad Div. x. 34.) Lepidus and Antonius joined their forces on the 29th of May, and Lepidus informed the Senate of the event in a letter, which is extant (Cic. Ad Div. x. 35).

[356] Cotylon is "cupman," or any equivalent term that will express a drinker.

[357] See the Life of Cicero, c. 46.

[358] Appian (Civil Wars, iv. 2) states how they divided the empire among them; and Dion Cassius, xlvi. 55.

[359] Cæsar was already betrothed to Servilia, the daughter of P. Servilius Isauricus. When he quarrelled with Fulvia, he sent her back to her mother, still a maid. (Dion Cass. xlvi. 56.)

[360] The number that was put to death was much larger than three hundred. Appian (Civil Wars, iv. 5) states the number of those who were proscribed and whose property was confiscated at about 300 senators and 2000 equites. The object of the proscription was to get rid of troublesome enemies and to raise money. The picture which Appian gives of the massacre is as horrible as the worst events of the French Revolution. He has drawn a striking picture by giving many individual instances. Dion Cassius (xlvii. 3-8) has also described the events of the proscription.

[361] This was a crime which would shock the Romans, for the Three not only seized deposits, which the depositary was legally bound to give to the owner, but they seized them in the hands of the Vestals, where they were protected by the sanctity of religion.

[362] Compare the Life of Brutus, c. 41, &c., as to the events in this chapter.

[363] See the Life of Brutus, c. 26, &c.

[364] Antonius crossed over to Asia in B.C. 41. In the latter part of B.C. 42, Cæsar was ill at Brundusium, and in B.C. 41 he was engaged in a civil war with L. Antonius, the brother of Marcus, and Fulvia the wife of Antonius. These are the civil commotions to which Plutarch alludes. Cæsar besieged L. Antonius in Perusia in B.C. 41, and took him prisoner.

[365] He was a prætor in B.C. 43, and consul in B.C. 39.

[366] The great distinctions that he received are recorded by Strabo (xiv. p. 648, ed. Casaub.). It is not in modern times only that dancers and fiddlers have received wealth and honours.

[367] The quotation is from the King OEdipus, v. 4.

[368] Bacchus had many names, as he had various qualities. As Omestes he was the "cruel;" and as Agrionius the "wild and savage." One of his festivals was called Agrionia.

[369] He was an orator, and also something of a soldier, for he successfully opposed Labienus, B.C. 40, when he invaded Asia (c. 28).

[370] There are many ways of flattery, as there are many ways of doing various things. Plutarch here gives a hint, which persons in high places might find useful. Open flattery can only deceive a fool, and it is seldom addressed to any but a fool, unless the flatterer himself be so great a fool as not to know a wise man from a foolish: which is sometimes the case. But there is flattery, as Plutarch intimates, which addresses itself, not in the guise of flattery, but in the guise of truth, one of the characters of which is plain speaking. It is hard for a man in an exalted station to be always proof against flattery, for it is often not easy to detect it. Nor in the intercourse of daily life is it always easy to distinguish between him who gives you his honest advice and opinion, and him who gives it merely to please you, or, what is often worse, merely to please himself.

[371] Nothing is known of him, unless he be the person mentioned in c. 59. Kaltwasser conjectures that he may be the Dellius or Delius to whom Horace has addressed an ode. (Carm. iii. 2). See c. 1, note.

[372] Plutarch alludes to the passage in Homer (Iliad, xiv. 162) where Juno bedecks herself to captivate Jupiter.

[373] She was now about twenty-eight years of age. Kaltwasser suggests that the words "and Cnæus the son of Pompeius" must be an interpolation, because nothing is known of his amours with Cleopatra. But if this be so, other words which follow in the next sentence must have been altered when the interpolation was made.

[374] Antonius was at Tarsus on the river Cydnus when Cleopatra paid him this visit, B.C. 41. Shakespere has used this passage of Plutarch in his "Antony and Cleopatra," act ii. sc. 2--

"The barge she sat in, like a burnish'd throne, Burnt on the water," &c.

[375] Plutarch has given a long list of languages which this learned queen spoke. With Arabic and all the cognate dialects, it is probable enough that she was familiar, but we can hardly believe that she took pains to learn the barbarous language of the wretched Troglodytes, who lived in holes on the west coast of the Red Sea. Diodorus (iii. 32) describes their habits after the authority of Agatharchides.

Cleopatra's face on the coins is not handsome. On some of them she is represented on the same coin with Antonius.

[376] He was a son of T. Labienus, who served under Cæsar in Gaul and afterwards went over to Pompeius (Life of Cæsar, c. 34). The father fell in the battle of Munda, B.C. 45.

Labienus, the son, was sent by the party of Brutus and Cassius to Parthia to get assistance from king Orodes. He heard of the battle of Philippi while he was in Parthia and before he had accomplished his mission; and he stayed with the Parthians. In the campaign here alluded to Labienus and the Parthians took Apameia and Antiocheia in Syria. Labienus, after invading the south-western part of Asia Minor (B.C. 40), was forced to fly before Ventidius; and he was seized in Cilicia by a freedman of Julius Cæsar. (Dion Cass. xlviii. 40.)

[377] Amphissa was a town of the Locri Ozolæ.

Philotas studied at Alexandria, which was then a great school of medicine. We have here an anecdote about Antonius which rests on more direct testimony than many well-received stories of modern days.

The bragging physician must have been a stupid fellow to be silenced by such a syllogism. I have translated [Greek: pôs pyrettôn], like Kaltwasser, "Wer einigermassen das Fieber hat," &c., which is the correct translation.

The text probably means that Philotas was appointed physician to Antyllus.

[378] The passage to which Plutarch alludes is in the Gorgias, p. 464.

[379] A great trade was carried on in those times in dried fish from the Pontic or Black Sea. See Strabo, p. 320, ed. Casaub.

[380] It was near the end of B.C. 40 that Antonius was roused from his "sleep and drunken debauch." He sailed from Alexandria to Tyrus in Phoenicia, and thence by way of Cyprus and Rhodes to Athens, where he saw Fulvia, who had escaped thither from Brundusium. He left her sick at Sikyon, and crossed from Corcyra (Corfu) to Italy. (Appian, Civil Wars, v. 52-55.) Brundusium shut her gates against him, on which he commenced the siege of the city. The war was stopped by the reconciliation that is mentioned in the text, to which the news of the death of Fulvia greatly contributed. Antonius had left her at Sikyon without taking leave of her, and vexation and disease put an end to her turbulent life. (Appian, Civil Wars, v. 59.)

[381] See the Life of Cicero, c. 44, note.

[382] The meeting with Sextus Pompeius was in B.C. 39, at Cape Miseno, which is the northern point of the Gulf of Naples.

Sextus was the second son of Pompeius Magnus. He was now master of a large fleet, and having the command of the sea, he cut off the supplies from Rome. The consequence was a famine and riots in the city. (Appian, Civil Wars, v. 67, &c.) Antonius slaughtered many of the rioters, and their bodies were thrown into the Tiber. This restored order; "but the famine," says Appian, "was at its height, and the people groaned and were quiet."

[383] P. Ventidius Bassus was what the Romans call a "novus homo," the first of his family who distinguished himself at Rome. He had the courage of a soldier and the talents of a true general. When a child he was made prisoner with his mother in the Marsian war (Dion Cass. xliii. 51), and he appeared in the triumphal procession of Pompeius Strabo (Dion Cass. xlix. 21). The captive lived to figure as the principal person in his own triumph, B.C. 38. In his youth he supported himself by a mean occupation. Hoche, when he was a common soldier, used to embroider waistcoats. Julius Cæsar discovered the talents of Bassus, and gave him employment suited to his abilities. In B.C. 43 he was Prætor and in the same year Consul Suffectus. (Drumann, Antonii, p. 439; Gell. xv. 4.)

[384] Cockfighting pleased a Roman, as it used to do an Englishman. The Athenians used to fight quails.

[385] The name is written indifferently Hyrodes or Orodes (see the Life of Crassus, c. 18).

Plutarch, on this as on many other occasions, takes no pains to state facts with accuracy. Labienus lost his life and the Parthians were defeated; and that was enough for his purpose. The facts are stated more circumstantially by Dion Cassius (xlviii. 40, 41).

[386] The president of the gymnastic exercises. Dion Cassius (xlviii. 39) tells us something that is characteristic of Antonius. The fulsome flattery of the Athenians gave him on this occasion the title of the young Bacchus, and they betrothed the goddess Minerva to him. Antonius said he was well content with the match; and to show that he was in earnest he demanded of them a contribution of one million drachmæ as a portion with his new wife. He thus fleeced them of about 2800_l._ sterling. No doubt Antonius relished the joke as well as the money.

[387] The sacred olive was in the Erektheium on the Acropolis of Athens. Pausanias (i. 28) mentions a fountain on the Acropolis near the Propylæa; and this is probably what Plutarch calls Clepsydra, or a water-clock. The name Clepsydra is given to a spring in Messenia by Pausanias (iv. 31). Kaltwasser supposes the name Clepsydra to have been given because such a spring was intermittent. Such a spring the younger Pliny describes (Ep. iv. 30).

[388] The defeat of Pacorus (B.C. 38) is told by Dion Cassius (xlix. 19). The ode of Horace (Carm. iii. 6) in which he mentions Pacorus seems to have been written before this victory, and after the defeat of Decidius Saxa (B.C. 40; Dion, xlviii. 25).

[389] Commagene on the west bordered on Cilicia and Cappadocia. The capital was Samosata, on the Euphrates, afterwards the birthplace of Lucian. This Antiochus was attacked by Pompeius B.C. 65, who concluded a peace with him and extended his dominions (Appian Mithrid. 106, &c.).

[390] C. Sossius was made governor of Syria and Cilicia by Antonius. He took the island and town of Aradus on the coast of Phoenice (B.C. 38); and captured Antigonus, the son of Aristobulus, in Jerusalem.

[391] P. Canidius Crassus. His campaign against the Iberi of Asia is described by Dion Cassius (xlix. 24).

[392] Antonius and Cæsar met at Tarentum (Taranto) in the spring of B.C. 37. The events of this meeting are circumstantially detailed by Appian (Civil Wars, v. 93, &c.). Dion Cassius (xlviii. 54) says that the meeting was in the winter.

[393] M. Vipsanius Agrippa, the constant friend of Cæsar, and afterwards the husband of his daughter Julia. Mæcenas, the patron of Virgil and Horace.

[394] [Greek: Myoparônes] are said to be light ships, such as pirates use, adapted for quick sailing.

[395] Cæsar spent this year in making preparation against Sextus Pompeius. In B.C. 36 Pompeius was defeated on the coast of Sicily. He fled into Asia, and was put to death at Miletus by M. Titius, who commanded under Antonius (Appian, Civil Wars, v. 97-121).

[396] The passage to which Plutarch alludes is in the Phædrus, p. 556.

[397] That is, the Ocean, as opposed to the Internal Sea or the Mediterranean. Kaltwasser proposes to alter the text to "internal sea," for no sufficient reason.

[398] This was the Antigonus who fell into the hands of Sossius, when he took Jerusalem on the Sabbath, as Pompeius Magnus had done. (Life of Pompeius, 39; Dion Cassius, xlix. 22, and the notes of Reimarus.) Antigonus was tied to a stake and whipped before he was beheaded. The kingdom of Judæa was given to Herodes, the son of Antipater.

[399] Plutarch probably alludes to some laws of Solon against bastardy.

[400] A common name of the Parthian kings (see the Life of Crassus, c. 33). This Parthian war of Antonius took place in B.C. 36.

[401] See Plutarch's Life of Themistocles, c. 29. It was an eastern fashion to grant a man a country, or a town and its district, for his maintenance and to administer. Fidelity to the giver was of course expected. The gift was a kind of fief.

[402] Among the Persians, and as it here appears among the Parthians, "to send a right hand" was an offer of peace and friendship (Xenophon, Anab. ii. 4, who uses the expression "right hands").

[403] The desert tract in the northern part of Mesopotamia is meant.

[404] There is error as to the number of cavalry of Artavasdes either here or in c. 50. See the notes of Kaltwasser and Sintenis: and as to Artavasdes, Life of Crassus, c. 19, 33, and Dion Cassius, xlix. 25.

[405] No doubt Iberians of Spain are meant.

[406] Was the most south-western part of Media, and it comprehended the chief part of the modern Azerbijan.

[407] Dion Cassius (xlix. 25) names the place Phraaspa or Praaspa, which may be the right name. The position of the place and the direction of the march of Antonius are unknown.

[408] Was a king of Pontus: he was ransomed for a large sum of money. Reimarus says in a note to Dion Cassius (xlix. 25) that Plutarch states that Polemon was killed. The learned editor must have read this chapter carelessly.

[409] See Life of Crassus, c. 10.

[410] [Greek: hoi gnôrimôtatoi], which Kaltwasser translates "those who were most acquainted with the Romans;" and his translation may be right.

[411] Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus, which is the Roman mode of writing the word. He was the son of Domitius who was taken by Cæsar in Corfinium (Life of Cæsar, c. 34); and he is the Domitius who deserted Antonius just before the battle of Actium (c. 63).

[412] The Mardi inhabited a tract on the south coast of the Caspian, where there was a river Mardus or Amardus.

Plutarch has derived his narrative of the retreat from some account by an eye-witness, but though it is striking as a picture, it is quite useless as a military history. The route is not designated any further than this, that Antonius had to pass through a plain and desert country. It is certain that he advanced considerably east of the Tigris, and he experienced the same difficulties that Crassus did in the northern part of Mesopotamia. (Strabo, p. 523, ed. Casaub. as to the narrative of Adelphius, and Casaubon's note.)

[413] These were used by the slingers (funditores) in the Roman army.

[414] [Greek: ep' ouran], Sintenis: but the MS. reading is [Greek: ap' ouras], "from the rear." See the note of Schaefer, and of Sintenis.

[415] Contrary to Parthian practice. Compare the Life of Crassus, c. 27.

[416] These are the soldiers in full armour. Sintenis refers to the Life of Crassus, c. 25. See life of Antonius, c. 49, [Greek: hoi de hoplitai ... tois thyreois].

[417] The Romans called this mode of defence Testudo, or tortoise. It is described by Dion Cassius (xlix. 30). The testudo was also used in assaulting a city or wall. A cut of one from the Antonine column is given in Smith's Dict. of Antiquities, art. Testudo.

[418] The forty-eighth part of a medimnus. The medimnus is estimated at 11 gal. 7·1456 pints English. The drachma (Attic) is reckoned at about 9-3/4d. (Smith's Dict. of Antiquities.) But the scarcity is best shown by the fact that barley bread was as dear as silver. Compare Xenophon (Anab. i. 5, 6) as to the prices in the army of Cyrus, when it was marching through the desert.

[419] The allusion is to the retreat of the Greeks in the army of Cyrus from the plain of Cunaxa over the highlands of Armenia to Trapezus (Trebizond); which is the main subject of the Anabasis of Xenophon.

[420] Salt streams occur on the high lands of Asia. Mannert, quoted by Kaltwasser, supposes that the stream here spoken of is one that flows near Tabriz and then joins another river. If this were the only salt stream that Antonius could meet with on his march, the conclusion of the German geographer might be admitted.

[421] The modern Aras. The main branch of the river rises in the same mountain mass in which a branch of the Euphrates rises, about 39° 47' N. lat., 41° 9' E. long. It joins the Cyrus or Kur, which comes from the Caucasus, about thirty miles above the entrance of the united stream into the Caspian Sea. Mannert, quoted by Kaltwasser, conjectures that Antonius crossed the river at Julfa (38° 54' N. lat.). It is well to call it a conjecture. Anybody may make another, with as much reason. Twenty-seven days' march (c. 50) brought the Romans from Phraata to the Araxes, but the point of departure and the point where the army crossed the Araxes are both unknown.

[422] The second expedition of Antonius into Armenia was in B.C. 34, when he advanced to the Araxes. After the triumph, Artavasdes was kept in captivity, and he was put to death by Cleopatra in Egypt after the battle of Actium, B.C. 30 (Dion Cassius xlix. 41, &c).

[423] Compare Dion Cassius, xlix. 51.

[424] The name is written both Phraates and Phrates in the MSS.

[425] She went to Athens in B.C. 35.

[426] In B.C. 34, Antonius invaded Armenia and got Artavasdes the king into his power. The Median king with whom Antonius made this marriage alliance (B.C. 33) was also named Artavasdes. Alexander, the son of Antonius by Cleopatra, was married to Jotape, a daughter of this Median king.

[427] This is Plutarch's word. Its precise meaning is not clear, but it may be collected from the context. It was something like a piece of theatrical pomp.

[428] Or Cidaris. (See Life of Pompeius, c. 33.) The Cittaris seems to be the higher and upright part of the tiara; and sometimes to be used in the same sense as tiara. The Causia was a Macedonian hat with a broad brim. (See Smith's Dict. of Antiquities.)

[429] After the defeat of Sextus Pompeius, Lepidus made a claim to Sicily and attempted a campaign there against Cæsar. But this feeble man was compelled to surrender. He was deprived of all power, and sent to live in Italy. He still retained his office of Pontifex Maximus (Appian, Civil Wars, v. 126; Dion Cassius, xlix. 11).

[430] This is an emendation of Amiot in place of the corrupt word Laurians.

[431] The preparation was making in B.C. 32. Antonius spent the winter of this year at Patræ in Achæa.

[432] An account of these exactions is given by Dion Cassius (l. 10). They show to what a condition a people can be reduced by tyranny.

[433] Such is the nature of the people. It is hard to rouse them; and their patience is proved by all the facts of history.

[434] It was usual with the Romans, at least with men of rank, to deposit their wills with the Vestals for safe keeping.

[435] This great library at Alexandria is said to have been destroyed during the Alexandrine war. See the Life of Cæsar, c. 49.

[436] The translators are much puzzled to explain this. Kaltwasser conjectures that Antonius in consequence of losing some wager was required to do this servile act; and accordingly he translates part of the Greek text "in consequence of a wager that had been made."

[437] The only person of the name who is known as an active partizan at this time was C. Furnius, tribune of the plebs, B.C. 50. He was a legatus under M. Antonius in Asia in B.C. 35. Here Plutarch represents him as a partizan of Cæsar. If Plutarch's Furnius was the tribune, he must have changed sides already. As to his eloquence, there is no further evidence of it than what we have here.

[438] C. Calvisius Sabinus, who was consul B.C. 39 with L. Marcius Censorinus.

[439] The name occurs in Horace, 1 Sat. 5; but the two may be different persons. As to the Roman Deliciæ see the note of Coraes; and Suetonius, Augustus, c. 83.

[440] Dion Cassius (l. 4) also states that war was declared only against Cleopatra, but that Antonius was deprived of all the powers that had been given to him.

[441] Now Pesaro in Umbria.

[442] See Pausanias, i. 25. 2.

[443] The text of Bryan has, "and Deiotarus, king of the Galatians:" and Schaefer follows it. But see the note of Sintenis.

[444] Actium is a promontory on the southern side of the entrance of the Ambraciot Gulf, now the gulf of Arta. It is probably the point of land now called La Punta. The width of the entrance of the gulf is about half a mile. Nicopolis, "the city of Victory," was built by Cæsar on the northern side of the gulf, a few miles from the site of Prevesa. The battle of Actium was fought on the 2nd of September, B.C. 31. It is more minutely described by Dion Cassius (l. 31, &c.; li. 1).

[445] This word means something to stir up a pot with, a ladle or something of the kind. The joke is as dull as it could be.

[446] Sintenis observes that Plutarch has here omitted to mention the place of Arruntius, who had the centre of Cæsar's line (c. 66). C. Sossius commanded the left of the line of Antonius. Insteius is a Roman name, as appears from inscriptions. Taurus is T. Statilius Taurus.

[447] There is some confusion in the text here, but the general meaning is probably what I have given. See the note of Sintenis.

[448] These were light vessels adapted for quick evolutions. Horace, Epod. i., alludes to them:--

"Ibis Liburnis inter alta navium, Amice, propugnacula."

[449] Is the most southern point of the Peloponnesus, in Laconica. The modern name of Tænarus is Matapan or "head."

[450] Dion Cassius (li. 2) gives an account of Cæsar's behaviour after the battle. He exacted money from the cities; but Dion does not mention any particular cities.

[451] By "all the citizens" Plutarch means the citizens of his native town Chæronea. The people had to carry their burden a considerable distance, for this Antikyra was on the Corinthian gulf, nearly south of Delphi. This anecdote, which is supported by undoubted authority, is a good example of the sufferings of the people during this contest for power between two men.

[452] This was a town on the coast in the country called Marmarica. It had a port and was fortified, and thus served as a frontier post to Egypt against attacks from the west.

[453] See the Life of Brutus, c. 50.

[454] He was L. Pinarius Carpus, who had fought under him at Philippi. Carpus gave up his troops to Cornelius Gallus, who advanced upon him from the province Africa (Dion. Cass. l. 5, where he is called Scarpus in the text of Reimarus).

[455] Or "Sea that lies off Egypt," that part of the Mediterranean which borders on Egypt. The width of the Isthmus is much more than 300 stadia: it is about seventy-two miles. Herodotus (ii. 158) states the width more correctly at one thousand stadia.

In this passage Plutarch calls the Red Sea both the Arabian gulf and the Erythra (Red), and in this he agrees with Herodotus. The Arabian Gulf or modern Red Sea was considered a part of the great Erythræan Sea or Indian Ocean. Herodotus (ii. 11) says that there is a gulf which runs into the land from the Erythræan sea; and this gulf he calls (ii. 11, 158) the Arabian gulf, which is now the Red Sea. See Anton, c. 3.

[456] See the Life of Pompeius, c. 41.

[457] The Pharos was an island opposite to Alexandria, and connected with it by a dike called Heptastadion, the length being seven stadia.

[458] Shakspere has made a play out of the meagre subject of Timon, and Lucian has a dialogue entitled "Timon or the Misanthropist." (Comp. Strab. 794, ed. Cas.)

[459] This was the second day of the third Dionysiac festival, called the Anthesteria. The first day was Pithoegia ([Greek: pithoigia]) or the tapping of the jars of wine; and the second day, as the word Choes seems to import, was the cup day.

[460] This was Herodes I., son of Antipater, sometimes called the Great. He was not at the battle of Actium, but he sent aid to Antonius (c. 61).

[461] This was the toga virilis, or dress which denoted that a male was pubes, fourteen at least, and had attained full legal capacity. The prætexta, which was worn up to the time of assuming the toga virilis, had a broad purple border, by which the impubes was at once distinguished from other persons.

Cleopatra's son, Cæsarion, was registered as an Alexandrine. The son of Antonius was treated as a Roman citizen.

[462] This seems to be the sense of the passage. The Greek for asp is aspis. Some suppose that it is the poisonous snake which the Arabs call El Haje, which measures from three to five feet in length. But this is rather too large to be put in a basket of figs.

[463] Conjectured by M. du Soul to be Alexander the Syrian, who has been mentioned before.

[464] He was a native of Alexandria, and had been carried prisoner to Rome by Gabinius. He obtained his freedom, and acquired celebrity as a rhetorician and historian. He was a favourite of Asinius Pollio and of Augustus; but he was too free-spoken for Augustus, who finally forbade him his house (Horat. 1. Ep. 19, 15; and the note of Orelli). Life of Pompeius, c. 49.

Dion Cassius (li. 8), who believed every scandalous story, says that Cæsar made love to Cleopatra through the medium of Thyrsus.

[465] After the battle of Actium, Cæsar crossed over to Samos, where he spent the winter. He was recalled by the news of a mutiny among the soldiers, who had not received their promised reward. He returned to Brundusium, where he stayed twenty-seven days, and he went no further, for his appearance in Italy stopped the disturbance. He returned to Asia and marched through Syria to Egypt (Sueton. Aug. c. 17; Dion Cassius, li. 4).

[466] The shout of Bacchanals at the festivals. See the Ode of Horace (Carm. ii. 19):

Evoe, recenti mens trepidat metu.

[467] The fleet passed over to Cæsar on the 1st of August (Orosius, vi. 19). The treachery of Cleopatra is not improbable (Dion Cass. li. 10).

[468] Compare Dion Cassius, li. 10.

[469] His name was C. Proculeius. He appears to be the person to whom Horace alludes (Carm. ii. 2).

[470] Dion Cassius (li. 11) says that Cleopatra communicated to Cæsar the death of Antonius, which is not so probable as Plutarch's narrative.

[471] C. Cornelius Gallus, a Roman Eques, who had advanced from the province Africa upon Egypt. He was afterwards governor of Egypt; but he incurred the displeasure of Augustus, and put an end to life B.C. 26. Gallus was a poet, and a friend of Virgil and Ovid. The tenth Eclogue of Virgil is addressed to Gallus.

[472] Said to have been a Stoic, and much admired by Augustus (Dion Cass. li. 16; Sueton. Aug. 89).

[473] Probably the same that is mentioned in the Life of Cato the Younger, c. 57.

[474] The circumstances of the death of Antyllus and Cæsarion are not told in the same way by Dion Cassius (li. 15). Antyllus had been betrothed to Cæsar's daughter Julia in B.C. 36.

[475] The words are borrowed from Homer (Iliad, ii. 204):--

[Greek: Ouk agathon polykoiraniê.]

There could be no reason for putting Cæsarion to death as a possible competitor with Cæsar at Rome, for he was not a Roman citizen. As it was Cæsar's object to keep Egypt, Cæsarion would have been an obstacle there.

[476] There were, as usual in such matters, various versions of this interview: it was a fit subject for embellishment with the writers of spurious history. The account of Plutarch is much simpler and more natural than that of Dion Cassius (li. 12), which savours of the rhetorical.

[477] He was the son of P. Cornelius Dolabella, once the son-in-law of Cicero, and one of Cæsar's murderers. His son P. Cornelius Dolabella was consul A.D. 10.

[478] The word "companions" represents the Roman "comites," which has a technical meaning. Young men of rank, who were about the person of a commander, and formed a kind of staff, were his Comites. See Horat. I. Ep. 8.

[479] The story of Dion (li. 14) is that Cæsar, after he had seen the body, sent for the Psylli, serpent charmers, to suck out the poison (compare Lucan, Pharsal. ix. 925). If a person was not dead, it was supposed that the Psylli could extract the poison and save the life.

Dion Cassius also states that the true cause of Cleopatra's death was unknown. One account was that she punctured her arm with a hair-pin ([Greek: belonê]) which was poisoned. But even as to the punctures on the arm, Plutarch does not seem to state positively that there were any. The "hollow comb" is hardly intelligible. Plutarch's word is [Greek: knêstis], "a scraping instrument of any kind." One MS. has [Greek: kistis], "a small coffer." Strabo (p. 795, ed. Casaub.) doubts whether she perished by the bite of a serpent or by puncturing herself with a poisoned instrument. Propertius (iii. 11, 53) alludes to the image of Cleopatra, which was carried in the triumph--

Brachia spectavi sacris admorsa colubris Et trahere occultum membra soporis iter.

An ancient marble at Rome represents Cleopatra with the asp on her arm. There was also a story of her applying it to the left breast.

Cleopatra was born in B.C. 69, and died in the latter part of B.C. 30. She was seventeen years of age when her father Ptolemæus Auletes died: and upon his death she governed jointly with her brother Ptolemæus, whose wife she was to be. Antonius first saw her when he was in Egypt with Gabinius, and he had not forgotten the impression which the young girl then made on him at the time when she visited him at Tarsus (Appian, Civil Wars, v. 8). Antonius was forty years old when he saw Cleopatra at Tarsus, B.C. 41, and he would therefore be in his fifty-second year at the time of his death (Clinton, Fasti).

[480] Octavia's care of the children of Antonius is one of the beautiful traits of her character. She is one of those Roman women whose virtues command admiration.

Cleopatra, the daughter of Antonius and twin sister of Alexander, married Juba II., king of Numidia, by whom she had a son Ptolemæus, who succeeded his father, and a daughter Drusilla, who married Antonius Felix, the governor of Judæa. The two brothers of Cleopatra were Alexander and Ptolemæus.

Antonius, the son of Fulvia, was called Iulus Antonius. He married Marcella, one of the daughters of Octavia. In B.C. 10, Antonius was consul. He formed an adulterous intercourse with Julia, the daughter of Augustus, which cost him his life B.C. 2. Antonius was a poet, as it seems (Horat. Carm. iv. 2, and Orelli's note).

The elder Antonia, the daughter of Octavia and Antonius, married L. Domitius Ahenobarbus, the son of Cneius, who deserted to Cæsar just before the battle of Actium. This Lucius had by Antonia a son, Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus, who married Agrippina, the daughter of Cæsar Germanicus. Agrippina's son, L. Domitius Ahenobarbus, was adopted by the emperor Claudius after his marriage with Agrippina, and Lucius then took the name of Nero Claudius Cæsar Drusus. As the emperor Nero his infamy is imperishable.

The younger Antonia, the daughter of Octavia and Antonius, married Drusus, the second son of Tiberius Claudius Nero. Tiberius had divorced his wife Livia in order that Cæsar Octavianus might become her husband. The virtues of Antonia are recorded by Plutarch and others: her beauty is testified by her handsome face on a medal.

The expression of Plutarch that Caius, by whom he means Caius Caligula, "ruled with distinction," has caused the commentators some difficulty, and they have proposed to read [Greek: epimanôs], "like a madman" in place of [Greek: epiphanôs], "with distinction." Perhaps Plutarch's meaning may be something like what I have given, and he may allude to the commencement of Caligula's reign, which gave good hopes, as Suetonius shows. Some would get over the difficulty by giving to [Greek: epiphanôs] a different meaning from the common meaning. See Kaltwasser's note.

A portrait of Antonius (see Notes to Brutus, c. 52) would be an idle impertinence. He is portrayed clear and distinct in this inimitable Life of Plutarch.

Here ends the Tragedy of Antonius and Cleopatra; and after it begins the Monarchy, as Plutarch would call it, or the sole rule of Augustus. See the Preface to the First Volume.

[481] Of Athens.

[482] The various stories about Plato's slavery are discussed in Grote's 'History of Greece,' part ii. ch. 53.

[483] Aristomache and Arete.

[484] Periodical northerly winds or monsoons.

[485] The ceremony of the libations seems to correspond to our "grace after meat." See vol. i. Life of Perikles, ch. 7.

[486] Grote paraphrases this passage as follows:--"A little squadron was prepared, of no more than five merchantmen, two of them vessels of thirty oars, &c." On consulting Liddell and Scott's Lexicon, s.v. [Greek: triakontoros], I find a reference to Thuc. iv. 9; where a Messenian pirate triaconter is spoken of, and for further information the reader is referred to the article "[Greek: pentêkontoros] (sc. [Greek: naus]), [Greek: hê], a ship of burden with fifty oars," Pind. P. 4. 436, Eur. I.T. 1124, Thuc. i., 14, &c. But none of these passages bear out the sense of a "vessel of burden." The passage in Pindar merely states that the snake which Jason slew was as big or bigger than a [Greek: pentêkontoros]. Herod, ii. 163, distinctly says "not ships of burden, but penteconters." In Eur. I.T. 1124, the chorus merely remark that Iphigenia will be borne home by a penteconter, while Thucydides (i. 14) explicitly states that, many generations after the Trojan war, the chief navies of Greece consisted of but few triremes, and chiefly of "penteconters or of long ships equipped like them." From these passages I am inclined to think that the true meaning of the passage is the literal one, that the soldiers were placed on board of two transports, that the two triaconters, or thirty-oared galleys, were ships of war and acted as convoy to them, and that the small vessel was intended for Dion and his friends to escape in if necessary. In Dem. Zen. a [Greek: pentêkontoros] undoubtedly is spoken of as a merchant vessel; but this does not prove that there were no war penteconters in Dion's time.

[487] Kerkina and Kerkinitis, two low islands off the north coast of Africa, in the mouth of the Lesser Syrtis, united by a bridge and possessing a fine harbour. 'Dictionary of Antiquities.'

[488] The Greek word is [Greek: kontos], which is singularly near in sound to the East Anglian "quant."

[489] This seems to be the universally accepted emendation of the unmeaning words in the original text. Grote remarks "The statue and sacred ground of Apollo Temenites was the most remarkable feature in this portion of Syracuse, and would naturally be selected to furnish a name for the gate." 'Hist. of Greece,' part ii. ch. lxxxiv. note.

[490] The main street of Achradina is spoken of by Cicero as broad, straight and long; which was unusual in an ancient Greek city. See Grote. ad. loc.

[491] The citadel of Syracuse was built upon the island of Ortygia, and was therefore easily cut off by a ditch and palisade across the narrow isthmus by which it was connected with the mainland.

[492] "He offered them what in modern times would be called a constitution." Grote.

[493] On this passage Grote has the following note:--"Plutarch states that Herakleides brought only seven triremes. But the force stated by Diodorus (twenty triremes, three transports and 1500 soldiers) appears more probable. It is difficult otherwise to explain the number of ships which the Syracusans presently appear as possessing. Moreover, the great importance which Herakleides steps into, as opposed to Dion, is more easily accounted for."

[494] The Syracusan cavalry was celebrated, and "the knights" here and elsewhere no doubt means Syracusan citizens, though at first this passage looks as if strangers were meant. See ch. 44, where the knights and leading citizens are mentioned together.

[495] I conceive that the "atrium" or "cavædium" of the house, that is, the interior peristyle or court surrounded with columns, is meant, and that Dion, sitting on one side of this room, saw the apparition behind the columns on the other. An outside portico was a very unusual appendage to a Greek house, and Dion's house is said to have been especially simple and unpretending, whereas nearly all houses were built with an inner court or "patio," with its roof supported by columns, and into which the other rooms of the house opened.

[496] L. Junius Brutus, consul B.C. 509, was a Patrician, and his race was extinct in his two sons (Liv. ii. 1-4; Drumann, Junii, p. 1; Dion Cassius, xliv. 12; Dionys. Hal. Antiq. Rom. v. 18).

[497] Servilia, the wife of M. Junius Brutus, the father of this Brutus, was the daughter of Livia, who was the sister of M. Livius Drusus, tribunus plebis B.C. 91. Livia married for her first husband M. Cato, by whom she had M. Cato Uticensis; for her second husband she had Q. Servilius Cæpio, by whom she became the mother of Servilia. M. Junius Brutus, the father of this Brutus, was the first husband of Servilia, who had by her second husband, D. Junius Silanus, two daughters. Her son Brutus was born in the autumn of B.C. 85. He was adopted by his uncle Q. Servilius Cæpio, whence he is sometimes called Cæpio, and Q. Cæpio Brutus on coins, public monuments, and in decrees (Drumann, Junii).

[498] Ahala was Magister Equitum to L. Quinctius Cincinnatus. The story belongs to B.C. 439; and it is told by Livius, iv. 13, 14. The true name of Mallius Spurius is Spurius Mælius.

[499] This passage is obscure in the original. The parentage of M. Junius Brutus, the father of this Brutus, does not appear to be ascertained.

[500] See the Life of Lucullus, c. 42.

[501] See the Life of Cicero, c. 4. Cicero mentions Ariston, which is probably the true name, in his Tusculanæ Quæstiones, v. 8.

[502] Nothing more is known of him.

[503] The original is obscure. See Sintenis, note; and Schæfer, note. Kaltwasser follows the reading [Greek: pros tas exodous], which he translates "für den Kriegsdienst."

[504] See the Life of the Younger Cato, c. 35, &c.

[505] Coræs explains the original ([Greek: scholastês]) to mean "one who is engaged about learning and philosophy."

[506] The father of this Brutus was of the faction of Marius, and tribunus plebis B.C. 83. After Sulla's return he lost all power, and after Sulla's death Pompeius (B.C. 77) marched against Brutus, who shut himself up in Mutina (Modena). A mutiny among his troops compelled him to open the gates, and Pompeius ordered him to be put to death, contrary to the promise which he had given (Life of Pompeius, c. 16).

The allusion at the beginning of this chapter is to the outbreak between Pompeius and Cæsar, B.C. 49.

[507] P. Sextius was governor of Cilicia. In the text of Plutarch Sicilia stands erroneously in place of Cilicia: this is probably an error of the copyists, who often confound these names (see Life of Pompeius, c. 61; Cicero, Ad Attic. viii. 14; ix. 7).

[508] Brutus was a great reader and a busy writer. Drumann (Junii, p. 37) gives a sketch of his literary activity. Such a trifle as an epitome of Polybius was probably only intended as a mere occupation to pass the time. The loss of it is not a matter of regret, any further than so far as it might have supplied some deficiencies in the present text of Polybius. Bacon (Advancement of Learning) describes epitomes thus: "As for the corruptions and moths of history, which are epitomes, the use of them deserveth to be banished, as all men of sound judgment have confessed; as those that have fretted and corroded the sound bodies of many excellent histories, and wrought them into base and unprofitable dregs."

[509] The story of Cæsar receiving this note is told in the Life of Cato, c. 24. Cæsar was born on the 12th July, B.C. 100, which is a sufficient answer to the scandalous tale of his being the father of Brutus. That he may have had an adulterous commerce with Servilia in and before B.C. 63, the year of Catiline's conspiracy, is probable enough.

[510] This was C. Cassius Longinus, who accompanied Crassus in his Parthian campaign (Life of Crassus, c. 18, &c.). After Cato had retired to Africa, Cassius made his peace with Cæsar (Dion Cassius, xlii. 13).

[511] Kaltwasser has adopted the correction of Moses du Soul, and has translated the passage "in Nikaea für den König Deiotarus." The anecdote appears to refer clearly to king Deiotarus, as appears from Cicero's Letters to Atticus (xiv. 1). See Drumann's note, Junii, p. 25, note 83. Coræs would read [Greek: Galatôn] for [Greek: Libyôn].

[512] This was the north part of Italy. Cæsar set out for his African campaign in B.C. 47. Brutus held Gallia in the year B.C. 46. See Drumann, Junii, p. 26, note 91, on the administration of Gallia by Brutus.

[513] Plutarch here alludes to the office of Prætor Urbanus, who, during the year of his office, was the chief person for the administration of justice. The number of prætors at this time was ten (Dion Cassius, xlii. 51), to which number they were increased from eight by Cæsar in B.C. 47. The Prætor Urbanus still held the first rank. The motive of Cæsar may have been, as Dion Cassius says, to oblige his dependents by giving them office and rank. Brutus was Prætor Urbanus in B.C. 44, the year of Cæsar's assassination.

[514] This anecdote is told in Cæsar's Life, c. 62.

[515] Q. Fufius Calenus was sent by Cæsar before the battle of Pharsalus to Greece (Life of Cæsar, c. 43). Megara made strong resistance to Calenus, and was treated with severity. Dion Cassius (xlii. 14) says nothing about the lions.

[516] See the Life of Sulla, c. 34, and note to c. 37; and the Life of Cæsar, c. 53, note.

[517] See the Life of Cæsar, c. 61, and Dion Cassius, xliv. 3, &c.

[518] His name was Quintus. Ligarius fought against Cæsar at the battle of Thapsus B.C. 46. He was taken prisoner and banished. He was prosecuted by Q. Delius Tubero for his conduct in Africa, and defended by Cicero in an extant speech. Ligarius obtained a pardon from Cæsar, and he repaid the dictator, like many others, by aiding in his murder. It seems pretty certain that he lost his life in the proscriptions of the Triumviri (Appian, Civil Wars, iv, 22, 23).

[519] Compare the Life of the Younger Cato, c. 65, 73; and as to Favonius, the same life.

[520] Q. Antistius Labeo was one of the hearers of Servius Sulpicius (Dig. i. tit. 2, s. 2, § 44), and himself a jurist, and the father of a more distinguished jurist, Antistius Labeo, who lived under Augustus. He was at the battle of Philippi, and after the defeat he killed himself, and was buried in a grave in his tent, which he had dug for the purpose (Appian, Civil Wars, iv. 135).

[521] See the Life of Cæsar, c. 64, and the note.

The signs of Cæsar's death are mentioned in the Life of Cæsar, c. 63.

[522] Brutus was first married to Claudia, a daughter of Appius Claudius, consul B.C. 54. It was probably in B.C. 55, and after Cato's death, that he put away Claudia, for which he was blamed (Cic. Ad Attic. xiii. 9), and married Porcia, the daughter of Cato, and widow of M. Calpurnius Bibulus, the colleague of Cæsar in the consulship B.C. 59. As to the affair of the wound, compare Dion Cassius (xliv. 13 &c.).

[523] This was the great architectural work of Pompeius (Life of Pompeius, c. 40, note).

[524] The same story is told by Appian (Civil Wars, ii. 115).

[525] The circumstances of Cæsar's death are told in his Life, c. 66; where it is incorrectly said that Brutus Albinus engaged Antonius in conversation. To the authorities referred to in the note to c. 66 of the Life of Cæsar, add Cicero, Philipp. ii. 14, which is referred to by Kaltwasser.

[526] L. Munatius Plancus, who had received favours from Cæsar, and the province of Transalpine Gaul, with the exception of Narbonensis and Belgica B.C. 44.

As to the arrangement about the provinces after Cæsar's death, see the Life of Antonius, c. 14.

[527] Compare the Life of Cæsar, c. 68, and the note.

[528] The allusion is to P. Clodius, who fell in a brawl with T. Annius Milo B.C. 52. See the Life of Cicero, c. 52.

[529] Compare the Life of Cæsar, c. 68.

[530] Now Porto d'Anzo, on the coast of Latium, thirty miles from Rome. It is now a poor place, with numerous remains of former buildings (Westphal, Die Römische Kampagne, and his two maps).

[531] These were the Ludi Apollinares (Dion, xlvii. 20), which Brutus had to superintend as Prætor Urbanus. The day of celebration was the fourth of Quintilis or Julius. The games were superintended by L. Antonius, the brother of Marcus, and the colleague of Brutus.

[532] Compare the Life of Cicero, c. 43, and notes; and the Life of Antonius, c. 16.

[533] Complaints like these, of the conduct of Cicero, appear in the sixteenth and seventeenth letters of the book which is entitled 'M. Tullii Epistolarum ad Brutum Liber Singularis;' but the genuineness of these letters is very doubtful. Plutarch himself (Brutus, 53) did not fully believe in the genuineness of all the letters attributed to Brutus.

[534] Elea, the Romans called this place Velia. It was on the coast of Lucania, in the modern province of Basilicata in the kingdom of Naples; and the remains are near Castella a mare della Brucca. Velia is often mentioned by Cicero, who set sail from thence when he intended to go to Greece (Life of Cicero, c. 43).

[535] The passages in Homer are, Iliad, vi. 429 and 491, the parting of Hector and Andromache. The old stories of Greece furnished the painter with excellent subjects, and the simplicity with which they treated them may be inferred from Plutarch's description. The poet was here the real painter. The artist merely gave a sensuous form to the poet's conception. The parting of Hector and Andromache is the subject of one of Schiller's early poems.

[536] Dion Cassius (xlvii. 20) describes the reception of Brutus at Athens. The Athenians ordered bronze statues of Brutus and Cassius to be set up by the side of the statues of Harmodius and Aristogeiton, who had liberated Athens from the tyranny of the Peisistratidæ.

[537] See the Life of Pompeius, c. 75. Cicero's son Marcus was attending the lectures of Cratippus B.C. 44, and also, as it appears, up to the time when Brutus came to Athens. Horace, who was now at Athens, also joined the side of Brutus, and was present at the battle of Philippi.

[538] A town near the southern point of Euboea. The Roman commander who gave up the money, was the Quæstor M. Appuleius (Cicero, Philipp. x. 11). Plutarch in the next chapter calls him Antistius.

[539] These are the dying words of Patroclus (Iliad, xvi. 849). Apollo is Leto's son.

[540] See the Life of Cicero, c. 43, note; and Dion Cassius (xlvii. 29, &c.).

[541] A town in Thessalia.

[542] Q. Hortensius Hortalus, the son of the orator Hortensius, who held the province of Macedonia (B.C. 44), in which Brutus was to succeed him. He was put to death by M. Antonius after the battle of Philippi (c. 28).

[543] This may be an error of Plutarch's copyists. His name was P. Vatinius (Dion Cassius, xlvii. 21).

[544] The Greek soldiers suffered in this way in their retreat from Babylonia over the table-land of Armenia (Xenophon, Anabasis, iv. 5, 7). This bulimy is a different thing from that which modern writers call by that name, and which they describe as a "canine appetite, insatiable desire for food." The nature of the appetite is exemplified by the instance of a man eating in one day four pounds of raw cow's udder, ten pounds of raw beef, two pounds of candles, and drinking five bottles of porter (Penny Cyclopædia, art. Bulimia). The subject of Bulimia is discussed by Plutarch (Symposiaca, b. vi. Qu. 8).

[545] Now Butrinto, was on the main land in the north part of the channel which divides Corcyra (Corfu) from the continent. It was made a Colonia by the Romans after their occupation of Epirus. Atticus, the friend of Cicero, had land in the neighbourhood of Buthrotum.

As to the events mentioned at the end of this chapter, compare Dion Cassius, xlvii. 21-23.

[546] Compare Dion Cassius, xlvii. 22.

[547] This was Decimus Brutus Albinus, who fell into the hands of the soldiers of M. Antonius in North Italy, and was put to death by order of Antonius B.C. 43. Compare Dion Cassius (xlvi. 53), and the note of Reimarus.

[548] Brutus passed over into Asia probably about the middle of B.C. 43, while the proscriptions were going on at Rome. As to Cyzicus, see the Life of Lucullus, c. 9.

[549] Cassius was now in Syria, whence he designed to march to Egypt to punish Cleopatra for the assistance which she had given to Dolabella.

[550] The Mediterranean, for which the Romans had no name.

[551] Xanthus stood on a river of the same name, about ten miles from the mouth. The river is now called Etchen-Chai. Xanthus is first mentioned by Herodotus (i. 176), who describes its destruction by the Persian general Harpagus, to which Plutarch afterwards (c. 31) alludes. Numerous remains have been recently discovered there by Fellowes, and some of them are now in the British Museum (Penny Cyclop. art. Xanthian Marbles, and the references in that article).

The last sentence of this chapter is very confused in the original.

[552] Compare the Life of Pompeius, c. 77, 80.

[553] Brutus and Cassius met at Sardis in the early part of B.C. 42.

[554] The passage to which Plutarch refers is Iliad, i. 259. The character of Favonius is well known from the Lives of Pompeius and Cato the Younger.

[555] Kaltwasser has a note on the Roman practice of an invited guest taking his shadows (umbræ) with him. Horace alludes to the practice (i. Ep. 5, 28),

----"locus est et pluribus umbris."

Plutarch discusses the etiquette as to umbræ in his Symposiaca (book vii. Qu. 6).

[556] The Romans reclined at table. They placed couches on three sides of the table and left the fourth open. The central couch or sofa (lectus medius) was the first place. The other sofas at the adjoining two sides were respectively lectus summus and imus.

[557] Nothing further seems to be known of him. The name Pella is probably corrupt. The consequence of his condemnation was Infamia, as to the meaning of which term: see Dict. of Greek and Roman Antiquities, Infamia. This interview between Brutus and Cassius forms one of the finest scenes in Shakespeare's play of Julius Cæsar.

[558] The reading here is probably corrupt. See the note of Sintenis.

[559] The ghost story is told also in the Life of Cæsar, c. 69.

[560] Cassius was one of the Romans who had embraced the doctrines of Epicurus, modified somewhat by the Roman character. Cicero in a letter to Cassius (Ad Diversos, xv. 16) rallies him about his opinions; and Cassius (xv. 19) in reply defends them. Cicero says to Cassius, that he hopes he will tell him whether it is in his power, as soon as he chooses to think of Cassius, to have his spectrum ([Greek: eidôlon]) present, before him, and whether, if he should begin to think of the island Britannia, the image (spectrum) of Britannia will fly to his mind.

Lucretius expounded the Epicurean doctrines in his poem De Rerum Natura. In his fourth book he treats of images (simulacra):

"Quæritur in primis quare quod quoique libido Venerit, extemplo mens cogitet ejus id ipsum. Anne voluntatem nostram simulacra tuentur, Et simulac volumus, nobis occurrit imago?"--iv. 781, &c.

The things on which the mind has been engaged in waking hours, recur as images during sleep:

"Et quo quisque fere studio defunctus adhæret, Aut quibus in rebus multum sumus ante moratei Atque in ea ratione fuit contenta magis mens, In somnis eadem plerumque videmur obire: Causidicei causas agere et componere leges, Induperatores pugnare ac proelia obire," &c.--iv. 963.

He has observed in a previous passage, that numerous images of things wander about in all directions, that they are of a subtile nature, and are easily united when they meet; they are of a much more subtile nature than the things which affect the sight, for they penetrate through the pores of bodies, and inwardly move the subtile nature of the mind. He then adds:

"Centauros itaque et Scyllarum membra videmus, Cerbereasque canum fauceis simulacraque eorum Quorum morte obita tellus amplectitur ossa."--iv. 734, &c.

The doctrine which Lucretius inculcated as to the deities, admitted their existence, but denied that they concerned themselves about mundane affairs; and they had nothing to do with the creation of the world. It is one of the main purposes of the poem to free men from all religious belief, and to show the misery and absurdities that it breeds.

A belief in dæmons would be inconsistent with such doctrines; and as to the gods, Cassius means to say, that though he did not believe in their existence, he almost wished that there were gods to aid their righteous cause.

As to the opinions of Cassius, compare the Life of Cæsar, c. 66.

[561] C. Norbanus Flaccus and L. Decidius Saxa, two legates of Antonius, who had been sent forward with eight legions, and had occupied Philippi. The town of Philippi lay near the mountain-range of Pangæus and Symbolum, which was the name of a place at which Pangæus joins another mountain, that stretches up into the interior. Symbolum was between Neapolis (new city) and Philippi. Neapolis was on the coast opposite to Thasus: Philippi was in the mountain region, and was built on a hill; west of it was a plain which extended to the Strymon (Appian, Civil Wars, iv. 1205; Dion Cassius. xlvii. 35). Philippi was originally called Krenides, or the Springs, then Datus, and lastly Philippi by King Philippus, of Macedonia, who fortified it. Appian's description of the position of Philippi is very clear.

[562] A lustration was a solemn ceremony of purification, which was performed on various occasions, and before a battle: see Livy, xxix. 47.

The omens which preceded the battle are recorded by Dion Cassius, xlvii. 49.

[563] M. Valerius Messala Corvinus, of a distinguished Roman family, was a son of Messala who was consul B.C. 53. After the battle of Philippi he attached himself to M. Antonius, whom he deserted to join Octavianus Cæsar. He fought on Cæsar's side at the battle of Actium (c. 53). He died somewhere between B.C. 3 and A.D. 3. Messala was a poet and an historian. His history of the Civil Wars, after the death of the Dictator Cæsar, was used by Plutarch.

[564] See the note of Sintenis, who proposes to read [Greek: keklêmenos] for [Greek: keklêmenon], to prevent any ambiguity, such as Kaltwasser discovered in the passage. It was the birthday of Cassius (Appian, Civil Wars, iv, 113).

[565] Plutarch here quotes the Memoirs of Cæsar. It is of no great importance who saw the dream, and perhaps there was no dream at all. Cæsar wished to have an excuse for being out of the way of danger. Dion Cassius (xlvii. 41) says that it was Cæsar's physician who had the dream, but he does not mention his name. See the notes of Reimarus.

[566] The true name may be Briges. The Briges were a Thracian tribe (Stephan. Byzant., [Greek: Briges]), who are mentioned by Herodotus (vii. 73). The Macedonian tradition was that they were the same as the Phrygians; that so long as they lived in Europe with the Macedonians they kept the name of Briges, and that when they passed over into Asia they were called Phryges.

[567] Drumann (Geschichte Roms, i. 516, n. 84) assumes that it is P. Volumnius Eutrapelus, a boon companion of Antonius. Several of Cicero's letters to him are extant (Ad Div. vii. 32, 33).

[568] Plutarch has handled the character of Brutus with partiality. He could not be ignorant of his love of money and of the oppressive manner in which he treated his unlucky creditors. Drumann (Junii, p. 20, &c.) has collected the evidence on this point. Though Brutus was an austere man and affected philosophy, his character is not free from the imputation of ingratitude to Cæsar, love of power, and avarice. He seems to have been one of those who deceive themselves into a belief of their own virtues, because they are free from other people's vices. The promise of plunder to his soldiers is not excusable because Antonius and Cæsar did worse than he intended to do. Plutarch here alludes to many of the Italians being driven out of their lands, which were given to the soldiers who had fought on the side of Cæsar and Antonius at Philippi. The misery that was occasioned by this measure was one of the chief evils of the Civil Wars. The slaughter in war chiefly affected the soldiers themselves, and if both armies had been destroyed, the people would only have been the better for it. The misery that arose from the ejection of the hard-working husbandmen reached to their wives and children. But a country which had a large army on foot which is no longer wanted, must either pay them out of taxes and plunder, or have a revolution. Necessity was the excuse for Cæsar and Antonius, and the same necessity would have been the excuse of Brutus, if he had been victorious. Defeat saved him from this necessity.

[569] The ships which were bringing aid to Cæsar from Brundusium under the command of Domitius Calvinus. They were met and defeated by L. Statius Marcus.

[570] Nothing seems to be known about him. Of course he is not the Volumnius mentioned in c. 45.

[571] See the Life of Cato the Younger, c. 73.

[572] See the Life of Antonius, c. 70.

[573] The verse is from the Medea of Euripides (v. 332), in which Medea Is cursing her faithless husband Jason. The educated Romans were familiar with the Greek dramatists, whom they often quoted. (Compare the Life of Pompeius, c. 78.) Appian says that Brutus intended to apply this line to Antonius (Civil Wars, iv. 130).

The other verse, which Volumnius forgot, was remembered by somebody else, if it be the verse of which Florus (iv. 7) has recorded the substance, "that virtue is not a reality, but a name." Dion Cassius (xlvii. 49, and the note of Reimarus) also has recorded two Greek verses which Brutus is said to have uttered; but he does not mention the verse which Plutarch cites. The substance of the two verses cited by Dion is this:

"Poor virtue, empty name, whom I have serv'd As a true mistress; thou art fortune's slave."

Volumnius might not choose to remember these verses, as Drumann suggests, in order to save the credit of his friend.

[574] See c. 11, and the Life of the younger Cato, c. 65, 73.

[575] Brutus was forty-three years of age when he died. Velleius (ii. 72) says that he was in his thirty-seventh year, which is a mistake.

The character of Brutus requires a special notice. It is easy enough to write a character of a man, but not easy to write a true one. Michelet (Histoire de la Revolution Française, ii. 545), speaking of the chief actors of the revolution in 1789. '90, '91, says: "We have rarely given a judgment entire, indistinct, no portrait properly speaking; all, almost all, are unjust; resulting from a mean which is taken between this and that moment in a person's life, between the good and the bad, neutralising the one by the other, and making both false. We have judged the acts, as they present themselves, day by day, hour by hour. We have given a date to our judgments; and this has allowed us often to praise men, whom at a later time we shall have to blame. Criticism, forgetful and harsh, too often condemns beginnings which are laudable, having in view the end which it knows, of which it has a view beforehand. But we do not choose to know this end; whatever this man may do to-morrow, we note for his advantage the good which he does to-day: the end will come soon enough." This is the true method of writing history; this is the true method of judging men. Unfortunately we cannot trace the career of many individuals with that particularity of date and circumstance which would enable us to do justice. Plutarch does not draw characters in the mass in the modern way: he gives us both the good and the bad, in detail: but with little regard sometimes to time and circumstance. He has treated Brutus with partiality: he finds only one act in his life to condemn (chap. 46). The great condemnation of Brutus is, that acting in the name of virtue, he did not know what it was; that fighting for his country, he was fighting for a party; his Roman republic was a republic of aristocrats; his people was a fraction of the Roman citizens; he conceived no scheme for regenerating a whole nation: he engaged in a death struggle in which we can feel no sympathy. His name is an idle abused theme for rhetoric; and his portrait must be drawn, ill or well, that the world may be disabused.

Drumann (Geschichte Roms, Junii, p. 34) has carefully collected the acts of Brutus; and he has judged him severely, and, I think, truly.

Brutus had moderate abilities, with great industry and much learning: he had no merit as a general, but he had the courage of a soldier, he had the reputation of virtue, and he was free from many of the vices of his contemporaries; he was sober and temperate. Of enlarged political views he had none; there is not a sign of his being superior in this respect to the mass of his contemporaries. When the Civil War broke out, he joined Pompeius, though Pompeius had murdered his father. If he gave up his private enmity, as Plutarch says, for what he believed to be the better cause, the sacrifice was honourable: if there were other motives, and I believe there were, his choice of his party does him no credit. His conspiracy against Cæsar can only be justified by those, if there are such, who think that a usurper ought to be got rid of in any way. But if a man is to be murdered, one does not expect those to take a part in the act who, after being enemies have received favours from him, and professed to be friends. The murderers should at least be a man's declared enemies who have just wrongs to avenge. Though Brutus was dissatisfied with things under Cæsar, he was not the first mover in the conspiracy. He was worked upon by others, who knew that his character and personal relation to Cæsar would in a measure sanctify the deed; and by their persuasion, not his own resolve, he became an assassin in the name of freedom, which meant the triumph of his party, and in the name of virtue, which meant nothing.

The act was bad in Brutus as an act of treachery; and it was bad as an act of policy. It failed in its object--the success of a party, because the death of Cæsar was not enough; other victims were necessary, and Brutus would not have them. He put himself at the head of a plot, in which there was no plan: he dreamed of success and forgot the means. He mistook the circumstances of the times and the character of the men. His conduct after the murder was feeble and uncertain; and it was also as illegal as the usurpation of Cæsar. "He left Rome as prætor without the permission of the Senate; he took possession of a province which, even according to Cicero's testimony, had been assigned to another; he arbitrarily passed beyond the boundaries of his province, and set his effigy on the coins." (Drumann.) He attacked the Bessi in order to give his soldiers booty, and he plundered Asia to get money for the conflict against Cæsar and Antonius, for the mastery of Rome and Italy. The means that he had at his disposal show that he robbed without measure and without mercy; and never was greater tyranny exercised over helpless people in the name of liberty than the wretched inhabitants of Asia experienced from Brutus the "Liberator" and Cassius "the last of the Romans." But all these great resources were thrown away in an ill-conceived and worse executed campaign.

Temperance, industry, and unwillingness to shed blood are noble qualities in a citizen and a soldier; and Brutus possessed them. But great wealth gotten by ill means is an eternal reproach; and the trade of money-lending, carried on in the names of others, with unrelenting greediness, is both avarice and hypocrisy. Cicero, the friend of Brutus, is the witness for his wealth, and for his unworthy means to increase it.

Reflecting men in all ages have a philosophy. With the educated Greeks and Romans, philosophy was religion. The vulgar belief, under whatever name it may be, is never the belief of those who have leisure for reflection. The vulgar rich and vulgar poor are immersed in sense: the man of reflection strives to emerge from it. To him the things which are seen are only the shadows of the unseen; forms without substance, but the evidence of the substantial: "for the invisible things of God from the creation of the world are clearly seen, being understood by the things that are made" (Epistle to the Romans, i. 20). Brutus was from his youth up a student of philosophy and well versed in the systems of the Greeks. Untiring industry and a strong memory had stored his mind with the thoughts of others, but he had not capacity enough to draw profit from his intellectual as he did from his golden treasures. His mind was a barren field on which no culture could raise an abundant crop. His wisdom was the thoughts of others, and he had ever ready in his mouth something that others had said. But to utter other men's wisdom is not enough: a man must make it his own by the labour of independent thought. Philosophy and superstition were blended in his mind, and they formed a chaos in his bewildered brain, as they always will do; and the product is Gorgons and Hydras and Chimeras dire. In the still of night phantoms floated before his wasted strength and wakeful eyes; perhaps the vision of him, the generous and the brave, who had saved the life of an enemy in battle, and fell by his hand in the midst of peace. Conscience was his tormentor, for truth was stronger than the illusions of self-imputed virtue. Though Brutus had condemned Cato's death, he died by his own hand, not with the stubborn resolve of Cato, who would not yield to a usurper, but merely to escape from his enemies. A Roman might be pardoned for not choosing to become the prisoner of a Roman, but his grave should have been the battlefield, and the instrument should have been the hands of those who were fighting against the cause which he proclaimed to be righteous and just. Cato's son bettered his father's example: he died on the plain of Philippi by the sword of the enemy. Brutus died without belief in the existence of that virtue which he had affected to follow: the triumph of a wrongful cause, as he conceived it, was a proof that virtue was an empty name. He forgot the transitory nature of all individual existences, and thought that justice perished with him. But a true philosopher does not make himself a central point, nor his own misfortunes a final catastrophe. He looks both backwards and forwards, to the past and the future, and views himself as a small link in the great chain of events which holds all things together. Brutus died in despair, with the courage, but not with the faith, of a martyr.

When men talk of tyranny and rise against it, the name of Brutus is invoked; a mere name and nothing else. What single act is there in the man's life which promised the regeneration of his country and the freedom of mankind? Like other Romans, he only thought of maintaining the supremacy of Rome; his ideas were no larger than theirs; he had no sympathy for those whom Rome governed and oppressed. For his country, he had nothing to propose; its worn-out political constitution he would maintain, not amend; indeed, amendment was impossible. Probably he dreaded anarchy and the dissolution of social order, for that would have released his creditors and confiscated his valuable estates. But Cæsar's usurpation was not an anarchy: it was a monarchy, a sole rule; and Brutus, who was ambitious, could not endure that. It may be said that if the political views of Brutus were narrow, he was only like most of his countrymen. But why then is he exalted, and why is his name invoked? What single title had he to distinction except what Cæsar gave him? A man of unknown family, the son of a woman whom Cæsar had debauched, pardoned after fighting against his mother's lover, raised by him to the prætorship, and honoured with Cæsar's friendship--he has owed his distinction to nothing else than murdering the man whose genius he could not appreciate, but whose favours he had enjoyed.

His spurious philosophy has helped to save him from the detestation which is his due; but the false garb should be stripped off. A stoic, an ascetic, and nothing more, is a mere negation. The active virtues of Brutus are not recorded. If he sometimes did an act of public justice (c. 35), it was not more than many other Romans have done. To reduce this philosopher to his true level, we ask, what did he say or do that showed a sympathy with all mankind? Where is the evidence that he had the feeling of justice which alone can regenerate a nation? But it may be said, why seek in a Roman of his age what we cannot expect to find? Why then elevate him above the rest of his age and consecrate his name? Why make a hero of him who murdered his benefactor, and then ran away from the city which he was to save--from we know not what? And why make a virtuous man of him who was only austere, and who did not believe in the virtues that he professed? As to statesmanship, nobody has claimed that for him yet.

"The deputy of Arras, poor, and despised even by his own party, won the confidence of the people by their belief in his probity: and he deserved it. Fanatical and narrow-minded, he was still a man of principles. Untiring industry, unshaken faith, and poverty, the guarantee of his probity, raised him slowly to distinction, and enabled him to destroy all who stood between him and the realisation of an unbending theory. Though he had sacrificed the lives of others, he scorned to save his own by doing what would have contradicted his principles: he respected the form of legality, when its substance no longer existed, and refused to sanction force when it would have been used for his own protection" (Lamartine, Histoire des Girondins, liv. 61, ix.). A great and memorable example of crime, of fanaticism, and of virtue; of a career commenced in the cause of justice, in truth, faith and sincerity; of a man who did believe in virtue, and yet spoiled the cause in which he embarked, and left behind him a name for universal execration.

Treachery at home, enmity abroad, and misconduct in its own leaders, made the French Revolution result in anarchy, and then in a tyranny. The Civil Wars of Rome resulted in a monarchy, and there was nothing else in which they could end. The Roman monarchy or the Empire was a natural birth. The French Empire was an abortion. The Roman Empire was the proper growth of the ages that had preceded it: they could produce nothing better. In a few years after the battle of Philippi, Cæsar Octavianus got rid of his partner Antonius; and under the administration of Augustus the world enjoyed comparative peace, and the Roman Empire was established and consolidated. The genius of Augustus, often ill appreciated, is demonstrated by the results of his policy. He restored order to a distracted state and transmitted his power to his successors. The huge fabric of Roman greatness resting on its ancient foundations, only crumbled beneath the assaults that time and new circumstances make against all political institutions.

[576] Velleius (ii. 71, quoted by Kaltwasser) states that some of the partisans of Brutus and Cassius wished Messala to put himself at the head of their party, but he declined to try the fortune of another contest.

[577] Compare the Life of Antonius, c. 22. Appian (Civil Wars, iv. 135) makes the same statement as Plutarch about the body of Brutus. It is not inconsistent with this that his head was cut off in order to be sent to Rome and thrown at the feet of Cæsar's statue, as Suetonius says (Sueton. August. 13). Dion Cassius adds (xlvii. 49) that in the passage from Dyrrachium a storm came on and the head was thrown into the sea.

[578] Nikolaus of Damascus, a Peripatetic philosopher, and a friend of Augustus, wrote a universal history in Greek, in one hundred and forty-four books, of which a few fragments remain. There is also a fragment of his Life of Augustus. The best edition is that of J.C. Orelli, Leipzig, 1804, 8vo.; to which a supplement was published in 1811.

[579] The work of Valerius Maximus is dedicated to the Emperor Tiberius. The death of Porcia is mentioned in lib. iv. c. 6, 5. Appian (Civil Wars, iv. 136) and Dion Cassius (xlvii. 49) give the same account of Porcia's death.

[580] Plutarch here evidently doubts the genuineness of the letter attributed to Brutus. The life of Brutus offered good materials for the falsifiers of history, who worked with them after rhetorical fashion. There are a few letters in the collection of Cicero which are genuine, but the single book of letters to Brutus (M. Tullii Ciceronis Epistolorum ad Brutum Liber Singularis) is condemned as a forgery by the best critics. It contains letters of Cicero to Brutus, and of Brutus to Cicero; and a letter of Brutus to Atticus. Genuine letters of Brutus, written day by day, like those of Cicero, would have formed the best materials from which we might judge him.

[581] A despatch rolled in a peculiar manner. See vol. ii. Life of Lysander, ch. 19.

[582] The battle of Kunaxa was fought on the 7th of September 401 B.C.

[583] The title of a great Persian officer of State.

[584] Egypt revolted from Persia B.C. 358. See vol. iii. Life of Agesilaus, ad. fin.

[585] A people of Media on the Caspian Sea.

[586] See Grote on Epameinondas. "The muscularity, purchased by excessive nutriment, of the Boeotian pugilist." (Hist. of Greece, part ii. ch. lxxvii.)

[587] See vol. iii. Life of Agesilaus, c. 13, note.

[588] Ptolemy, King of Egypt.

[589] The reading Adria is obviously wrong. Droysen suggests Andros; but Thirlwall much more reasonably conjectures that the word should be Hydrea, observing that the geographical position of Andros does not suit the account given in the text. Clough prefers to read Andros, saying that "Aratus would hardly be thought to have gone from Hydrea to Euboea, which is near enough to Andros to make the supposition in this case not unnatural." But I think that this argument makes just the other way, for the object of Aratus's slaves was to tell the Macedonian officer that their master was gone to a place so far away that it would be useless to attempt to follow him.

[590] The word which I have here translated "portraits" generally means statues, but not necessarily. Probably most of the despots were commemorated by statues.

[591] Philip of Macedon, the father of Alexander, I suppose is meant.

[592] This Alexander was the son of Kraterus, and grandson of Alexander the Great's general of that name.

[593] A common precaution against surprise. See above, ch. viii.

[594] This was Demetrius II., the son of Antigonus Gonatas, who succeeded his father on the throne of Macedonia, B.C. 239.

[595] Apparently the great seal of the league is meant, which we must suppose was entrusted to the general for the time being.

[596] I., ii. 607.

[597] Philip's object in this expedition was to make himself master of Apollonia and Oricum.

[598] "He was forced to burn his ships and retreat overland, leaving his baggage, ammunition, and a great part of the arms of his troops in the enemy's hands." (Thirlwall's History, ch. lxiv).

[599] See Merivale's 'History of the Romans under the Empire,' ch. liii. vol. vi. page 142, note.

[600] Quintus Catulus Capitolinus.

[601] Nero set a price upon the head of Vindex, whose designs were speedily revealed to him, and though the forces of the Gaulish province were disposed to follow their chief, the more powerful legions of Lower Germany, under Virginius Rufus, were in full march against them. The armies met at Vesontio, and there Virginius and Vindex at a private interview agreed to conspire together, but their troops could come to no such understanding; the Virginians attacked the soldiers of Vindex, and almost cut them to pieces. Vindex thereupon, with the haste and levity of his race, threw himself upon his sword, and the rebellion seemed for a moment to be crushed. Merivale's 'History of the Romans under the Empire,' vol. vi. ch. lv.

[602] Nero died on the 9th of June, A.D. 68.

[603] The gold ring was presented by the Roman emperors in much the same way as the insignia of an order of chivalry is given by modern sovereigns. Under the republic it had been the distinguishing mark of the equestrian order, and its possession still continued to raise its recipients to the rank of 'eques,' cf. Plin. H.N. 33, 2, and Paulus i. 5, de jure anul.

[604] Clough well remarks that here we may observe the beginning of a state-post, which still exists on the continent of Europe, by which all government couriers, &c., were forwarded free of expense. The modern terms of "diplomacy," "diplomatist," &c., is derived from the "diplomata," or folded and sealed dispatches carried by such persons.

[605] Narbonne.

[606] Tacitus sums up the characters of these two men after his manner. "Titus Vinius and Cornelius Laco, the one the worst, the other the laziest of men, &c." Tac. Hist. i. 6.

[607] No doubt Galba's personal appearance offered a striking contrast to that of "the implacable, beautiful tyrant" Nero. See infra, ch. 15, and Tac. Hist. i. 7

[608] 'Tanquam innocentes,' Tac. Hist. i. 6.

[609] More properly "rowers," men employed to row in ships of war, who regarded it as promotion to become legionary soldiers.

[610] Vinius had engaged to marry the daughter of Tigellinus, who was a widow with a large dower.

[611] 'Hordeonius Flaccus,' Tac. Hist. i. 12, 53, etc.

[612] Tigellinus, we have learned from the last chapter but one, was living at Rome. Moreover he was never in command of any legions; and evidently some legions in the provinces are meant. Clough conjectures that we should read Vitellius instead of Tigellinus; and this I think very reasonable.

[613] This seems to be a mistake, as Asiaticus was a freedman of Vitellius. See Tac. (Hist. ii. 57)

[614] Of sesterces.

[615] A.D. 69.

[616] The First Legion, in Lower Germany.

[617] At Cologne.

[618] Tac. (Hist. i. 62).

[619] Suetonius (Otho, 4) calls him Seleukus.

[620] So I have ventured to translate "speculator." The speculatores under the empire were employed as special adjutants, messengers, and bodyguards of a general.

[621] Counting inclusively in the Roman fashion.

[622] The Miliarium Aureum, or Golden Milestone. London Stone was established by the Romans in Britain for the same purpose.

[623] This habit of the ancient Romans, of being carried about Rome in litters, survives to the present day in the Pope's "sedia gestatoria."

[624] We learn from Tacitus that this man was the standard-bearer (vexillarius) of a cohort which still accompanied Galba. Tac. (Hist. i. 41).

[625] Galba before leaving the palace had put on a light, quilted tunic. Suet. (Galba, ch. 19).

[626] She was obliged to pay for it. Tac. (Hist. i. 47).

[627] Patrobius was a freedman of Nero who had been punished by Galba. The words "and Vitellius" are probably corrupt.

[628] Argius was Galba's house-steward. He buried his master's body in his own private garden. Tac. (Hist. i. 49).

[629] This life must be read as the sequel to that of Galba.

[630] See Life of Galba, ch. viii., note.

[631] Tac. (Hist. i. 80, 82, s. 99).

[632] A body of troops, consisting of two centuriae (Polyb. ii. 23, 1), and consequently commanded by two centurions.

[633] Tacitus (Hist. i. 83, 84) gives Otho's speech at length.

[634] Almost literally translated by Plutarch from Tacitus (Hist. i. 71)

[635] Tac. (Hist. i. 86).

[636] Caius Julius Cæsar.

[637] Tac. (Hist. i. 86).

[638] These are more particularly described in Tac. (Hist. ii. 21).

[639] I imagine that Cæcina made himself disliked by using signs instead of speaking, not that he had forgotten his language, but because he did not choose to speak to the provincial magistrates. Tacitus (Hist. ii. 20) says that he conducted himself modestly while in Italy.

[640] We learn from Tacitus (Hist. ii. 20) that her name was Salonina. He adds that she did no one any harm, but that people were offended with her because she rode upon a fine horse and dressed in scarlet.

[641] "At every place where he halted his devouring legions, and at every place which he was induced to pass without halting, this rapacious chief required to be gratified with money, under threats of plunder and conflagration." Merivale (History of the Romans, ch. lvi.)

[642] Tacitus (Hist. i. 87) describes Julius Proculus as active in the discharge of his duties at Rome, but ignorant of real war. He was, Tacitus adds, a knave and a villain, who got himself preferred before honest men by the unscrupulous accusations which he brought against them.

[643] Tac. Hist. ii. 30.

[644] Tacitus, (Hist. ii. 39) says that Otho was not present, but sent letters to the generals urging them to make haste. He adds that it is not so easy to decide what ought to have been done as to condemn what was actually done.

[645] Tac. (Hist. ii. 37).

[646] Tac. (Hist. ii. 43). The legions were the 21st "Rapax," and the 1st "Adjutrix."

[647] Their journey was, no doubt, back to Rome.

INDEX.

Abantes, i. Theseus, ch. 5.

Abantidas of Sikyon, iv. Aratus, ch. 2.

Abas, river, iii. Pompeius, ch. 35.

Abdera, iii. Alexander, ch. 52.

Aboeokritus, iv. Aratus, ch. 16.

Abolus, river in Sicily, i. Timoleon, ch. 34.

Abra, iv. Cicero, ch. 28.

Abriorix the Gaul, iii. Cæsar, ch. 24.

Abrotonon, i. Themistokles, ch. 1.

Abouletes, iii. Alexander, ch. 68.

Abydos, i. Alkibiades, chs. 27, 29; iii. Cæsar, ch. 69.

Academia, a garden at Athens, i. Theseus, ch. 32; Solon, ch. 1; ii. Sulla, ch. 12; Kimon, ch. 13.

----, a school of philosophy, ii. Philopoemen, ch. 1; Lucullus, ch. 42; Comparison of Kimon and Lucullus, ch. 1; iii. Phokion, ch. 4; iv. Cicero, ch. 4; Dion, chs. 14, 20, 22, 47, 52; Brutus, ch. 2.

Academus, i. Theseus, ch. 32.

Acerræ, ii. Marcellus, ch. 6.

Achæans of Phthiotis, i. Perikles, ch. 17; ii. Pelopidas, ch. 31; Flamininus, ch. 10.

Achæan harbour, ii. Lucullus, ch. 12.

Achæa and Achæans, i. Perikles, chs. 17, 19; Cato Major, ch. 9; Philopoemen, chs. 9, 12, 14, 16, and after; Flamininus, chs. 13, 17; Agesilaus, ch. 22; iv. Agis, chs. 13, 15; Kleomenes, ch. 3, and after; Demosthenes, ch. 17; Dion, ch. 23; Aratus, chs. 9, 11, and after.

Achaicus, surname of Mummius, ii. Marius, ch. 1.

Acharnæ, i. Themistokles, ch. 24; Perikles, ch. 33.

'Acharnians,' play of Aristophanes, i. Perikles, ch. 30.

Achelous, i. Perikles, ch. 19.

Achillas, an Egyptian, iii. Pompeius, chs. 77-80; Cæsar, ch. 49.

Achilles, i. Theseus, ch. 34; Camillus, ch. 13; Alkibiades, ch. 23; ii. Aristeides, ch. 7; Philopoemen, ch. 1; Pyrrhus, chs. 1, 13, 22; Comparison of Lysander and Sulla, ch. 4; iii. Pompeius, ch. 29; Alexander, chs. 5, 15, 24.

----, a Macedonian, ii. Pyrrhus, ch. 2.

Achradina, in Syracuse, i. Timoleon, ch. 21; ii. Marcellus, ch. 18; iv. Dion, chs. 29, 30, 35, 42.

Acilius, a historian, i. Romulus, ch. 21; ii. Cato Major, ch. 22.

----, Glabrio, Manius, ii. Sulla, ch. 12; Cato Major, chs. 12, 14.

----, a friend of Brutus, iv. Brutus, ch. 23.

----, a soldier of Cæsar, iii. Cæsar, ch. 16.

Aciris, river in Lucania, ii. Pyrrhus, ch. 16.

Acrillæ, ii. Marcellus, ch. 18.

Acrocorinthus, the citadel of Corinth, iv. Kleomenes, chs. 16, 19; Aratus, ch. 16, and after.

Acron, king of the Ceninetes, killed by Romulus, i. Romulus, ch. 16; Comparison, ch. 1.

Actium, iv. Antonius, chs. 62, 63, 71.

Ada, queen of Caria, iii. Alexander, ch. 22.

Adeimantus, an Archon, i. Themistokles, ch. 5; an Athenian general, i. Alkibiades, ch. 36.

Adiabeni, ii. Lucullus, chs. 26, 27.

Admetus, king of the Molossians, i. Themistokles, ch. 24; king of Pheræ, i. Numa, ch 4.

Adonis, festival of, i. Alkibiades, ch. 18; iii. Nikias, ch. 13.

Adramyttium, iv. Cicero, ch. 4.

Adranum, i. Timoleon, chs. 12, 16.

Adranus, i. Timoleon, ch. 12.

Adrastean hills, ii. Lucullus, ch. 9.

Adrastus, i. Theseus, ch. 29.

Adria, a town of the Tyrrhenians, i. Camillus, ch. 16.

----, a corrupt reading in Aratus, iv. Aratus, ch. 12.

Adrianus, ii. Lucullus, ch. 17.

Adrumetum, iii. Cato Minor, ch. 59.

Æakides, son of Arybas, father of Pyrrhus, king of the Molossians, ii. Pyrrhus, ch. 1.

----, ii. Pyrrhus, chs. 1, 2.

Æakus, i. Theseus, ch. 10.

Ædepsus, ii. Sulla, ch. 26.

Ædui, iii. Cæsar, ch. 26.

Ægæ, i. Themistokles, ch. 26.

Ægeis, Attic tribe, i. Alkibiades, ch. 21.

Ægeste, town in Sicily. See Egesta.

Ægeus, father of Theseus, i. Theseus, chs. 3, 4, 12, 13, 17, 22; Comparison, ch. 6.

Ægialia, iv. Kleomenes, chs. 31, 32.

Ægias, banker at Sikyon, iv. Aratus, chs. 18, 19.

Ægikoreis, Attic tribe, i. Solon, ch. 23. See Aigikoreis.

Ægina, i. Themistokles, chs. 4, 15, 17, 19; Perikles, chs. 8, 34; ii. Aristeides, ch. 8; Lysander, chs. 9, 14; iii. Comparison of Nikias and Crassus, ch. 4; iv. Demosthenes, ch. 26.

Ægium, ii. Cato Major, ch. 12; iv. Kleomenes, chs. 17, 25; Aratus, ch. 42.

Ægle, daughter of Panopeus, i. Theseus, chs. 20, 29.

Ægospotami, i. Alkibiades, ch. 36; ii. Lysander, chs. 9-12; iv. Artaxerxes, ch. 21.

Ælia, wife of Sulla, ii. Sulla, ch. 6.

Ælii, i. Æmilius, ch. 5.

Ælius, Sextus, ii. Flamininus, ch. 2.

Ælius Tubero, i. Æmilius, chs. 5, 27, 28.

Æmilia, daughter of Æneas, i. Romulus, ch. 2.

----, wife of Africanus, i. Æmilius, ch. 1.

----, stepdaughter of Sulla and wife of Pompeius, ii. Sulla, ch. 33; iii. Pompeius, ch. 9.

Æmilii, i. Numa, ch. 8; Æmilius, ch. 1.

Æmilius, son of Pythagoras, ibidem.

----, Quintus, ii. Pyrrhus, ch. 21.

----, Lucius. See Paulus.

----, Marcus (Lucius Æmilius Mamercinus), i. Camillus, ch. 42.

----, Marcus Lepidus, i. Æmilius, ch. 38.

----, a crier, i. Æmilius, ch, 38.

----, quæstor (censor?), i. Numa, ch. 9.

Ænaria (now Ischia), off the coast of Campania, ii. Marius, chs. 37, 40.

Æneas, i. Romulus, ch. 2; Comparison, ch. 5; Camillus, ch. 20.

Ænus, in Thrace, iii. Cato Minor, ch. 11.

Æolus, islands of, i. Camillus, ch. 8.

Æquians, i. Camillus, chs. 2, 33, 35; Coriolanus, ch. 39.

Æropus, a friend of Pyrrhus, ii. Pyrrhus, ch. 8; a king of Macedonia, iv. Demetrius, ch. 20.

Æschines, orator, iv. Demosthenes, chs. 4, 9, 12, 15, 16, 22, 24.

Æschines of Lampra, ii. Aristeides, ch. 13.

----, scholar of Sokrates, i. Perikles, chs. 24, 32; ii. Aristeides, ch. 25.

Æschylus, an Argive, iv. Aratus, ch. 25.

----, kinsman of Timoleon, i. Timoleon, ch. 4.

----, the poet, i. Theseus, ch. 1; Romulus, ch. 9; Themistokles, ch. 14; ii. Aristeides, ch. 3; Kimon, ch. 8; iii. Pompeius, ch. 1; Alexander, ch. 8; iv. Comparison of Demosthenes and Cicero, ch. 2; Demetrius, ch. 35.

Æsculapius, i. Numa, ch. 4; iii. Pompeius, ch. 24.

Æsion, iv. Demosthenes, ch. 11.

Æson, a river, i. Æmilius, ch. 16.

Æsopus, tragic poet, iv. Cicero, ch. 5.

----, the fabulist, i. Solon, chs. 6, 28; ii. Pelopidas, ch. 34; iii. Crassus, ch. 32; iv. Aratus, chs. 30, 38.

Æsuvian meadow, i. Poplicola, ch. 9.

Æthra, i. Theseus, chs. 3, 4, 6, 7, 34.

Ætolia and Ætolians, ii. Cato Major, ch. 13; Philopoemen, chs. 7, 15; Flamininus, chs. 7-10, 15; iii. Alexander, ch. 49; iv. Agis, ch. 13; Kleomenes, chs. 10, 18, 34; Demetrius, ch. 40; Aratus, frequent.

Afidius, ii. Sulla, ch. 31.

Afranius, consul B.C. 60, iii. Sertorius, ch. 19; Pompeius, chs. 34, 36, 44, 67; Cæsar, chs. 36, 41, 53.

Agamemnon, i. Perikles, ch. 28; ii. Pelopidas, ch. 21; Lysander, ch. 15; iii. Nikias, ch. 5; Sertorius ch. 1; Agesilaus, chs. 6, 9; Pompeius, ch. 67; Cæsar, ch. 41; Comparison, ch. 4.

Agariste, mother of Perikles, i. Perikles, ch. 3.

Agatharchus, a painter, i. Perikles, ch. 13.

Agathoklea, iv. Kleomenes, ch. 33.

Agathokles, son of Lysimachus, iv. Demetrius, chs. 31, 46, 47. Of Syracuse, ii. Pyrrhus, chs. 9, 14; iv. Demetrius, ch. 25.

Agave, iii. Crassus, ch. 33, note.

Agesias of Acharnæ, ii. Aristeides, ch. 13.

Agesilaus I., king of Sparta, iii.; Life and Comparison with Pompeius, i. Lykurgus, chs. 12, 29; Timoleon, ch. 36; ii. Pelopidas, chs. 16, 21, 30; Flamininus, ch. 11; Lysander, chs. 22-27, 30; Kimon, chs. 10, 19; iii. Phokion, ch. 3; iv. Agis, chs. 3, 4, 14; Artaxerxes, ch. 20.

----, uncle of Agis IV., iv. Agis, chs. 6, 9, 12, 13, 16, 19; Comparison, ch. 4.

Agesipolis I., king of Sparta, son of Pausanias, ii. Pelopidas, ch. 4; iii. Agesilaus, chs. 20, 24; iv. Agis, ch. 3.

----, II., king of Sparta, son of Kleombrotus, iv. Agis, ch. 3.

Agesistrata, mother of Agis IV., iv. Agis, chs. 4, 20.

Agiadæ, ii. Lysander, chs. 24, 30.

Agias, at Argos, iv. Aratus, ch. 29.

Agiatis, daughter of Gylippus, iv., Kleomenes, chs. 1, 22.

Agis I., king of Sparta, ii. Lysander, chs. 24, 30; iv. Agis. ch. 3.

----, II., king of Sparta, son of Archidamus II., i. Lykurgus, chs. 11, 18, 19, 28, 29; Alkibiades, chs. 24, 25, 34, 38; ii. Lysander, chs. 9, 14, 22; iii. Agesilaus, chs. 1-4.

----, III., king of Sparta, son of Archidamus III., iii. Agesilaus, ch. 15; iv. Agis, ch. 3; Demosthenes, ch. 24.

----, IV., king of Sparta, son of Eudamidas, iv. Life and Comparison with the Gracchi; iii. Agesilaus, ch. 40; iv. Kleomenes, ch. 1; Aratus, ch. 31.

Agnus, Attic township, i. Theseus, ch. 13.

Agraulai, i. Themistokles, ch. 23.

Agraulos, i. Alkibiades, ch. 15.

Agrigentum, i. Timoleon, ch. 35; ii. Pyrrhus, ch. 22; iv. Dion, ch. 26.

Agrippa, Marcus Vipsanius, iv. Comparison of Demosthenes and Cicero, ch. 3; Antonius, chs. 35, 65, 66, 73, 87; Brutus, ch. 27; Galba, ch. 25.

----, Menenius, i. Coriolanus, ch. 6.

Agrippina, iv. Antonius, ch. 87; Galba, ch. 14.

Agylæus, iv. Kleomenes, ch. 8.

Ahala, Servilius, iv. Brutus, ch. 1.

Ahenobarbus, the first of the name, i. Æmilius, ch. 26. See Domitius.

Ajax, i. Theseus, ch. 29; Solon, ch. 10; Alkibiades, ch. 1; iii. Pompeius, ch. 72.

Aidoneus, king of the Molossians, i. Theseus, chs. 31, 35.

Aiantis, Attic tribe, ii. Aristeides, ch. 19.

Aipeia, i. Solon, ch. 26.

Aithra. See Æthra.

Aius Locutius, i. Camillus, ch. 30.

Akademus, i. Theseus, ch. 32. See Academia.

Akamantis, Athenian tribe, i. Perikles, ch. 3.

Akanthians, ii. Lysander, chs. 1, 18.

Akestodorus, i. Themistokles, ch. 13.

Akontium, iii. Sulla, chs. 17, 19.

Akræ, iv. Dion, ch. 27.

Akrillæ. See Acrillæ.

Akrotatus I., king of Sparta, iv. Agis, ch. 3.

----, II., king of Sparta, grandson of Akrotatus I., ii. Pyrrhus, chs. 26, 28; iv. Agis, ch. 3.

Akrourian mountain, iii. Phokion, ch. 33.

Akte, iv. Aratus, ch. 40.

Alba, in Latium, i. Romulus, chs. 3, 7, 9, 27, 28; Comparison of Theseus and Romulus, ch. 1; Pompeius, chs. 53, 80; Cæsar, ch. 60; iv. Antonius, ch. 60.

Albans, i. Romulus, ch. 2; Camillus, ch. 17. Alban farm, ii. Sulla, ch. 31. Alban hills, iv. Cicero, ch. 31. Alban mount, ii. Marcellus, ch. 22.

Albani of the Caucasus, ii. Lucullus, ch. 26; iii. Pompeius, chs. 34, 35, 38, 45; iv. Antonius, ch. 34.

Albinus, Decimus Brutus. See under Brutus.

----, or Albinius, Lucius, i. Camillus, ch. 21.

----, Spurius Postumius, consul B.C. 110, ii. Marius, ch. 9.

Aleas, ii. Lysander, ch. 28.

Alesia, iii. Cæsar, ch. 27.

Alexander of Antioch, iv. Antonius, ch. 46.

----, son of Antony and Cleopatra, iv. Antonius, ch. 54.

----, son of Kassander, ii. Pyrrhus, chs. 6, 7; iv. Demetrius, ch. 36; Comparison of Demetrius and Antonius, 5.

----, an Aristotelian philosopher, a teacher of Crassus, iii. Crassus, ch. 3.

----, grandson of Kraterus, iv. Aratus, ch. 17.

----, son of Demetrius, iv. Demetrius, ch. 53.

----, a freedman, iii. Pompeius, ch. 4.

----, a young Macedonian, iii. Alexander, ch. 58.

----, I., king of Macedon, ii. Aristeides, ch. 15; Kimon, ch. 14.

----, II., king of Macedon, ii. Pelopidas, chs. 26-28.

----, the Great, iii. Life; i. Theseus, ch. 5; Camillus, ch. 19; Æmilius, ch. 23; ii. Pelopidas, ch. 34; Aristeides, ch. 11; Philopoemen, ch. 4; Flamininus, chs. 7, 21; Pyrrhus, chs. 8, 11, 19; iii. Comparison of Nikias and Crassus, ch. 4; Eumenes, chs. 1, 6, 7; Agesilaus, ch. 15; Pompeius, chs. 2, 34, 45; Comparison of Pompeius and Agesilaus, ch. 2; Cæsar, ch. 11; Phokion, chs. 9, 17, 18, 22; iv. Demosthenes, chs. 9, 20, 23, 24, 25, 27, &c.; Demetrius, chs. 10, 25, 27, 29, 37; Antonius, chs. 6, 80; Comparison of Demetrius and Antonius, ch. 4; Kleomenes, ch. 31.

Alexander, son of Priam, iv. Galba, ch. 19.

----, the Myndian, ii. Marius, ch. 17.

----, son of Perseus, i. Æmilius, ch. 37.

----, of Pheræ, ii. Pelopidas, chs. 26, 31, 32.

----, son of Polysperchon, iii. Phokion, ch. 33; iv. Demetrius, ch. 9.

----, son of Pyrrhus, ii. Pyrrhus, ch. 9.

----, son of Roxana, ii. Pyrrhus, ch. 4.

----, general of the Thracians, i. Æmilius, ch. 18.

Alexandria and Alexandrians, ii. Lucullus, ch. 2; iii. Pompeius, ch. 49; Alexander, ch. 26; Cæsar, ch. 48; Cato Minor, ch. 35; iv. Kleomenes, chs. 37, 39; Antonius, chs. 69, 71, and after.

Alexandropolis, iii. Alexander, ch. 9.

Alexandristes, ii. Alexander, ch. 24.

Alexas of Laodicea, iv. Antonius, ch. 72.

----, a Syrian, perhaps, same as preceding, iv. Antonius, ch. 66.

Alexikrates, ii. Pyrrhus, ch. 5.

Alexippus, iii. Alexander, ch. 41.

Alfenus Varus, general of Vitellius, iv. Otho, ch. 12. See Alphenus.

Alkæus, an epigrammatist, ii. Flamininus, ch. 9.

----, of Sardis, iii. Pompeius, ch. 37.

Alkander, a Spartan, i. Lykurgus, ch. 10.

Alketas, king of the Molossians, ii. Pyrrhus, ch. 1.

----, iii. Eumenes, chs. 5, 8; Alexander, ch. 55.

Alkibiades, i. Life and Comparison with Coriolanus; Lykurgus, ch. 15; Numa, ch. 8; Perikles, chs. 20, 37; ii. Pelopidas, ch. 4; Aristeides, ch. 7; Flamininus, ch. 11; Lysander, chs. 3, 4, 10, 11; Comparison of Lysander and Sulla ch. 4; iii. Nikias, chs. 9-15; Comparison of Nikias and Crassus, chs. 2, 3; Agesilaus, ch. 3; iv. Demosthenes, chs. 1, 27; Comparison of Demosthenes and Cicero, ch. 4; Antonius, ch. 70.

Alkidamas, an orator, iv. Demosthenes, ch. 5.

Alkimenes, an Achæan, iv. Dion, ch. 23.

Alkimus, a promontory in Attica, i. Themistokles, ch. 32.

Alkimus, an Epirot, iv. Demetrius, ch. 21.

Alkmæon, in command of the Athenians, i. Solon, chs. 11, 30.

----, of Agraulæ, i. Themistokles, ch. 23; ii. Aristeides, ch. 25.

----, son of Amphiaraus, i. Alkibiades, ch. 1; iv. Aratus, ch. 3.

Alkmæonidæ, i. Perikles, ch. 33.

Alkman, a Lacedæmonian poet, i. Lykurgus, ch. 27; ii. Sulla, ch. 36.

Alkmena, mother of Herakles, i. Theseus, ch. 7; Romulus, ch. 28; ii. Lysander, ch. 28.

Allia, river, i. Camillus, chs. 18, 19.

Allobroges, iv. Cicero, ch. 18.

Alopekæ, township in Attica, i. Themistokles, ch. 32; Perikles, ch. 11; ii. Aristeides, ch. 1.

Alopekus, or Fox-hill, ii. Lysander, ch. 29.

Alphenus Varus, iv. Otho, ch. 12.

Alsæa, iv. Kleomenes, ch. 7.

Alykus, son of Skeiron, i. Theseus, ch. 32.

Amantius (Matius?), friend of Cæsar, iii. Cæsar, ch. 50.

Amanus, iii. Pompeius, ch. 39; iv. Cicero, ch. 36; Demetrius, ch. 48.

Amarsyas, i. Theseus, ch. 17.

Amathus, i. Theseus, ch. 20.

Amazons, i. Theseus, chs. 26-28; Comparison of Theseus and Romulus, ch. 1; Perikles, ch. 31; ii. Lucullus, ch. 23; iii. Pompeius, ch. 35; Alexander, ch. 46; iv. Demosthenes, ch. 19.

Amazoneum, at Athens, i. Theseus, ch. 27; at Chalkis, i. Theseus, ch. 27.

Ambiorix, or Abriorix, iii. Cæsar, ch. 24.

Ambrakia in Acarnania, i. Perikles, ch. 16; ii. Pyrrhus, ch. 6.

Ambrones, a Celtic tribe, ii. Marius, chs. 15, 19, 20.

Ambustus, Q. Fabius, i. Numa, ch. 12; Camillus, ch. 4.

Ameinias, of Dekeleia, i. Themistokles, ch. 14; Comparison of Aristeides and Cato, ch. 2.

----, a Phokian, ii. Pyrrhus, ch. 29.

Ameria, in Umbria, ii. Marius, ch. 17.

Amestris, iv. Artaxerxes, ch. 2, 3, 27.

Amisus, a town in Pontus, i. Lucullus, chs. 14, 15, 19, 32, 33; iii. Pompeius, ch. 38.

Ammon, ii. Lysander, chs. 20, 25; Kimon, ch. 8; iii. Nikias, ch. 13; Alexander, chs. 26, 27, 47, 50.

----, son of Zeus and Pasiphæ, iv. Agis, ch. 9.

Ammonius, i. Themistokles, ch. 32.

Amnæus, iii. Cato Minor, ch. 19.

Amoebeus, iv. Aratus, ch. 17.

Amompharetus, i. Solon, ch. 10; ii. Aristeides, ch. 17.

Amorgos, iv. Demetrius, ch. 11.

Amphares, iv. Agis, chs. 18-21.

Amphiaraus, i. Aristeides, chs. 3, 19; iv. Aratus, ch. 3.

Amphikrates, ii. Lucullus, ch. 22.

Amphiktyons, i. Solon, ch. 11; Themistokles, ch. 20; ii. Cato Major, ch. 12; Sulla, ch. 12; Kimon, ch. 8.

Amphilochia, ii. Pyrrhus, ch. 6.

Amphipolis, i. Lykurgus, ch. 24; Æmilius, chs. 23, 24; ii. Kimon, ch. 8; iii. Nikias, chs. 9, 10; Pompeius, ch. 74.

Amphissa, iv. Demosthenes, ch. 18; Antonius, ch. 28.

Amphitheus, ii. Lysander, ch. 27.

Amphitrope, i. Aristeides, ch. 26.

Amphitryon, ii. Lysander, ch. 28.

Amulius, i. Romulus, chs. 3, 6-9, 21; Comparison of Theseus and Romulus, ch. 1.

Amykla, i. Alkibiades, ch. 1; Lykurgus, ch. 15.

Amyklas, iv. Agis, ch. 9.

Amyntas, a Macedonian, iii. Alexander, ch. 20.

----, envoy of Philip, iv. Demosthenes, ch. 18.

----, king of Lycaonia and Galatia, iv. Antonius, chs. 61, 63.

Anaitis (Artemis), iv. Artaxerxes, ch. 27.

Anakes, i. Theseus, ch. 33; Numa, ch. 13.

Anacharsis, i. Solon, ch. 5.

Anakreon, i. Perikles, ch. 27.

Analius, Lucius, iii. Comparison of Nikias and Crassus, ch. 2.

Anaphlystus, ii. Kimon, ch. 17.

Anapus, i. Timoleon, ch. 21; ii. Nikias, 16; iv. Dion, ch. 27.

Anaxagorus, a philosopher, i. Themistokles, ch. 2; Perikles, chs. 4, 5, 6, 8, 16, 32; ii. Lysander, ch. 12; iii. Nikias, ch. 23.

Anaxandrides, of Delphi, ii. Lysander, ch. 18.

Anaxarchus, a philosopher, iii. Alexander, chs. 8, 28, 32.

Anaxenor, iv. Antonius, ch. 24.

Anaxidamus, of Chæronea, ii. Sulla, chs. 17, 19.

Anaxilas, i. Solon, ch. 10.

Anaxilaus, i. Alkibiades, ch. 31.

Anaximenes, i. Poplicola, ch. 9; iv. Demosthenes, ch. 28; Comparison of Demosthenes and Cicero, ch. 2.

Anaxo, i. Theseus, ch. 29; Comparison of Theseus and Romulus, ch. 6.

Ancharia, iv. Antonius, ch. 31.

Ancharius, ii. Marius, ch. 43.

Ancus Marcius, i. Coriolanus, ch. 1.

Andokides, i. Themistokles, ch. 32; Alkibiades, ch. 21; Nikias, ch. 31.

Androgeus, i. Theseus, ch. 15, 16; Comparison of Theseus and Romulus, ch. 1.

Androkleon, ii. Pyrrhus, ch. 2.

Androkles, i. Alkibiades, ch. 19.

Androkleides, an Epirot, ii. Pyrrhus, ch. 2.

----, an author, ii. Lysander, ch. 8.

----, a Boeotian, ii. Lysander, ch. 27.

Androkottus, iii. Alexander, ch. 62.

Androkrates, i. Aristeides, ch. 11.

Androkydes, ii. Pelopidas, ch. 25.

Andromache, ii. Pelopidas, ch. 29; iii. Alexander, ch. 51; iv. Brutus, ch. 23.

Andromachus, of Carrhæ, iii. Crassus, ch. 29.

----, of Tauromenium, i. Timoleon, ch. 10.

Andron, i. Theseus, ch. 25.

Andronikus, ii. Sulla, ch. 26.

Andros, i. Themistokles, ch. 21; Perikles, ch. 11; Alkibiades, ch. 35; ii. Pelopidas, ch. 2, and (?) iv. Aratus, ch. 12.

Androtion, a writer, i. Solon, ch. 15.

----, an Athenian, iv. Demosthenes, ch. 15.

Angelus, ii. Pyrrhus, ch. 2.

Anicius, Lucius, i. Æmilius, ch. 13.

Anienus, iii. Cæsar, ch. 58.

Anio, i. Poplicola, ch. 21; Camillus, ch. 41; Coriolanus, ch. 6.

Annalius. See Analius.

Anius, a river in Epirus, iii. Cæsar, ch. 38.

Annius, Caius, iii. Sertorius, ch. 7.

----, who killed Antonius the orator, ii. Marius, ch. 44.

----, Milo. See Milo.

----, Titus, iv. Tib. Gracchus, ch. 14.

Annius Gallus, iv. Otho, chs. 7, 8, 13.

Antæus, i. Theseus, ch. 11; iii. Sertorius, ch. 9.

Antagoras, i. Aristeides, ch. 23.

Antalkidas, i. Lykurgus, ch. 12; ii. Pelopidas, chs. 15, 30; iii. Agesilaus, chs. 23, 26, 32; iv. Artaxerxes, chs. 21, 22.

Antemna, or Antemnæ, i. Romulus, ch. 17; ii. Sulla, ch. 30.

Antenor, i. Numa, ch. 8.

Anthedon, ii. Sulla, ch. 26.

Anthemion, i. Alkibiades, ch. 4; Coriolanus, ch. 14.

Anthemokritus, i. Perikles, ch. 30.

Antho, i. Romulus, ch. 3.

Anticato, iii. Cæsar, ch. 54; iv. Cicero, ch. 39.

Antikleides, iii. Alexander, ch. 46.

Antikrates, iii. Agesilaus, ch. 35.

Antikyra, iv. Demetrius, ch. 24.

----, a town in Phokis, iv. Antonius, ch. 68.

Antigenes, chief of the Asgyraspids, iii. Eumenes, chs. 13, 16; Alexander, ch. 70.

----, a writer, iv. Alexander, ch. 46.

Antigenidas, iv. Demetrius, ch. 1.

Antigone, daughter of Philip and Berenike, ii. Pyrrhus, chs. 4, 5, 9.

----, of Pydna, iii. Alexander, ch. 48.

Antigonea, iv. Aratus, ch. 45.

Antigonis, Attic tribe, iv. Demetrius, ch. 10.

Antigonus, father of Demetrius Poliorketes, i. Romulus, ch. 17; Æmilius, chs. 8, 33; ii. Pelopidas, chs. 1, 2; Pyrrhus, chs. 4, 8; iii. Sertorius, ch. 1; Eumenes, chs. 3, 8, and following; Comparison of Eumenes and Sertorius, ch. 2; Alexander, ch. 77; Phokion, chs. 29, 30; iv. Demetrius throughout; Comparison of Demetrius and Antonius, ch. 1; Aratus, ch. 54.

----, Gonatas, son of Demetrius, i. Æmilius, ch. 8; ii. Pyrrhus, chs. 26, 29, 30, and following; iv. Demetrius, chs. 39, 40, 51, 53; Aratus, chs. 4, 9, 12, 15, 17, 18, 23-25, 34, 43.

----, Doson, king of Macedonia, i. Coriolanus, ch. 11; Æmilius, ch. 8; ii. Philopoemen, chs. 6, 7; iv. Kleomenes, chs. 16, 20, and following; Aratus, ch. 38, and following.

Antigonus, king of the Jews, iv. Antonius, ch. 36.

Antilibanus, iii. Alexander, ch. 24.

Antimachus, poet of Kolophon, i. Timoleon, ch 36; ii. Lysander, ch. 18.

----, poet of Teos, i. Romulus, ch. 12.

Antioch on the Orontes, near Daphne, capital of Syria, ii. Lucullus, ch. 21, and note; iii. Pompeius ch. 40; Cato Minor, ch. 13; iv. Demetrius, ch. 32; Galba, ch. 13.

----, of Mygdonia, ii. Lucullus, ch. 32.

Antiochis, an Athenian tribe, i. Aristeides, chs. 1, 5.

Antiochus of Askalon, ii. Lucullus, chs. 28, 42; iv. Cicero, ch. 4; Brutus, ch. 2.

----, Athenian pilot, i. Alkibiades, chs. 10, 35; ii. Lysander, ch. 5; Comparison of Lysander and Sulla, ch. 4.

----, of Commagene, iv. Antonius, ch. 34.

----, I., Soter, son of Seleukus, iv. Demetrius, chs. 20, 31, 38, 51.

----, III., the Great, i. Æmilius, chs. 4, 7; ii. Cato Major, chs. 12, 13, 14; Comparison of Aristeides and Cato, chs. 2, 5; Philopoemen, ch. 17; Flamininus, chs. 9, 15, 16, 17, 20; Sulla, ch. 12; Lucullus, chs. 11, 31; iii. Crassus, ch. 26.

Antiope, i. Theseus, chs. 26, 27; Comparison of Theseus and Romulus, ch. 6.

Antiorus, i. Lykurgus, ch. 31.

Antipater, governor of Macedonia, i. Camillus, ch. 19; Comparison of Alkibiades and Coriolanus, ch. 3; Comparison of Aristeides and Cato, ch. 2; iii. Eumenes, chs. 3, 4, 6, 8, 12; Agesilaus, ch. 15; Alexander, chs. 11, 39, 46, 47, 74, 77; Phokion, chs. 1, 17, 23, 25-31; iv. Agis, ch. 2; Demosthenes, chs. 27-29; Comparison of Demosthenes and Cicero, ch. 5; Demetrius, chs. 14, 47; Comparison of Antonius and Demetrius, ch. 1.

Antipater, son of Kassander, ii. Pyrrhus, ch. 6; Demetrius, chs. 36, 37.

----, of Tarsus, ii. Marius, ch. 46; iv. Tib. Gracchus, ch. 8.

----, of Tyre, iii. Cato Minor, ch. 4.

Antiphanes, comic poet, iv. Demosthenes, ch. 9.

Antiphates, i. Themistokles, ch. 18.

Antiphilus, iii. Phokion, chs. 24, 25.

Antiphon, an orator, i. Alkibiades, ch. 3; iii. Nikias, ch. 6; iv. Antonius, ch. 28.

----, a criminal, iv. Demosthenes, ch. 14.

Antisthenes, i. Lykurgus, ch. 30; Perikles, ch. 1; Alkibiades, ch. 1.

Antistia, wife of Appius Claudius, iv. Tib. Gracchus, ch. 4.

----, wife of Pompeius, iii. Pompeius, chs. 4, 9.

Antistius (Appuleius?), in command of ships, iv. Brutus, ch. 25.

----, father-in-law of Pompeius, iii. Pompeius, chs. 4, 9.

Antium, i. Romulus, ch. 14; Fabius, ch. 2; Coriolanus, chs. 9, 13, 39; iv. Brutus, ch. 21.

Anton, son of Hercules, iv. Antonius, ch. 4.

Antonia, iv. Antonius, ch. 87.

Antonias, flagship of Cleopatra, iv. Antonius, ch. 60.

Antonius, Marcus, the orator, ii. Marius, ch. 44; iii. Pompeius, ch. 24; iv. Antonius, ch. 1.

----, Creticus, father of the triumvir, iv. Antonius, ch. 1.

----, Caius, son of the orator, iii. Cicero, chs. 11, 12, 16; iv. Antonius, ch. 1.

----, Caius, brother of the triumvir, iv. Antonius, chs. 15, 22; Brutus, ch. 26, and after.

----, Lucius, brother of the triumvir, iv. Antonius, ch. 15.

----, Iulus, son of Marcus Antonius and Fulvia, iv. Antonius, ch. 87.

Antonius, Publius, more properly Caius, iii. Cæsar, ch. 4.

----, Lucius Antonius Saturninus, who rebelled against Domitian, i. Æmilius, ch. 25.

----, murderer of Sertorius, iii. Sertorius, ch. 26.

----, Marcus, the triumvir, iv. Life and Comparison; i. Numa, ch. 20; Æmilius, ch. 38; iii. Pompeius, chs. 58, 59; Cæsar, ch. 30, and after; Cato Minor, ch. 73; iv. Cicero, ch. 41, and after; Demetrius, ch. 1; Brutus, chs. 18-24, 38, 41, and after; Comparison of Brutus and Dion, ch. 5.

----, Honoratus, iv. Galba, ch. 14.

Antyllius, Q., iv. C. Gracchus, chs. 13, 14; Comparison, ch. 5.

Antyllus, iv. Antonius, chs. 71, 81, 87.

Anytus, i. Alkibiades, ch. 3; Coriolanus, ch. 14.

Aollius, or Avillius. See Avillius.

Aous. See Anius.

Apama, wife of Seleukus, iv. Demetrius, ch. 31.

----, daughter of Artaxerxes, iv. Artaxerxes, ch. 27.

----, daughter of Artabazus, wife of Ptolemy, iii. Eumenes, ch. 1.

Apellas, a Macedonian, iv. Aratus, ch. 48.

Apelles, the painter, iii. Alexander, ch. 4; iv. Demetrius, ch. 22; Aratus, ch. 13.

Apellikon, of Teos, ii. Sulla, ch. 26.

Apemantes, iv. Antonius, ch. 70.

Aperantians, ii. Flamininus, ch. 15.

Aphetai, i. Themistokles, ch. 7.

Aphidnæ, i. Theseus, chs. 31-33; comparison, ch. 6.

Aphidnus, i. Theseus, ch. 33.

Aphytæ, ii. Lysander, ch. 20.

Aphrodite, i. Numa, ch. 19.

Aphepsion, an Archon, ii. Kimon, ch. 8.

Apis, iv. Kleomenes, ch. 34.

Apollodorus, governor of Babylon, iii. Alexander, ch. 73.

----, the Phalerian, iii. Cato Minor, ch. 46.

----, a Sicilian, iii. Cæsar, ch. 49.

----, a writer, i. Lykurgus, ch. 1.

----, an Athenian, iv. Demosthenes, ch. 15; comparison of Demosthenes and Cicero, ch. 3.

Apollokrates, iv. Dion, chs. 37, 40, 41, 51, 56.

Apollonia, in Mysia, ii. Lucullus, ch. 11.

----, in Sicily, i. Timoleon, ch. 24.

----, in Epirus, ii. Sulla, ch. 27; iii. Cæsar, chs. 37, 38; iv. Cicero, ch. 43; Antonius, ch. 16; Brutus, chs. 22, 25, 26.

Apollonides, iv. Demetrius, ch. 50.

----, a philosopher, iii. Cato Minor, chs. 65, 66, 69, 70.

Apollonius, son of Molon, iii. Cæsar, ch. 3; iv. Cicero, ch. 4.

----, despot of Zenodotia, iii. Crassus, ch. 17.

Apollophanes, iii. Agesilaus, ch. 12.

Apollothemis, i. Lykurgus, ch. 31.

Aponius, iv. Galba, ch. 8.

Apothetæ, or the "Exposure," a chasm under Mount Taygetus, i. Lykurgus, ch. 15.

Appian Road, iii. Cæsar, ch. 5.

Appius Claudius (Cæcus), ii. Pyrrhus, chs. 18, 19.

----, Claudius, consul B.C. 212, i. Comparison of Fabius and Perikles, ch. 2; ii. Marcellus, chs. 13, 14.

----, Claudius, consul B.C. 177, i. Poplicola, ch. 7.

----, Claudius, consul B.C. 143, i. Æmilius ch. 38; Tib. Gracchus, chs. 4, 9, 13.

----, Claudius, consul B.C. 54, iii. Pompeius, ch. 57.

----, Claudius, ii. Sulla, ch. 29.

----, Clodius, sent by Lucullus to Tigranes, ii. Lucullus, chs. 19, 21, 29.

----, Clausus, i. Poplicola, chs. 21, 22, same as Appius Claudius; Coriolanus, ch. 19.

Appius, governor of Sardinia, iii. Cæsar, ch. 21.

----, Marcus, iv. Cicero, ch. 26.

Apsephion, in text Aphepsion, Archon at Athens, ii. Kimon, ch. 8.

Apsus, ii. Flamininus, ch. 3.

Aptera, ii. Pyrrhus, ch. 30.

Apuleius, Lucius, i. Camillus, ch. 12.

Apulia, ii. Marcellus, ch. 24.

Aquæ Sextiæ, ii. Marius, ch. 18.

Aquillii, i. Poplicola, chs. 3, 4, and after.

Aquillius, Manius, ii. Marius, ch. 14.

----, Gallus, P., tribune of the people, iii. Cato Minor, ch. 43.

Aquinius, Marcus, iv. Cicero, ch. 27.

Aquinum, iv. Otho, ch. 5.

Aquinus, iii. Sertorius, ch. 13.

Arabia and Arabians, i. Theseus, ch. 5; ii. Lucullus, ch. 21, and after; iii. Crassus, chs. 28, 29, and after; Pompeius, ch. 44, and after; Alexander, ch. 24; iv. Antonius, ch. 37, and after; Arabia Nabathea, iv. Antonius ch. 30.

Arachosia, iii, Eumenes, ch. 19.

Arakus, ii. Lysander, ch. 7.

Arar, iii. Cæsar, ch. 18.

Araterion, i. Theseus, ch. 35.

Arateum, iv. Aratus, ch. 53.

Aratus of Sikyon, iv. Life and Comparison; ii. Philopoemen, chs. 1, 8; iv. Agis, ch. 15; Kleomenes, chs. 3, 4, 6, 15-17, 20, 25.

----, son of the preceding, iv. Aratus, chs. 49-54.

Araxes, ii. Lucullus, ch. 26; iii. Pompeius, chs. 33, 34; iv. Antonius, chs. 49, 52.

Arbakes, iv. Artaxerxes, ch. 14.

Arbela, i. Camillus, ch. 19; iii. Pompeius, ch. 36; Alexander, ch. 31.

Arcadia and Arcadians, i. Theseus, ch. 32; Numa, ch. 18; the Arcadian months, Coriolanus, ch. 3; ii. Pelopidas, chs. 4, 20, and after; Philopoemen, ch. 13; Agesilaus, chs. 15, 22, 30, 32; iv. Kleomenes, ch. 3, and after; Demosthenes, ch. 27; Demetrius, ch. 25; Aratus, ch. 34.

Archedamus, an Ætolian, i. Æmilius, ch. 23.

Archedemus, an Ætolian, ii. Comparison of Titus and Philopoemen, ch. 2.

----, a friend of Archytas, iv. Dion, ch. 18.

Archelaus, general of Antigonus Gonatas, iv. Aratus, ch. 22.

----, of Delos, ii. Sulla, ch. 22.

----, general of Mithridates, ii. Marius, ch. 34; Sulla, chs. 11, 15-17, 19-24; Comparison, ch. 4; Lucullus, chs. 3, 8, 9, 11.

----, king of Cappadocia, iv. Antonius, ch. 61.

----, an Egyptian general, son of the preceding, iv. Antonius, ch. 3.

----, a writer, ii. Kimon, ch. 4.

----, a poet, ii. Kimon, ch. 4.

----, king of Sparta, i. Lykurgus, ch. 5.

----, in Phokis, ii. Sulla, ch. 17.

Archeptolis, half-brother of Themistokles, i. Themistokles, ch. 32.

----, son of Themistokles, i. Themistokles, ch. 32.

Archestratus, an Athenian, i. Alkibiades, ch. 16; ii. Lysander, ch. 19.

----, an Athenian, iii. Phokion, ch. 33.

----, a dramatic poet, i. Aristeides, ch. 1.

Archias, an Athenian, ii. Pelopidas, ch. 10.

----, a Theban, ii. Pelopidas, chs. 5, 7-11; iii. Agesilaus, ch. 23.

----, a Thurian, iv. Demosthenes, chs. 28, 29.

Archibiades, iii. Phokion, ch. 10.

Archibius, iv. Antonius, ch. 86.

Archidamia, grandmother of Agis, ii. Pyrrhus, ch. 27; iv. Agis, chs. 4, 20; perhaps not both the same.

Archidamidas, i. Lykurgus, ch. 19.

Archidamus II., king of Sparta, i. Lykurgus, ch. 19; Perikles, chs. 8, 29, 33; ii. Kimon, ch. 16; iii. Crassus, ch. 2; Agesilaus, chs. 1, 2; iv. Kleomenes, ch. 27.

----, III., king of Sparta, i. Camillus, ch. 19; iii. Agesilaus, ch. 25, 33, 39, 40; iv. Agis, chs. 3.

----, IV., king of Sparta, iv. Agis, ch. 3; Demetrius, ch. 35.

----, V., king of Sparta, iv. Kleomenes, chs. 1, 5; comparison, ch. 5.

'Archilochi,' play by Kratinus, ii. Kimon, ch. 10.

Archilochus, i. Theseus, ch. 5; Numa, ch. 4; Perikles, chs. 2, 27; ii. Marius, ch. 21; iii. Phokion, ch. 7; Cato minor, ch. 7; Demetrius, ch. 35; Galba, ch. 27.

Archimedes, ii. Marcellus, chs. 14-19.

Archippe, i. Themistokles, ch. 32.

Archippus, i. Alkibiades, ch. 1.

Architeles, i. Themistokles, ch. 7.

Archonides, iv. Dion, ch. 42.

Archytas, ii. Marcellus, ch. 14; iv. Dion, chs. 18, 20.

Ardea, i. Camillus, chs. 17, 23, 24.

Ardettus, i. Theseus, ch. 27.

Areius or Arius, iv. Antonius, ch. 80.

Areopagus, i. Solon, chs. 19, 31; Themistokles, ch. 10; Perikles, chs. 7, 9; ii. Kimon, chs. 10, 15; iii. Phokion, ch. 16; iv. Demosthenes, chs. 14, 26; Cicero, ch. 24.

Aretæus, iv. Dion, ch. 31.

Arete, i. Timoleon, ch. 33; iv. Dion, chs. 6, 31, 51, 58.

Arethusa in Macedonia, i. Lykurgus, ch. 31.

----, iv. Antonius, ch. 37.

Areus I., king of Sparta, ii. Pyrrhus, chs. 26, 27, 29, 30, 32; iv. Agis, ch. 3.

Areus II., king of Sparta, iv. Agis, ch. 3.

Argas, iv. Demosthenes, ch. 4.

Argileonis, i. Lykurgus, ch. 24.

Arginusæ, i. Perikles, ch. 37; ii. Lysander, ch. 7.

Argo, i. Theseus, ch. 19.

Argos and Argives, i. Lykurgus, ch. 7; Alkibiades, chs. 14, 15; ii. Pelopidas, ch. 24; Philopoemen, chs. 12, 18; Pyrrhus, ch. 29, and after; iii. Nikias, ch. 10; Agesilaus, ch. 31; Pompeius, ch. 24; iv. Kleomenes, ch. 17, and after; Demetrius, ch. 25; Aratus throughout.

Argius, Galba's freedman, iv. Galba, 28.

Argyraspids, iii. Eumenes, chs. 13, 16, 17, 19.

Ariadne, i. Theseus, chs. 19-21; Comparison, ch. 1.

Ariæus, iv. Artaxerxes, ch. 11.

Ariamenes, i. Themistokles, ch. 14.

Ariamnes, iii. Crassus, ch. 21.

Ariarathes II., king of Cappadocia, iii. Eumenes, ch. 3.

----, son of Mithridates, ii. Sulla, ch. 11; Pompeius, ch. 37.

----, iii. Pompeius, ch. 42.

Ariaspes, iv. Artaxerxes, chs. 29, 30.

Arimanius, i. Themistokles, ch. 28.

Ariminum, ii. Marcellus, ch, 4; iii. Pompeius, ch. 60; Cæsar, chs. 32, 33; Cato Minor, ch. 52.

Arimnestus, a Platæan, ii. Aristeides, ch. 11.

----, a Spartan, ii. Aristeides, ch. 19.

Ariobarzanes, ii. Sulla, chs. 5, 22, 24; iv. Cicero, ch. 36; Demetrius, ch. 4.

Ariomandes, ii. Kimon, ch. 12.

Ariovistus, iii. Cæsar, ch. 19.

Ariphron, i. Alkibiades, chs. 1, 3.

Aristænetus, Aristæus, or Aristænus, ii. Philopoemen, ch. 17.

Aristagoras, ii. Lucullus, ch. 10.

Aristander, iii. Alexander, chs. 2, 25, 33, 50, &c.

Aristeas of Argos, ii. Pyrrhus, chs. 30, 32.

----, of Prokonnesus, i. Romulus, ch. 28.

Aristeides, i. Life and Comparison; i. Themistokles, chs. 3, 5, 11, 12, 16, 20; Perikles, ch. 7; Comparison of Alkibiades and Coriolanus, chs. 1, 3; ii. Pelopidas, ch. 4; Kimon, chs. 5, 6, 10; iii. Nikias, ch. 11; Comparison, ch. 1; Phokion, chs. 3, 7; iv. Demosthenes, ch. 14.

----, a Lokrian, i. Timoleon, ch. 6.

----, author of Milesian Tales, iii. Crassus, ch. 32.

----, son of Xenophilus, i. Aristeides, ch. 1.

Aristion, i. Numa, ch. 9; ii. Sulla, chs. 12-14, 23; Lucullus, ch. 19.

----, Corinthian pilot, iii. Nikias, chs. 20, 25.

Aristippus of Argos, ii. Pyrrhus, ch. 30; iv. Aratus, chs. 25, 30.

----, of Cyrene, iv. Dion, ch. 19.

Aristobulus, Alexander's historian, iii. Alexander, chs. 15, 18, 46, 74; iv. Demosthenes, ch. 23.

----, king of Judæa, ii. Pompeius, chs. 39, 44; iv. Antonius, ch. 3.

Aristodemus, of Miletus, iv. Demetrius, chs. 8, 17.

----, despot of Megalopolis, ii. Philopoemen, ch. 1; iv. Agis, ch. 3.

----, founder of the royal houses of Sparta, i. Lykurgus, ch. 1, and note; iii. Agesilaus, ch. 19.

Aristodikus, i. Perikles, ch. 10.

Aristogeiton, companion of Harmodius, i. Aristeides, ch. 27.

----, an Athenian sycophant, iii. Phokion, ch. 10; iv. Demosthenes, ch. 15.

Aristokleitus, ii. Lysander, ch. 2.

Aristokrates, an Athenian, iv. Demosthenes, ch. 15.

----, son of Hipparchus, a Spartan writer, i. Lykurgus, chs. 4, 31; ii. Philopoemen, ch. 16.

Aristokrates, a rhetorician, iv. Antonius, ch. 69.

Aristokritus, iii. Alexander, ch. 10.

Aristomache, i. Timoleon, ch. 33; iv. Dion, chs. 6, 7, 14, 34, 51, 58.

Aristomachus, Achæan general, iv. Kleomenes, ch. 4.

----, despot of Argos, iv. Aratus, chs. 25, 35, 44.

----, of Sikyon, iv. Aratus, ch. 5.

Aristomenes, i. Romulus, ch. 25; iv. Agis, ch. 21.

Ariston of Keos, i. Themistokles, ch. 3; Aristeides, ch. 2.

----, of Chios, ii. Cato Major, ch. 18; iv. Demosthenes, ch. 10.

----, a Corinthian pilot, iii. Nikias, chs. 20, 25.

----, captain of the Pæonians, iii. Alexander, ch. 39.

----, friend of Peisistratus, i. Solon, ch. 30.

Aristonikus, admiral of Mithridates, ii. Lucullus, ch. 11.

----, of Marathon, iv. Demosthenes, ch. 28.

Aristonikus of Pergamus, iv. Flamininus, ch. 21; Tib. Gracchus, ch. 20.

Aristonous, ii. Lysander, ch. 18.

Aristophanes, the comic poet, i. Themistokles, ch. 19; Perikles, ch. 30, the verses; Alkibiades, ch. 16; ii. Kimon, ch. 16; iii. Nikias, chs. 4, 8; iv. Demetrius, ch. 12; Antonius, ch. 70.

----, a Macedonian, iii. Alexander, ch. 51.

Aristophon, archon at Athens, iv. Demosthenes, ch. 24.

----, an Athenian, iii. Phokion, ch. 7.

----, a painter, i. Alkibiades, ch. 16.

Aristoteles, of Argos, iv. Kleomenes, ch. 20; Aratus, ch. 44.

----, a logician, iv. Aratus, ch. 3.

----, of Sikyon, iv. Aratus, 3.

Aristotle, i. Theseus, chs. 3, 16, 25; Lykurgus, chs. 5, 6; Solon, chs. 11, 31; Themistokles, ch. 10; Camillus, ch. 22; Perikles, chs. 9, 10, 25; Comparison of Alkibiades and Coriolanus, ch. 3; ii. Pelopidas, chs. 3, 18; Aristeides, ch. 27; Comparison, ch. 2; Lysander, ch. 2; Sulla, ch. 26; Kimon, ch. 10; iii. Nikias, chs. 1, 2; Crassus, ch. 3; Alexander, chs. 7, 8, 17, 52, 54, 55, 74, 77; iv. Kleomenes, ch. 9; Cicero, ch. 24; Dion, ch. 22.

Aristoxenus, i. Lykurgus, ch. 31; Timoleon, ch. 15; ii. Aristeides, ch. 27; iii. Alexander, ch. 4.

Aristratus, iv. Aratus, ch. 13.

Aristus, iv. Brutus, ch. 2.

Arkesilaus, philosopher, ii. Philopoemen, ch. 1; iv. Aratus, ch. 5.

----, a Spartan, iv. Agis, ch. 18.

Arkissus, ii. Pelopidas, ch. 13.

Armenia, and Armenians, i. Camillus, ch. 19; ii. Sulla, ch. 5; Kimon, ch. 3; Lucullus, chs. 9, 21, 24, 25, 27, 31, and after; Eumenes, chs. 4, 5, 16; Crassus, chs. 18, 22, 32; iii. Pompeius, chs. 31-34, 39, 44; Cæsar, ch. 50; iv. Cicero, ch. 10; Demetrius, ch. 46; Antonius, chs. 34, 37-39, 41, 49, 50, 54, 56.

Armenian Carthage, ii. Lucullus, ch. 32.

Armilustrum, i. Romulus, ch. 23.

Arnakes, i. Themistokles, ch. 16; ii. Aristeides, ch. 9.

Arpates, iv. Artaxerxes, ch. 30.

Arpinum, ii. Marius, ch. 3; iv. Cicero, ch. 8.

Arrhenides, iv. Demosthenes, ch. 25.

Arrhidæus, son of Philip, and himself called Philip, iii. Alexander, chs. 10, 77; compare iii. Eumenes, ch, 12; and Phokion, ch. 33.

Arrius, Quintus, iv. Cicero, ch. 15.

Arruntius, iv. Antonius, ch. 66.

Arsakes, ii. Sulla, ch. 5; iii. Crassus, chs. 18, 27; Pompeius, ch. 76; iv. Comparison of Demetrius and Antonius, ch. 1.

Arsakidæ, iii. Crassus, ch. 32.

Arsames, iv. Artaxerxes, ch. 30.

Arsanias, ii. Lucullus, ch. 31.

Arsian Grove, i. Poplicola, ch. 9.

Arsikas, iv. Artaxerxes, ch. 1.

Arsis, iii. Pompeius, ch. 7.

Artabanus, i. Themistokles, ch. 27.

Artabazes. See Artavasdes.

Artabazus, father of Barsine, iii. Eumenes, ch. 1; Alexander, ch. 21.

----, a Persian, ii. Aristeides, ch. 19.

Artagerses, iv. Artaxerxes, ch. 9.

Artasyras, iv. Artaxerxes, ch. 12.

Artauktes, i. Themistokles, ch. 13.

Artavasdes, king of Armenia, same as Artabazes, iii. Crassus, chs. 19, 22, 23; iv. Antonius, chs. 37, 39, 50; Comparison, ch. 5.

Artaxas, ii. Lucullus, ch. 31.

Artaxata, ii. Lucullus, ch. 31.

Artaxerxes I., Longimanus, i. Alkibiades, ch. 37; iv. Artaxerxes, ch. 1.

----, II., Mnemon, iv. Life; ii. Pelopidas, ch. 30.

Artemidorus of Knidos, iii. Cæsar, ch. 65.

----, a Greek, ii. Lucullus, ch. 15.

Artemisia, i. Themistokles, ch. 14.

Artemisium, i. Themistokles, chs. 7, 8, 9; Alkibiades, ch. 1.

Artemius of Kolophon, iii. Alexander, ch. 51.

Artemon, i. Perikles, ch. 27.

Arthmiadas, i. Lykurgus, ch. 5.

Arthmias of Zelea, i. Themistokles, ch. 6.

Artorius, Marcus, iv. Brutus, ch. 41.

Aruns, son of Porsena, i. Poplicola, ch. 19.

----, a Tuscan, i. Camillus, ch. 15.

----, son of Tarquin, i. Poplicola, ch. 9.

Aruveni, iii. Cæsar, chs. 25, 26.

Arverni. See Aruveni.

Arybas, ii. Pyrrhus, ch. 1.

Arymbas, iii. Alexander, ch. 2.

Asbolomeni, ii. Kimon, ch. 1.

Ascalis. See Askalis.

Ascanius, i. Romulus, ch. 2.

Asculum in Apulia, ii. Pyrrhus, ch. 21.

Asculum, in Picenum, iii. Pompeius, ch. 4, and after.

Asea or Alsea, iv. Kleomenes, ch. 7.

Asia, frequent. The Asiatic orators, iv. Cicero, ch. 4. The Asiatic style of speaking, iv. Antonius, ch. 2.

----, daughter of Themistokles, i. Themistokles, ch. 32.

Asiaticus, iv. Galba, ch. 20.

Asinarus and Asinaria, iii. Nikias, ch. 28.

Asinius Pollio, iii. Pompeius, ch. 72; Cæsar, chs. 32, 46, 52; Cato Minor, ch. 53; iv. Antonius, ch. 9.

Askalis, iii. Sertorius, ch. 9.

Askalon, ii. Lucullus, ch. 42; iv. Cicero, ch. 4; Brutus, ch. 2.

Asklepiades, a grammarian, i. Solon, ch. 1.

----, son of Hipparinus, iii. Phokion, ch. 22.

Asopia, i. Solon, ch. 9.

Asopus, river in Boeotia, ii. Aristeides, chs. 11, 15.

----, father of Sinope, ii. Lucullus, ch. 23.

Aspasia, i. Perikles, chs. 24, 25, 30, 32.

----, or Milto, of Phokæa, i. Perikles, ch. 24; iv. Artaxerxes, chs. 26, 27, 28.

Aspendus, i. Alkibiades, ch. 26.

Aspetus, a name of Achilles, ii. Pyrrhus, ch. 1.

Aspis, at Argos, ii. Pyrrhus, ch. 32; iv. Kleomenes, chs. 17, 21.

Assus and Assia, ii. Sulla, chs. 16, 17.

Assyria, ii. Lucullus, ch. 26; iii. Crassus, ch. 22.

Astenius, of Kolophon, iii. Alexander, ch. 51.

Asterie, ii. Kimon, ch. 4.

Asteropus, iv. Kleomenes, ch. 10.

Astura, iv. Cicero, ch. 47.

Astyanax, iv. Brutus, ch. 23.

Astyochus, i. Alkibiades, ch. 25.

Astypalæa, i. Romulus, ch. 28.

Astyphilus, ii. Kimon, ch. 18.

Asylus, a god, i. Romulus, ch. 9.

Ateius, tribune of the people, iii. Crassus, ch. 16.

Ateius, Marcus, or Teius, ii. Sulla, ch. 14.

Atellius, iv. Brutus, ch. 39.

Athamania, and Athamanes, ii. Flamininus, ch. 15; iii. Pompeius, ch. 66.

Athanis, i. Timoleon, chs. 23, 37.

Athenodorus, surnamed Cordylio, a stoic philosopher, iii. Cato Minor, chs. 10, 16.

Athenodorus of Imbros, iii. Phokion, ch. 18.

----, son of Sandon, i. Poplicola, ch. 17.

Athenophanes, iii. Alexander, ch. 35.

Athens and the Athenians, frequent.

Athos, iii. Alexander, ch. 72.

Atilius. See Attilius.

Atiso or Adige, ii. Marius, ch. 23.

Atlantic islands, iii. Sertorius, ch. 8.

----, ocean, i. Timoleon, ch. 20; iii. Sertorius, ch. 8; Eumenes, ch. 2; Cæsar, ch. 23.

Atlantis, i. Solon, ch. 31.

Atossa, daughter of Artaxerxes II., iv. Artaxerxes, chs. 23, 26, 27, 30, and after.

Atreus, ii. Kimon, ch. 7; iv. Cicero, ch. 5.

Atropatene and Atropatenians (Satrapenians), ii. Lucullus, ch. 31; iv. Antonius, ch. 38.

Attaleia, iii. Pompeius, ch. 76.

Attalus, uncle of Kleopatra, wife of Philip, iii. Alexander, chs. 9, 10.

----, iii. Alexander, ch. 55.

----, I., king of Pergamus, ii. Flamininus, ch. 6; iv. Antonius, ch. 60.

----, iii. Philometor, i. Camillus, ch. 19; iv. Tib. Gracchus, ch. 14; Demetrius, ch. 20.

Attes or Attis, i. Numa, ch. 4; iii. Sertorius. ch. 1.

Attia, mother of Augustus, iv. Cicero, ch. 44; Antonius, ch. 31.

Attica, frequent. See especially i. Theseus, first chapters.

Atticus, Cicero's correspondent, iv. Cicero, ch. 45; Brutus, chs. 26, 29.

Atticus, Julius, iv. Galba, ch. 26.

Attilia, iii. Cato Minor, chs. 7, 9, 24.

Attiliis, a probable correction for Hostilii, ii. Comparison of Cato and Aristeides, ch. 1.

Attilius, Vergilio, iv. Galba, ch. 26.

----, Marcus (more correctly Caius), i. Numa, ch. 20.

----, iv. Brutus, ch. 39.

Attis, i. Numa, ch. 4; iii. Sertorius, ch. 1.

Attius. See Tullus and Varus.

Aufidius, Tullus, i. Coriolanus, ch. 22, and after.

----, a lieutenant of Sertorius, iii. Sertorius, chs. 26, 27.

Aufidus, i. Fabius, ch. 15.

Augustus. See Cæsar.

Aulis, ii. Pelopidas, ch. 21; Lysander, ch. 27; iii. Agesilaus, ch. 6.

Aurelia, mother of Cæsar, iii. Cæsar, ch. 9, and after; iv. Cicero, ch. 28.

Aurelius, Caius (in text Onatius), iii. Crassus, ch. 12; Pompeius, ch. 23.

----, Quintus, ii. Sulla, ch. 31.

Autokleides, iii. Nikias, ch. 23.

Autocthones, i. Theseus, ch. 3.

Autoleon, ii. Pyrrhus, ch. 9.

Autolykus, an athlete, ii. Lysander, ch. 15.

----, founder of Sinope, ii. Lucullus, ch. 23.

Automatia, i. Timoleon, ch. 36.

Auximum, iii. Pompeius, ch. 6.

Aventine, i. Romulus, chs. 9, 20; Numa, ch. 15; iv. C. Gracchus, ch. 15.

Avillius, i. Romulus, ch. 14.

Axiochus, i. Perikles, ch. 24.

Axius, Crassus, iv. Cicero, ch. 25.

----, a river in Macedonia, iv. Demetrius, ch. 42.

Babyca, i. Lykurgus, ch. 6; ii. Pelopidas, ch. 17.

Babylon, Babylonia, Babylonians, ii. Lucullus, ch. 26; iii. Crassus, ch. 17; comparison, ch. 4; Eumenes, ch. 3; Alexander, chs. 35, 57, 69, 73; iv. Demetrius, ch. 7; Antonius, ch. 45; Artaxerxes, ch. 7.

Babylonian tapestry, ii. Cato Major, ch. 4.

Bacchæ of Euripides, iii. Crassus, ch. 33.

Bacchiadæ, ii. Lysander, ch. 1.

Bacchides, ii. Lucullus, ch. 18.

Bacchylides, i. Numa, ch. 4.

Bacillus, Lucius, ii. Sulla, ch. 9.

Bactria, Bactrians, iii. Crassus, ch. 16; Comparison, ch. 4; iv. Antonius, ch. 37.

Bactrian horse, iii. Alexander, ch. 32.

Baebius, M., i. Numa, ch. 22.

Baetica, iii. Sertorius, chs. 8, note, 12.

Baetis, the Guadalquivir, ii. Cato Major, ch. 10; iii. Sertorius, chs. 8, 12.

Bagoas, iii. Alexander, ch. 49.

Baiæ, ii. Marius, ch. 34.

Balbus, ii. Sulla, ch. 29.

----, Cæsar's friend, iii. Cæsar, ch. 50.

----, Postumius Balbus, probably Albus, i. Poplicola, ch. 22.

Balinus or Kebalinus, iii. Alexander, ch. 49.

Balissus, iii. Crassus, ch. 23.

Balte, i. Solon, ch. 12.

Bambyke, or Hierapolis, iv. Antonius, ch. 37.

Bandius, ii. Marcellus, chs. 10, 11.

Bantia, ii. Marcellus, ch. 29.

Barbius, iv. Galba, ch. 24.

Barca, a friend of Cato, iii. Cato Minor, ch. 37.

----, in Hannibal's army, i. Fabius, ch. 17.

----, Hamilcar, ii. Cato Major, ch. 8.

Bardyæi, ii. Marius, chs. 43, 44.

Bardyllis, ii. Pyrrhus, ch. 9.

Bargylians, ii. Flamininus, ch. 12.

Barsine, daughter of Artabazus, wife of Alexander, iii. Eumenes, ch. 1; Alexander, ch. 21.

Barsine, sister of preceding, wife of Eumenes, iii. Eumenes, ch. 1.

Barinus, Publius, iii. Crassus, ch. 9. Publius Varinius Glaber was his name.

Basillus, Lucius, ii. Sulla, ch. 9.

Basilica Pauli. See Paulus.

----, Porcia, ii. Cato Major, ch. 19.

Bastarnæ or Basternæ, i. Æmilius, chs. 9, 12.

Bataces, ii. Marius, ch. 17.

Batalus, iv. Demosthenes, ch. 4.

Batavians, iv. Otho, ch. 12.

Bathykles, i. Solon, ch. 4.

Batiates, Lentulus, iii. Crassus, ch. 8.

Baton, iv. Agis, ch. 15.

Battiadæ, i. Coriolanus, ch. 11.

Bedriacum, iv. Otho, chs. 11, 13.

Belaeus, ii. Marius, ch. 40.

Belbina, iv. Kleomenes, ch. 4.

Belgæ, iii. Pompeius, ch. 51; Cæsar, ch. 20.

Belitaras, iv. Artaxerxes, ch. 19.

Bellerophon, i. Coriolanus, ch. 52.

Bellinus, iii. Pompeius, ch. 24.

Bellona, ii. Sulla, chs. 7, 27, 30; iv. Cicero, ch. 13.

Beluris, iv. Artaxerxes, ch. 22.

Beneventum, ii. Pyrrhus, ch. 25.

Berenike of Chios, wife of Mithridates, ii. Lucullus, ch. 18.

Berenike, wife of Ptolemy, ii. Pyrrhus, chs. 4, 6.

Berenikis, ii. Pyrrhus, ch. 6.

Beroea, i. Pyrrhus, ch. 11; iii. Pompeius, ch. 64; iv. Demetrius, ch. 44.

Berytus, iv. Antonius, ch. 51.

Bessus, iii. Alexander, ch. 42.

Bestia, Calpurnius, consul B.C. 111, ii. Marius, ch. 9.

----, a tribune, iv. Cicero, ch. 23.

Bias of Priene, i. Solon, ch. 4.

Bibulus, Calphurnius, consul B.C. 59, iii. Pompeius, chs. 47, 48, 54; Cæsar, ch. 14; Cato Minor, chs. 25, 31, 32, 47, 54; iv. Antonius, ch. 5.

Bibulus, step-son of Brutus, iv. Brutus, chs. 13, 23.

----, Publicius, a tribune, ii. Marcellus, ch. 27.

Bion, i. Theseus, ch. 26.

Birkenna, ii. Pyrrhus, ch. 9.

Bisaltæ, i. Perikles, ch. 11.

Bisanthe, i. Alkibiades, ch. 36.

Bithynia and Bithynians, i. Numa, ch. 4; Alkibiades, chs. 29, 37; ii. Cato Major, ch. 9; Flamininus, ch. 20; Sulla, chs. 11, 22; Comparison, ch. 5; Lucullus, ch. 6, and after; iii. Sertorius, chs. 23, 24; Pompeius, ch. 30; Cæsar, chs. 1, 50; iv. Brutus, chs. 19, 28.

Bithys, iv. Aratus, ch. 34.

Biton, i. Solon, ch. 27.

Blossius, iv. Tib. Gracchus, chs. 8, 17, 20.

Bocchoris, iv. Demetrius, ch. 27.

Bocchus, king of Mauritania, ii. Marius, chs. 10, 32; Sulla, chs. 3, 5, 6.

----, king of Mauritania, iv. Antonius, ch. 61.

Boedromia, i. Theseus, ch. 27.

Boeorix, ii. Marius, ch. 25.

Boeotia and Boeotians, frequent. See particularly ii. Pelopidas, chs. 14-24; some passages in Themistokles, Perikles, and Alkibiades; ii. Aristeides, ch. 19, and after; Lysander, ch. 27, and after; Sulla, chs. 16-21; Kimon, chs. 1, 2; iii. Agesilaus, chs. 6, 26, and after; Phokion ch. 23, and after; iv. Demetrius, ch. 39; Aratus, chs. 16, 50. Boeotian months, i. Camillus, ch. 19; ii. Pelopidas, ch. 25; Aristeides, ch. 19.

Bola and the people of Bola, i. Coriolanus, ch. 28.

Bolla or Bovillæ, i. Coriolanus, ch. 29.

Bona Dea, iii. Cæsar, ch. 9; iv. Cicero, ch. 19.

Bononia, iv. Cicero, ch. 46.

Boutes, i. Romulus, ch. 21; ii. Kimon, ch. 7.

Bosporus, kingdom of, ii. Sulla, ch. 11; Lucullus, ch. 24; Comparison, ch. 3; iii. Pompeius, ch. 32; Kimmerian Bosporus, i. Theseus, ch. 27; iii. Pompeius, ch. 38, &c.

Bottiæans, i. Theseus, ch. 16.

Boukephalus, iii. Alexander, chs. 6, 32, 44, 61.

Boukephalia, iii. Alexander, ch. 61.

Brachylles, ii. Flamininus, ch. 6.

Brasidas, i. Lykurgus, chs. 24, 30; ii. Lysander, chs. 1, 18; iii. Nikias, ch. 9.

Brauron, i. Solon, ch. 10.

Brennus, i. Camillus, chs. 17, 22, 28, 29.

Briges, iv. Brutus, ch. 45.

Britain and Britons, iii. Comparison of Nikias and Crassus, ch. 4; Pompeius, ch. 51; Cæsar, chs. 16, 23; Cato Minor, ch. 51; but some read Germans.

Britomartus or Viridomarus, i. Romulus, ch. 16; ii. Marcellus, chs. 6, 7, 8.

Brixellum, iv. Otho, chs. 5, 10, 18.

Brundusium or Brundisium, i. Æmilius, ch. 36; ii. Cato Major, ch. 14; Sulla, ch. 27; iii. Crassus, ch. 17; Pompeius, chs. 27, 62, 65; Cæsar, chs. 35, 37, 38, 39; Cato Minor, ch. 15; iv. Cicero, chs. 32, 39; Antonius, chs. 7, 35, 62; Brutus, ch. 47.

Bruti (Bruti and Cumæi), iii. Cæsar, ch. 61.

Bruttii and Bruttium, i. Fabius, chs. 21, 22; Timoleon, chs. 16, 20; iii. Crassus, ch. 6; Cato Minor, ch. 52.

Bruttius Sura, ii. Sulla, chs. 11, 12.

Brutus, Lucius Junius, i. Poplicola, chs. 1, 7, 9, 10, 16; iii. Cæsar, ch. 61; iv. Brutus, chs. 1, 9.

----, Titus and Tiberius, sons of Lucius, i. Poplicola, ch. 6.

----, first tribune of the people, i. Coriolanus, chs. 7, 13.

----, consul B.C. 138, iv. Tib. Gracchus, ch. 21.

Brutus, prætor in the time of Marius, ii. Sulla, ch. 9.

----, father of the following, iii. Pompeius, chs. 7, 16; iv. Brutus, ch. 4.

----, Marcus, iv. Life and Comparison with Dion; iii. Pompeius, chs. 16, 64, 80; Cæsar, chs. 46, 54, 57, 64-69; Cato Minor, chs. 36, 73; i. Cicero, chs. 42, 43, 45, 47; Comparison, ch. 4; Antonius, chs. 11, 13-15, 21, 22; comparison, ch. 2; Dion, chs. 1, 2.

----, Decimus Albinus, iii. Cæsar, chs. 64, 66; iv. Antonius, ch. 11; Brutus, chs. 12, 17 (note), 38.

----, a bailiff, iv. Brutus, ch. 1.

----, name of a book, iv. Brutus, chs. 2, 13.

Bubulci, i. Poplicola, ch. 11.

Bucephalus. See Boukephalus.

Busiris, i. Theseus, ch. 11.

Butas, freedman of Cato, iii. Cato Minor, ch. 70.

----, a poet, i. Romulus, ch. 21.

Buteo, Fabius, i. Fabius, ch. 9.

Butes, more properly spelt Boutes, ii. Kimon, ch. 7.

Buthrotum, iv. Brutus, ch. 26.

Byllis, iv. Brutus, ch. 26.

Byzantium and Byzantines, i. Perikles, ch. 17; Alkibiades, ch. 31; ii. Aristeides, ch. 23; Kimon, chs. 6, 9; iii. Nikias, ch. 22; Alexander, ch. 9; Phokion, ch. 14; Cato Minor, chs. 34, 36; iv. Demosthenes, ch. 17; Cicero, ch. 34.

Cabira. See Kabeira.

Cabeiri. See Kabeiri.

Cadiz, iii. Sertorius, ch. 8, note.

Cadmea. See Kadmeia.

Cadmus, son of Agenor, ii. Sulla, ch. 17.

Cadusians, iv. Artaxerxes, chs. 9, 24.

Cæci, Roman surname, i. Coriolanus, ch. 11.

Cæcias wind, iii. Sertorius, ch. 17.

Cæcilia, mother of Lucullus, ii. Lucullus, ch. 1.

----, wife of Sulla, ii. Sulla, ch. 6. See Metella.

Cæcilius, a mistake for M. Cælius, iv. Cicero, ch. 36.

Cæcilius, a Sicilian, iv. Cicero, ch. 7; Comparison, ch. 1.

----, the rhetorician, iv. Demosthenes, ch. 3.

Cæcina, iv. Otho, chs. 5, 6, 7, 10, 11, 13, 18.

Cædicius, Marcus, i. Camillus, ch. 14, 30.

Cælius, M. Rufus, curule ædile, B.C. 51, iv. Cicero, ch. 36.

Cæninenses. See Ceninenses.

Cænum. See Kænum.

Cæpio, Q. Servilius, i. Camillus, ch. 19; ii. Marius, chs. 16, 19; Lucullus, ch. 27; iii. Sertorius, ch. 3.

----, Servilius, iii. Pompeius, ch. 47; Cæsar, ch. 14.

----, Q. Servilius, brother of Cato Minor, iii. Cato, chs. 1, 2, 3, 8, 11, 15.

Cæsar, (Caius Julius Cæsar), iii. Life; i. Romulus, chs. 17, 20; Numa, ch. 19; ii. Marius, ch. 6; Lucullus, ch. 42; iii. Crassus, chs. 3, 7, 13, 17, 25; Comparison, ch. 4; Pompeius, chs. 10, 25, 45, 46, 51, 56; Comparison, ch. 1; Alexander, ch. 1; iv. Cato, chs. 24, 26, 27, 31, 33, 41, 45, 48, 49, 51, 52, 58, 61-66, 68, 72, 73; Cicero, 20-24, 29, 37-39; Antonius, chs. 5-15, 25; Brutus, frequent; Comparison, ch. 2; Otho, chs. 4, 9, 13.

----, Lucius, uncle of Antonius, iv. Cicero, ch. 46; Antonius, chs. 19, 20.

----, Lucius, iii. Cato Minor, ch. 66.

----, Sextus Julius, ii. Sulla, ch. 5.

----, Caius Julius Cæsar Octavianus, commonly called Augustus, i. Numa, ch. 19; Poplicola, ch. 18; Perikles, ch. 1; ii. Marcellus, ch. 30; iii. Alexander, ch. 69; Cæsar, chs. 67, 69; Cato Minor, ch. 73; iv. Cicero, chs. 43-47, 49; Comparison, chs. 3, 4; Antonius, frequent; Brutus, frequent; comparison, ch. 5; Galba, ch. 3.

----, as a title of the emperors, frequent in iv. Galba and Otho.

----, Caius (Caligula), iv. Antonius, ch. 87; Galba, ch. 9.

Cæsars, family of the, ii. Marius, ch. 6.

Cæsarion, iii. Cæsar, ch. 49; iv. Antonius, chs. 54, 81, 82.

Caieta (in text Capitæ), iv. Cicero, ch. 47.

Caius Cæsar. See Caligula.

Calaici, iii. Cæsar, ch. 12.

Calauria. See Kalauria.

Calenus, Q. Fufius, iii. Cæsar, ch. 43; iv. Brutus, ch. 8.

Caligula. See Cæsar.

Callimachus. See Kallimachus.

Callisthenes, freedman of Lucullus, ii. Lucullus, ch. 43.

Callistus, iv. Galba, ch. 9.

Calpurnia, wife of Cæsar, iii. Pompeius, ch. 47; Cæsar, chs. 63, 64; iv. Antonius, ch. 15.

Calpurnii, i. Numa, ch. 21.

Calpurnius Bibulus, consul, B.C. 59. See Bibulus.

----, Lanarius, iii. Sertorius, ch. 7.

----, Piso. See Piso.

Calpus, son of Numa, i. Numa, ch. 21.

Calvinus, Domitius, iii. Pompeius, ch. 68; Cæsar, chs. 44, 50.

Calvisius, C. Calvisius Sabinus, consul B.C. 39, follower of Cæsar Augustus, iv. Antonius, chs. 58, 59.

----, Sabinus, iv. Galba, ch. 12.

----, See Domitius.

Cambyses, iii. Alexander, ch. 26.

Camerinum, ii. Marius, ch. 28.

Cameria, i. Romulus, ch. 24.

Camillus, Marcus Furius, i. Life and Comparison; i. Romulus, ch. 29; Numa, ch. 9; Fabius, ch. 3; ii. Marius, ch. 1; iv. Galba, ch. 29.

Camillus, Lucius, son of preceding, i. Camillus, ch. 35.

----, a boy in Jupiter's temple, i. Numa, ch. 7.

Campania, i. Fabius, ch. 6; Comparison, ch. 2; ii. Marcellus, ch. 26; Sulla, ch. 27; iii. Crassus, ch. 22; Cato Minor, ch. 33; iv. Cicero, chs. 6, 26.

Campanian soldiers, iv. Dion, ch. 27.

Campus Martius, or field of Mars, i. Poplicola, ch. 8; ii. Sulla, ch. 38; Lucullus, ch. 43; iii. Pompeius, chs. 15, 23, 53; Cato Minor, chs. 41, 42; iv. Cicero, ch. 44.

Camulatus, iv. Brutus, ch. 49.

Camurius, iv. Galba, ch. 27.

Canethus, i. Theseus, ch. 25.

Canidius, lieutenant of Antonius, iv. Antonius, chs. 34, 42, 56, 63, 65, 67, 68, 71.

----, more correctly Caninius, tribune of the people, iii. Pompeius, ch. 49.

----, perhaps Caninius, iii. Cato Minor, chs. 35-37; iv. Brutus, ch. 3.

Caninius Revillus, iii. Cæsar, ch. 58.

Cannæ, i. Fabius, chs. 9, 15, 16; Æmilius, ch. 2; ii. Marcellus, chs. 9, 10, 13.

Cannicius, iii. Crassus, ch. 11.

Canopus, i. Solon, ch. 26; iv. Kleomenes, ch. 37; Antonius, ch. 29; comparison, ch. 3.

Canopic mouth of the Nile, iii. Alexander, ch. 26.

Cantharus. See Kantharus.

Canuleia, i. Numa, ch. 10.

Canus, iv. Galba, ch. 16.

Canusium, ii. Marcellus, chs. 9, 25.

Canutius, iv. Brutus, ch. 21.

Capaneus. See Kapaneus.

Capena and Capenates, i. Camillus, chs. 2, 17.

Caphis. See Kaphis.

Capitæ, i.e. Caieta, iv. Cicero, ch. 47.

Capito, Fonteius, iv. Antonius, ch. 15.

----, iv. Galba, ch. 15.

Capitolinus, ædile with Marcellus, ii. Marcellus, ch. 2.

----, Quintius, dictator, i. Camillus, ch. 36.

----, Marcus Manlius, i. Camillus, chs. 27, 36.

Cappadocia and Cappadocians, ii. Marius, chs. 31, 34; Sulla, chs. 9, 11, 22; Comparison, ch. 5; Lucullus, chs. 14, 21, 26, 30; iii. Crassus ch. 18; Sertorius, ch. 23; Eumenes, chs. 3, 5, 6, and throughout; Pompeius, chs. 35, 45; Alexander, ch. 18; Cæsar, ch. 30; Cato Minor, ch. 73; iv. Cicero, ch. 36; Comparison, ch. 3; Demetrius, ch. 4; Antonius, ch. 61.

Caprarii, i. Poplicola, ch. 11.

Caprotinæ, Nonae, i. Romulus, ch. 29; Numa, ch. 2.

Capua, i. Fabius, ch. 17; Comparison, ch. 2; ii. Sulla, ch. 27; iii. Crassus, chs. 8, 9; iv. C. Gracchus, ch. 8.

Carbo, Cnæus Papirius, consul B.C. 85 and 84, ii. Marius, ch. 16; Sulla, chs. 22, 28; iii. Sertorius, chs. 6, 7, 22; Pompeius, chs. 5, 6, 7, 10; iv. Brutus, ch. 29.

Cardia. See Kardia.

Caria and Carians, i. Theseus, ch. 8; Themistokles, ch. 1; ii. Aristeides, ch. 19; iii. Agesilaus, chs. 9, 10; Alexander, chs. 10, 22; iv. Cicero, ch. 36; Demetrius, ch. 46; Aratus, ch. 12; Artaxerxes, chs. 10, 14.

Carinna or Carinnas, iii. Pompeius, ch. 7.

Carmania. See Karmania.

Carmenta, i. Romulus, ch. 21.

Carmentalia, i. Romulus, ch. 21.

Carmental Gate, i. Camillus, ch. 25.

Carneades. See Karneades.

Carnutes, iii. Cæsar, ch. 25.

Carrhæ, iii. Crassus, chs. 25, 27, 29.

Carthage and Carthaginians. See the lives of i. Fabius, Timoleon; ii. Marcellus, Cato Major, chs. 26, 27; Pyrrhus, chs. 14, 22, 23, 24; iv. Caius Gracchus, ch. 11; also, i. Camillus, ch. 19; their unlucky days, Perikles, ch. 20; Alkibiades, ch. 17; ii. Flamininus, ch. 1; Marius, ch. 40; Lucullus, ch. 32 (the Armenian Carthage); iii. Nikias, ch. 12; Cæsar, ch. 57; Tib. Gracchus, ch. 4; Comparison, ch. 3; Dion, ch. 52.

Carthage, New, iii. Sertorius, ch. 7.

Carvilius, Spurius, i. Comparison of Romulus and Theseus, ch. 6; Comparison of Lykurgus and Numa, ch. 3.

Caryatides, dance of, carved on Klearchus's ring, iv. Artaxerxes, ch. 18.

Carystus, iv. Brutus, ch. 24.

Casca, iii. Cæsar, ch. 66; iv. Brutus, chs. 15, 17, 45.

Casilinum, i. Fabius, ch. 6.

Casinatum, i. Fabius, ch. 6.

Caspian Sea, ii. Lucullus, ch. 26; iii. Pompeius, chs. 33, 36; Alexander, ch. 44; Cæsar, ch. 58; iv. Comparison of Demetrius and Antonius, ch. 1.

Cassius, Caius Cassius Longinus, friend of Brutus, iii. Crassus, chs. 18, 20, 22, 28, 29; Pompeius, ch. 16; Cæsar, chs. 57, 62, 64, 66, 68, 69; iv. Cicero, ch. 42; Antonius, chs. 11, 13-16, 21, 22, 25; comparison, ch. 2.

----, Quintus, tribune of the people, iv. Antonius, chs. 5, 6.

----, Sabaco, ii. Marius, ch. 5.

----, Scæva, iii. Cæsar, ch. 16.

----, Caius Cassius Longinus Verus, proconsul of Gaul on the Po, iii. Crassus, ch. 9.

Castlo or Castulo, iii. Sertorius, ch. 3.

Castus, iii. Crassus, ch. 11.

Cataonia, iv. Demetrius, ch. 48.

Catalepsis, iv. Cicero, ch. 40.

Catana. See Katana.

Catilina, Lucius Sergius, ii. Sulla, ch. 32; Lucullus, ch. 38; iii. Crassus, ch. 13; Cæsar, ch. 7; Cato Minor, ch. 22; iv. Cicero, chs. 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 18, 21, 24; Comparison, ch. 3; Antonius, ch. 2; Brutus, ch. 5.

Cato, the name, ii. Marius, ch. 1.

----, great-grandfather of the censor, Cato Major, ii. Cato Major, ch. 1.

----, Marcus, the censor, known as Cato Major, ii. Life and Comparison; i. Coriolanus, ch. 8; Æmilius, ch. 5; ii. Pelopidas, ch. 1; Flamininus, chs. 18, 19; iii. Cato Minor, ch. 1.

----, Marcus, son of preceding, i. Æmilius, ch. 21; compare, ii. Cato Major, chs. 20, 24, where his son is mentioned.

----, Salonius or Salonianus, younger son of the Censor, ii. Cato Major, chs. 24, 27.

----, Marcus, son of preceding, grandfather of Cato Minor, ii. Cato Major, ch. 27 (but the consul was his brother Lucius).

----, (Minor), iii. Life; ii. Cato Major, ch. 27; Lucullus, chs. 28, 40-43; iii. Crassus, chs. 7, 14, 15; Comparison, chs. 2, 3; Pompeius, chs. 40, 44, 45, 48, 52, 54, 56, 65, 67, 76; Cæsar, chs. 3, 8, 13, 21, 22, 28, 41, 52, 54; Phokion, chs. 3, 4; iv. Cicero, chs. 21, 23, 35, 39; Comparison, ch. 1; Antonius, ch. 5; Brutus, chs. 2, 3, 5, 6, 12, 13, 29, 34, 40; Otho, ch. 13.

----, Marcus, son of Cato Minor, iv. Brutus, ch. 49; compare, iii. Cato Minor, ch. 73.

Catos, ii. Cato Major, ch. 19; iii. Crassus, ch. 14.

Catuli, iii. Crassus, 14; iv. Cicero, ch. 1.

Catulus, Lutatius, consul B.C. 102, ii. Marius, chs. 14, 23-27, 44; Sulla, ch. 4.

----, Lutatius, consul, B.C. 78, i. Poplicola, ch. 15; ii. Sulla, ch. 34; iii. Crassus, ch. 13; Pompeius, chs. 15, 16, 17, 25, 30; Cæsar, chs. 6, 7; Cato Minor, ch. 16; iv. Cicero, chs. 21, 29; Galba, ch. 3.

Caucasus, ii. Lucullus, ch. 14; iii. Pompeius, chs. 34, 35; Cæsar, ch. 58; iv. Demetrius, ch. 7; Antonius, ch. 34; Comparison, ch. 1.

Caulonia, i. Fabius, ch. 22; iv. Dion, ch. 26.

Caunus. See Kaunus.

Celer, Celeres, i. Romulus, chs. 10, 26; Numa, ch. 7.

----, Quintus Metellus, i. Romulus, ch. 11; Coriolanus, ch. 11.

----, Quintus Metellus, son of the preceding, iv. Cicero, chs. 16, 29.

Celsus, Clodius, iv. Galba, ch. 13.

----, Marius, iv. Galba, chs. 25, 26, 27; Otho, chs. 1, 5, 7, 8, 9, 13.

Celtiberians, ii. Cato Major, ch. 10; Marius, ch. 3; iii. Sertorius, ch. 3.

Celts, and the Celtic nation, i. Romulus, ch. 17; Camillus, ch. 15; ii. Marius, ch. 11; iii. Sertorius, ch. 3; Pompeius, ch. 7. (But the Greek words Celt and Celtic are often translated Gaul and Gallic).

Celtorii, i. Camillus, ch. 15.

Celto-Scythians, ii. Marius, ch. 11.

Cenchreæ. See Kenchreæ.

Ceninenses, i. Romulus, chs. 16, 17; ii. Marcellus, ch. 8.

Censorinus, Marcius, i. Coriolanus, ch. 1.

----, ii. Sulla, ch. 5.

----, Lucius, consul B.C. 39, iv. Antonius, ch. 24.

----, iii. Crassus, ch. 25.

Centaurs, i. Theseus, chs. 29, 30; Comparison, ch. 1; iv. Agis, ch. 1.

Ceos. See Keos.

Cerameicus. See Kerameikus.

Cercina, ii. Marius, ch. 40. See Kerkina.

Cereate, Cereatum, or Cirrheatæ, in the text corruptly Cirrheato, ii. Marius, ch. 3.

Ceressus. See Keressus.

Cermalus, Cermanus, or Germanus, i. Romulus, ch. 3.

Cethegus, the companion of Catilina, iii. Cæsar, ch. 7; Cato Minor, ch. 22; iv. Cicero, chs. 16, 19, 22, 30.

----, Cornelius, consul B.C. 204, ii. Marcellus, ch. 5.

----, Publius Cornelius, B.C. 181, i. Numa, ch. 22.

----, C. Cornelius, ii. Lucullus, chs. 5, 6.

Chabrias, i. Camillus, ch. 19; iii. Agesilaus, ch. 37; Phokion, chs. 6, 7; iv. Demosthenes, ch. 15.

Chæron, founder of Chæronea, ii. Sulla, ch. 17.

----, of Megalopolis, iii. Alexander, ch. 3.

Chærondas, iv. Demosthenes, ch. 24.

Chæronea and Chæroneans, i. Theseus, ch. 27; Camillus, ch. 19; ii. Pelopidas, ch. 18; Lysander, ch. 29; Sulla, chs. 11, 16-18, 23; Kimon, chs. 1, 2; Lucullus, chs. 3, 11; iii. Agesilaus, ch. 17; Alexander, chs. 9, 12; Phokion, ch. 16; iv. Demosthenes, chs. 19, 21; Aratus, ch. 16.

Chalastra, iii. Alexander, ch. 49.

Chaldæans, ii. Marius, ch. 42; Sulla, chs. 5, 37; Lucullus, ch. 14; iii. Alexander, ch. 73; iv. Galba, ch. 23.

Chalkaspides, ii. Sulla, chs. 16, 19.

Chalkedon, i. Alkibiades, chs. 30, 31; ii. Lucullus, chs. 8, 9.

Chalkidians in Thrace, i. Lykurgus, ch. 29; iii. Nikias, ch. 6; iv. Demosthenes, ch. 9.

Chalkis and Chalkidians of Euboea, i. Theseus, ch. 35; Perikles, ch. 23; ii. Philopoemen, ch. 17; Flamininus, chs. 10, 16; Sulla, chs. 19, 20; iv. Demetrius, ch. 43.

Chalkodon, i. Theseus, ch. 35.

Chalkus, Dionysius so called, a poet, iii. Nikias, ch. 5; also a nickname in iv. Demosthenes, ch. 11.

Chaonians, ii. Pyrrhus, chs. 19, 28.

Characitanians. See Charicatani.

Chares, an Athenian, ii. Pelopidas, ch. 2; iii. Phokion, chs. 5, 7, 14; iv. Comparison of Demosthenes and Cicero, ch. 3; Aratus, ch. 16.

----, of Mitylene, iii. Alexander, chs. 20, 24, 46, 54, 55, 70; Phokion, chs. 5, 7, 9, 10.

----, a river in Argolis, iv. Aratus, ch. 28.

Charicatani, iii. Sertorius, ch. 17.

Charidemus, the general, iii. Sertorius, ch. 1.

----, the orator, iii. Phokion, chs. 16, 17; iv. Demosthenes, ch. 23.

Charikles, an Athenian, iii. Nikias, ch. 4.

----, son-in-law of Phokion, iii. Phokion, chs. 21, 22, 33, 35.

Chariklo, i. Theseus, ch. 10.

Charilaus, i. Lykurgus, chs. 3, 19; called also Charillus, iv. Kleomenes, ch. 10; Comparison of Agis and Kleomenes with the Gracchi, ch. 5.

Charimenes, iv. Aratus, ch. 25.

Charinus, i. Perikles, ch. 29.

Charmion, iv. Antonius, chs. 60, 85.

Charon of Lampsakus, i. Themistokles, ch. 27.

----, a Theban, ii. Pelopidas, chs. 7-10, 13, 25.

Charonitæ, iv. Antonius, ch. 15.

Charops, ii. Flamininus, ch. 4.

Charybdis, iv. Dion, ch. 18.

Cheiron, i. Perikles, ch. 4.

Cheirones, i. Perikles, ch. 3.

Chelidonian Islands, ii. Kimon, chs. 12, 13.

Chersonesus and Chersonnesians, i. Perikles, chs. 11, 19; ii. Lysander, chs. 5, 9, 10, 12; Kimon, ch. 14; Lucullus, chs. 4, 23; iii. Eumenes, ch. 18; Comparison, ch. 1; Phokion, ch. 14; iv. Demetrius, ch. 31.

Chersonese, Syrian, iv. Demetrius, ch. 50.

Chian wine, iv. Demetrius, ch. 19.

Chileon, i. Themistokles, ch. 6.

Chilon, ii. Cato Major, ch. 20.

Chilonis, daughter of Leonidas II., iv. Agis, chs. 17, 18.

----, daughter of Leotychides, ii. Pyrrhus, chs. 26, 27, 28.

Chios and the Chians, i. Theseus, ch. 20; Themistokles, ch. 32; Alkibiades, chs. 11, 24, 35; ii. Aristeides, ch. 23; Kimon, chs. 4, 9, 12; Lucullus, ch. 3; iii. Phokion, ch. 6; Brutus, ch. 33.

Chlidon, ii. Pelopidas, ch. 8.

Choerilus, ii. Lysander, ch. 18.

Choes, Athenian festival, iv. Antonius, ch. 70.

Cholargus, i. Perikles, chs. 3, 13; iii. Nikias, ch. 11.

Chrysantes, ii. Comparison of Pelopidas and Marcellus, ch. 3.

Chrysermas, iv. Kleomenes, ch. 36.

Chrysippus, iv. Aratus, ch. 1.

Chrysis, iv. Demetrius, ch. 24.

Chrysogonus, freedman of Sulla, iv. Cicero, ch. 3.

----, a flute-player, i. Alkibiades, ch. 32.

Chthonian gods, i. Romulus, ch. 22.

Cicero, Marcus Tullius, iv. Life and Comparison with Demosthenes; i. Æmilius, ch. 10; ii. Cato Major, ch. 17; Flamininus, ch. 18; Lucullus, chs. 41, 42, 43; iii. Crassus, chs. 3, 13; Pompeius, chs. 42, 46, 49, 59, 63; Cæsar, chs. 3, 4, 7, 14, 54, 57, 58, 59; Phokion, ch. 3; Cato Minor, chs. 19, 22, 40, 55; iv. C. Gracchus, ch. 1; Demosthenes, ch. 3; Antonius, chs. 2, 6, 17, 19, 20, 22; Comparison, ch. 5; Brutus, chs. 12, 19, 21, 22, 26, 27, 28.

----, son of the orator, iv. Cicero, chs. 45, 49; Brutus, chs. 24, 26.

----, Quintus, brother of the orator, iii. Cæsar, ch. 24; iv. Cicero, chs. 20, 33, 47, 48.

Cilicia and Cilicians, i. Themistokles, ch. 31; ii. Lysander, ch. 9; Kimon, ch. 18; Lucullus, chs. 6, 21, 23, 33; iii. Crassus, ch. 10; Sertorius, chs. 7, 9; Pompeius, chs. 24, 26, 28, 30, 33, 44, 59; Alexander, ch. 17, and after; Cæsar, ch. 2; iv. Cicero, ch. 36; Comparison, ch. 3; Demetrius, chs. 31, 32, 47, 48; Antonius, chs. 25, 36, 54, 61; Brutus, ch. 4.

Cimber, Tillius, iii. Cæsar, ch. 66; iv. Brutus, chs. 17, 19.

Cimbri, i. Camillus, ch. 19; ii. Marius, chs. 11, 15, 23, 25, 26, 27, 39, 44; Lucullus, ch. 38; iii. Sertorius, ch. 2; Cæsar, chs. 5, 18, 19, 26; iv. Otho, ch. 15.

Cimmerians, ii. Marius, ch. 11.

Cimmerian Bosphorus, i. Theseus, ch. 27.

Cimon. See Kimon.

Cineas. See Kineas.

Cingonius Varro, iv. Galba, ch. 14.

Cinna, Lucius, consul, B.C. 87, ii. Marius, chs. 41, 42, 44; Sulla, chs. 10, 12, 22; iii. Crassus, chs. 4, 5; Sertorius, chs. 4, 5, 6; Pompeius, chs. 3, 5; Cæsar, chs. 1, 68; iv. Cicero, ch. 17; Brutus, ch. 29.

----, a poet, friend of Cæsar, iii. Cæsar, ch. 68; iv. Brutus, chs. 20, 21

----, the conspirator, iii. Cæsar, ch. 68, note; iv. Brutus, chs. 18, 20, 25.

----, perhaps brother of the preceding, iv. Brutus, ch. 18.

Circe, i. Romulus, ch. 2.

Circeii or Circeum, i. Coriolanus, ch. 28; ii. Marius, ch. 36; iii. Cæsar, ch. 58; iv. Cicero, ch. 47.

Cirrha and Cirrhæans. See Kirrha.

Cirrheato (Cereate), ii. Marius, ch. 3.

Claros, iii. Pompeius, ch. 24.

Clastidium, ii. Marcellus, ch. 6.

Claudia, wife of Tib. Gracchus, iv. T. Gracchus, ch. 4.

Claudii, i. Poplicola, ch. 21; Coriolanus, ch. 11.

Claudius. See Appius.

Claudius Cæsar, emperor, iv. Antonius, ch. 87; Galba, chs. 12, 22.

Clausus. See Appius.

Cleanthes. See Kleanthes.

Cleopatra, wife of Philip of Macedon, iii. Alexander, chs. 9, 10.

----, sister of Alexander the Great, ii. Eumenes, ch. 8; Alexander, chs. 25, 68.

----, daughter of Mithridates, wife of Tigranes, ii. Lucullus, ch. 22.

----, Queen of Egypt, iii. Cæsar, ch. 48, 49; Cato Minor, ch. 35; iv. Antonius, chs. 10, 32, and after; Comparison, chs. 1, 3.

----, daughter of Antony and Cleopatra, iv. Antonius, chs. 36, 87.

Clepsydra, spring at Athens, iv. Antonius, ch. 34.

Clodia, wife of Lucullus, sister of Publius Clodius, ii. Lucullus, ch. 38.

----, called Quadrantaria, another sister, iv. Cicero, ch. 29.

----, daughter of P. Clodius and Fulvia, iv. Antonius, ch. 20.

Clodius, a writer, i. Numa, ch. 1.

----, Publius, the tribune, ii. Lucullus, ch. 34; iii. Pompeius, chs. 46, 48, 49; Cæsar, chs. 9, 10, 14; Cato Minor, chs. 19, 31, 32, 33, 34, 40, 45; iv. Cicero, chs. 28, 29, 30, 31, 33, 34; Antonius, chs. 2, 10; Brutus, ch. 20.

Clodius, a commander in the Servile war, iii. Crassus, ch. 9.

----, iv. Antonius, ch. 18.

----, a deserter, iv. Brutus, ch. 47.

----, Celsus, of Antioch, iv. Galba, ch. 13.

----, Macer, iv. Galba, chs. 6, 13, 15.

Cloelia, i. Poplicola, ch. 19.

----, wife of Sulla, ii. Sulla, ch. 6.

Cloelius, more properly Cælius (C. Cælius Caldus), iii. Pompeius, ch. 17.

Cloelian or Cluilian ditches (Fossæ Cluiliæ), i. Coriolanus, ch. 30.

Clunia, iv. Galba, ch. 6.

Clusium, i. Numa, ch. 12; Poplicola, ch. 16; Camillus, ch. 17.

Cluvius Rufus, iv. Otho, ch. 3.

Cnidus. See Knidus.

Cocceius, more properly Salvius Cocceianus, Otho's nephew, iv. Otho, ch. 16.

Cocles, Horatius, i. Poplicola, ch. 16.

Coele-Syria, iv. Antonius, chs. 36, 54.

Coelius. See Cloelius.

Colchis, ii. Lucullus, ch. 14; iii. Pompeius, chs. 30, 32, 34, 44.

Collatinus, i. Poplicola, chs. 1, 3, 4, 6, 7.

Colline Gate, i. Numa, ch. 10; Camillus, ch. 22; ii. Sulla, ch. 29.

Cominius, consul, i. Coriolanus, chs. 8, 10.

----, Pontius, i. Camillus, chs. 25, 26.

Comitium, i. Romulus, chs. 11, 19.

Comius, i. Solon, ch. 31.

Commagene, iii. Pompeius, ch. 44; iv. Antonius, chs. 34, 61.

Consa or Cossa, in Etruria, ii. Flamininus, ch. 1.

Considius, iii. Cæsar, ch. 14.

Consta, Publius, perhaps Cotta, iv. Cicero, ch. 26.

Consus, i. Romulus, ch. 14.

Copillius, ii. Sulla, ch. 4.

Coponius, iii. Crassus, ch. 28.

Coracesium, iii. Pompeius, ch. 28.

Corcyra, i. Themistokles, ch. 24; Perikles, ch. 28; Timoleon, ch. 8; Æmilius, ch. 36; ii. Pyrrhus, chs. 9, 11; Cato Minor, ch. 38; iv. Demosthenes, ch. 17.

Corduba, iii. Cæsar, ch. 17.

Corfinium, iii. Cæsar, ch. 34.

Corfinius, or Cornificius, iii. Cæsar, ch. 43.

Corinth and the Corinthians. See many passages in i. Timoleon; iv. Kleomenes and Aratus; and for general history, i. Perikles, ch. 29; Alkibiades, chs. 14, 18; ii. Cato Major, ch. 12; Philopoemen (its destruction), ch. 21; compare Lysander, ch. 1; Kimon, ch. 17; iii. Nikias, chs. 6, 10, 19, 20, 25; Agesilaus, chs. 15, 17, 21, 22; Cæsar, ch. 57; iv. Agis, ch. 15; Demosthenes, ch. 17; Demetrius, chs. 15, 25, 43, 51, 53; Dion, chs. 1, 53. The meeting of the seven wise men, i. Solon, ch. 4; Corinth, Chalkis, and Demetrias, ii. Flamininus, ch. 10; Nero at Corinth, the same, ch. 12; Diogenes at Corinth, iii. Alexander, ch. 14; the Isthmus, iii. Cæsar, ch. 58; Simonides's verse, iv. Dion, ch. 1.

Coriolanus, i. Life and Comparison with Alkibiades.

Corioli, i. Coriolanus, chs. 8, 9.

Cornelia, daughter of Scipio, mother of the Gracchi, ii. Marius, ch. 34; iv. Tib. Gracchus, chs. 1, 4, 8; C. Gracchus, chs. 4, 13, 19.

----, wife of Marius, ii. Marius, ch. 34.

----, daughter of Cinna, wife of Cæsar, iii. Cæsar, chs. 1, 5.

----, daughter of Metellus Scipio, wife of Pompeius, iii. Pompeius, chs. 55, 66, 73, 79.

Cornelii, ii. Marius, ch. 1. The three Cornelii, iv. Cicero, ch. 17. For others of the name, see Cethegus, Cossus, Dolabella, Laco, Lentulus, Merula, Scipio, Sulla.

Cornelius, Caius, an augur at Padua, iii. Cæsar, ch. 47.

----, Nepos, historian, ii. Marcellus, ch. 30; Comparison of Marcellus, and Pelopidas, ch. 1; Lucullus, ch. 43; iv. Tib. Gracchus, ch. 21.

----, freedman of Sulla, iii. Cæsar, ch. 1.

----, Cnæus, consul with Marcellus, ii. Marcellus, ch. 6.

Cornificius, Lucius, iv. Brutus, ch. 27.

Cornutus, ii. Marius, ch. 43.

Corsica, iii. Pompeius, chs. 26, 66.

Corvinus, Messala, iv. Brutus, chs. 40, 41, 42, 45, 53.

----, or Corvus, Valerius, consul six times, ii. Marius, ch. 28.

Cos. See Kos.

Cosconius, iii. Cæsar, ch. 51.

Cossinus, iii. Crassus, ch. 9.

Cossus, Cornelius, i. Romulus, ch. 16; ii. Marcellus, ch. 8.

----, Licinius, i. Camillus, ch. 4.

Cotta, or Constans, iv. Cicero, ch. 26.

----, prætor in Spain, iii. Sertorius, ch. 12.

----, (?) consul B.C. 119, ii. Marius, ch. 4.

----, Lucius, Aurelius, consul B.C. 65, censor B.C. 64, iv. Cicero, ch. 27.

Cotta, Marcus Aurelius, consul B.C. 74, ii. Lucullus, chs. 5, 8.

----, lieutenant of Cæsar, iii. Cæsar, ch. 24.

Cotylon, iv. Antonius, ch. 18.

Crassianus, Caius, a centurion, iii. Pompeius, ch. 71. C. Crassinius, iii. Cæsar, ch. 44.

Crassus, i. Fabius, ch. 25.

----, Publius Licinius, i. Æmilius, ch. 9.

----, Publius, father-in-law of Caius Gracchus, and Pontifex Maximus, iv. Tib. Gracchus, ch. 21; and, under the name of Licinius, iv. C. Gracchus, ch. 16 (?)

----, son of the preceding, brother of Caius Gracchus's wife, iv. C. Gracchus, ch. 15.

----, Marcus, iii. Life and Comparison with Nikias; ii. Sulla, chs. 28, 29, 30; Lucullus, chs. 36, 38, 40, 42; iii. Nikias, ch. 1; Pompeius, chs. 31, 43, 51, 53; Cæsar, chs. 11, 13, 14, 21; Cato Minor, chs. 19, 41; iv. Cicero, chs. 15, 25, 26, 36; Antonius, chs. 34, 37, 46; Brutus, ch. 43.

----, Publius, son of the above, iii. Crassus, chs. 13, 25, 26; Pompeius, ch. 55; iv. Cicero, chs. 33, 36.

----, Publius Licinius Crassus Junianus, iii. Cato Minor, ch. 70.

----, (M. Licinius Crassus Frugi Magnus), father of Piso, adopted by Galba, iv. Galba, ch. 23.

Cratippus, a philosopher, iv. Brutus, ch. 24, and note. See Kratippus.

Cremona, iv. Otho, chs. 7, 8.

Crete and the Cretans, i. Theseus, ch. 5, and after to 22; Lykurgus, chs. 4, 11, 31; Solon, ch. 12; Æmilius, chs. 15, 23, 32 (Cretan targets); ii. Marcellus, ch. 20: Philopoemen, chs. 7, 13, 14; Pyrrhus, chs. 27, 29 (Cretan javelin), 30, 32; Lysander, ch. 20, (Cretan against Cretan), 28 (the Cretan storax); Lucullus, ch. 2; iii. Eumenes, ch. 18 (Nearchus the Cretan); Agesilaus, ch. 34; Pompeius, ch. 29; iv. Kleomenes, chs. 6, 21 (Cretan soldiers); C. Gracchus, ch. 16 (Cretan archers); Dion, ch. 53; Brutus, ch. 19; Artaxerxes, ch. 21; Aratus, chs. 29, 48, 50 (Cretan Sea).

Crispinus (T. Quintius), colleague of Marcellus, ii. Marcellus, ch. 29.

----, Rufus, first husband of Poppæa, iv. Galba, ch. 19.

----, killed by the Prætonians, iv. Otho, ch. 3.

Croesus, i. Solon, chs. 27, 28; Comparison, ch. 1.

Crustumerium, i. Romulus, ch. 17.

Culeo, Terentius, ii. Flamininus, ch. 18.

Culleo, iii. Pompeius, ch. 49.

Cuma, in Campania, iv. Tib. Gracchus, chs. 8, 17, 20.

----, in Æolia. See Kyme.

Cumæi, iii. Cæsar, ch. 61.

Cunaxa. See Kunaxa.

Cures, i. Numa, ch. 3; compare i. Romulus, ch. 29, and i. Solon, ch. 12.

Curio, lieutenant of Sulla, ii. Sulla, ch. 14; iii. Cæsar, ch. 8; Cato Minor, ch. 14; iv. Antonius, ch. 2.

----, son of preceding, iii. Pompeius, ch. 58; Cæsar, chs. 29, 30, 31; Cato Minor, ch. 46; iv. Antonius, chs. 2, 5.

Curius (Manius Curius Dentatus), ii. Cato Major, chs. 2, 8; Comparison, chs. 1, 4; Pyrrhus, ch. 25.

Curtius, Marcus, i. Romulus, ch. 1.

Curtian Gulf, i. Romulus, ch. 18; iv. Galba, ch. 27.

Cyclades, ii. Sulla, ch. 11; iv. Demetrius, chs. 30, 53.

Cyclops, i. Poplicola, ch. 16; iv. Galba, ch. 1.

Cydnus, river of Cilicia, iv. Antonius, ch. 25. See Kydnus.

Cyprus and Cyprians, i. Theseus, ch. 20; Solon, ch. 26; Themistokles, ch. 30; Perikles, ch. 10 (Kimon's death) 25; ii. Flamininus, ch. 11 (Kimon's battles); Lysander, ch. 11; Kimon, chs. 12, 18; Lucullus, chs. 3, 43; iii. Pompeius, chs. 48, 77, 80; Alexander, chs. 24, 29, 32; Cæsar, ch. 21; Cato Minor, chs. 34, and after to 45; iv. Cicero, ch. 34; Demetrius, chs. 5, 15-19 (Cyprian cuirasses), 21, 33, 35; Antonius, chs. 36, 54; Brutus, ch. 3; Artaxerxes, ch. 21.

Cyrene and Cyreneans, ii. Philopoemen, ch. 1; Lucullus, ch. 2; iii. Cato Minor, ch. 56; iv. Kleomenes, chs. 31, 36; Demetrius, ch. 53; Antonius, ch. 61; Dion, ch. 19.

Cyrnus or Cyrus, river of Asia. See Kyrnus.

Cyrus, the founder of the Persian monarchy, i. Solon, ch. 28; iii. Alexander, chs. 30, 69; iv. Antonius, ch. 6; Artaxerxes, chs. 1, 3.

----, the younger, son of Darius Nothus, i. Perikles, ch. 24; Alkibiades, ch. 35; ii. Lysander, chs. 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 18, 45; Comparison, ch. 4; iv. Antonius, ch. 6; Artaxerxes, chs. 1-4, 6-15, 17, 20, 26.

Cytheris, iv. Antonius, ch. 9.

Cyzicus and Cyzicenians. See Kyzikus.

Dædalus, i. Theseus, ch. 19.

Daimachus, i. Comparison of Solon and Poplicola, ch. 4; ii. Lysander, ch. 12.

Daktyli, i. Numa, ch. 15.

Dalmatia, iv. Otho, ch. 4.

Damagoras, ii. Lucullus, ch. 3.

Damascus, iii. Alexander, chs. 20, 24, 48.

Damastes, i. Theseus, ch. 10.

----, a historian, i. Camillus, ch. 19.

Damippus, ii. Marcellus, ch. 18.

Damochares, iv. Agis, chs. 18, 19.

Damokleides, ii. Pelopidas, chs. 8, 11.

Damokles. See Demokles.

Damokrates, a Platæan hero, ii. Aristeides, ch. 11.

----, a Spartan, iv. Kleomenes, ch. 4.

Damon, a Macedonian, iii. Alexander, ch. 22.

----, a musician, i. Perikles, ch. 3; ii. Aristeides, ch. 1; iii. Nikias, ch. 6.

Damonides, i. Perikles, ch. 9.

Damophantus, ii. Philopoemen, ch. 7.

Damoteles, iv. Kleomenes, ch. 28.

Damyrias, i. Timoleon, ch. 31.

Danaus, ii. Pyrrhus, ch. 32.

Dandamis, iii. Alexander, chs. 8, 65.

Dandarians, ii. Lucullus, ch. 16.

Danube, i. Æmilius, ch. 9; ii. Cato Major, ch. 12; where the text has Istria; iii. Alexander, chs. 11, 36.

Daochus, iv. Demosthenes, ch. 18.

Daphne, daughter of Amyklas, iv. Agis, ch. 9.

----, (Antioch on Daphne). See Antioch.

Dardanians, of Illyria, i. Æmilius, ch. 9.

Dardanus, founder of Troy, i. Camillus, ch. 20.

----, Brutus's shield-bearer, iv. Brutus, ch. 51.

----, in the Troad, ii. Sulla, ch. 24.

Darius I., son of Hystaspes, i. Themistokles, ch. 4; ii. Aristeides, ch. 5.

----, II., Nothus, iv. Artaxerxes, chs. 1, 3.

----, III., Codomannus, i. Camillus, ch. 19; iii. Agesilaus, ch. 15; iii. Alexander, chs. 16, 19, 20, 21, 22, 29, 30, 31, 37, 38, 42, 43; Phokion, ch. 17.

Darius, son of Artaxerxes II., iv. Artaxerxes, chs. 26, 29.

Daskylitis, lake, ii. Lucullus, ch. 9.

Dassaretis, ii. Flamininus, ch. 3.

Datis, ii. Aristeides, ch. 5.

Dechas, iv. Agis, ch. 19.

Decies, a sum of money, iv. Antonius, ch. 4.

Decimus. See Brutus.

Decius, an Italian, ii. Pyrrhus, ch. 17.

Deianeira, i. Perikles, ch. 24.

Deidameia, wife of Peirithous, i. Theseus, ch. 30.

----, sister of Pyrrhus, ii. Pyrrhus, chs. 1, 4, 7; iv. Demetrius, chs. 25, 30, 32, 53.

Deimachus, ii. Lucullus, ch. 23.

Deinarchus, i. Timoleon, chs. 21, 24; iii. Phokion, ch. 33; iv. Demosthenes, ch. 30.

Deinias, who killed Abantidas, iv. Aratus, ch. 3.

----, a historian, iv. Aratus, ch. 29.

Deinokrates, ii. Philopoemen, chs. 18-21; Flamininus, ch. 17.

Deinomache, i. Alkibiades, ch. 1.

Deinon, i. Themistokles, ch. 27; iii. Alexander, ch. 36; iv. Artaxerxes, chs. 1, 6, 9, 10, 13, 19, 22.

Deioneus, i. Theseus, ch. 8.

Deiotarus, iii. Crassus, ch. 17; Pompeius, ch. 73; Cato Minor, chs. 12, 15; iv. Antonius, ch. 63; Brutus, ch. 6.

Deirades, Attic deme, i. Alkibiades, ch. 25.

Dekeleia, i. Themistokles, ch. 14; Alkibiades, chs. 23, 34; ii. Lysander, ch. 9; Kimon, ch. 8.

Delium, i. Alkibiades, ch. 7; ii. Lysander, ch. 29; Sulla, ch. 22; iii. Nikias, ch. 6.

Dellius, iv. Antonius, chs. 25, 59.

Delos, i. Theseus, ch. 21; Perikles, ch. 12; ii. Aristeides, ch. 25; Sulla, ch. 22; iii. Nikias, ch. 3.

Delos, a mountain in Boeotia, ii. Pelopidas, ch. 16.

Delphi and Delphians, i. Theseus, chs. 3, 5, 16, 26; Romulus, ch. 28; Lykurgus, chs. 5, 28; Numa, ch. 9; Solon, chs. 4, 11; Camillus, chs. 4, 8; Perikles, ch. 21; Fabius, ch. 18; Timoleon, chs. 8, 20; Æmilius, chs. 28, 36; ii. Marcellus, ch. 8; Aristeides, ch. 20; Philopoemen, chs. 2, 10; Flamininus, ch. 12; Lysander, chs. 18, 25, 26; Sulla, chs. 12, 29; Kimon, ch. 17; iii. Nikias, ch. 13; Agesilaus, ch. 19; Alexander, chs. 3, 14, 37, 74; Phokion, ch. 8; Agis, ch. 11; Cicero, ch. 5; Demetrius, chs. 10, 31; Aratus, ch. 53.

Delphinium, at Athens, i. Theseus, ch. 12; at Chalkis, ii. Flamininus, ch. 16.

Demades, i. Solon, ch. 17; iii. Phokion, chs. 1, 16, 20, 22, 26, 27, 30; iv. Kleomenes, ch. 27; Demosthenes, chs. 8, 10, 11, 13, 23, 30; Galba, ch. 1.

Demænetus, i. Timoleon, ch. 37.

Demaratus, father of Tarquinius Priscus, i. Romulus, ch. 16; Poplicola, ch. 14.

----, a friend of Philip and Alexander, iii. Agesilaus, ch. 15; iv. Alexander, chs. 9, 38, 56.

----, king of Sparta, i. Lykurgus, ch. 19.

----, of Rhodes, iii. Phokion ch. 18.

Demaretus, i. Timoleon, chs. 22, 24, 27.

Demeas, son of Demades, iii. Phokion, ch. 30.

Demetrias, Attic tribe, iv. Demetrius, ch. 10.

----, the new name of Sikyon, iv. Demetrius, ch. 25.

----, a fortified town in Thessaly, ii. Flamininus, ch. 10; iv. Demetrius, ch. 53; Brutus, ch. 25.

Demetrius I., Poliorketes, son of Antigonus, iv. Life and Comparison with Antonius; i. Æmilius, ch. 8; ii. Pyrrhus, chs. 4, 7, 10, 11, 12; iii. Eumenes, ch. 18; Demosthenes, ch. 13.

Demetrius, son of preceding, king of Cyrene, iv. Demetrius, ch. 53.

----, surnamed Leptus, or the Thin, another son of Poliorketes, iv. Demetrius, ch. 53.

----, II., son of Antigonus Gonatas, i. Æmilius, ch. 8; iv. Aratus, ch. 17.

----, son of Philip III. of Macedon, i. Æmilius, ch. 8; ii. Flamininus, ch. 9.

----, an attendant of Cassius, iv. Brutus, ch. 45.

----, of Magnesia, iv. Demosthenes, chs. 15, 27.

----, a Peripatetic philosopher, iii. Cato Minor, chs. 65, 66, 69, 70, 75 ?, 76 ?, 79 ?, 80 ?.

----, a Syracusan herald, i. Timoleon, ch. 39.

----, Phalereus, i. Theseus, ch. 23; Lykurgus, ch. 22; Solon, ch. 23; ii. Aristeides, chs. 1, 5, 27; iii. Phokion, ch. 35; iv. Demosthenes, chs. 9, 11, 14; Demetrius, chs. 8, 9.

----, freedman of Pompeius, iii. Pompeius, chs. 2, 40; Cato Minor, ch. 13.

----, of Pharos, iv. Aratus, ch. 50.

----, surnamed Pheidon, iii. Alexander, ch. 54.

Demiurgi, i. Theseus, ch. 25.

Demo, iv. Demetrius, chs. 24, 27.

Demochares of Leukonoe, iv. Demosthenes, ch. 30; Demetrius, ch. 24.

----, of Soli, iv. Demetrius, ch. 27.

Demokles, iv. Demetrius, ch. 24.

Demokleides, iv. Demetrius, ch. 13.

Demokritus, i. Timoleon, ch. 1.

Demoleon, ii. Lucullus, ch. 23.

Demon, an Athenian, iv. Demosthenes, chs. 23, 27.

----, a historian, i. Theseus, ch. 19.

Demonax, ii. Lucullus, ch. 9.

Demophilus, iii. Phokion, ch. 38.

Demophoon, i. Theseus, ch. 28; Solon, ch. 26.

Demopolis, i. Themistokles, ch. 32.

Demosthenes, father of the orator, iv. Demosthenes, ch. 4.

----, the orator, iv. Life and Comparison with Cicero; i. Alkibiades, ch. 10; ii. Cato Major, chs. 2, 4; Pyrrhus, ch. 14; iii. Alexander, ch. 11; Phokion, chs. 5, 7, 9, 15, 17, 26, 27, 29; iv. Cicero, ch. 24.

----, an Athenian general, i. Alkibiades, ch. 1; iii. Nikias, chs. 7, 8, 20, 21, 28.

Demostratus, an Athenian orator, i. Alkibiades, ch. 18; iii. Nikias, ch. 12.

----, (? Erasistratus), son of Phæax, iii. Agesilaus, ch. 15.

Demus, i. Theseus, ch. 22.

Densus, Sempronius, iv. Galba, ch. 26.

Derketæus, iv. Antonius, ch. 78.

Derkyllidas, i. Lykurgus, chs. 12, 14; iv. Artaxerxes, ch. 20.

Derkyllus, iii. Phokion, ch. 32.

Deukalion, i. Theseus, ch. 19; ii. Pyrrhus, ch. 1.

Dexithea, i. Romulus, ch. 2.

Dexius, ii. Pyrrhus, ch. 17. See Decius.

Diadematus, i. Coriolanus, ch. 11.

Diagoras, ii. Pelopidas, ch. 34.

Diakrii, i. Solon, ch. 13.

Diamperes, ii. Pyrrhus, ch. 32.

Dicomes, king of the Getæ, iv. Antonius, ch. 63.

Dikæarchia, ii. Sulla, ch. 37.

Dikæarchus, i. Theseus, chs. 21, 32; iii. Agesilaus, ch. 19.

Didius, iii. Sertorius, ch. 3.

----, iii. Cæsar, ch. 56.

Didyma, iii. Pompeius, ch. 24.

Didymus, i. Solon, ch. 1.

Dieutychides, i. Lykurgus, ch. 1.

Dindymene, i. Themistokles, ch. 30.

Diodorus the geographer, i. Theseus, ch. 36; Themistokles, ch. 32; ii. Kimon, ch. 16.

----, son of Sophax, iii. Sertorius, ch. 9.

Diogeiton, ii. Pelopidas, ch. 35.

Diogenes, step-son of Archelaus, ii. Sulla, ch. 21.

----, general of Demetrius II., governor of Peiræus, iv. Aratus, ch. 34.

----, of Sinope, philosopher, i. Lykurgus, ch. 31; Fabius, ch. 10; Timoleon, ch. 15; iii. Alexander, chs. 14, 65.

----, a Stoic philosopher, ii. Cato Major, ch. 22.

Diokles of Megara, i. Theseus, ch. 10.

----, of Peparethus, i. Romulus, chs. 3, 9.

----, one of four Syrians, iv. Aratus, chs. 18, 20.

----, son of Themistokles, i. Themistokles, ch. 32.

Diokleides, i. Alkibiades, ch. 20.

Diomedes, the hero, i. Romulus, ch. 2.

----, an Athenian, i. Alkibiades, ch. 12.

----, Cleopatra's servant, iv. Antonius, ch. 76.

Dion, iv. Life and Comparison with Brutus, i. Timoleon, chs. 1, 13, 22, 33; Comparison, ch. 2; ii. Aristeides, ch. 1; iii. Nikias, chs. 14, 23.

Dionassa, i. Lykurgus, ch. 1.

Dionysius of Kolophon, i. Timoleon, ch. 36.

----, of Corinth, i. Timoleon, ch. 24.

----, of Halikarnassus, i. Romulus, ch. 16; Comparison of Alkibiades and Coriolanus, ch. 2; ii. Pyrrhus, chs. 17, 21.

----, of Messene, iii. Alexander, ch. 73.

----, of Magnesia, iv. Cicero, ch. 4.

----, the elder, despot of Syracuse, i. Solon, ch. 20; Timoleon, chs. 6, 15; ii. Pelopidas, chs. 31, 34; Cato Major, ch. 24; Lysander, ch. 2; iii. Agesilaus, ch. 33; iv. Dion, chs. 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 11, 21, 53; Galba, ch. 1.

----, the younger, despot of Syracuse, i. Timoleon, chs. 1, 7, 8, 11, 13-16; Comparison, ch. 1; iii. Nikias, ch. 23; iv. Dion, chs. 2, 6-9, 11-14, and following; Comparison, chs. 2, 3, 4.

----, one of four Syrians, iv. Aratus, ch. 20.

----, Chalkus, iii. Nikias, ch. 5.

Dionysodorus, iv. Aratus, ch. 1.

Diopeithes, an Athenian, i. Perikles, ch. 32.

----, an Athenian, iii. Phokion, ch. 7; iv. Comparison of Cicero and Demosthenes, ch. 3.

----, a Spartan, ii. Lysander, ch. 22; iii. Agesilaus, ch. 8.

Diophanes, general of the Achæans, iii. Philopoemen, ch. 16; Flamininus, ch. 17; Comparison, ch. 3.

----, of Mitylene, iv. Tib. Gracchus, ch. 20.

Diophantus of Amphitrope, ii. Aristeides, ch. 26.

Dioskuri, the, i. Theseus, ch. 32; Coriolanus, ch. 2; Æmilius, chs. 23, 25; ii. Lysander, chs. 12, 18; iii. Cato Minor, ch. 27; iv. Tib. Gracchus, ch. 2.

Dioskorides, i. Lykurgus, ch. 10; iii. Agesilaus, ch. 35.

Diphilides, or Philides, i. Themistokles, ch. 5.

Diphilus, an Athenian, iv. Demetrius, ch. 46.

----, comic poet, iii. Nikias, ch. 1.

Diphridas, iii. Agesilaus, ch. 17.

Dipylum, ii. Sulla, ch. 14.

Dirke, iv. Demetrius, ch. 45.

Dium, iv. Demetrius, ch. 36.

Dodona, i. Themistokles, ch. 28; ii. Pyrrhus, ch. 1; Lysander, ch. 25; iii. Phokion, ch. 28.

Dog's tomb at Salamis, i. Themistokles, ch. 10; ii. Aristeides, ch. 5.

Dokimus, iii. Eumenes, ch. 8.

Dolabella, Cnæus Cornelius, consul B.C. 81; friend of Sulla, ii. Sulla, chs. 28, 29; Comparison, ch. 2; iii. Cæsar, ch. 4.

Dolabella, Cicero's son-in-law, consul with M. Antonius B.C. 44, iii. Cæsar, chs. 51, 62; iv. Cicero, ch. 43; Antonius, chs. 9, 10, 11; Brutus, chs. 2, 8, 25.

----, son of preceding, iv. Antonius, ch. 84.

----, iv. Galba, ch. 23; Otho, ch. 5.

Doliola, i. Camillus, ch. 20.

Dolopians, i. Theseus, ch. 36; ii. Flamininus, ch. 15; Kimon, ch. 8.

Domitian the emperor, i. Numa, ch. 19; Poplicola, ch. 15; Æmilius, ch. 25.

Domitius (Ahenobarbus, of the party of Marius), consul B.C. 96, iii. Pompeius, chs. 10, 11, 12.

----, (Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus), consul B.C. 54, brother-in-law of Cato Minor, iii. Crassus, ch. 15; Comparison, ch. 2; Pompeius, chs. 52, 57, 67; Comparison, ch. 4; Cæsar, chs. 29, 34, 35, 42, 44; Cato Minor, chs. 41, 42; iv. Cicero, ch. 38.

----, (Ahenobarbus Cnæus, son of Lucius, the preceding), iv. Antonius, chs. 40, 56, 63.

----, (Lucius, son of Cnæus, the preceding), married to Antonia, iv. Antonius, ch. 87.

----, Ahenobarbus (Cnæus, son of Lucius, the preceding), married to the younger Agrippina, iv. Antonius, ch. 87.

----, (Lucius Domitius Nero Germanicus), the emperor Nero, son of Cnæus, the preceding, iv. Antonius, ch. 87.

----, (Lucius, or Calvisius), iii. Sertorius, ch. 12. See note.

----, Calvinus (Cnæus), consul B.C. 53, iii. Pompeius, chs. 54, 69, where the text has Calvinus Lucius; Cæsar, chs. 44, 50; iv. Brutus, ch. 47.

Dorians, i. Lykurgus, ch. 10 (a Doric word); Perikles, ch. 17 (Dorians in Asia Minor); ii. Lysander, ch. 5 (Dorian character), ch. 24; iii. Agesilaus, ch. 31; iv. Agis, ch. 21; Kleomenes, ch. 16; Aratus, chs. 2, 9.

Doris, country of the Dorians, i. Themistokles, ch. 9.

----, wife of Dionysius the elder, iv. Dion, ch. 3.

Dorylaus, general of Mithridates, ii. Sulla, ch. 20; Lucullus, ch. 17.

Doson, surname of Antigonus, i. Coriolanus, ch. 11.

Douris of Samos, historian, i. Perikles, ch. 28; Alkibiades, ch. 32; ii. Lysander, ch. 18; iii. Eumenes, ch. 1; Agesilaus, ch. 3; Alexander, chs. 15, 46; Phokion, chs. 4, 17; Demosthenes, chs. 19, 23.

Drako, i. Solon, chs. 17, 19, 25.

Drakontides, i. Perikles, ch. 32.

Dromichaites, iv. Demetrius, chs. 39, 52.

Dromokleides, iv. Demetrius, ch. 34.

Drusus, Livius, iv. Tib. Gracchus, ch. 2; C. Gracchus, chs. 8-11.

----, Livius (son of preceding, uncle of Cato Minor), iii. Cato Minor, chs. 1, 2.

----, son of Livia, brother of the emperor Tiberius, iv. Antonius, ch. 87.

Dyme, iii. Pompeius, ch. 28; iv. Kleomenes, ch. 14; Aratus, chs. 11, 47.

Dyrrhachium, ii. Sulla, ch. 27; iii. Pompeius, ch. 74; Cæsar, chs. 16, 35; Cato Minor, chs. 53-55; iv. Cicero, ch. 32; Brutus, ch. 74, where Sintenis, ed. 2, reads Epidamnus.

Ebro, or Iberus, iii. Sertorius, ch. 16.

Echekrates, ii. Pelopidas, ch. 16.

----, a sophist, iii. Phokion, ch. 18.

Echedemia, i. Theseus, ch. 32.

Echedemus, i. Theseus, ch. 32.

Ecregma, iv. Antonius, ch. 8.

Edessa, iv. Demetrius, ch. 43.

Edonians, iii. Alexander, ch. 2.

Egeria, i. Numa, chs. 4, 13, 15.

Egesta, iii. Nikias, chs. 1, 12, 14.

Egnatius, iii. Crassus, ch. 27.

Egypt and Egyptians. For history, see i. Themistokles, ch. 31; Perikles, chs. 20, 37; ii. Pyrrhus, ch. 4; Kimon, ch. 18; Lucullus, ch. 2; Comparison, ch. 3; iii. Crassus, ch. 13; Eumenes, ch. 8; Agesilaus, chs. 36-40; Pompeius, ch. 77; Comparison, ch. 5; Alexander, chs. 29, 40; Cæsar, chs. 45, 55; Cato Minor, chs. 35, 56; iv. Kleomenes, chs. 21, and after; Demetrius, chs. 18, 53; Antonius, chs. 3, 33, 36, and after to the end; Brutus, chs. 6, 18, 33; Artaxerxes, chs. 22, 24; Aratus, chs. 4, 12, 15, 46; Galba, chs. 2, 14; Otho, ch. 15; also i. Romulus, ch. 12 (the month Choiac); Lykurgus, ch. 4 (his visit to Egypt); Numa, ch. 4 (an Egyptian dogma), 14 (the Egyptian wheels), 18 (the Egyptian months); Solon, ch. 2 (Plato's visit to Egypt), ch. 26 (Solon's visit); iii. Nikias, ch. 9 (its productiveness of good and ill); iv. Demetrius, ch. 27 (the story of Bocchoris); Antonius, ch. 27 (the Egyptian dialect).

Eion, ii. Kimon, chs. 6, 8.

Eiresione, i. Theseus, ch. 22.

Eirenes, i. Lykurgus, ch. 16, 17.

Ekbatana, ii. Pelopidas, ch. 30; iii. Agesilaus, ch. 15; Alexander, chs. 35, 72; iv. Demosthenes, ch. 14; Artaxerxes, ch. 27.

Ekdelus, iv. Aratus, chs. 5, 7.

Ekdemus, ii. Philopoemen, ch. 1.

Eknomon, iv. Dion, ch. 26.

Ekphanes, iv. Agis, ch. 6.

Ekprepes, iv. Agis, ch. 10.

Elaius in Chersonesus, ii. Lysander, ch. 9.

Elatea, ii. Sulla, ch. 16; iii. Phokion, ch. 33; iv. Demosthenes, ch. 18.

Elatus, i. Lykurgus, ch. 7.

Elea or Velia, i. Perikles, ch. 4; Timoleon, ch. 35; iv. Brutus, ch. 23.

Eleius, i. Perikles, ch. 29; ii. Kimon, ch. 16.

Elektra, ii. Lysander, ch. 15.

Elephenor, i. Theseus, ch. 35.

Eleusis, i. Theseus, chs. 10, 29; Themistokles, ch. 15; Perikles, ch. 13; Alkibiades, chs. 22, 34; ii. Pelopidas, ch. 14; Aristeides, chs. 5, 11; Sulla, ch. 6; iii. Agesilaus, ch. 24; Alexander, ch. 31; Phokion, chs. 6, 28; iv. Demetrius, ch. 33.

Eleutheræ, i. Theseus, ch. 29.

Eleutheria, festival of, ii. Aristeides, ch. 21.

Elicium or Ilicium, i. Numa, ch. 15.

Elimiæ or Elimia, i. Æmilius, ch. 9.

Elis and Eleans, i. Lykurgus, chs. 19, 30; Alkibiades, ch. 15; ii. Pelopidas, ch. 24; Philopoemen, ch. 7; iii. Nikias, ch. 10; iv. Kleomenes, chs. 3, 5.

Elpinike, i. Perikles, ch. 10, 28; ii. Kimon, chs. 4, 14, 15.

Elymæans, iii. Pompeius, ch. 36.

Elysian fields, iii. Sertorius, ch. 8.

Emathion, i. Romulus, ch. 2.

Empedokles, iv. Demetrius, ch. 5.

Empylus, iv. Brutus, ch. 2.

Enarsphorus, i. Theseus, ch. 30.

Endeis, i. Theseus, ch. 10.

Endymion, i. Numa, ch. 4.

Engyium, ii. Marcellus, ch. 20.

Enna, ii. Marcellus, ch. 20.

Enyo, ii. Sulla, ch. 9.

Epameinondas, i. Lykurgus, ch. 12; Fabius, ch. 27; Coriolanus, ch. 4; Comparison, ch. 3; Timoleon, ch. 36; ii. Pelopidas, ch. 3, and after; Marcellus, ch. 21; Comparison, chs. 1, 2; Aristeides, ch. 1; Cato Major, ch. 8; Comparison, ch. 4; Philopoemen, chs. 3, 14; Comparison of Sulla and Lysander, ch. 4; iii. Agesilaus, chs. 19, 27-35; Phokion, ch. 3; iv. Demosthenes, ch. 20; Aratus, ch. 19.

Epaphroditus, freedman of Augustus, iv. Antonius, ch. 79.

Epaphroditus (Felix), surname of Sulla, ii. Sulla, ch. 34.

Eperatus, iv. Aratus, ch. 48.

Ephesus and Ephesians, i. Alkibiades, chs. 8, 12, 29; ii. Marcellus, ch. 21; Flamininus, ch. 21; Lysander, chs. 3, 5, 6; Sulla, ch. 26; Lucullus, chs. 23, 25; iii. Agesilaus, ch. 7; Alexander, ch. 3; Cato Minor, ch. 14; iv. Demetrius, ch. 30; Antonius, chs. 24, 56, 58.

Ephialtes, an Athenian, i. Perikles, chs. 7, 9, 10, 16; ii. Kimon, chs. 10, 13, 15; iv. Demosthenes, ch. 14.

----, an Athenian orator, iv. Demosthenes, ch. 23.

----, a Macedonian, iii. Alexander, ch. 41.

Ephorus, a historian, i. Themistokles, ch. 27; Camillus, ch. 19; Perikles, ch. 27; Alkibiades, ch. 32; Timoleon, ch. 4; ii. Pelopidas, ch. 17; Lysander, chs. 16, 20, 25, 30; Kimon, ch. 12; iv. Dion, chs. 35, 36.

Epicharmus, i. Numa, ch. 8; Poplicola, ch. 15.

Epidamnus. See Dyrrhachium.

Epidaurus and Epidaurians, i. Theseus, ch. 8; Perikles, ch. 35; ii. Sulla, ch. 12; iii. Pompeius, ch. 24; iv. Kleomenes, chs. 19, 20; Aratus, chs. 24, 44.

Epigethes, iv. Aratus, ch. 32.

Epigonus, ii. Lucullus, ch. 3.

Epikles, i. Themistokles, ch. 5.

Epikrates of Acharnæ, i. Themistokles, ch. 24.

----, the bearded, ii. Pelopidas, ch. 30.

Epikurus, an Athenian, iii. Phokion, ch. 38.

----, the philosopher, ii. Pyrrhus, ch. 20; Comparison of Kimon and Lucullus, ch. 1; iii. Cæsar, ch. 66; iv. Demetrius, ch. 34; Brutus, chs. 37, 39.

Epikydes, son of Euphemides, an Athenian demagogue, i. Themistokles, ch. 6.

Epikydides, iii. Agesilaus, ch. 15.

Epilykus, i. Perikles, ch. 36.

Epimenides, i. Solon, ch. 12.

Epipolæ, i. Timoleon, ch. 21; iii. Nikias, ch. 17, 21; iv. Dion, chs. 27, 29.

Epirus and Epirots. See, in general, ii. Pyrrhus, chs. 1-13, 17; and i. Theseus, ch. 31; Themistokles, ch. 24; Æmilius, ch. 29; ii. Flamininus, chs. 3, 5; iii. Alexander, chs. 9, 68; Cæsar, ch. 37; iv. Demetrius, chs. 36, 41; Antonius, ch. 62; Aratus, ch. 51.

Epitadeus, iv. Agis, ch. 5.

Epitimus, i. Perikles, ch. 36.

Epitragia, i. Theseus, ch. 13.

Epixyes, i. Themistokles, ch. 30.

Epizephyrii. See Lokri Epizephyrii.

Epoche, philosophical term, iv. Cicero, ch. 40.

Erasistratus, father of Phæax, i. Alkibiades, ch. 13.

----, iv. Demetrius, ch. 38.

Eratosthenes, i. Lykurgus, ch. 1; Themistokles, ch. 27; iii. Alexander, chs. 3, 31; iv. Demosthenes, chs. 9, 30.

Erechtheus, i. Theseus, chs. 3, 13, 19, 32; Comparison, ch. 6.

Eretrieus, i. Themistokles, ch. 11.

Ergadeis, Attic tribe, i. Solon, ch. 23.

Erginus, iv. Aratus, chs. 18-21, 33.

Ergoteles, i. Themistokles, ch. 26.

Erianthus, ii. Lysander, ch. 15.

Ericius, ii. Sulla, chs. 16, 17, 18.

Erigyius, iii. Alexander, ch. 10.

Eros, iv. Antonius, ch. 76.

Eryx, ii. Pyrrhus, ch. 22; Marius, ch. 40.

Eteokles, ii. Lysander, ch. 19.

Ethiopia, iv. Antonius, chs. 27, 61.

Etruria and Etrurians, or Etruscans, Tyrrhenia and Tyrrhenians (which are the Greek words), Tuscany and Tuscans, i. Romulus, chs. 2, 25; Poplicola, chs. 9, 13, 16, 18, 19 (the war with Porsena); Camillus, chs. 2, 12 (the war with Veii), 15, 16 (the original Tuscan territory), 19, 37, 33; Perikles, ch. 20; Fabius, chs. 2, 3; Æmilius, ch. 6 (the Tuscan Sea); ii. Marcellus, chs. 28, 29; Marius, chs. 11, 41; Sulla, ch. 7 (an Etruscan doctrine); iii. Pompeius, ch. 26 (the Tyrrhenian Sea), 27; iv. Tib. Gracchus, ch. 8; Cicero, chs. 10, 14, 15; Antonius, ch. 61.

Etymokles, iii. Agesilaus, ch. 25.

Eualkus, a Spartan, ii. Pyrrhus, ch. 30.

Euboea, i. Theseus, chs. 5, 35; Solon, ch. 9; Themistokles, chs. 7, 8; Perikles, chs. 7, 22, 23; Comparison, ch. 2; ii. Flamininus, ch. 10; Sulla, chs. 11, 23; iii. Phokion, chs. 12, 13; iv. Demosthenes, ch. 17; Aratus, ch. 12.

Eubulus, iii. Phokion, ch. 7.

Euchidas, ii. Aristeides. ch. 20.

Eudæmon, i. Coriolanus, ch. 11.

Eudæus or Eulæus, i. Æmilius, ch. 23.

Eudamidas I., king of Sparta, iv. Agis, ch. 3.

----, II., king of Sparta, iv. Agis, ch. 3.

----, a Spartan, iv. Agis, ch. 3.

Eudamus, Captain of the elephants, iii. Eumenes, ch. 16.

Eudemus of Cyprus, iv. Dion, ch. 22.

----, of Pergamus, iv. Tib. Gracchus, ch. 14.

Eudoxus, ii. Marcellus, ch. 14.

Euergetes, i. Coriolanus, ch. 11. See Ptolemæus.

Euius or Evius, a flute-player, iii. Eumenes, ch. 2.

Eukleia, ii. Aristeides, ch. 20.

Eukleidas, ii. Philopoemen, ch. 6; iv. Kleomenes, chs. 11, 28; Comparison, ch. 5.

----, a Spartan, iv. Artaxerxes, ch. 5.

Eukleides, archon at Athens B.C. 403, ii. Aristeides, ch. 1.

Eukleides or Eurykleidas, in power at Athens, iv. Aratus, ch. 41.

----, a Corinthian, i. Timoleon, ch. 13.

Euktus, i. Æmilius, ch. 23.

Eulæus, i. Æmilius, ch. 23.

Eumelus, i. Æmilius, ch. 23.

Eumenes of Kardia, iii. Life and Comparison with Sertorius; iii. Sertorius, ch. 21; iv. Antonius, ch. 60.

----, II., king of Pergamus, ii. Cato Major, ch. 8; Flamininus, ch. 21.

Eumolpus and Eumolpidæ, i. Alkibiades, chs. 22, 33, 34; ii. Sulla, ch. 13.

Euneos, i. Theseus, ch. 26.

Eunomus the Thriasian, iv. Demosthenes, ch. 6.

----, king of Sparta, i. Lykurgus, ch. 1.

Eunus, ii. Sulla, ch. 36.

Eupatrids, i. Theseus, ch. 25, 32; ii. Sulla, ch. 1.

Euphemides, i. Themistokles, ch. 26.

Euphorion, i. Solon, ch. 1.

Euphranor, iv. Aratus, ch. 6.

Euphrantides, i. Themistokles, ch. 13; ii. Aristeides, ch. 9.

Euphrates, ii. Sulla, ch. 5; Lucullus, chs. 21, 24, 36; iii. Crassus, ch. 17; Pompeius, chs. 32, 33, 76; Alexander, chs. 29, 31, 73; iv. Demetrius, ch. 7; Antonius, chs. 30, 61.

Euphronius, iv. Antonius, ch. 72.

Eupolemus, i. Timoleon, ch. 32.

Eupolia, daughter of Agesilaus, iii. Agesilaus, ch. 19.

----, daughter of Melesippides, wife of Archidamus, iii. Agesilaus, ch. 1.

Eupolis, i. Perikles, chs. 3, 24; Alkibiades, ch. 13; ii. Kimon, ch. 15; iii. Nikias, ch. 4.

Euripides, i. Theseus, chs. 3, 15, 29; Lykurgus, ch. 31; Comparison, ch. 3; Solon, ch. 22; Fabius, ch. 17; Alkibiades, chs. 1, 11; ii. Pelopidas, chs. 3, 29; Marcellus, ch. 21; Comparison, ch. 3; Pyrrhus, chs. 9, 14; Lysander, ch. 15; Sulla, ch. 4; Kimon, ch. 4; iii. Nikias, chs. 17, 29; Crassus, ch. 33; Comparison, ch. 4; Alexander, chs. 8, 10, 51, 53; Cato Minor, ch. 52; iv. Demosthenes, chs. 1, 7; Demetrius, chs. 14, 45; Comparison, ch. 3; Brutus, ch. 51.

Euripus, i. Lykurgus, ch. 1.

Europe, i. Themistokles, ch. 16; Camillus, ch. 15; Perikles, ch. 17; ii. Aristeides, ch. 9; Pyrrhus, ch. 12; iii. Pompeius, ch. 45; Alexander, ch. 9; compare iv. Brutus, ch. 36.

Eurotas, i. Lykurgus, chs. 11, 14; ii. Pelopidas, chs. 17, 24, 30; Comparison, ch. 2; iii. Agesilaus, chs. 19, 31, 34.

Eurydike, sister of Phila, wife of Ptolemæus I., iv. Demetrius, ch. 46.

----, wife of Demetrius, iv. Demetrius, chs. 14, 53.

Eurybiades, i. Themistokles, chs. 7, 11, 17; ii. Aristeides, ch. 8.

Eurykles, a Spartan, iv. Antonius, ch. 67.

----, a Syracusan, iii. Nikias, ch. 28.

Eurykleides, an Athenian, iv. Aratus, ch. 41.

----, iv. Kleomenes, ch. 8.

Eurylochus, iii. Alexander, ch. 41.

Eurymedon, an Athenian officer, iii. Nikias, chs. 20, 21.

----, river of Pamphylia, ii. Flamininus, ch. 11; Kimon, ch. 12.

Eurypon and Eurypontidæ, i. Lykurgus, ch. 2; ii. Lysander, chs. 24, 30; iii. Comparison of Agesilaus and Pompeius, ch. 2; iv. Agis, ch. 3.

Euryptolemus, kinsman of Perikles, i. Perikles, ch. 7; probably the same as Euryptolemus, son of Megakles, Kimon's wife's father, ii. Kimon, chs. 4, 16.

Euryptolemus, cousin of Alkibiades, i. Alkibiades, ch. 32.

Eurysakes, i. Solon, ch. 10; Alkibiades, ch. 1.

Eurysthenes, i. Lykurgus, ch. 1.

Eurytus, i. Theseus, ch. 8.

Euterpe, mother of Themistokles, i. Themistokles, ch. 1.

Euthippus, ii. Kimon, ch. 17.

Euthydemus, iii. Nikias, ch. 20.

Euthymus, a Leucadian, i. Timoleon, ch. 30.

----, an officer of Hiketes, i. Timoleon, ch. 32.

----, of Thespiæ, iii. Agesilaus, ch. 34.

Eutyches, ii. Sulla, ch. 34.

Eutychus, iv. Antonius, ch. 65.

Euxine Sea, or Pontus, i. Theseus, ch. 26; Perikles, ch. 20; ii. Marius, chs. 34, 45; Lucullus, ch. 4; iii. Pompeius, ch. 32; Alexander, ch. 44.

Evagoras, ii. Lysander, ch. 11.

Evalkus, ii. Pyrrhus, ch. 30.

Evander, the Arcadian, i. Romulus, chs. 13, 21.

----, a Cretan, i. Æmilius, ch. 23.

----, Hill of, near Messene, ii. Philopoemen, ch. 18.

Evangelus, servant of Perikles, i. Perikles, ch. 16.

----, a writer on tactics, ii. Philopoemen, ch. 4.

Evanthes, of Samos, i. Solon, ch. 11.

Evergetes, or Euergetes, i. Coriolanus, ch. 11.

Evius, or Euius, iii. Eumenes, ch. 2.

Exathres, iii. Alexander, ch. 43.

Exekestides, i. Solon, ch. 1.

Fabia, sister of Terentia, Cicero's wife, iii. Cato Minor, ch. 19.

Fabii, i. Camillus, chs. 17, 18, 19; Fabius, ch. 1; iii. Cæsar, ch. 15.

Fabius, son of Hercules, i. Fabius, ch. 1.

----, Pontifex Maximus, i. Camillus, ch. 21.

----, Ambustus, Q., i. Numa, ch. 12; Camillus, chs. 4, 17, 18.

Fabius Pictor, i. Romulus, chs, 3, 9, 14; Fabius, ch. 18.

----, Rullus Maximus, five times consul, last in B.C. 295, i. Fabius, ch. 1; iii. Pompeius, ch. 13.

----, Buteo, dictator, i. Fabius, ch. 9.

----, Maximus Verrucosus, i. Life and Comparison with Perikles; i. Perikles, ch. 2; Æmilius, ch. 5; ii. Marcellus, chs. 9, 21, 25; Cato Major, chs. 2, 3; iii. Comparison of Agesilaus and Pompeius, ch. 4.

----, Maximus, son of preceding, i. Fabius, ch. 24; Compare i. Æmilius, ch. 5; he is the father by adoption of the following.

----, Maximus, son of Æmilius Paulus, i. Æmilius, chs. 5, 15, 35, 73 ?.

----, Maximus Allobrogicus, iv. C. Gracchus, ch. 6.

----, Adrianus, lieutenant of Lucullus, ii. Lucullus, ch. 35.

----, Maximus, consul B.C. 45, iii. Cæsar, ch. 58.

----, Valeus, commanding for Vitellius, iv. Galba, chs. 10, 15, 22; Otho, chs. 5, 6, 7, 11, 13.

----, Fabulus, or Fabullus, murderer of Galba, iv. Galba, ch. 27.

Fabricius, Caius, consul, ii. Comparison of Aristeides and Cato, chs. 1, 4; Pyrrhus, chs. 18, 20, 21; iv. Galba, ch. 29.

Falerii and Falerians, i. Camillus, ch. 9; Fabius, ch. 2.

Faliscans, people of the district of Falerii, i. Camillus, chs. 2, 5, 9, 10; iv. C. Gracchus, ch. 3.

Fannia, ii. Marius, ch. 38.

Fannius, a historian, iv. Tib. Gracchus, ch. 4.

----, Caius, iv. C. Gracchus, chs. 8, 12.

Fausta, daughter of Sulla, ii. Sulla, ch. 34.

Faustulus, i. Romulus, chs. 3, 11.

Faustus, son of Sulla, ii. Sulla, ch. 34; iii. Pompeius, chs. 42, 47; Comparison, ch. 1; Cæsar, ch. 14; iv. Cicero, ch. 27; Brutus, ch. 9.

Favonius, Marcus, iii. Pompeius, chs. 57, 60, 73; Comparison, ch. 4; Cæsar, chs. 21, 33, 41; Cato Minor, chs. 32, 46; iv. Brutus, chs. 11, 34.

Felix, surname of Sulla, ii. Sulla, ch. 34.

Fenestella, ii. Sulla, ch. 28; iii. Crassus, ch. 5.

Ferentine Gate, or Grove, i. Romulus, ch. 24.

Fidenæ, and Fidenates, i. Romulus, chs. 17, 24, 25; Poplicola, ch. 22; Camillus, ch. 17.

Fidentia, ii. Sulla, ch. 27.

Fimbria, ii. Flamininus, ch. 21; Sulla, chs. 12, 23, 24, 25; Lucullus, chs. 3, 6, 34, 35; iii. Sertorius, ch. 23.

Firmani, ii. Cato Major, ch. 13.

Flaccus, Hordeonius, iv. Galba, chs. 10, 18, 22.

----, Valerius, consul B.C. 195, ii. Cato Major, chs. 3, 10, 16, 17.

----, Valerius, consul with Marius, afterwards killed by Fimbria, ii. Marius, ch. 28; Sulla, chs. 12, 23; Lucullus, ch. 7.

----, Q. Horatius, the poet, ii. Lucullus, ch. 39.

Flamen Quirinalis. See Quirinalis.

Flamininus, Lucius, ii. Cato Major, ch. 17; Flamininus, chs. 3, 18, 19.

----, Titus Quintius, ii. Life and Comparison with Philopoemen; i. Æmilius, ch. 8; ii. Cato Major, chs. 12, 19; Comparison, ch. 1; Philopoemen, chs. 2, 14-17; Sulla, ch. 12.

----, Caius, i. Fabius, chs. 2, 3; ii. Marcellus, chs. 4, 6.

Flaminian Circus, ii. Marcellus, ch. 27; Lucullus, ch. 37.

Flavius, tribune of the people, iii. Cæsar, ch. 61.

----, Sabinus, brother of Vespasian, iv. Otho, ch. 5.

----, commanding Brutus's engineers, iv. Brutus, ch. 51.

----, tribune of the soldiers, ii. Marcellus, ch. 26.

----, Gallus, iv. Antonius, ch. 43.

Flora, iii. Pompeius, chs. 2, 53.

Florus, Mestrius, iv. Otho, ch. 14.

Fonteius Capito, iv. Antonius, ch. 36.

----, killed in Germany, iv. Galba, ch. 15.

Fossæ Cluiliæ, i. Coriolanus, ch. 30.

Fox Hill, ii. Lysander, ch. 29.

Fregellæ and Fregellans, ii. Marcellus, ch. 29; Comparison, ch. 3; iv. C. Gracchus, ch. 3.

Frentani, ii. Pyrrhus, ch. 16.

Fufidius, or Afidius, ii. Sulla, ch. 31; iii. Sertorius, ch. 12; compare chs. 26, 27.

Fulcinia, mother of Marius, ii. Marius, ch. 3.

Fulvia, a noble lady, iv. Cicero, ch. 16.

----, wife of Antony, iv. Antonius, frequent.

Fulvian, Basilica, the, iii. Cæsar, ch. 29.

Fulvius, Quintus, consul and dictator, i. Comparison of Fabius and Perikles, ch. 2; ii. Marcellus, chs. 24, 25.

----, Cnæus, proconsul, ii. Marcellus, ch. 24.

----, Marcus Fulvius Flaccus, consul 125 B.C., iv. Tib. Gracchus, ch. 18, and probably ch. 21; Flavius Flaccus, ch. 18; C. Gracchus, chs. 10-18, where his son is also mentioned.

----, tribune of the people, ii. Flamininus, ch. 2.

Furii, i. Camillus, ch. 1.

Furius. See Camillus.

----, Lucius, colleague with Camillus, ch. 37.

Furius, consul with Flamininus, ii. Marcellus, ch. 4.

----, an officer in the Servile war, iii. Crassus, ch. 9.

Furnius, iv. Antonius, ch. 58.

Fusco, meaning of, i. Coriolanus, ch. 11.

Gabiene, iii. Eumenes, ch. 15.

Gabii, i. Romulus, ch. 5; Camillus, ch. 29.

Gabinius, Aulus, consul B.C. 58, iii. Pompeius, chs. 25, 27, 48; Cato Minor, ch. 33; iv. Cicero, chs. 30, 31; Antonius, chs. 3, 7.

----, an officer of Sulla, ii. Sulla, chs. 16, 17.

Gades, or Cadiz, iii. Sertorius, ch. 8.

Gæsatæ, ii. Marcellus, chs. 3, 6, 7.

Gæsylus, iv. Dion, ch. 49.

Gaius, iii. Pompeius, ch. 42.

Galate, or Akrourium, a mountain in Phokis, iii. Phokion, ch. 33.

Galatia, ii. Marius, ch. 31; Lucullus, chs. 14, 33; iii. Crassus, ch. 17; Pompeius, chs. 30, 31, 33; Cato Minor, ch. 15; iv. Antonius, ch. 61.

Galba, Servius, serving under Æmilius Paulus, afterwards consul, ii. Æmilius, chs. 30, 31; Cato Major, ch. 15; Comparison, ch. 1.

----, lieutenant of Sulla, i. Sulla, ch. 17.

----, Caius, Sulpicius, prætor, iv. Cicero, ch. 19.

----, an officer under Cæsar, iii. Cæsar, ch. 51.

----, Sulpicius, grandfather of the emperor, cited as a historian, i. Romulus, ch. 17.

----, Sulpicius, the emperor, iv. Life; Otho, chs. 1, 6.

Galepsus, i. Æmilius, ch. 23.

Gallus, Annius, general of Otho, iv. Otho, chs. 5. 7, 8, 13.

----, friend of Augustus, iv. Antonius, ch. 79.

----, Flavius, lieutenant of Antonius, iv. Antonius, ch. 42.

Gallus, Q. Considius, iii. Cæsar, ch. 14.

Gandaritans, iii. Alexander, ch. 62.

Ganges, iii. Alexander, ch. 62.

Gargettus, i. Theseus, chs. 13, 35.

Gaugamela, where the battle of Arbela was fought, iii. Alexander, ch. 31.

Gaul and the Gauls. Capture of Rome by the Gauls, i. Camillus, chs. 15-20, 22, 23, 25-29, 40, 41, and compare Romulus, chs. 17, 22, 29; Numa, chs. 1, 12; Fabius, ch. 17. The war before the second Punic war, ii. Marcellus, chs. 3-8, and the Comparison, and compare i. Romulus, ch. 16; Fabius, ch. 2. The war with the Cimbri in Gaul, ii. Marius, chs. 11-27, and compare iii. Sertorius, ch. 3. Cæsar's campaigns in Gaul, iii. Cæsar, ch. 15, and after; and compare iii. Crassus, chs. 14, 16, and the Comparison, ch. 4; Pompeius, chs. 48, 51, 52, 57, 59, 64, 66, 67; Cato Minor, chs. 33, 45, 49, 51; iv. Cicero, ch. 30; Antonius, ch. 5. The Gauls in Greece, ii. Pyrrhus, chs. 22, 26, 28, 30, and compare ii. Kimon, ch. 1; Comparison of Agis and Kleomenes and the Gracchi, ch. 2; Aratus, ch. 38. Gauls near the Danube, i. Æmilius, chs. 9, 11. Gallic horse, ii. Lucullus, ch. 28; iii. Crassus, chs. 17, 25; iv. Antonius, chs. 37, 41; and compare Pompeius, ch. 7. Gauls in the Servile War, iii. Crassus, chs. 8, 9; the revolt of Gaul, iv. Galba, chs. 4, 6, 10, 11, 18, 22; Otho, chs. 6, 7. Also i. Solon, ch. 2; Æmilius, ch. 6; iv. C. Gracchus, ch. 15; iii. Pompeius, ch. 8; iv. Cicero, chs. 10, 12, 18; Antonius, chs. 18, 61. Ravenna in Gaul, ii. Marius, ch. 2. Transalpine, ii. Marius, ch. 11; iii. Pompeius, ch. 48; Cæsar, ch. 14. Cisalpine Gaul, or Gaul on the Po, ii. Lucullus, ch. 5; iii. Crassus, ch. 9; Sertorius, ch. 4; Pompeius, chs. 16, 48; Cæsar, chs. 14, 21, 25, 31, 32; iv. Cicero, ch. 10; Brutus, chs. 6, 19; Comparison, ch. 5. Gallia Narbonensis, iii. Sertorius, ch. 12. The Gallic dress, iv. Otho, ch. 6.

Gaza, iii. Alexander, ch. 25; iv. Demetrius, ch. 5.

Gedrosia, iii. Alexander, ch. 67.

Gegania, a vestal, i. Numa, ch. 10.

----, mother-in-law of Thalæa, i. Comparison of Lykurgus and Numa, ch. 3.

Gela, i. Timoleon, ch. 35; ii. Kimon, ch. 8; iv. Dion, ch. 26.

Gelæ, iii. Pompeius, ch. 35.

Gelanor, ii. Pyrrhus, ch. 32.

Geleontes, Attic tribe, i. Solon, ch. 23.

Gellianus, sent by Nymphidius into Spain, iv. Galba, chs. 9, 13.

Gellius, Lucius Gellius Poplicola, consul B.C. 72, iii. Crassus, ch. 9; Pompeius, ch. 22; Cato Minor, ch. 8; iv. Cicero, ch. 26.

----, Marcus, senator, iv. Cicero, ch. 27.

Gelon, an Epirot, ii. Pyrrhus, ch. 5.

----, i. Coriolanus, ch. 16; Timoleon, ch. 23; iv. Dion, ch. 5.

Geminius, companion of Pompeius, iii. Pompeius, chs. 2, 16.

----, companion of Antonius, iv. Antonius, ch. 59.

----, of Terracina, ii. Marius, ch. 38.

Genthius, i. Æmilius, chs. 9, 13.

Genucius, iv. C. Gracchus, ch. 3.

Geradas, i. Lykurgus, ch. 14.

Geræstus, iii. Agesilaus, ch. 6.

Gerandas, ii. Pelopidas, ch. 25.

Geranea, iv. Kleomenes, ch. 20; Aratus, ch. 31.

Gergithus, iii. Phokion, ch. 18.

Germanicus, son of Drusus, iv. Antonius, ch. 87.

----, surname of Nero, iv. Antonius, ch. 87; of Vitellius, iv. Galba, ch. 22.

Germanus. See Cermalus.

Germany and the Germans, i. Æmilius, ch. 25; ii. Marius, ch. 11; iii. Crassus, ch. 9; Comparison of Crassus and Nikias, ch. 4; Pompeius, ch. 67; Cæsar, chs. 18, 19, 22, 23, 58; Cato Minor, ch. 51; iv. Galba, chs. 3, 6, 13, 15, 18, 22, 23; Otho, chs. 10, 12, 18.

Getæ, iv. Antonius, ch. 63.

Gigis, iv. Artaxerxes, ch. 19.

Gisco, a Carthaginian commander, i. Timoleon, ch. 30.

----, with Hannibal at Cannæ, i. Fabius, ch. 15.

Glabrio, Manius Acilius, consul B.C. 191, ii. Cato Major, chs. 12, 14; Philopoemen, chs. 17, 21; Flamininus, ch. 15; Sulla, ch. 12.

----, Manius, ii. Sulla, ch. 33; iii. Pompeius, ch. 30; compare ch. 25.

Glaucia, ii. Marius, ch. 28; Comparison of Lysander and Sulla, ch. 1.

Glaucus, Pontius, poem by Cicero, iv. Cicero, ch. 2.

Glaukias, ii. Pyrrhus, ch. 3.

Glaukippus, son of Hypereides, iii. Phokion, ch. 4.

Glaukus, a physician, iii. Alexander, ch. 72.

----, in the Trojan war, iv. Dion, ch. 1.

Glykon, an Athenian, i. Perikles, ch. 31.

Gnathaina, i. Æmilius, ch. 8; iv. Aratus, ch. 54.

Gnossus, in Crete, i. Theseus, ch. 19.

Goats' Island, i. Perikles, ch. 25.

----, Marsh, i. Romulus, chs. 27, 29.

----, rivers, ii. Lysander, chs. 9-12.

Gobryas, a Persian, ii. Kimon, ch. 12.

Gomphi, iii. Cæsar, ch. 41.

Gonatas. See Antigonus.

Gongylus, a Corinthian, iii. Nikias, ch. 19.

Gordian Knot, iii. Alexander, ch. 18.

Gordius, a Cappadocian, ii. Sulla, ch. 5.

Gordyene, ii. Lucullus, chs. 11, 26, 29, 30; iii. Alexander, ch. 31.

Gorgias, of Leontini, ii. Kimon, ch. 10.

----, a rhetorician, iv. Cicero, ch. 24.

----, a general of Eumenes, iii. Eumenes, ch. 7.

Gorgidas, a Theban, ii. Pelopidas, chs. 12, 13, 19.

Gorgo, wife of Leonidas, i. Lykurgus, ch. 12.

Gorgoleon, ii. Pelopidas, ch. 17.

Gorgus, i. Timoleon, ch. 35.

Gortyna, ii. Philopoemen, ch. 13; Pyrrhus, ch. 27.

Gouras, ii. Lucullus, ch. 32.

Gracchi, the, iv. Tib. Gracchus, chs. 4, 8; C. Gracchus, chs. 4, 18.

----, Tib. Sempronius, the father of the Gracchi, ii. Marcellus, ch. 5; Cato Major, ch. 12; iv. Tib. Gracchus, chs. 1, 4, 17.

----, Tiberius, iv. Life and Comparison with Agis and Kleomenes; Agis, ch. 2; C. Gracchus, chs. 1, 14, 15.

----, Caius, iv. Life and Comparison with Agis and Kleomenes; Agis, ch. 2; Tib. Gracchus, chs. 2, 13, and after.

Græcinus, a friend of Sertorius, iii. Sertorius, ch. 26.

Granikus, i. Camillus, ch. 19; iii. Alexander, ch. 16.

Granius, step-son of Marius, ii. Marius, chs. 35, 37.

----, Petro, iii. Cæsar, ch. 16.

Grypus, a surname, i. Coriolanus, ch. 11; ii. Marius, ch. 1.

Gyarta, iv. Dion, ch. 37.

Gylippus, i. Lykurgus, ch. 29; Perikles, ch. 22; Alkibiades, ch. 23; Comparison of Æmilius and Timoleon, ch. 2; ii. Lysander, ch. 16; iii. Nikias, chs. 18-21, 26-28; iv. Dion, ch. 49.

----, father of Agiatis, iv. Kleomenes, ch. i.

Gylon, grandfather of Demosthenes, iv. Demosthenes, ch. 4.

Gymnosophists, i. Lykurgus, ch. 4; iii. Alexander, chs. 64, 65.

Gyrisoeni, iii. Sertorius, ch. 3.

Gythium, ii. Philopoemen, ch. 14; iv. Kleomenes, ch. 29.

Hæmon, rivulet in Boeotia, i. Theseus, ch. 27; iv. Demosthenes, ch. 19.

Hæmus, mountain in Thrace, iii. Alexander, ch. 2.

Hagnon of Teos, iii. Alexander, chs. 22, 40, 55.

----, an Athenian, i. Perikles, ch. 32; perhaps the same as the father of Theramenes, ii. Lysander, ch. 14; iii. Nikias, ch. 2.

Hagnonides, iii. Phokion, chs. 29, 33-35, 38.

Hagnothemis, iii. Alexander, ch. 77.

Hagnus or Agnus, Attic township, i. Theseus, ch. 13.

Halæ, burial place of Timon, iv. Antonius, ch. 70.

Halææ, in Boeotia, ii. Sulla, ch. 26.

Haliartus, ii. Lysander, chs. 28, 29; Comparison, ch. 9.

Halikarnassus, i. Themistokles, ch. 1; iii. Alexander, ch. 17; iv. Demetrius, ch. 7.

Halimus, Attic township, ii. Kimon, ch. 4.

Halkyoneus, ii. Pyrrhus, ch. 34.

Halonesus, iv. Demosthenes, ch. 9.

Halykus, river in Sicily. See Lykus.

Hamilcar, a Carthaginian, i. Timoleon, ch. 25.

----, surnamed Barca, i. Fabius, ch. 17; ii. Cato Major, ch. 8.

Hannibal, i. Romulus, ch. 22; Perikles, ch. 2; Fabius, chs. 2, 3, 5, and after; Æmilius, ch. 7; ii. Pelopidas, ch. 2; Marcellus, chs. 1, 9, 10, and after, 24, 25, and after; Comparison, chs. 1, 2, 3; Cato Major, chs. 1, 12; Comparison, ch. 5; Flamininus, chs. 9, 13, 20, 21; Pyrrhus, ch. 8; Lucullus, ch. 31; iii. Sertorius, chs. 1, 33; Agesilaus, ch. 15; iv. Tib. Gracchus, ch. 1; Otho, ch. 15.

Hanno, i. Timoleon, ch. 19.

Harpalus, a commander of light troops, i. Æmilius, ch. 15.

----, Alexander's lieutenant, iii. Alexander, chs. 8, 10, 35, 41; Phokion, chs. 21, 22; iv. Demosthenes, ch. 25; Comparison, ch. 3.

Hasdrubal, a Carthaginian, i. Timoleon, ch. 25.

----, brother of Hannibal, ii. Flamininus, ch. 3.

Hebrews, iv. Antonius, ch. 27.

Hedylium, ii. Sulla, ch. 16.

Hekalus, Hekaline, or Hekale, i. Theseus, ch. 14.

Hekatæus, despot of Kardia, iii. Eumenes, ch. 3.

----, the Sophist, of Miletus, i. Lykurgus, ch. 19.

----, of Eretria (perhaps of Abdera), a writer, iii. Alexander, ch. 46.

Hekatompedon, a name for the Parthenon, i. Perikles, ch. 13; ii. Cato Major, ch. 5, where it is translated Parthenon; a place in Syracuse, iv. Dion, ch. 45.

Hektor, i. Theseus, ch. 34; iii. Pompeius, ch. 29; iv. Brutus, ch. 23; Aratus, ch. 3.

Hegemon, an Athenian, iii. Phokion, chs. 33, 35.

Hegesias, a writer, iii. Alexander, ch. 3.

Hegesipyle, daughter of Olorus, mother of Kimon, ii. Kimon, ch. 4.

Hegesistratus, i. Solon, ch. 31.

Helen, i. Theseus, chs. 29, 31, 32, 34; Comparison, ch. 6; Solon, ch. 4; iv. Antonius, ch. 6; Galba, ch. 19.

Helenus, son of Pyrrhus, ii. Pyrrhus, chs. 9, 32, 33, 34.

Helikon, the mountain, ii. Lysander, ch. 29; iii. Agesilaus, ch. 18.

----, an artist, iii. Alexander, ch. 32.

----, of Kyzikus, iv. Dion, ch. 19.

Helikus, perhaps Helisson in Arcadia, iv. Kleomenes, ch. 23.

Heliopolis, in Egypt, i. Solon, ch. 26.

Helius, Nero's favourite, iv. Galba, ch. 17.

Hellanikus of Mitylene, i. Theseus, chs. 17, 25, 26, 27, 31; Alkibiades, ch. 21.

----, a Sicilian, iv. Dion, ch. 42.

Hellespont, i. Themistokles, ch. 16; Perikles, ch. 17; Alkibiades, chs. 26, 27, 28, 30; ii. Aristeides, ch. 9, 10; Lysander, chs. 9, 20, 24; Sulla, ch. 23; Lucullus, ch. 12; iii. Agesilaus, chs. 8, 16; Alexander, chs. 15, 16; Phokion, ch. 14.

Helvetians, iii. Cæsar, ch. 18.

Helvia, mother of Cicero, iv. Cicero, ch. 1.

Helvidius Priscus, iv. Galba, ch. 28.

Hemathion, i. Romulus, ch. 2.

Henioche, i. Theseus, ch. 25.

Hephæstion, ii. Pelopidas, ch. 34; iii. Eumenes, chs. 1, 2; Alexander, chs. 28, 39, 41, 47, 49, 54, 55, 72, 74.

Hephæus, mountain, perhaps Tifata, ii. Sulla, ch. 27.

Heptachalkum, at Athens, ii. Sulla, ch. 14.

Heræa, in Arcadia, ii. Lysander, ch. 22; iv. Kleomenes, ch. 7.

Heræum, temple of Hera on a promontory near Corinth, iii. Agesilaus, ch. 22; iv. Kleomenes, ch. 20.

Heraklea, in Bithynia, ii. Kimon, ch. 6; Lucullus, ch. 13.

----, in Italy, ii. Pyrrhus, ch. 16.

----, in Thessaly, ii. Flamininus, ch. 15; iv. Demetrius, ch. 23.

Herakleides, of Cuma, iv. Artaxerxes, ch. 23.

----, of Pontus, i. Solon, chs. 1, 22, 31; Themistokles, ch. 27; Camillus, ch. 22; Perikles, chs. 27, 35; iii. Alexander, ch. 26.

----, a Syracusan, iii. Nikias, ch. 24.

----, a Syracusan, iv. Dion, chs. 12, 32, 33, 37, 38, 45, 47, 48, 49, 53.

Herakleum, at Patræ, iv. Antonius, ch. 60.

Herakleitus, i. Romulus, ch. 28; Camillus, ch. 19; Coriolanus, ch. 38.

Herakles, or Hercules, frequent. See especially i. Life of Theseus. Pillars of Herakles or Hercules, i. Timoleon, ch. 20; iii. Nikias, ch. 12; Pompeius, ch. 25; Alexander, ch. 68; iv. Aratus, ch. 14.

----, son of Alexander and Barsine, iii. Eumenes, ch. 1.

Hercynian, forest, ii. Marius, ch. 11.

Hereas of Megara, i. Theseus, chs. 20, 32; Solon, ch. 10.

Herennius, lieutenant of Sertorius, iii. Pompeius, ch. 18.

----, Caius, and the family of the Herennii, ii. Marius, ch. 5.

----, a centurion, iv. Cicero, ch. 48.

Herippidas, a Spartan, ii. Pelopidas, ch. 13; iii. Agesilaus, ch. 11.

Hermæus, ii. Lucullus, ch. 17.

Hermagoras, iii. Pompeius, ch. 42.

Herminius, i. Poplicola, ch. 16.

Hermione, daughter of Menelaus and Helen, i. Comparison of Lykurgus and Numa, ch. 3.

----, a town in Argolis, and Hermionians, i. Themistokles, ch. 5; iii. Pompeius, ch. 24; Alexander, ch. 36; iv. Kleomenes, ch. 19; Aratus, ch. 34.

Hermippus, philosopher and historian, i. Lykurgus, chs. 5, 22; Solon, chs. 2, 6, 11; iii. Alexander, ch. 54; iv. Demosthenes, chs. 11, 28, 30.

----, a comic poet, i. Perikles, chs. 32, 33.

Hermokrates, a Syracusan, iii. Nikias, chs. 1, 16, 28; iv. Dion, ch. 3.

Hermolaus, iii. Alexander, ch. 55.

Hermon, an Athenian, i. Alkibiades, ch. 25.

----, a Syracusan, iii. Nikias, ch. 1.

Hermotimus, i. Perikles, ch. 24.

Hermus, an Athenian, i. Theseus, ch. 26.

Hermes, precincts of, in Attica, said to be alluded to in i. Theseus, chs. 10, 11; and iii. Phokion, ch. 22.

Hero, first cousin of Aristotle, iii. Alexander, ch. 55.

Herodes, king of Judæa, iv. Antonius, chs. 61, 71, 72.

----, friend of Cicero, iv. Cicero, ch. 24.

Herodorus of Pontus, i. Theseus, chs. 26, 29, 30; Romulus, ch. 9.

Herodotus, a Bithynian, i. Numa, ch. 4.

----, of Halikarnassus, the historian, i. Themistokles, chs. 7, 17, 21; ii. Aristeides, chs. 16, 19; Comparison, ch. 2.

Herophytus of Samos, ii. Kimon, ch. 9.

Herostratus, iv. Brutus, ch. 24.

Hersilia, i. Romulus, chs. 14, 18, 19; Comparison, ch. 6.

Hesiod, i. Theseus, chs. 3, 16, 20; Numa, ch. 4; Solon, ch. 2; Camillus, ch. 19; ii. Comparison of Aristeides and Cato, ch. 3; iv. Galba, ch. 16.

Hestiæa, i. Themistokles, ch. 8; Perikles, ch. 23.

Hesychia, priestess at Klazomenæ, iii. Nikias, ch. 13.

Hexapylon, gate at Syracuse, ii. Marcellus, ch. 19.

Hidrieus. See Idrieus.

Hiempsal, king of Numidia, ii. Marius, ch. 40; iii. Pompeius, ch. 12.

Hieræ. See Hietæ.

Hierapolis, in Syria, iii. Crassus, ch. 17; iv. Antonius, ch. 37.

Hiero, a soothsayer, iii. Nikias, ch. 5.

----, despot of Syracuse, i. Themistokles, ch. 24; ii. Marcellus, chs. 8, 14.

Hieronymus of Kardia, a historian, ii. Pyrrhus, chs. 17, 21, 27; iii. Eumenes, ch. 12; iv. Demetrius, ch. 39.

Hieronymus of Carrhæ, iii. Crassus, ch. 25.

----, of Rhodes, a writer, ii. Aristeides, ch. 27; iii. Agesilaus, ch. 13.

----, despot of Syracuse, ii. Marcellus, ch. 13.

Hietæ, i. Timoleon, ch. 30.

Hiketes, despot of Leontini, i. Timoleon, chs. 7, 8, 9, and after to ch. 33.

----, a Syracusan, iv. Dion, ch. 58.

Himera and Himeræans, i. Timoleon, ch. 23; iii. Pompeius ch. 10.

Himeræus, brother of Demetrius Phalereus, iv. Demosthenes, ch. 28.

Hipparchus, the father of Asklepiades, iii. Phokion, ch. 22.

----, of Cholargus, iii. Nikias, ch. 11.

----, Antonius's freedman, iv. Antonius, chs. 67, 73.

----, a Spartan, i. Lykurgus, chs. 4, 31.

Hipparete, i. Alkibiades, ch. 8.

Hipparinus, father of Dion, iv. Dion, ch. 3.

----, son of Dion, iv. Dion, ch. 31.

Hippias, an Epirot, ii. Pyrrhus, ch. 2.

----, a comedian, iv. Antonius, ch. 9.

----, of Elis, the sophist, i. Lykurgus, ch. 22; Numa, ch. 1.

Hippitas, iv. Kleomenes, ch. 37.

Hippo, despot of Messina, i. Timoleon, chs. 34, 37.

----, a Syracusan, iv. Dion, ch. 37.

Hippodameia, wife of Pelops, i. Theseus, ch. 7.

Hippokles, father of Pelopidas, ii. Pelopidas, ch. 3.

Hippokoon, i. Theseus, ch. 31.

Hippokrates, an Athenian general, iii. Nikias, ch. 6.

----, the mathematician, i. Solon, ch. 2.

----, the physician, ii. Cato Major, ch. 23.

----, the father of Peisiatratus, i. Solon, ch. 30.

----, a Spartan, i. Alkibiades, ch. 30.

----, commander in Syracuse, ii. Marcellus, chs. 14, 18.

Hippolyte, the Amazon, i. Theseus, ch. 27.

Hippolytus, son of Theseus, i. Theseus, chs. 3, 28; Numa, ch. 4.

Hippomachus, the wrestling-master, iv. Dion, ch. 1.

Hippomedon, a Spartan, iv. Agis, ch. 3.

Hipponikus, a friend of Solon, i. Solon, ch. 15.

----, the father of Kallias, i. Perikles, ch. 24; Alkibiades ch. 8.

Hipponium, Hippo, or Vibo, in Lucania, iv. Cicero, ch. 32.

Hipposthenidas, ii. Pelopidas, ch. 8.

Hirtius, consul with Pansa, B.C. 43, i. Æmilius, ch. 38; iv. Cicero, chs. 43, 45; Antonius, ch. 17.

Homer, i. Theseus, chs. 5, 16, 20, 25, 34; Lykurgus, chs. 1, 4; Solon, chs. 10, 25, 30; Fabius, ch. 19; Alkibiades, ch. 7; Coriolanus, ch. 32; Timoleon, ch. 36; Æmilius, chs. 28, 34; ii. Pelopidas, chs. 1, 18; Marcellus, ch. 1; Cato Major, ch. 27; Comparison of Aristeides and Cato, ch. 3; Philopoemen, chs. 1, 4, 9; Pyrrhus, ch. 22; Marius ch. 11; Kimon, ch. 7; iii. Nikias, ch. 9; Sertorius, ch. 8; Agesilaus, ch. 5; Alexander, ch. 26; Phokion, ch. 17; iv. Kleomenes, ch. 9; Tib. Gracchus, ch. 21; Demetrius, ch. 42; Antonius, ch. 25; Brutus, ch. 34; Galba, ch. 19. Quotations without the name, i. Theseus, ch. 2; Coriolanus, ch. 22; Timoleon, ch. 1; ii. Pyrrhus, chs. 13, 29; iii. Nikias, ch. 5; Pompeius, chs. 29, 72; Alexander, chs. 28, 54; iv. Kleomenes, ch. 34; Demosthenes, ch. 12; Dion, ch. 18; Brutus, chs. 23, 24.

Homoloichus of Chæronea, ii. Sulla, chs. 17, 19.

Honoratus, Antonius, iv. Galba ch. 14.

Hoplacus, ii. Pyrrhus, ch. 16.

Hoplias, river in Boeotia, ii. Lysander, ch. 29.

Hoplites, river, at Haliartus, ii. Lysander, ch. 29.

Horatius, the poet, under the name of Flaccus, ii. Lucullus, ch. 39.

----, Marcus, consul, i. Poplicola, chs. 13, 14, 15.

----, Cocles, i. Poplicola, ch. 16.

Horcomosium, at Athens, i. Theseus, ch. 27.

Hordeonius Flaccus, commanding in Germany, iv. Galba, chs. 10, 18, 22.

Hortensius, lieutenant of Sulla, ii. Sulla, chs. 15, 16, 17, 19.

----, Quintus, the orator, ii. Sulla, ch. 35; Lucullus, ch. 1; iii. Cato Minor, chs. 25, 52; Cicero, chs. 7, 35.

----, son of the orator, iii. Cæsar, ch. 32; iv. Antonius, ch. 22; Brutus, chs. 25, 28.

Hostilius, grandfather of Tullus the king, i. Romulus, chs. 14, 18.

----, Tullus, king of Rome, i. Romulus, ch. 18; Numa, chs. 21, 22; Coriolanus, ch. 1.

----, a Roman general, i. Æmilius, ch. 9.

----, Lucius, i. Romulus, ch. 22.

Hyacinthia, Spartan festival, ii. Aristeides, ch. 10.

Hyacinthus, son of Amyklas, i. Numa, ch. 4.

Hybla, a fortress in Sicily, iii. Nikias, ch. 15.

Hybreas, an orator, iv. Antonius, ch. 24.

Hydaspes, iii. Alexander, chs. 60, 61.

Hydrum, perhaps a false reading for Cyprus, ii. Kimon, ch. 13.

Hykkara, in Sicily, i. Alkibiades ch. 39; iii. Nikias, ch. 15.

Hyllus, son of Herakles, ii. Pyrrhus, ch. 1.

Hymen, i. Romulus, ch. 15.

Hypates, a Theban, ii. Pelopidas, ch. 11.

Hyperbates, iv. Kleomenes, ch. 14.

Hyperbolus, i. Alkibiades, ch. 13; ii. Aristeides, ch. 7; iii. Nikias, ch. 11; Comparison, ch. 2.

Hyperboreans, i. Camillus, ch. 22.

Hypereides, Athenian orator, iii. Phokion, chs. 4, 7, 10, 17, 23, 26, 27, 29; iv. Demosthenes, chs. 12, 13, 28.

Hypsæus, iii. Pompeius, ch. 55; Cato Minor, ch. 47.

Hypsichidas, i. Solon, ch. 10.

Hypsikratia, iii. Pompeius, ch. 32.

Hypsion, a hero, ii. Aristeides, ch. 11.

Hyrkania, ii. Lucullus, ch. 36; iii. Crassus, ch. 21; Comparison, ch. 4; Pompeius, chs. 34, 35, 36, 38; Alexander, chs. 44, 47; Cæsar, ch. 58.

Hyrodes, king of Parthia, iii. Crassus, chs. 18, 22, 31, 33; iv. Antonius, ch. 37.

Iacchus, i. Themistokles ch. 15; Camillus, ch. 19; Alkibiades, ch. 34; iii. Phokion, ch. 28.

Iaccheum, the, ii. Aristeides, ch. 27.

Ialysus, founder of Ialysus in Rhodes, iv. Demetrius, ch. 22. The town is mentioned as the birthplace of Timokreon, i. Themistokles, ch. 21.

Iapyia, i. Theseus, ch. 16; ii. Pyrrhus, ch. 25; iv. Dion, ch. 25.

Iarbas, iii. Pompeius, ch. 12.

Iber, or Ebro, iii. Sertorius, ch. 16.

Iberians of Spain. See Spain.

----, a people of Asia, ii. Lucullus, chs. 26, 31; iii. Pompeius, chs. 34, 44; iv. Antonius, ch. 34.

Ibykus, i. Comparison of Lykurgus and Numa, ch. 3.

Icelus, Marcianus, iv. Galba, chs. 7, 20.

Ichnæ, iii. Crassus, ch. 25.

Ida, mountain, i. Numa, ch. 15; iii. Eumenes, ch. 8.

Idæus, iii. Agesilaus, ch. 13.

Idas, brother of Lynkeus, i. Theseus, ch. 31.

Idomeneus, the historian, i. Perikles, chs. 10, 35; ii. Aristeides, chs. 1, 4, 10; iii. Phokion, ch. 4; iv. Demosthenes, chs. 15, 23.

Idrilus, or Hidrilus, prince of Caria, iii. Agesilaus, ch. 13.

Ignatius, or Egnatius, iii. Crassus, ch. 27.

Iktinus, i. Perikles, ch. 13.

Ilia, daughter of Numitor, i. Romulus, chs. 3, 8.

----, wife of Sulla, ii. Sulla, ch. 6.

Ilicium, i. Numa, ch. 15.

Ilium and Ilians, ii. Lucullus, chs. 10, 12. See also Troy and Trojans.

Illyria and Illyrians, i. Æmilius, chs. 9, 12, 31; ii. Philopoemen, ch. 6; Pyrrhus, chs. 3, 9, 34 (an Illyrian sword); iii. Pompeius, chs. 48, 59; Alexander, chs. 3, 9, 11; Cæsar, chs. 14, 31; Cato Minor, ch. 33; iv. Kleomenes, chs. 10, 27, 28; Comparison, ch. 2; Demetrius, ch. 53; Antonius, chs. 56, 61; Illyrian soldiers, iv. Aratus, ch. 38; Illyrian legion, iv. Galba, ch. 25.

Imbros, iii. Phokion, ch. 18.

India and Indians, iii. Alexander, chs. 13, 55, 57, 59, 62-66, 69; compare Eumenes, ch. 1. Other historical passages are iv. Demetrius, chs. 7, 32. See also i. Lykurgus, ch. 4; Æmilius, ch. 12; iii. Crassus, ch. 16; Comparison, chs. 2, 4; Pompeius, ch. 70; iv. Antonius, chs. 37, 81. Indian kings, iv. Comparison of Dion and Brutus, ch. 4.

Indus, river, iii. Alexander, ch. 66.

Ino, daughter of Kadmus, i. Camillus, ch. 5.

Inora, castle of Mithridates, iii. Pompeius, ch. 32.

Insteius, Marcus, iv. Antonius, ch. 65.

Insubrian Gauls, ii. Marcellus, chs, 3, 4, 6.

Iolaus, son of Antipater, iii. Alexander, chs. 74, 77.

Iolaus, companion of Herakles, ii. Pelopidas, ch. 18.

Iolkus, iv. Demetrius, ch. 53.

Ion of Chios, poet and historian, i. Theseus, ch. 20; Perikles, chs. 5, 28; Comparison of Alkibiades and Coriolanus, ch. 2, where Sintenis reads Dion; ii. Kimon, chs. 5, 9, 16; iv. Demosthenes, ch. 3.

----, a Macedonian, i. Æmilius, ch. 26.

----, son of Xuthus, i. Solon, ch. 23.

Ionia and Ionians, i. Themistokles, chs. 9, 26; Perikles, chs. 17, 24, 28; Alkibiades, chs. 23, 24, and after; ii. Aristeides, ch. 26; Lysander, ch. 23; Kimon, chs. 12, 14; iv. Demosthenes, ch. 24; Antonius, ch. 30; Brutus, ch. 32.

----, and Peloponnesus, i. Theseus, ch. 25. Ionian Salamis, i. Solon, ch. 10.

----, women, i. Themistokles, ch. 26; Perikles, ch. 23; Alkibiades, ch. 36; ii. Lucullus, ch. 18; Crassus, ch. 32; Phokion, ch. 19; iv. Artaxerxes, chs. 26, 27; Ionian luxury, i. Lykurgus, ch. 4.

----, sea, i. Æmilius, ch. 36; ii. Pyrrhus, ch. 15 (in the Greek text); Sulla, ch. 20; iii. Cæsar, ch. 37; Antonius, chs. 7, 30, 61, 62.

Iope, daughter of Iphikles, i. Theseus, ch. 29.

Iophon, son of Peisistratus, ii. Cato Major, ch. 24.

Ios, an island, iii. Sertorius, ch. 1.

Ioxus and Ioxids, descended from Theseus, i. Theseus, ch. 8.

Iphikles, i. Theseus, ch. 29.

Iphikrates, ii. Pelopidas, ch. 2; iii. Agesilaus, ch. 22; iv. Artaxerxes, ch. 24; Galba, ch. 1.

Iphitus, i. Theseus, ch. 6; Lykurgus, chs. 1, 22.

Ipsus, ii. Pyrrhus, ch. 4; iv. Demetrius, ch. 33.

Iptha, iii. Sertorius, ch. 9.

Iras, Cleopatra's maid, iv. Antonius, chs. 65, 85.

Irtius, A. Hirtius, consul B.C. 43, iv. Cicero, ch. 43.

Isæus, iv. Demosthenes, ch. 5.

Isauricus, P. Servilius Vatia, consul B.C. 79, ii. Sulla, ch. 28; iii. Pompeius, ch. 14; Cæsar, ch. 7.

----, Servilius, son of the preceding, iii. Cæsar, ch. 37.

Isias, a Corinthian, i. Timoleon, ch. 21.

----, son of Phoebidas, iii. Agesilaus, ch. 34.

Isidorus, ii. Lucullus, ch. 12.

Isis, iv. Antonius, chs. 54, 74.

Ismenias, a Theban, ii. Pelopidas, ch. 5.

----, a Theban (son of the preceding?), ii. Pelopidas, chs. 27, 29; iv. Artaxerxes, ch. 22.

----, a flute-player, i. Perikles, ch. 1; iv. Demetrius, ch. 1.

Ismenus, river in Boeotia, iv. Demetrius, ch. 45.

Isodike, wife of Kimon, ii. Kimon, chs. 4, 16.

Isokrates the orator, i. Alkibiades, ch. 12; ii. Cato Major, ch. 23; iv. Demosthenes, ch. 5; Comparison, ch. 2.

Isomantus, river in Boeotia, ii. Lysander, ch. 29.

Issorium, iii. Agesilaus, ch. 32.

Issus, iii. Alexander, chs. 24, 32.

Isthmus of Corinth, i. Theseus, chs. 8, 25; Themistokles, chs. 9, 11, 12, 17, 21; iii. Pompeius, ch. 24; Alexander, ch. 14; Cæsar, ch. 58; iv. Kleomenes, ch. 20; Demetrius, chs. 25, 31, 39; Aratus, chs. 16, 44.

Isthmian games, the, i. Theseus, ch. 25; Solon, ch. 23; Themistokles, ch. 21; Timoleon, ch. 26; ii. Flamininus, chs. 10, 12; iii. Agesilaus, ch. 21.

Istrus, historian, i. Theseus, ch. 34; iii. Alexander, ch. 46.

Italia, daughter of Themistokles, i. Themistokles, ch. 32.

Italus, father of Roma, Romulus, i. Themistokles, ch. 2.

Italy and Italians, frequent.

Ithagenes of Samos, i. Perikles, ch. 25.

Ithome, ii. Pelopidas, ch. 24; Kimon, ch. 17; iv. Aratus, ch. 50.

Iulis, town in the island of Keos, iv. Demosthenes, ch. 1.

Ixion, iv. Agis. ch. 1.

Janiculum, i. Numa, ch. 22; ii. Marius, ch. 42.

Janus, i. Numa, chs. 19, 20.

Jason, the hero, i. Theseus, chs. 19, 29; ii. Kimon, ch. 3.

----, of Pheræ, ii. Pelopidas, ch. 28.

----, of Tralles, an actor, iii. Crassus, ch. 33.

Juba I., king of Numidia, iii. Pompeius, ch. 76; Cæsar, chs. 52, 53, 55; Cato Minor, chs. 56, 57, 67-73.

----, II., king of Numidia, son of preceding, and a historian, i. Romulus, chs. 14, 15, 17; Numa, chs. 7, 13; ii. Comparison of Pelopidas and Marcellus, ch. 1; Sulla, ch. 16; iii. Sertorius, ch. 9; Cæsar, ch. 55; iv. Antonius, ch. 87.

Jubius, probably Quintus Vibullius Rufus, iii. Pompeius, ch. 65.

Judæa and the Jews, iii. Pompeius, chs. 39, 44; iv. Cicero, ch. 7; Antonius, chs. 3, 36, 61, 71; Galba, ch. 13; Otho, chs. 4, 15.

Jugurtha, king of Numidia, ii. Marius, chs. 7, 8, 10, 11, 12; Sulla, chs. 3, 6; iv. C. Gracchus, ch. 18.

Junonia, iv. C. Gracchus, ch. 11.

Julia, mother of Antonius, iv. Antonius, ch. 2.

----, wife of Marius, aunt of Cæsar, ii. Marius, ch. 5; Cæsar, chs. 1, 5.

----, wife of Pompeius, daughter of Cæsar, iii. Pompeius, chs. 49, 53, 70; Cæsar, chs. 14, 23, 55; Cato Minor, ch. 32.

Julia, daughter of Augustus, ii. Marcellus, ch. 30; iv. Antonius, ch. 87.

Julius, Censor, i. Camillus, ch. 13.

----, Proculus, i. Romulus, ch. 28; Numa, chs. 2, 5.

----, Salinator, iii. Sertorius, ch. 7.

----, Atticus, iv. Galba, ch. 26.

Junia, sister of Brutus, wife of Cassius, iv. Brutus, ch. 7.

Junius, Marcus, dictator, i. Fabius, ch. 9.

----, governor of Asia, iii. Cæsar, ch. 2.

----, Brutus. See Brutus.

----, Silanus, iii. Cato Minor, chs. 21, 23; iv. Cicero, chs. 14, 19, 20, 21.

----, or Julius, Vindex, commanding in Gaul, iv. Galba, chs. 4, 5, 6, 10, 18, 22, 29.

Kabeira, ii. Lucullus, chs. 14, 15, 18; Comparison, ch. 3.

Kabeiri, ii. Marcellus, ch. 30.

Kadmeia, the citadel of Thebes, i. Theseus, ch. 29; ii. Pelopidas, chs. 5, 6, 12, 13, 16; iii. Agesilaus, ch. 23; Alexander ch. 11; Phokion, ch. 26.

----, sister of Neoptolemus, ii. Pyrrhus, ch. 5.

Kænum, iii. Pompeius, ch. 37.

Kalanus, iii. Alexander, chs. 8, 65, 69.

Kalauria, i. Timoleon, ch. 31; iii. Pompeius, ch. 24; Phokion, ch. 29; iv. Demosthenes, chs. 29, 30.

Kallæschrus, i. Alkibiades, ch. 33.

Kalliades, iii. Nikias, ch. 6.

Kallias, the torchbearer, i. Perikles, ch. 24; ii. Aristeides, chs. 5, 25; Comparison of Aristeides and Cato, ch. 4; Kimon, ch. 13.

----, the rich, i. Perikles, ch. 24; Alkibiades, ch. 8; Kimon, ch. 4.

----, of Syracuse, iv. Demosthenes, ch. 5.

Kallibius, ii. Lysander, ch. 15.

Kallidromus, mountain, ii. Cato Major, ch. 13.

Kallikles, son of Arrhenides, iv. Demosthenes, ch. 25.

----, a money-lender, iv. Phokion, ch. 9.

Kallikrates, an Athenian architect, i. Perikles, ch. 13.

----, a Spartan, i. Aristeides, ch. 17.

----, a Spartan, iii. Agesilaus, ch. 35.

----, a Syracusan, iii. Nikias, ch. 18.

Kallikratidas, i. Lykurgus, ch. 30; ii. Pelopidas, ch. 2; Lysander, chs. 5, 6, 7; iv. Artaxerxes, ch. 22.

Kallimachus, ii. Comparison of Cato and Aristeides, ch. 2.

----, an engineer, ii. Lucullus, chs. 19, 32.

----, a Syracusan, iii. Nikias, ch. 18.

----, the poet, iv. Antonius, ch. 70.

Kallimedon, the "crab," iii. Phokion, chs. 27, 33, 35; iv. Demosthenes, ch. 27.

Kallinikus, i. Coriolanus, ch. 11; ii. Marius, ch. 1.

Kalliphon, ii. Sulla, ch. 14.

Kallippides, i. Alkibiades, ch. 32; iii. Agesilaus, ch. 21.

Kallippus, i. Timoleon, ch. 11; Comparison of Timoleon and Æmilius, ch. 2; iii. Nikias, ch. 14; iv. Dion, chs. 17, 28, 54, 56, 58.

Kallisthenes, an Athenian orator, iv. Demosthenes, ch. 23.

----, a freedman of Lucullus, ii. Lucullus, ch. 43.

----, an Olynthian philosopher and historian, i. Camillus, ch. 19; ii. Pelopidas, ch. 17; Aristeides, ch. 27; Sulla, ch. 36; Kimon, chs. 12, 13; iii. Agesilaus, ch. 34; Alexander, chs. 27, 33, 52-54.

Kallistratus, an Athenian orator, iv. Demosthenes, ch. 5.

----, attendant on Mithridates, ii. Lucullus, ch. 17.

Kallistus. See Callistus.

Kalydonia, iv. Aratus, ch. 16.

Kalydonian boar, i. Theseus, ch. 29.

Kamarina, iv. Dion, ch. 27.

Kambyses. See Cambyses.

Kanethus, i. Theseus, ch. 25.

Kantharus, iii. Phokion, ch. 28.

Kapaneus, ii. Pelopidas, ch. 3.

Kaphis, ii. Sulla, ch. 12.

Kaphisias of Sikyon, a friend of Aratus, iv. Aratus, ch. 6.

----, a musician, ii. Pyrrhus, ch. 8.

Kaphyæ, iv. Kleomenes, ch. 4; Aratus, ch. 47.

Kappadokia. See Cappadocia.

Karanus, iii. Alexander, ch. 2.

Kardia and Kardians, iii. Sertorius, ch. 1; Eumenes, chs. 1, 3.

Karia. See Caria.

Karmania, iii. Alexander, ch. 67.

Karneades, ii. Cato Major, ch. 22; Lucullus, ch. 42; iv. Cicero, ch. 4.

Karyatides. See Caryatides.

Karystus. See Carystus.

Kassander, i. Pyrrhus, chs. 3, 5; iii. Eumenes, ch. 12; Alexander, ch. 74; Phokion, chs. 31, 32; iv. Demosthenes, chs. 13, 31; Demetrius, chs. 8, 18, 23, 31, 36, 37, 45.

Kassandra, daughter of Priam, iv. Agis, ch. 9.

Kassandrea, iv. Demetrius, ch. 45.

Kataonia. See Cataonia.

Katana, i. Timoleon, chs. 13, 18, 19, 34; ii. Marcellus, ch. 30; iii. Nikias, chs. 15, 16; iv. Dion, ch. 58.

Kaulonia, iv. Dion, ch. 26. See Caulonia.

Kaunus, iii. Nikias, ch. 29; iv. Demetrius, ch. 49; Artaxerxes, chs. 11, 12.

Kebalinus, or Balinus, iii. Alexander, ch. 49.

Kekrops, i. Comparison of Theseus and Romulus, ch. 6.

Kelænæ, iii. Eumenes, ch. 8; iv. Demetrius, ch. 6.

Kelts. See Celts.

Kenchreæ, iii. Cato Minor, ch. 38; iv. Demetrius, ch. 23; Aratus, chs. 29, 44.

Keos, i. Themistokles, chs. 3, 5; Timoleon, ch. 35; ii. Aristeides, ch. 2: iii. Nikias, ch. 2; iv. Demosthenes, ch. 1.

Kephalon, iv. Aratus, ch. 52.

Kephalus, a lawgiver, i. Timoleon, ch. 24.

Kephisodorus, ii. Pelopidas, ch. 11.

Kephisodotus, iii. Phokion, ch. 19.

Kephisus, river of Attica, i. Theseus, ch. 12; iii. Agesilaus, ch. 31.

----, river of Boeotia, ii. Sulla, chs. 16, 20; iii. Alexander, ch. 9; iv. Demosthenes, ch. 19.

Kerameikus, ii. Sulla, ch. 14; Kimon, ch. 5; iii. Phokion, ch. 34; iv. Demetrius, ch. 11.

Keraunian mountains, iii. Phokion, ch. 29.

Keraunus, Ptolemy, ii. Pyrrhus, ch. 22.

Keressus, i. Camillus, ch. 19.

Kerkina, iv. Dion, ch. 25.

Kerkyon, i. Theseus, chs. 11, 28.

Kilikia and Kilikians. See Cilicia.

Killes, iv. Demetrius, ch. 6.

Kimon, son of Miltiades, ii. Life and Comparison with Lucullus; i. Theseus, ch. 36; Themistokles, chs. 5, 20, 24, 30; Perikles, chs. 5, 7, 9, 10, 16, 27; Comparison, chs. 1, 3; Alkibiades, chs. 19, 22; ii. Pelopidas, ch. 4; Aristeides, chs. 23, 25; Cato Major, ch. 5; Flamininus, ch. 11; iv. Demosthenes, ch. 13.

----, called Koalemus, father of Miltiades, ii. Kimon, ch. 4.

Kineas, an Athenian, iii. Phokion, ch. 13.

----, minister of Pyrrhus, ii. Pyrrhus, chs. 14, 15, 18, 20, 21, 22.

Kirrha, i. Lykurgus, ch. 31; Numa, ch. 4; Solon, ch. 11.

Kissus, iii. Alexander, ch. 41.

Kissousa, ii. Lysander, ch. 28.

Kithæron, ii. Aristeides, chs. 11, 14; Lysander, ch. 28; iv. Demosthenes, ch. 23.

Kitium, ii. Kimon, ch. 19; Comparison, ch. 1; iii. Alexander, ch. 32; iv. Kleomenes, ch. 2.

Kius, iii. Phokion, ch. 18.

Klarius, i. Solon, ch. 26.

Klaros. See Claros.

Klazomenæ, i. Alkibiades, ch. 28; iii. Nikias, ch. 13.

Kleænetus, iv. Demetrius, ch. 24.

Kleander, ii. Philopoemen, ch. 1.

Kleandrides, i. Perikles, ch. 21; iii. Nikias, ch. 28.

Kleanthes, a physician, iii. Cato Minor, ch. 70.

----, a philosopher, i. Alkibiades, ch. 6.

Klearchus, a Macedonian, iv. Demosthenes, ch. 18.

----, a Spartan, iv. Artaxerxes, chs. 8, 13, 18.

Kleidemus, i. Theseus, chs. 19, 27; Themistokles, ch. 10; ii. Aristeides, ch. 19.

Kleinias, i. Solon, chs. 8, 15.

----, father of Alkibiades, i. Alkibiades, chs. 1, 11.

----, father of Aratus, iv. Aratus, chs. 2, 8.

Kleisthenes, i. Perikles, ch. 3; ii. Aristeides, ch. 2; Kimon, ch. 15.

Kleitarchus, i. Themistokles, ch. 27; iii. Alexander, ch. 46.

Kleitomachus, iv. Cicero, chs. 3, 4.

Kleitorians, i. Lykurgus, ch, 2; Kleitorid, ii. Kimon, ch. 16.

Kleitus, the black, iii. Alexander, chs. 13, 16, 50, 51.

----, a Macedonian, iii. Phokion, chs. 34, 35.

----, servant of Brutus, iv. Brutus, ch. 52.

Kleobis, i. Solon, ch. 27.

Kleokritus, ii. Aristeides, ch. 8.

Kleodæus, ii. Pyrrhus, ch. 1.

Kleomantes, a Spartan, iii. Alexander, ch. 50.

Kleombrotus I., king of Sparta, son of Pausanias, ii. Pelopidas, chs. 13, 20, 23; Comparison of Lysander and Sulla, ch. 4; iii. Agesilaus, chs. 24, 26, 28; iv. Agis, chs. 3, 21.

Kleombrotus II., king of Sparta, son-in-law of Leonidas, iv. Agis, chs. 11, 16, 17, 18.

Kleomedes, i. Romulus, ch. 28.

Kleomedon, iv. Demetrius, ch. 24.

Kleomenes, an Athenian, ii. Lysander, ch. 14.

----, a Spartan, i. Solon, ch. 10.

----, II., king of Sparta, son of Kleombrotus, iv. Agis, ch, 3.

----, III., king of Sparta, son of Leonidas, iv. Life and Comparison with the Gracchi; ii. Philopoemen, ch. 5; iv. Agis, ch. 2; Aratus, chs. 35-40, 44.

Kleon of Athens, i. Perikles, chs. 33, 35; iii. Nikias, chs. 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 9; Comparison, chs. 2, 3; iv. Tib. Gracchus, ch. 2; Demetrius, ch. 11.

Kleon of Halikarnassus, ii. Lysander, ch. 25; iii. Agesilaus, ch. 20.

----, despot of Sikyon, iv. Aratus, ch. 2.

Kleonæ, i. Timoleon. ch. 4; ii. Kimon, ch. 17; iii. Phokion, ch. 29; iv. Kleomenes, ch. 19; Demosthenes, ch. 28; Aratus, ch. 28.

Kleonike, ii. Kimon, ch. 6.

Kleonides, iv. Demetrius, ch. 15.

Kleonymus, son of Kleomenes II. of Sparta, ii. Pyrrhus, chs. 26, 27; iv. Agis, ch. 3; Demetrius, ch. 39.

----, son of Sphodrias, Agesilaus, chs. 25, 28.

Kleopater, iv. Aratus, ch. 40.

Kleopatra. See Cleopatra.

Kleophanes, iii. Phokion, ch. 13.

Kleophantus, i. Themistokles, ch. 32.

Kleoptolemus of Chalkis, ii. Flamininus, ch. 16.

Kleora, iii. Agesilaus, ch. 19.

Klimax, iii. Alexander, ch. 17.

Klion, iv. Aratus, ch. 2.

Klymene, i. Theseus, ch 34.

Knakion, i. Lykurgus, ch. 6; ii. Pelopidas, ch. 17.

Knidos, i. Alkibiades, ch. 27; ii. Kimon, ch. 12; Lucullus, ch. 3; iii. Agesilaus, ch. 17; Cæsar, ch. 48; iv. Artaxerxes, ch. 21.

Knossus, i. Theseus, ch. 19.

Koalemus, ii. Kimon, ch. 4.

Kodrus, i. Solon, ch. 1.

Koenus, iii. Alexander, ch. 60.

Kolchis, i. Theseus, ch. 29; ii. Lucullus, ch. 14; iii. Pompeius, chs. 30, 32, 34, 45.

Kolias, i. Solon, chs. 7, 8.

Kollytus, iv. Demosthenes, ch. 11.

Kolonis, ii. Philopoemen, ch. 18.

Kolophon, i. Timoleon, ch. 36; ii. Lysander, ch. 18; Lucullus, ch. 3.

Komias, i. Solon, ch. 32.

Konius, iii. Alexander, ch. 60.

Konnidas, i. Theseus, ch. 4.

Konon, friend of Solon, i. Solon, ch. 15.

----, Athenian general, i. Alkibiades, ch. 37; ii. Lysander, ch. 11; Sulla, ch. 6; iii. Agesilaus, chs. 17, 23; iv. Artaxerxes, ch. 21.

Konopion, iii. Phokion, ch. 37.

Kora, daughter of Aidoneus, i. Theseus, ch. 31.

Korkyna, i. Theseus, ch. 20.

Korkyra. See Corcyra.

Koroebus, i. Perikles, ch. 13.

Koronea, i. Perikles, ch. 17; Alkibiades, ch. 1; ii. Lysander, ch. 29; iii. Agesilaus, chs. 15, 18.

Korrhabus, or Korrhagus, son of Demetrius, iv. Demetrius, ch. 53.

Korrhæus, Korrhabus, or Korrhagus, father of Demetrius's mother Stratonike, iv. Demetrius, ch. 2.

Korynetes, i. Theseus, ch. 8, Comparison, ch. 1.

Kos, i. Solon, ch. 4; Alkibiades, ch. 27; ii. Lucullus, ch. 3.

Kosis, iii. Pompeius, ch. 35.

Kossæans, iii. Alexander, ch. 72.

Kotys, iii. Agesilaus, chs. 10, 11.

Kranium, at Corinth, iii. Alexander, ch. 14.

Krannon, i. Camillus, ch. 19; iii. Phokion, ch. 26; iv. Demosthenes, ch. 28; Demetrius, ch. 10.

Kraterus, Alexander's general, iii. Eumenes, chs. 5, 6, 7, 8; Alexander, chs. 40, 41, 47, 55; Phokion, chs. 18, 26; iv. Demosthenes, ch. 28; Demetrius, ch. 14.

----, brother of King Antigonus Gonatas, ii. Aristeides, ch. 26; Kimon, ch. 13.

Krates, iv. Demetrius, ch. 46.

Kratesiklea, iv. Kleomenes, chs. 6, 22, 38.

Kratesipolis, iv. Demetrius, ch. 9.

Kratinus, i. Solon, ch. 25; Perikles, chs. 3, 13; Kimon, chs. 9, 10.

Kratippus, iii. Pompeius, ch. 75; iv. Cicero, ch. 24; Brutus, ch. 24.

Kraugis, ii. Philopoemen, ch. 1.

Kreon, ii. Pelopidas, ch. 21; iv. Demosthenes, ch. 29; Compare iii. Alexander, ch. 35.

Kreophylus, i. Lykurgus, ch. 4.

Krimesus, i. Timoleon, chs. 27, 28.

Kritias, i. Lykurgus, ch. 9; Alkibiades, chs. 33, 38; ii. Kimon, chs. 10, 16.

Krito, ii. Aristeides, ch. 1.

Kritolaidas, i. Solon, ch. 10.

Kritolaus, i. Perikles, ch. 7.

Krobylus, iv. Demosthenes, ch. 17.

Krommyon, i. Theseus, ch. 9.

Kronion, i. Theseus, ch. 12.

Kroton, i. Romulus, ch. 28; iii. Alexander, ch. 34; iv. Cicero, ch. 18.

Ktesias, iv. Artaxerxes, chs. 1, 11, 13, 18, 21.

Ktesibius, a writer, iv. Demosthenes, ch. 5.

Ktesium, ii. Kimon, ch. 8.

Ktesiphon, iv. Demosthenes, ch. 24.

Ktesippus, iii. Phokion, ch. 7; iv. Demosthenes, ch. 15.

Kunaxa, iv. Artaxerxes, ch. 8.

Kyanean islands, ii. Kimon, ch. 13.

Kybernesia, i. Theseus, ch. 17.

Kybisthus, i. Solon, ch. 7.

Kychreus, i. Theseus, ch. 10, Solon, ch. 9.

Kydnus, river of Kilikia, iii. Alexander, ch. 19. See Cydnus.

Kyknus, i. Theseus, ch. 11.

Kyllarabis, ii. Pyrrhus, ch. 32; iv. Kleomenes, chs. 17, 26.

Kylon, i. Solon, chs. 12, 13.

Kyme, i. Themistokles, ch. 25; iv. Artaxerxes, ch. 23.

Kynægyrus, ii. Comparison of Cato and Aristeides, ch. 2.

Kyniske, iii. Agesilaus, ch. 20.

Kynosarges, i. Themistokles, ch. 1.

Kynoskephalæ, i. Theseus, ch. 27; ii. Pelopidas, ch. 32; Flamininus, ch. 8.

Kynossema, in Salamis, i. Themistokles, ch. 10; ii. Aristeides, ch. 5.

Kypselus, iv. Aratus, ch. 3.

Kyrnus, river of Asia, iii. Pompeius, ch. 24.

Kyrrhestis, plain of, iv. Demetrius, ch. 48.

Kythera, iii. Nikias, ch. 6; Comparison, ch. 3; Agesilaus, ch. 32; iv. Kleomenes, ch. 31.

Kyzikus, i. Alkibiades, chs. 24, 28; ii. Lucullus, chs. 9, 10, 12, 33; iv. Dion, ch. 19; Brutus, ch. 28.

Labeo, friend of Brutus, iv. Brutus, chs. 12, 51.

Labici, i. Coriolanus, ch. 28.

Labienus, officer of Cæsar in Gaul, iii. Pompeius, chs. 64, 68; Cæsar, chs. 18, 34; Cato Minor, ch. 56; iv. Cicero, ch. 38.

----, commanding among the Parthians (son of preceding), iv. Antonius, chs. 28, 30, 33.

Lacedæmonius, son of Kimon, i. Perikles, ch. 28; ii. Kimon, ch. 16.

Lacedæmon and Lacedæmonians, i. Theseus, chs. 32, 34; Romulus, ch. 16; Lykurgus throughout, and elsewhere continually. For Lacedæmonian habits see, besides Lykurgus, ii. Lysander, chs. 1, 19; Agesilaus, ch. 1; iv. Agis, ch. 11; and Kleomenes, ch. 1. Lacedæmonian women, i. Lykurgus, chs. 13, 14; Alkibiades, ch. 1; ii. Pyrrhus, chs. 27, 28; iv. Agis, chs. 6, 7; Kleomenes, ch. 22. See also Laconia.

Lacetani, a people of Spain, ii. Cato Major, ch. 11.

Lachares, despot of Athens, iv. Demetrius, ch. 33.

----, a Spartan, iv. Antonius, ch. 67.

Lachartus, a Corinthian, ii. Kimon, ch. 17.

Lacinium, temple of Juno in Bruttium, iii. Pompeius, ch. 24.

Laco, Cornelius, a favourite of Galba, iv. Galba, chs. 13, 25, 26, 27, 29.

Laconia, i. Lykurgus, ch. 8, and after; ii. Pelopidas, ch. 24; Philopoemen, ch. 16; Pyrrhus, ch. 27; iii. Nikias, ch. 6; Agesilaus, chs. 23, 28, 31, 32; iv. Kleomenes, chs. 4, 10, 18, 21, 23, 26, 29, 31; Demetrius, ch. 35; Aratus, ch. 35. See also Agis, ch. 8.

Lakia, an Attic township, and the Lakiadas, i. Alkibiades, ch. 22; Kimon, chs. 4, 10.

Lakratides, an Athenian, i. Perikles, ch. 35.

Lakratidas, a Spartan Ephor, ii. Lysander, ch. 30.

Lakritus, the orator, iv. Demosthenes, ch. 28.

Lælius, Caius, friend of Scipio, surnamed Sapiens, iii. Cato Minor, ch. 7; iv. Tib. Gracchus, ch. 8.

----, contemporary with Cicero, iv. Comparison of Demosthenes and Cicero, ch. 4.

----, iv. Antonius, ch. 18.

Lænas, Popilius, a senator, iv. Brutus, chs. 15, 16.

Lærtes, father of Ulysses, iv. Cicero, ch. 40.

Lævinus, M. Valerius, ii. Pyrrhus, chs. 16, 17, 18.

Lais of Corinth, i. Alkibiades, ch. 39; iii. Nikias, ch. 15.

Laius, father of OEdipus, ii. Pelopidas, ch. 19.

Lamachus, an Athenian general, i. Perikles, ch. 19; Alkibiades, chs. 1, 17, 20; iii. Nikias, chs. 12, 14, 15, 18.

----, the Myrinæan, an orator, iv. Demosthenes, ch. 9.

Lamia, iv. Demetrius, chs. 10, 16, 19, 24, 25, 27; Comparison, ch. 3.

----, a town in Thessaly, ii. Pyrrhus, ch. 1; iii. Eumenes, ch. 3; Phokion, chs. 23, 26; iv. Demosthenes, ch. 27; Demetrius, ch. 10.

Lampito, wife of Archidamus, iii. Agesilaus, ch. 1.

Lampon, Athenian diviner, i. Perikles, ch. 6.

Lamponius, the Lucanian general, ii. Sulla, ch. 29; Comparison, ch. 4.

Lamprias, Plutarch's grandfather, iv. Antonius, ch. 28.

Lampsakus, i. Themistokles, ch. 29; Alkibiades, ch. 36; ii. Lysander, chs. 9, 11, 12.

Lamptra, or Lampra, Attic township, ii. Aristeides, ch. 13; iii. Phokion, ch. 32.

Lanarius, Calpurnius, iii. Sertorius, ch. 7.

Lanassa, daughter of Agathokles, ii. Pyrrhus, chs. 9, 10.

----, daughter of Kleodæus, ii. Pyrrhus, ch. 1.

Langobritæ, a people of Spain, iii. Sertorius, ch. 13.

Langon, in Elis, iv. Kleomenes, ch. 14.

Laodike, daughter of Priam, i. Theseus, ch. 34; ii. Kimon, ch. 4.

Laodikæa, in Syria, iv. Antonius, ch. 72.

Laomedon, an Athenian, ii. Kimon, ch. 9.

----, of Orchomenus, iv. Demosthenes, ch. 6.

----, king of Troy, iii. Nikias, ch. 1; Sertorius, ch. 1.

Laphystius, a Syracusan, i. Timoleon, ch. 37.

Lapithæ, i. Theseus, ch. 29.

Larissa, in Thessaly, ii. Pelopidas, ch. 26; Sulla, ch. 23; iii. Agesilaus, ch. 16; Pompeius, ch. 73; iv. Demetrius, chs. 29, 37; Brutus, ch. 6.

----, in Syria, iv. Antonius, ch. 37.

----, river in Elis, ii. Philopoemen, ch. 7.

Lartius, Titus, i. Poplicola, ch. 16; (another of the name), Coriolanus, chs. 8, 9, 10.

Larymna, town in Boeotia, ii. Sulla, ch. 26.

Lathyrus, surname of Ptolemæus VIII., i. Coriolanus, ch. 11.

Latins, i. Romulus, chs. 2, 4, 5, 8, 23, 26, 29; Numa, ch. 7 (the early connection of Greek and Latin), 9, 19; Poplicola, chs. 8, 21; Camillus, chs. 33, 34 (the Latin feast days or holidays), 10, 42; Coriolanus, chs. 3, 24, 28, 30; Æmilius, ch. 25; ii. Marcellus, ch. 8; Pyrrhus, ch. 23; iv. C. Gracchus, chs. 9, 10; Cicero, ch. 1.

Latinus, Titus, i. Coriolanus, ch. 24.

----, son of Telemachus, i. Romulus, ch. 2.

Lattamyas, i. Camillus, ch. 19.

Laurentia, Acca, and another Laurentia, i. Romulus, chs. 4, 5, 7.

Laurentum, in Latium, i. Romulus, chs. 23, 24.

Laurium, in Attica, i. Themistokles, ch. 4; iii. Nikias, ch. 4.

Lauron, in Spain, iii. Sertorius, ch. 18; Pompeius, ch. 18.

Laverna, ii. Sulla, ch. 6.

Lavici, in Latium. See Labici.

Lavinia, daughter of Latinus, i. Romulus, ch. 2.

Lavinium, i. Romulus, ch. 23; Coriolanus, chs. 29, 30.

Lebadea, in Boeotia, ii. Lysander, ch. 28; Sulla, chs. 16, 17.

Lecanius, iv. Galba, ch. 27.

Lechæum, port of Corinth, iv. Kleomenes, ch. 20; Aratus, ch. 24.

Lektum, promontory in the Troad, ii. Lucullus, ch. 3.

Leges, a Scythian tribe, iii. Pompeius, ch. 35.

Lemnos, i. Perikles, ch. 25; ii. Aristeides, ch. 27; Lucullus, ch. 12.

Lentuli, iii. Pompeius, ch. 73 (Spinther and Crus).

Lentulus, Cornelius, at Cannæ, i. Fabius, ch. 16.

----, Clodianus, Cn. Cornelius, consul with L. Gellius Poplicola, B.C. 72, and censor with him, B.C. 70, iii. Crassus, ch. 9; Pompeius, ch. 22.

----, Marcellinus, Cn. Cornelius, consul B.C. 56, iii. Crassus, ch. 15.

----, Sura, Cornelius, accomplice of Catilina, iii. Cæsar, ch. 7; Cato Minor, chs. 22, 26; iv. Cicero, chs. 17, 18, 22, 24, 30; Antonius, ch. 2.

----, Spinther, P. Cornelius, consul, B.C. 57, with Pompeius at Pharsalia, iii. Pompeius, chs. 49, 67, 73; Cæsar, ch. 42; iv. Cicero, chs. 33, 38.

----, Spinther, son of the preceding, iii. Cæsar, ch. 67.

----, Crus, Lucius, consul B.C. 49, iii. Pompeius, chs. 59, 73, 80; Cæsar, chs. 29, 33; iv. Antonius, ch. 4.

----, Cornelius, lieutenant of Flamininus, ii. Flamininus, ch. 12.

----, the same as Dolabella, Cicero's son-in-law, a Lentulus by adoption, iv. Cicero, ch. 41.

----, Batiates, at Capua, iii. Crassus, ch. 8.

Leo, Valerius, Cæsar's host at Milan, iii. Cæsar, ch. 17.

Leobotes of Agraulæ, son of Alkmæon, i. Themistokles, ch. 23.

Leochares, sculptor, iii. Alexander, ch. 40.

Leokrates, an Athenian, i. Perikles, ch. 16; Comparison, ch. 1; Aristeides, ch. 20.

Leon, father of Antalkidas, iv. Artaxerxes, ch. 21.

----, of Byzantium, iii. Nikias, ch. 21; Phokion, ch. 4.

Leonidas, Alexander's tutor, iii. Alexander, chs. 5, 22, 25.

----, a Spartan, i. Lykurgus, ch. 3.

----, I., king of Sparta, i. Lykurgus, chs. 13, 19; Themistokles, ch. 9; ii. Pelopidas, ch. 21; iv. Agis, ch. 14; Kleomenes, ch. 2; Artaxerxes, ch. 22.

----, II., King of Sparta, iii. Agesilaus, ch. 40; iv. Agis, chs. 3, 7, 10, 11, 12, 18, 19, 21; Kleomenes, chs. 1, 3.

Leonnatus, Alexander's officer, iii. Eumenes, ch. 3; Alexander, chs. 21, 40; Phokion, ch. 25.

----, a Macedonian, ii. Pyrrhus, ch. 16.

Leontidas, or Leontiades, a Theban, ii. Pelopidas, chs. 5, 6, 7, 11; iii. Agesilaus, ch. 23.

Leontini, in Sicily, i. Timoleon, chs. 1, 16, 21; ii. Marcellus, ch. 14; Pyrrhus, ch. 22; iii. Nikias, chs. 12, 14, 16; iv. Dion, chs. 39, 40, 42.

Leontis, Attic tribe, i. Themistokles, ch. 1; ii. Aristeides, ch. 5.

Leos, an Athenian, i. Theseus, ch. 13.

Leosthenes, i. Timoleon, ch. 6; ii. Pyrrhus, ch. 1; iii. Phokion, chs. 7, 23, 24; Demosthenes, ch. 27; Comparison, ch. 3.

Leotychides, king of Sparta, i. Lykurgus, ch. 12; Themistokles, ch. 21; ii. Comparison of Kimon and Lucullus, ch. 3.

----, son of Agis II., i. Alkibiades, ch. 23; ii. Lysander, ch. 22; iii. Agesilaus, chs. 3, 4; Comparison, chs. 1, 2.

----, a Spartan, ii. Pyrrhus, ch. 26.

Lepida, wife of Metellus Scipio, iii. Cato Minor, ch. 7.

Lepidus, Marcus Æmilius, president of the Senate, i. Æmilius, ch. 38.

Lepidus, Marcus, consul B.C. 78, ii. Sulla, chs. 34, 38; iii. Pompeius, chs. 15, 16, 31; Comparison, ch. 1.

----, Marcus, the triumvir, iii. Cæsar, chs. 63, 67; iv. Cicero, ch. 46; Antonius, chs. 6, 10, 18, 19, 30, 55; Brutus, chs. 19, 37.

Leptines, brother of Dionysius the elder, i. Timoleon, ch. 15; iv. Dion, chs. 9, 11.

----, who killed Kallippus, iv. Dion, ch. 58, perhaps the same as

Leptines, despot of Apollonia, i. Timoleon, chs. 15, 24.

Leptus, name of one of the sons of Demetrius, iv. Demetrius, ch. 53.

Lerna, ii. Pyrrhus, ch. 1; iv. Kleomenes, ch. 15; Aratus, ch. 39.

Lesbos and the Lesbians, i. Perikles ch. 17; Alkibiades, chs. 12, 24; ii. Aristeides, ch. 23; iii. Nikias, ch. 6; Pompeius, ch. 66.

Leucaria, the wife of Italus, i. Romulus, ch. 2.

Leukas and Leukadians, i. Themistokles, ch. 24; Timoleon, chs. 8, 15; iii. Pompeius, ch. 24; iv. Demosthenes, ch. 17, Dion, ch. 22.

Leukon, a hero, ii. Aristeides, ch. 11.

Leukonoe, Attic township, iv. Demetrius, ch. 24.

Leukothea, i. Camillus ch. 5.

Leuktra, i. Lykurgus, ch. 30; Camillus, ch. 19; Coriolanus, ch. 4; ii. Pelopidas, chs. 20, 25, 30; Comparison, chs. 1, 2; Lysander, ch. 18; Comparison, ch. 4; iii. Agesilaus, chs. 15, 28, 40; iv. Agis, ch. 21; Artaxerxes, ch. 22.

Leuktridæ, daughters of Skedasus, ii. Pelopidas, ch. 20.

Leuktron, ii. Pelopidas, ch. 20; iv. Kleomenes, ch. 6.

Leukus, river, i. Æmilius, chs. 16, 21.

Libo, iv. Antonius, ch. 7.

Libya, frequent, as also Africa, by which word it has been frequently translated. See parts of the lives of i. Marius, Sulla, chs. 1, 3; iii. Sertorius, ch. 9; Pompeius, Cæsar, Cato Minor, and iv. Antonius. The Libyan fifer, ii. Lucullus, ch. 10; Libyssa's earth, ii. Flamininus, ch. 20; Proconsulate of Galba, iv. Galba, ch. 3.

Libys, a Spartan, iv. Agis, ch. 6.

Libyssa, in Bithynia, ii. Flamininus, ch. 20.

Lichas, a Spartan, ii. Kimon, ch. 10.

Licinia, wife of C. Gracchus, iv. Tib. Gracchus, ch. 21; C. Gracchus, chs. 15, 17.

----, a Vestal, iii. Crassus, ch. 1.

Licinius, Cossus, i. Camillus, ch. 4.

----, Publius, commanding in Macedonia, i. Æmilius, ch. 9.

----, servant of Tib. Gracchus, iv. Tib. Gracchus, ch. 2.

----, friend of C. Gracchus, iv. C. Gracchus, ch. 16 (Publius Crassus?).

----, Macer, impeached by Cicero, iv. Cicero, ch. 9.

----, Philonicus, i. Æmilius, ch. 38.

----, Stolo, i. Camillus, ch. 39.

Ligarius, Caius, friend of Brutus, iv. Brutus, ch. 11.

----, Quintus, defended by Cicero, iv. Cicero, ch. 39.

Ligurians, or Ligustines, i. Fabius, ch. 2; Æmilius, chs. 6, 18, 31, 39; ii. Marius, chs. 15, 19.

Likymnius, tomb of, at Argos, ii. Pyrrhus, ch. 34.

Lilybæum, i. Timoleon, ch. 25.

Limnæus, iii. Alexander, ch. 63.

Limnus of Chalastra, iii. Alexander, ch. 49.

Lindus, in Rhodes, ii. Marcellus, ch. 30.

Lingones, iii. Cæsar, ch. 26.

Liparæans, i. Camillus, ch. 8.

Liris, river, ii. Marius, ch. 37.

Lissus, iv. Antonius, ch. 7.

Livia, wife of Augustus, iv. Antonius, chs. 83, 87; Galba, chs. 3, 19.

Livius, Marcus, commanding at Tarentum, i. Fabius, ch. 23.

----, Postumius, i. Romulus, ch. 29.

Livius, the historian, i. Camillus, ch. 6; ii. Marcellus, chs. 12, 24, 30; Comparison, ch. 1; Cato Major, ch. 17; Flamininus, chs. 18, 20; Sulla, ch. 6; Lucullus, chs. 28, 31; iii. Cæsar, chs. 47, 63.

----, Drusus. See two of the name under Drusus.

Loibethra, iii. Alexander, ch. 14.

Lokri Epizephyrii, in Italy, ii. Marcellus, ch. 29.

Lokris and Lokrians, in Greece, i. Perikles, ch. 17; ii. Pelopidas, ch. 16; Aristeides, ch. 20; Flamininus, chs. 6, 10; iv. Dion, ch. 3; Aratus, ch. 16.

Lollius, Marcus, a quæstor, iii. Cato Minor, ch. 16.

Lothronus, or Vulturnus, i. Fabius, ch. 6.

Luca, in Etruria, iii. Crassus, ch. 14; Pompeius, ch. 51; Cæsar, ch. 21.

Lucania and Lucanians, i. Fabius, ch. 20; Timoleon, ch. 34; ii. Marcellus, ch. 24; Pyrrhus, chs. 13, 16, 25; Sulla, ch. 29; iii. Crassus, chs. 9, 10, 11; Cato Minor, ch. 20; iv. Cicero, ch. 31; Brutus, ch. 23.

Lucanis, lake, iii. Crassus, ch. 11.

Luceres, Roman tribe, i. Romulus, ch. 20.

Lucilius, tribune of the people, iii. Pompeius, ch. 54.

----, who surrendered himself at Philippi to save Brutus, iv. Antonius, ch. 69; Brutus, ch. 50.

Lucinus, Sextus, ii. Marius, ch. 45.

Lucretia, wife of Numa, i. Numa, ch. 21.

----, wife of Collatinus, i. Poplicola, chs. 1, 12.

Lucretius, Titus, consul, i. Poplicola, chs. 12, 16, 22.

----, Lucius, i. Camillus, ch. 32.

----, Ofella, ii. Sulla, chs. 29, 33; Comparison, ch. 2.

Lucullus, Lucius, ii. Life and Comparison with Kimon; i. Camillus, ch. 19; ii. Cato Major, ch. 24; Flamininus, ch. 21; Marius, ch. 34; Sulla, chs. 6, 11, 27; Kimon, chs. 2, 3; iii. Crassus, chs. 11, 16, 26; Comparison, ch. 4; Pompeius, chs. 2, 20, 30, 31, 32, 45, 48; Comparison, ch. 4; Cato Minor, chs. 19, 29, 31, 54; iv. Cicero, chs. 29, 31.

Lucullus, Marcus, brother of Lucullus, ii. Sulla, ch. 27; Lucullus, chs. 1, 37, 43; iii. Cæsar, chs. 4, 10.

----, title of a book by Cicero, ii. Lucullus, ch. 42.

Luculli, the two, iii. Cæsar, ch. 15.

Lucumo, an Etruscan noble, ii. Camillus, ch. 15.

Luperci and Lupercalia, i. Romulus, ch. 21; Numa, ch. 19; iii. Cæsar, ch. 61; iv. Antonius, ch. 12.

Lusitania and Lusitanians, iii. Sertorius, chs. 10, 11, 12; Comparison, ch. 1; Cæsar, ch. 12; iv. Tib. Gracchus, ch. 21; Galba, ch. 20.

Lusius, Caius, nephew of Marius, ii. Marius, ch. 14.

Lutatius Catulus. See Catulus.

Lycaonia, ii. Lucullus, ch. 23; iii. Eumenes, ch. 9; Pompeius, ch. 30; iv. Antonius, ch. 61.

Lyceum, at Athens, i. Theseus, ch. 27; ii. Sulla, ch. 12; iii. Phokion, ch. 38.

Lydia and Lydians, i. Theseus, ch. 6; Romulus, ch. 2; Solon, ch. 27; Themistokles, ch. 30; Æmilius, ch. 12; ii. Aristeides, ch. 17; Lysander, chs. 3, 6; Kimon, ch. 9; iii. Nikias, ch. 1; Eumenes, ch. 8; Agesilaus, ch. 10; Alexander, ch. 17; iv. Demetrius, ch. 46; Antonius, ch. 30; Artaxerxes, ch. 2.

Lydiades, iv. Kleomenes, ch. 6; Aratus, chs. 30, 35, 37.

Lykaion, mountain in Arcadia, iv. Kleomenes, ch. 5; Aratus, ch. 36.

Lykia, or Lycia, iii. Alexander, chs. 17, 37; iv. Brutus, chs. 30, 31, 32.

Lykomedes, descendants of, i. Themistokles, ch. 1.

----, an Athenian, i. Themistokles, ch. 15.

----, king of Skyros, i. Theseus, ch. 35; ii. Kimon, ch. 8.

Lykon, of Skarphia, an actor, iii. Alexander, ch. 29.

----, a Syracusan, iv. Dion, ch. 57.

Lykophron, a Corinthian, iii. Nikias, ch. 6.

----, son of Alexander of Pheræ, ii. Pelopidas, ch. 35.

Lykortas, the father of Polybius the historian, ii. Philopoemen, chs. 20, 21.

Lykurgus, an Athenian, i. Solon, ch. 29.

----, the Athenian orator, ii. Flamininus, ch. 12; iii. Comparison of Nikias and Crassus, ch. 1; Phokion, chs. 7, 17; iv. Demosthenes, ch. 23.

----, of Byzantium, i. Alkibiades, ch. 31.

----, the lawgiver, i. Life and Comparison with Numa; i. Theseus, ch. 1; Numa, ch. 4; Solon, chs. 16, 22; Alkibiades, ch. 23; ii. Aristeides, ch. 2; Comparison, ch. 3; Philopoemen, ch. 16; Lysander, ch. 1; iii. Agesilaus, chs. 26, 33; Phokion, ch. 20; iv. Agis, chs. 5, 6, 9, 19; Kleomenes, chs. 10, 12, 18; Comparison, chs. 2, 5.

Lykus, a river in Phrygia, iv. Demetrius, ch. 46.

----, a river in Pontus, ii. Lucullus, ch. 15.

----, a river in Sicily, i. Timoleon, ch. 34.

----, in Macedonia, ii. Flamininus, ch. 4.

Lygdamis, ii. Marius, ch. 11.

Lynkeus, brother of Idas, i. Theseus, ch. 31.

----, of Samos, iv. Demetrius, ch. 27.

Lysander of Alopekæ, i. Themistokles, ch. 32.

Lysander, the Spartan general, ii. Life and Comparison with Sulla; i. Lykurgus, ch. 30; Alkibiades, chs. 35-39; ii. Flamininus, ch. 11; iii. Nikias, ch. 28; Agesilaus, chs. 2, 3, 5, 7, 8, 20; Comparison, ch. 2; iv. Agis, ch. 14.

----, son of Lybis, a Spartan, iv. Agis, chs. 6, 8, 11, 12, 13, 14, 19.

Lysandridas of Megalopolis, iv. Kleomenes, ch. 24.

Lysanoridas, a Spartan, ii. Pelopidas, ch. 13.

Lysias, the orator, ii. Cato Major, ch. 7.

Lysikles, the sheepdealer, i. Perikles, ch. 24.

Lysidike, daughter of Pelops, i. Theseus, ch. 7.

Lysimachus, an Acarnanian, Alexander's tutor, iii. Alexander, chs. 5, 24.

----, father of Aristeides, i. Themistokles, chs. 3, 12; ii. Aristeides, chs. 1, 25.

----, the son of Aristeides, ii. Aristeides, ch. 27.

----, grandson of Aristeides, ii. Aristeides, ch. 27.

----, general of Alexander, and king of Thrace, ii. Pyrrhus, chs. 6, 11, 13; iii. Alexander, chs. 46, 55; iv. Demetrius, chs. 12, 18, 20, 25, 27, 31, 35, 39, 44, 46, 48, 51, 52.

----, a companion of Pyrrhus, ii. Pyrrhus, ch. 29.

Lysippus, general of the Achæans, ii. Philopoemen, ch. 12.

----, the sculptor, iii. Alexander, chs. 4, 16, 40.

Macedonia and Macedonians. See in general, the lives of i. Æmilius Paulus, ii. Flamininus, Pyrrhus, iii. Alexander, Phokion, iv. Kleomenes, Demosthenes, Demetrius, Aratus, and the Comparisons. Also, i. Theseus, ch. 5; Camillus, ch. 19; Timoleon, ch. 15; ii. Pelopidas, ch. 26; Aristeides, ch. 15; Cato Major, chs. 12, 15; Philopoemen, chs. 6, 8, 9, 12, 15; Sulla, chs. 11, 12, 23, 27; Kimon, chs. 2, 14; iii. Eumenes, chs. 4, 5; Agesilaus, ch. 16; Pompeius, chs. 34, 64; Cæsar, chs. 4, 39; Phokion, ch. 1; Cato Minor, ch. 9; iv. Cicero, chs. 12, 30, 47; Comparison, ch. 4; Antonius, chs. 7, 21, 22, 54, 63, 67; Brutus, chs. 4, 24, 25, 28; Galba, ch. 1.

Macedonian months, iii. Alexander, chs. 3, 16, 75, 76. The Macedonian dialect, iii. Eumenes, ch. 14; Alexander, ch. 51; iv. Antonius, ch. 27; The Macedonian hat, iv. Antonius, ch. 54; compare, iii. Eumenes, ch. 6; iv. Demetrius, ch. 41.

Macedonicus, surname, ii. Marius, ch. 1. See Metellus.

Macer, Licinius, impeached by Cicero, iv. Cicero, ch. 9.

----, Clodius, iv. Galba, chs. 6, 13, 15.

Machairones, iii. Agesilaus, ch. 35.

Machanidas, despot of Sparta, ii. Philopoemen, chs. 9, 10, 12.

Machares, son of Mithridates, ii. Lucullus, ch. 24.

Macrinus, a surname, ii. Marius, ch. 1.

Makaria, daughter of Herakles, ii. Pelopidas, ch. 21.

Makrae or Akrae, in Sicily, iv. Dion, ch. 27.

Mæcenas, iv. Comparison of Demosthenes and Cicero, ch. 3; Antonius, ch. 35.

Mæcius or Marcius, a hill in Latium, i. Camillus, chs. 33, 34.

Mædi and Mædike, in Thrace, i. Æmilius Paulus, ch. 12; ii. Sulla, ch. 23; iii. Alexander, ch. 9.

Mælius, Spurius, killed by Ahala, iv. Brutus, ch. 1.

Mæotis, the lake, ii. Marius, ch. 11; Sulla, ch. 11; Lucullus, ch. 16; iii. Pompeius, ch. 35; Alexander, ch. 44; Antonius, ch. 56.

Magæus, a Persian, i. Alkibiades, ch. 39.

Magas, brother of Ptolemæus Philopator, iv. Kleomenes, ch. 33.

Magnesia, a town in Caria, i. Themistokles, chs. 29, 30, 31.

----, and the Magnesians, in Thessaly, ii. Pelopidas, ch. 35; Flamininus, chs. 10, 12, 15.

Magnus, surname of Pompeius, iii. Sertorius, ch. 12; Pompeius, ch. 13.

Mago, a Carthaginian, i. Timoleon, chs. 17, 18, 20.

Maia, mother of Mercury, i. Numa, ch. 19.

Malaca, now Malaga, in Spain, iii. Crassus, ch. 6.

Malchus, king of Arabia, iv. Antonius, ch. 61.

Malea, in Laconia, ii. Sulla, ch. 11; iv. Agis, ch. 8; Aratus, ch. 12.

Malian Gulf, i. Perikles, ch. 17.

Malkitas, or Malkitus, a Theban, ii. Pelopidas, ch. 35.

Malli, an Indian people, iii. Alexander, chs. 63, 68.

Mamerci, i. Numa, ch. 21.

Mamercus, despot of Katana, i. Timoleon, chs. 13, 30, 31, 34, 37.

----, son of Numa, i. Numa, chs. 8, 21.

----, son of Pythagoras, i. Numa, ch. 8; Æmilius, ch. 2.

Mamertines of Messina, in Sicily, ii. Pyrrhus, chs. 23, 24; iii. Pompeius, ch. 10.

Mamurius, i. Numa, ch. 13.

Mancinus, Caius Hostilius, consul B.C. 137, iv. Tib. Gracchus, chs. 5, 7.

Mandonium. See Manduria.

Mandrokleidas, a Spartan, ii. Pyrrhus, ch. 26.

----, son of Ekphanes, iv. Agis, chs. 6, 9, 12.

Manduria or Mandonium, a town in Italy, iv. Agis, ch. 1.

Mania, name of Demo the courtesan, iv, Demetrius, ch. 27.

Manilius, a tribune, friend of Pompeius, iii. Pompeius, ch. 30; iv. Cicero, ch. 9.

Manilius, disgraced by Cato Major, ii. Cato Major, ch. 17.

Manius Acilius, ii. Philopoemen, ch. 17; Flamininus, chs. 15, 16.

----, Curius. See Curius.

----, (?) i.e. Aquillius (in Plutarch's text Marius), ii. Lucullus, ch. 4.

----, Curius, a tribune, ii. Flamininus, ch. 2.

Manlius, consul 105 B.C., defeated by the Cimbri, ii. Marius, ch. 19.

----, a comrade of Catilina, iv. Cicero, chs. 14, 15, 16.

----, Lucius, a soldier, ii. Cato Major, ch. 13.

----, Lucius (Manilius ?), iii. Sertorius, ch. 12.

----, Capitolinus, Marcus, i. Camillus, chs. 27, 36.

----, Torquatus, i. Fabius, ch. 9.

----, Titus, consul B.C. 235, i. Numa, ch. 20.

----, Torquatus, ii. Sulla, ch. 29.

----, an officer under Sertorius, iii. Sertorius, chs. 26, 27.

----, a consular, iv. Tib. Gracchus, ch. 10.

Manthes, i. Themistokles, ch. 1.

Mantinea, in Arcadia, and Mantineans, i. Numa, ch. 13; Alkibiades, chs. 15, 19; Comparison, ch. 2; ii. Pelopidas, ch. 4; Philopoemen, chs. 1, 11; iii. Nikias, ch. 10; Agesilaus, chs. 15, 30, 33; iv. Kleomenes, chs. 5, 14, 23; Demetrius, chs. 25, 35; Aratus, chs. 36, 39, 44, 45.

Marathon, i. Theseus, chs. 14, 25, 30, 32, 35; Themistokles, ch. 3; Camillus, ch. 19; ii. Aristeides, chs. 5, 7, 16; Comparison, chs. 2, 5; Flamininus, ch. 11; Kimon, ch. 5; iv. Demosthenes, ch. 28; Aratus, ch. 16.

Marathus, who gave name to Marathon, i. Theseus, ch. 32.

Marcellinus, iii. Crassus, ch. 15; Pompeius, ch. 51. See Lentulus.

Marcellus, a Roman surname, ii. Marius, ch. 1.

----, Marcus Claudius, father of Marcellus, ii. Marcellus, ch. 1.

----, Marcus Claudius, five times consul in the second Punic War, ii. Life and Comparison with Pelopidas; i. Romulus, ch. 15; Fabius, chs. 19, 21, 22; ii. Flamininus, chs. 1, 18; iii. Crassus, ch. 11.

----, Marcus, son of the general, ii. Marcellus, chs. 2, 29, 30.

----, Marcus, consul B.C. 51, iii. Cæsar, ch. 29; iv. Cicero, ch. 15.

----, C. Claudius, consul B.C. 50, iii. Pompeius, ch. 69 (or his cousin of the same name, consul B.C. 49, iii. Cato Minor, ch. 18); iv. Antonius, ch. 5.

----, C. Claudius, consul B.C. 49, iii. Pompeius, ch. 58.

----, C., first husband of Octavia, the sister of Augustus, iv. Marcellus, ch. 30; iv. Cicero, ch. 44; Antonius, chs. 31, 87.

----, son of the preceding, adopted by Augustus, ii. Marcellus, ch. 30; iv. Antonius, ch. 87.

----, Claudius, lieutenant of Marius, ii. Marius, chs. 20, 21.

Marcia, wife of Cato Minor, iii. Cato Minor, chs. 25, 37, 52.

Marcian heights, i. Camillus, chs. 33, 34.

Marcianus, new name of Icelus, iv. Galba, ch. 7.

Marcii, i. Coriolanus, ch. 1.

Marcius, kinsman of Numa, i. Numa, chs. 5, 6, 21.

----, father of Ancus, Marcius, i. Numa, ch 21.

----, Ancus, i. Numa, chs. 9, 21.

----, Caius. See Coriolanus.

----, Caius consul with Scipio Nasica, B.C. 162, ii. Marcellus, ch. 5.

----, Publius and Quintus who supplied Rome with water, i. Coriolanus, ch. 1.

Marcius Censorinus, ibidem.

----, Philippus, censor, i. Æmilius, ch. 38.

----, Rex, brother-in-law to Clodius, iv. Cicero, ch. 29.

----, in Catilina's conspiracy, iv. Cicero, ch. 16.

----, in Pompeius's camp, iv. Cicero, ch. 38.

Mardians, a people of Asia, ii. Lucullus, ch. 31; iv. Antonius, chs. 41, 47, 48.

Mardion, an eunuch, iv. Antonius, ch. 60.

Mardonius, the Persian, i. Themistokles chs. 4, 16; ii. Aristeides, chs. 5, 10, 14, 15, 16, 17, 19; iv. Agis, ch. 3.

Margian steel, iii. Crassus, ch. 24.

Margites, iv. Demosthenes, ch. 23.

Marica, grove of, ii. Marius, ch. 39.

Marikas, comedy by Eupolis, iii. Nikias, ch. 4.

Marius, father of C. Marius, ii. Marius, ch. 3.

----, ii. Life; Flamininus, ch. 21; Sulla, chs. 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 17; Comparison of Lysander and Sulla, ch. 4; Lucullus, chs. 4, 38; Crassus, ch. 24; Sertorius, chs. 2, 4, 5, 6; Pompeius, chs. 8, 13; Comparison, ch. 4; Cæsar, chs. 1, 5, 15, 19; iv. Antonius, ch. 1; Brutus, ch. 29; Otho, ch. 9. Marius's mules, ii. Marius, ch. 13.

----, the younger, son of the preceding, ii. Marius, ch. 35 (where see note), 46; Sulla, chs. 27-29, 32; iii. Sertorius, ch. 6; Pompeius, ch. 13; Cæsar, ch. 1.

----, Marcus, killed by Catilina, ii. Sulla, ch. 32.

----, Marcus or Varius, Sertorius's envoy to Mithridates, ii. Lucullus, ch. 12; iii. Sertorius, ch. 24.

----, Celsus, commanding for Otho, iv. Galba, chs. 25, 26, 27; Otho, chs. 1, 5, 7, 8, 9, 13.

Marphadates, iii. Cato Minor, ch. 73.

Marrucini, i. Æmilius, ch. 20.

Marseilles, Massalia, or Massilia, in Gaul, i. Solon, ch. 2; ii. Marius, ch. 21; iii. Cæsar, ch. 16.

Marsi, and the Marsic War, i. Fabius, ch. 20; ii. Lucullus, chs. 1, 2; iii. Crassus, ch. 6; Sertorius ch. 4; iv. Cicero, ch. 3.

Marsi, uncertain, ii. Sulla, ch. 4.

Marsyas, a writer, iv. Demosthenes, ch. 18.

Marsyas, a Syracusan, iv. Dion, ch. 9.

Martha, a Syrian woman, ii. Marius, ch. 17.

Martialis, a tribune of the prætorian guard, iv. Galba, ch. 25.

Martianus, iv. Galba, ch. 9.

Marullus, tribune of the people, iii. Cæsar, ch. 61.

Masabates, iv. Artaxerxes, ch. 17.

Masinissa, king of Numidia, ii. Cato Major, ch. 26.

Masistius, a Persian, ii. Aristeides, ch. 14.

Maso, Papirius, father-in-law of Æmilius, i. Æmilius, ch. 5.

Massilia. See Marseilles.

Mauricus, a senator, iv. Galba, ch. 8.

Mauritania and Moors in Africa, ii. Marius, ch. 41; iii. Sertorius, chs. 8, 9, 13, 27.

Maximus, a Roman surname, iii. Pompeius, ch. 13; compare i. Fabius, ch. 1.

Mazæus, a Persian, iii. Alexander, chs. 32, 39.

Medea, i. Theseus, ch. 12; iii. Alexander, chs. 10, 35.

Media and the Medes. See in general the lives of i. Themistokles; ii. Kimon, Aristeides, Lucullus, chs. 9, 14, and after; iii. Alexander; iv. Antonius, ch. 27, and after, and Artaxerxes. Also, i. Æmilius, ch. 25; Eumenes, chs. 16, 18; Agesilaus, ch. 23; iv. Antonius, ch. 54. Also iii. Pompeius, chs. 34, 36, 44; iv. Demetrius, ch. 46.

Mediolanum, or Milan, ii. Marcellus, ch. 7; iii. Cæsar, ch. 17; iv. Comparison of Dion and Brutus, ch. 5.

Medius, a companion of Alexander and Antigonus, iii. Alexander, ch. 74; iv. Demetrius, ch. 19.

Megabacchus (perhaps Megabocchus), iii. Crassus, 25.

Megabates, iii. Agesilaus, ch. 11.

Megabazus, iii. Alexander, ch. 42.

Megakles, the archon, who killed Kylon, i. Solon, ch. 12.

----, the son of Alkmæon, chief of the Parali, i. Solon, chs. 29, 30.

----, grandfather of Alkibiades, i. Alkibiades, ch. 1.

----, father of Euryptolemus, ii. Kimon, chs. 4, 16.

----, friend of Pyrrhus, ii. Pyrrhus, chs. 16, 17.

----, Dion's brother, iv. Dion, ch. 28.

Megaleas, or Megaleus, a Macedonian, iv. Aratus, ch. 48.

Megalophanes, or Demophanes, ii. Philopoemen, ch. 1.

Megalopolis and the Megalopolitans, ii. Pelopidas, ch. 20; Philopoemen, chs. 1, 5, 13, 14, 18, 21; Pyrrhus, ch. 26; iv. Agis, ch. 3; Kleomenes, chs. 4, 6, 12, 23, 24, 25, 26, 29, 36; Aratus, chs. 5, 30, 36, 38.

Megara and the Megarians, historical notices, i. Theseus, chs. 10, 20, 25, 27, 32; Solon, chs. 8-11; Comparison, ch. 4; Themistokles, ch. 13; Perikles, ch. 27, and after; Alkibiades, ch. 31; ii. Aristeides, chs. 14, 20; Philopoemen, ch. 12; iii. Nikias, ch. 6; Cæsar, ch. 43; Phokion, ch. 15; iv. Demosthenes, ch. 17; Demetrius, chs. 9, 30, 39; Brutus, ch. 8. The Megarian territory is also mentioned, ii. Pelopidas, ch. 13; Kimon, ch. 17; iii. Agesilaus, ch. 27; iv. Agis, ch. 13; Aratus, ch. 31. Anecdotes, ii. Lysander, ch. 22; Philopoemen, ch. 2; iii. Phokion, ch. 37; iv. Antonius, ch. 23; Dion, ch. 17.

----, a fort in Macedonia, ii. Pyrrhus, ch. 2.

----, a town in Sicily, ii. Marcellus, chs. 18, 20.

Megellus, i. Timoleon, ch. 35.

Megistonous, step-father of Kleomenes, iv. Kleomenes, chs. 7, 11, 21; Aratus, chs. 38, 41.

Meidias, accused by Demosthenes, i. Alkibiades, ch. 10; iv. Demosthenes, ch. 12.

----, an Athenian exile, ii. Sulla, ch. 14.

Melanippus, a son of Theseus, i. Theseus, ch. 8.

Melanopus, an Athenian, iv. Demosthenes, ch. 13.

Melantas, a Persian, iv. Artaxerxes, ch. 19.

Melanthius, a poet, ii. Kimon, ch. 4.

----, an Athenian, iii. Phokion, ch. 19.

Melanthus, a painter of the Sikyonian school, iv. Aratus, ch. 12.

Melas, a river in Boeotia, ii. Pelopidas, ch. 15; Sulla, ch. 20.

Meleager, i. Theseus, ch. 29.

Melesias, the father of Thucydides, i. Perikles, ch. 8; iii. Nikias, ch. 2.

Melesippides, a Spartan, iii. Agesilaus, ch. 1.

Meliboea, ii. Pelopidas, ch. 29.

Melikerta, i. Theseus, ch. 25.

Melissus of Samos, philosopher, i. Themistokles, ch. 2; Perikles, chs. 26, 27.

Melite, a district of Athens, i. Solon, ch. 10; Themistokles, ch. 22; iii. Phokion, ch. 18.

Meliteia, a town in Thessaly, ii. Sulla, ch. 20.

Mellaria, in Spain, iii. Sertorius, ch. 12.

Mellon, a Theban, ii. Pelopidas, chs. 7, 8, 12, 13, 25; iii. Agesilaus, ch. 24.

Melos and Melians, i. Alkibiades, ch. 16; ii. Lysander, ch. 14; iii. Comparison of Nikias and Crassus, ch. 3.

Memmius Gemellus, Caius, tribune of the people, ii. Lucullus, ch. 37; iii. Cato Minor, ch. 6.

----, Caius, husband of Pompeius's sister, iii. Sertorius, ch. 21; Cato Minor, ch. 29.

Memnon, general of Darius, iii. Alexander, chs. 18, 21.

Memphis, ii. Lucullus, ch. 2.

Menander, put to death by Alexander, iii. Alexander, ch. 57.

----, friend of Antigonus, iii. Eumenes, ch. 9.

----, Athenian general, i. Alkibiades, ch. 36; perhaps the same as

----, Athenian general, iii. Nikias, ch. 20.

----, comic poet, iii. Alexander, ch. 17.

----, general of Mithridates, ii. Lucullus, ch. 17.

Menas, the pirate, iv. Antonius, ch. 32.

Mende, in Macedonia, iii. Comparison of Nikias and Crassus, ch. 4.

Mendes, in Egypt, iii. Agesilaus, ch. 38.

Menedemus, a chamberlain of Lucullus, ii. Lucullus, ch. 16.

Menekleides, an orator, ii. Pelopidas, ch. 25.

Menekrates, a physician, iii. Agesilaus, ch. 21.

----, a writer, i. Theseus, ch. 26.

----, a pirate, iv. Antonius, ch. 32.

Menelaus, in Sophokles, iv. Demetrius, ch. 45. Harbour of Menelaus, iii. Agesilaus, ch. 40.

----, brother of Ptolemæus I., iv. Demetrius, chs. 15, 16.

Menemachus, officer of Mithridates, ii. Lucullus, ch. 17.

Menenius Agrippa, i. Coriolanus, ch. 6.

Menesthes, i. Theseus, ch. 17.

Menestheus, son of Peteus, who led the Athenians at Troy. See Menestheus.

Menestheus, son of Iphikrates, iii. Phokion, ch. 7.

Menexenus, i. Perikles, ch. 24.

Meninx, an island on the coast of Africa, ii. Marius, ch. 40.

Menippus, an Athenian, i. Perikles, ch. 13.

----, of Caria, iv. Cicero, ch. 4.

Menoekeus, ii. Pelopidas, ch. 21.

Menoetius, father of Patroklus, ii. Aristeides, ch. 20.

Menon, father of Theano, i. Alkibiades, ch. 22.

----, a sculptor, i. Perikles, ch. 31.

----, the Thessalian in the service of Cyrus the younger, iv. Artaxerxes, ch. 18.

----, the Thessalian, commanding in the Lamian war, ii. Pyrrhus, ch. 1; iii. Phokion, ch. 25.

Mentor, in Alexander's service, iii. Eumenes, ch. 2.

Menyllus, a Macedonian, iii. Phokion, chs. 28, 30, 31.

Meriones, the Homeric hero, ii. Marcellus, ch. 20.

Merope, daughter of Erechtheus, i. Theseus, ch. 19.

Merula, Cornelius, consul B.C. 87, ii. Marius, chs. 41, 45.

Mesopotamia, ii. Lucullus, chs. 21, 30; iii. Crassus, chs. 17, 18, 19, 28; Pompeius, ch. 44; iv. Demetrius, ch. 7; Antonius, ch. 34.

Messala, a family name, i. Comparison of Solon and Poplicola, ch. 1.

----, father of Valeria, Sulla's wife, ii. Sulla, ch. 35.

----, Marcus Valerius, consul B.C. 53, iii. Pompeius, ch. 54.

----, Corvinus, M. Valerius, son of the preceding, iv. Brutus, chs. 40, 41, 42, 45, 53.

Messapians, ii. Pyrrhus, chs. 13, 16; iv. Agis, ch. 3.

Messina, in Sicily, i. Alkibiades, ch. 22; Timoleon, chs. 20, 30, 34; ii. Pyrrhus, ch. 23; iii. Nikius, ch. 18; Pompeius, ch. 10; Cato Minor, ch. 53; iv. Dion, chs. 48, 58.

Messene or Messenia, in Peloponnesus, i. Romulus, ch. 26 (story of Aristomenes); Lykurgus, chs. 7, 27 (the revolt); ii. Pelopidas, chs. 24, 25, 31 (the restoration); Philopoemen, chs. 12, 18, 19, 20, 21; Flamininus, ch. 17; Comparison, chs. 1, 3; Kimon, ch. 17; iii. Agesilaus, chs. 34, 35; Alexander, ch. 73, a (Messenian); iv. Agis, ch. 21 (Aristomenes); Kleomenes, chs. 5, 10, 12, 24; Comparison, ch. 5; Demosthenes, ch. 13; Demetrius, ch. 33; Aratus, chs. 47, 49, 50, 51. In ii. Philopoemen and Flamininus, iv. Kleomenes, Demetrius and Aratus, the allusion is generally to Messene, the new city.

Mestrius Florus, i. Otho, ch. 14.

Metagenes of Xypete, i. Perikles, ch. 13.

Metapontum, in Lucania, i. Fabius, ch. 19.

Metella, wife of Sulla, ii. Sulla, chs. 6, 13, 22, 33, 34, 35, 37; iii. Pompeius, ch. 9; Cato Minor, ch. 3. She is Cæcilia Metella.

Metelli, ii. Comparison of Lysander and Sulla, ch. 1; iii. Cæsar, ch. 15.

----, the family of the, iii. Cato Minor, ch. 26.

Metellus, Quintus, Macedonicus, ii. Marius, ch. 1; iii. Comparison of Nikias and Crassus, ch. 2; iv. Tib. Gracchus, ch. 14.

----, Diadematus, i. Coriolanus, ch. 11.

----, L. Cæcilius, called Dalmaticus, father of Sulla's wife, consul B.C. 119, ii. Marius, ch. 4; Sulla, ch. 6, note; iii. Pompeius, ch. 2.

----, Q. Cæcilius, surnamed Numidicus, consul B.C. 109, i. Comparison of Alkibiades and Coriolanus, ch. 4; ii. Marius, chs. 7, 8, 10, 28, 29, 30, 31, 42; Lucullus, ch. 1; iii. Cato Minor, ch. 32.

Metellus Pius, Q., son of Numidicus, consul B.C. 80, ii. Cato Major, ch. 24; Marius, ch. 42; Sulla, ch. 28; Lucullus, ch. 6; iii. Crassus ch. 6; Comparison, ch. 3; Sertorius, chs. 1, 12, 13, 19, 21, 22, 27; Pompeius, chs. 8, 17, 18, 19; Cæsar, ch. 7.

----, Creticus, Q. Cæcilius, consul B.C. 69, iii. Pompeius, ch. 29.

----, tribune of the people, son of the preceding, iii. Pompeius, ch. 62; Comparison, ch. 3; Cæsar, ch. 35.

----, Celer, Quintus, i. Romulus, ch. 9; Coriolanus, ch. 11.

----, Celer, Quintus, son by adoption of the preceding, iv. Cicero, chs. 16, 29.

----, Nepos, tribune with Cato, brother of the preceding, iii. Cæsar, ch. 21; Cato Minor, chs. 20, 21, 26, 27, 28, 29; iv. Cicero, chs. 23, 26.

----, Scipio, son of Scipio Nasica, adopted by Metellus Pius, father of Cornelia, wife of Pompeius, iii. Pompeius, chs. 62, 66, 67, 69, 76; Comparison, chs. 1, 4; Cæsar, chs. 16, 30, 39, 42, 44, 52, 53, 55; Cato Minor, chs. 7, 47, 56-58, 60, 67, 68, 70-72; iv. Cicero, ch. 15; Brutus, ch. 6; Otho, ch. 13.

----, Caius, ii. Sulla, ch. 31.

Methydrium, iv. Kleomenes, ch. 4.

Metilius, a tribune, i. Fabius, chs. 8, 9.

Meton, the astronomer, i. Alkibiades, ch. 17; iii. Nikias, ch. 13.

----, a Tarentine, ii. Pyrrhus, ch. 13.

Metrobius, in a quotation, ii. Kimon, ch. 10.

----, an actor, ii. Sulla, chs. 2, 36.

Metrodorus, of Skepsis, ii. Lucullus, ch. 22.

----, a dancer, iv. Antonius, ch. 24.

Micipsa, king of Numidia, iv. C. Gracchus, ch. 2.

Midas, king of Phrygia, i. Poplicola, ch. 15; ii. Flamininus, ch. 20; iii. Alexander, ch. 18; Cæsar, ch. 9.

Mieza, a city in Macedonia, iii. Alexander, ch. 7.

Mikion, powerful at Athens, iv. Aratus, ch. 41.

----, a Macedonian, iii. Phokion, ch. 25.

Miliarium Aureum, iv. Galba, ch. 24.

Miletus, i. Solon, chs. 4, 6, 12; Perikles, chs. 24, 28; Alkibiades, ch. 23; ii. Lysander, chs. 6, 8, 19; iii. Alexander, ch. 17; Cæsar, ch. 2; iv. Demetrius, ch. 46. A Milesian mantle, i. Alkibiades, ch. 23. Milesian women, i. Perikles, ch. 24; ii. Lucullus, ch. 18; iii. Crassus, ch. 32.

Milan. See Mediolanum.

Milo, Annius, Cicero's friend, iii. Cato Minor, ch. 47; iv. Cicero, chs. 33, 35.

----, a Macedonian general, i. Æmilius, ch. 16.

Miltas of Thessaly, iv. Dion, chs. 22, 24.

Miltiades, i. Theseus, ch. 6; Themistokles, chs. 3, 4; ii. Aristeides, chs. 5, 16, 26; Comparison, ch. 2; Kimon, chs. 4, 5, 8; iv. Demetrius, ch. 14.

Milto, surnamed Aspasia by Cyrus the younger, i. Perikles, ch. 24; compare iv. Artaxerxes, ch. 26.

Mimallones, iii. Alexander, ch. 2.

Mimnermus, i. Comparison of Solon and Popicola, ch. 1.

Mindarus, Spartan admiral, i. Alkibiades, chs. 27, 28.

Minoa, on the coast of Megara, iii. Nikias, ch. 6; Comparison, ch. 3.

----, in Sicily, iv. Dion, chs. 25, 26.

Minos, king of Crete, i. Theseus, chs. 16, 17, 19; Numa, ch. 4; ii. Cato Major, ch. 23; compare iv. Demetrius, ch. 42.

Minotaur, i. Theseus, chs. 15-17.

Minturnæ, ii. Marius, chs. 37, 38.

Minucius, Caius, a private citizen, i. Poplicola, ch. 3.

----, dictator, ii. Marcellus, ch. 5.

----, Marcus, master of the horse, i. Fabius, chs. 4, 5, 7-13; Comparison, ch. 2.

Minucius, Thermus, tribune with Cato, iii. Cato Minor, chs. 27, 28.

Misenum, promontory, ii. Marius, ch. 34; iv. C. Gracchus, ch. 19; Antonius, ch. 32.

Mithras, the Persian god, iii. Pompeius, ch. 24; Alexander, ch. 30; iv. Artaxerxes, ch. 4.

Mithridates, son of Ariobarzanes, founder of the kingdom of Pontus, iv. Demetrius, ch. 4.

----, king of Pontus, i. Numa, ch. 9; ii. Flamininus, ch. 21; Marius, chs. 31, 34, 41, 45; Sulla, chs. 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 13, 20-24, 27; Comparison, chs. 4, 5; Lucullus, chs. 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 13-19, 21-24, 26, 28, 29, 31, 34, 35, 37; Comparison, ch. 3; iii. Crassus, ch. 16; Sertorius, chs. 23, 24; Pompeius, chs. 24, 30, 32, 33, 35-39, 41, 42, 44; Cæsar, ch. 50.

----, king of Commagene, iv. Antonius, ch. 61.

----, cousin of Monæses, iv. Antonius, ch. 46.

----, a Persian, iv. Artaxerxes, chs. 11, 14-16.

----, of Pontus, iv. Galba, chs. 13, 15.

Mithrobarzanes, ii. Lucullus, ch. 25.

Mithropaustes, cousin of Xerxes, i. Themistokles, ch. 29.

Mitylene, i. Solon, ch. 14; ii. Lucullus, ch. 4; iii. Pompeius, chs. 42, 74, 75; iv. Tib. Gracchus, ch. 8.

Mnasitheus, iv. Aratus, ch. 7.

Mnemon, a surname, ii. Marius, ch. 1; compare iv. Artaxerxes, ch. 1.

Mnesikles, i. Perikles, ch. 13.

Mnesiphilus of Phrearri, i. Themistokles, ch. 2.

Mnesiptolema, i. Themistokles, chs. 30, 32.

Mnestheus, i. Theseus, chs. 32, 35.

Mnestra, ii. Kimon, ch. 4.

Moerokles, an orator, iv. Demosthenes, chs. 13, 23.

Moesia, iv. Otho, chs. 4, 8, 15.

Molon (see Apollonius), iii. Cæsar, ch. 3; iv. Cicero, ch. 4.

Molus, or Morius, a river in Boeotia, ii. Sulla, chs. 17, 19.

Molossians, in Epirus, i. Theseus, chs. 31, 35; Themistokles, ch. 24; ii. Pyrrhus, chs. 1, 2, 4, 5, 10, 19, 30; iv. Demetrius, ch. 25.

Molossus, an Athenian, iii. Phokion, ch. 14.

Molpadia, an Amazon, i. Theseus, ch. 27.

Monæses, iv. Antonius, chs. 37, 46.

Moneta, Juno, i. Romulus, ch. 20; Camillus, ch. 36.

Monime of Miletus, ii. Lucullus, ch. 18; iii. Pompeius, ch. 37.

Mons Sacer, i. Coriolanus, ch. 6.

Morius. See Molus.

Moschic mountains, iii. Pompeius, ch. 34.

Mothakes, iv. Kleomenes, ch. 8.

Mothone, beyond Malea, iv. Aratus, ch. 12.

Mounychus, i. Theseus, 34.

Mucia, wife of Pompeius, iii. Pompeius, ch. 42.

Mucianus, governor of Syria, iv. Otho, ch. 4.

Mucii, the, iv. Cicero, ch. 3.

Mucius Scævola, i. Poplicola, ch. 17.

----, Scævola, the lawyer, ii. Sulla, ch. 36; iv. Tib. Gracchus, ch. 9.

----, father-in-law of the younger Marius, ii. Marius, ch. 35.

----, tribune with Tib. Gracchus, iv. Tib. Gracchus, chs. 13, 18.

Mummius, Caius, an officer of Sulla, ii. Sulla, ch. 9.

----, Achaicus, Lucius, consul B.C. 146, ii. Philopoemen, ch. 21; Marius, ch. 1; Lucullus, ch. 19; iii. Comparison of Nikias and Crassus, ch. 3.

----, a lieutenant of Crassus, iii. Crassus, ch. 10.

Munatius Plancus (Titus), iii. Pompeius, ch. 55; Cato Minor, ch. 48; iv. Cicero, ch. 25.

Munatius Plancus (Lucius, brother of the preceding), ii. Cato Minor, ch. 30; (according to Drumann), iv. Antonius, chs. 18, 58; Brutus, ch. 19.

----, Rufus, friend of Cato Minor, iii. Cato Minor, chs. 9, 30, 36, 37.

Munda, field of battle in Spain, iii. Cæsar, ch. 56.

Munychia, port of Athens, i. Solon, ch. 12; ii. Sulla, ch. 15; iii. Phokion, chs. 17, 31; iv. Demosthenes, ch. 28; Demetrius, chs. 8, 10, 34; Aratus, ch. 34.

Murcus, iv. Galba, ch. 27.

----, L. Statius, iv. Brutus, ch. 47.

Murena, Lucius Licinius, lieutenant of Sulla, ii. Sulla, chs. 17, 18, 19.

----, L. Licinius, consul B.C. 62, ii. Lucullus, chs. 15, 19, 25, 27; iii. Cato Minor, chs. 21, 28; iv. Cicero, chs. 14, 35; Comparison, ch. 1.

Musæus, ii. Marius, ch. 36.

Museum, hill at Athens, i. Theseus, ch. 27; iv. Demetrius, ch. 34.

Mutina, now Modena, iii. Pompeius, ch. 16; iv. Antonius, ch. 17.

Mycenæi, iii. Sertorius, ch. 9; iv. Aratus, ch. 29.

Mygdonike, ii. Lucullus, ch. 32.

Mykenæ. See under Mycenæi.

Mylæ, in Sicily, i. Timoleon, ch. 37.

Mylassa, iii. Phokion, ch. 18.

Myous, i. Themistokles, ch. 29.

Myriandrus, iii. Alexander, ch. 72.

Myron of Phyla, i. Solon, ch. 12.

----, a general of Mithridates, ii. Lucullus, ch. 17.

Myronides, an Athenian general, i. Perikles, chs. 16, 24; Comparison, ch. 1; ii. Aristeides, chs. 10, 20.

Myrtilus, a cupbearer, ii. Pyrrhus, ch. 5.

----, a writer, iv. Aratus, ch. 3.

Myrto, daughter of Menoetius, sister of Patroklus, ii. Aristeides, ch. 21.

----, grand-daughter of Aristeides, ii. Aristeides, ch. 27.

Mysians, i. Theseus, ch. 5.

Nabathæan Arabs, iii. Pompeius, ch. 67; iv. Demetrius, ch. 7; Antonius, ch. 36.

Nabis, despot of Sparta, ii. Philopoemen, chs. 12, 14, 19; Flamininus, ch. 13; Comparison, ch. 3.

Naples, Neapolis and Neapolitans, ii. Marcellus, ch. 10; Lucullus, ch. 39; Comparison, ch. 1; iii. Pompeius, ch. 57; iv. Cicero, ch. 8; Brutus, ch. 21.

Naphtha, iii. Alexander, ch. 35.

Narbo, in Gaul, and Gallia Narbonensis, iii. Sertorius, ch. 12; iv. Galba, ch. 11.

Narnia, in Umbria, i. Flamininus, ch. 1.

Narthakius, mountain in Thessaly, iii. Agesilaus, ch. 16.

Nasica, Publius Scipio, consul B.C. 162, i. Æmilius, chs. 15-18, 22, 26; ii. Marcellus, ch. 5; Cato Major, ch. 27.

----, Publius, pontifex maximus, iv. Tib. Gracchus, chs. 13, 19, 20, 21.

Naukrates, a Lycian, iv. Brutus, ch. 30.

Naupaktus, ii. Flamininus, ch. 15.

Nauplia, in Argolis, ii. Pyrrhus, ch. 31.

Nausikrates, an orator, ii. Kimon, ch. 19.

Nausithous, of Salamis, i. Theseus, ch. 17.

Naxos, an island in the Ægean sea, i. Theseus, ch. 20; Themistokles, ch. 25; Camillus, ch. 19; Perikles, ch. 11; iii. Nikias, ch. 3; Phokion, ch. 6.

----, in Sicily, iii. Nikias, ch. 16.

Nealkes, a painter, iv. Aratus, ch. 13.

Neander, an Epirot, ii. Pyrrhus, ch. 2.

Neanthes, a writer, i. Themistokles, chs. 1, 29.

Neapolis, a quarter of Syracuse, ii. Marcellus, ch. 19.

----, in the territory of Agrigentum, iv. Dion, ch. 49.

Nearchus, Alexander's admiral, iii. Eumenes, chs. 2, 18; Alexander, chs. 10, 66, 68, 73-75.

----, a philosopher, ii. Cato Major, ch. 2.

Nektanebis, or Nektanabis, an Egyptian king, iii. Agesilaus, chs. 37-40.

Neleus of Skepsis, ii. Sulla, ch. 26.

Nemea and the Nemean games, i. Perikles, ch. 19; Timoleon, ch. 20; ii. Philopoemen, ch. 11; Flamininus, ch. 12; iv. Kleomenes, ch. 17; Aratus, chs. 7, 27, 28.

----, a courtesan, i. Alkibiades, ch. 16.

Nemesis, a play of Kratinus, i. Perikles, ch. 3.

----, ii. Philopoemen, ch. 18; Marius, ch. 23.

Neochorus, of Haliartus, ii. Lysander, ch. 29.

Neodamodes, iii. Agesilaus, ch. 6.

Neokles, father of Themistokles, i. Themistokles, ch. 1; ii. Aristeides, ch. 2.

----, son of Themistokles, i. Themistokles, ch. 32.

Neon, a Boeotian, i. Æmilius, ch. 23.

----, a Corinthian, i. Timoleon, ch. 18.

Neoptolemus, son of Achilles, ii. Pyrrhus, ch. 1; iii. Alexander, ch. 2.

----, (I., king of the Molossians), ii. Pyrrhus, ch. 2.

----, (II., king of the Molossians, grandson of the preceding), ii. Pyrrhus, chs. 4, 5.

----, captain of Alexander's guard, iii. Eumenes, chs. 1, 4-7.

Neoptolemus, general of Mithridates, ii. Marius, ch. 34; Lucullus, ch. 3.

Nepos, Cornelius, the historian, ii. Marcellus, ch. 30; Comparison, ch. 1; Lucullus, ch. 43; iv. Tiberius Gracchus, ch. 21.

----, Metellus, tribune with Cato, proconsul in Iberia, iii. Cæsar, ch. 21; Cato Minor, chs. 20, 21, 26, 27, 28, 29; iv. Cicero, chs. 23, 26.

Nero, Lucius Domitius Germanicus, the emperor, ii. Flamininus, ch. 12; iv. Antonius, ch. 87; Galba, throughout; Otho, chs. 1, 3, 5, 18.

----, adopted as a title by Otho, iv. Otho, ch. 3.

Nerrii, a Gaulish tribe, iii. Cæsar, ch. 20.

Nestor, ii. Pelopidas, ch. 18; Cato Major, ch. 15; iv. Brutus, ch. 34.

Nicomedes, or Nikomedes, king of Bithynia, ii. Sulla, chs. 22, 24.

----, king of Bithynia, iii. Cæsar, ch. 1.

Nicomedia, or Nikomedia, in Bithynia, ii. Lucullus, ch. 13.

Nicopolis, a rich lady, ii. Sulla, ch. 2.

----, near Actium, iv. Antonius, ch. 62.

Nicostrate, the name of Carmenta, i. Romulus, ch. 21.

Nikæa, wife of Alexander, in possession of the Acrocorinthus, iv. Aratus, ch. 17.

----, in Bithynia, i. Theseus, ch. 26.

Nikagoras, of Troezen, i. Themistokles, ch. 10.

----, the Messenian, iv. Kleomenes, ch. 35.

Nikanor, a friend of Antigonus, iii. Eumenes, ch. 17.

----, sent by Kassander to Munychia, iii. Phokion, chs. 30, 32, 33.

Nikarchus, Plutarch's great-grandfather, iv. Antonius, ch. 68.

Nikator. See Seleukus.

Nikeratus, father of Nikias, i. Alkibiades, ch. 13; iii. Nikias, ch. 2.

Nikeratus, of Heraklea, a poet, ii. Lysander, ch. 18.

Nikias, iii. Life and Comparison with Crassus; i. Alkibiades, chs. 1, 13, 14, 17, 20, 21; ii. Pelopidas, ch. 4; Aristeides, ch. 7; Flamininus, ch. 11.

----, steward of Ptolemy Auletes, iii. Cato Minor, ch. 39.

----, of Engyion, ii. Marcellus, ch. 20.

----, a friend of Agesilaus, iii. Agesilaus, ch. 13.

Nikodemus, a Messenian, iv. Demosthenes, ch. 13.

----, a blind cripple, ii. Pelopidas, ch. 3.

Nikogenes, i. Themistokles, chs. 26, 28.

Nikokles, a friend of Phokion, iii. Phokion, chs. 17, 35, 36.

----, despot of Sikyon, ii. Philopoemen, ch. 1; iv. Aratus, chs. 3, 4, 6, 7.

Nikokreon, king of Salamis in Cyprus, iii. Alexander, ch. 29.

Nikolaus, a philosopher, iv. Brutus, ch. 53.

Nikomache, daughter of Themistokles, i. Themistokles, ch. 32.

Nikomachus, an Asiatic Greek, iii. Crassus, ch. 25.

----, a Macedonian, iii. Alexander, ch. 49.

----, a painter, i. Timoleon, ch. 36.

Nikomedes, married to Sybaris, i. Themistokles, ch. 32.

Nikon, a runaway slave of Kraterus, iii. Alexander, ch. 42.

Nikonides of Thessaly, ii. Lucullus, ch. 10.

Niger, a friend of Antonius, iv. Antonius, ch. 53.

----, a surname, i. Coriolanus, ch. 11.

Nigidius, Publius, a philosopher, friend of Cicero, iv. Cicero, ch. 20.

Nile, i. Solon, ch. 26; ii. Sulla, ch. 20; iii. Alexander, chs 26, 36.

Niphates, mountain in Armenia, iii. Alexander, ch. 31.

Nisæa, port of Megara, i. Solon, ch. 12; iii. Nikias, ch. 6; Phokion, ch. 15.

Nisæan horse, ii. Pyrrhus, ch. 11.

Nisibis, in Mesopotamia, ii. Lucullus, chs. 32, 36; Comparison, ch. 3.

Nola, ii. Marcellus, chs. 10, 11, 12; Sulla, ch. 9.

Nonæ Caprotinæ, i. Romulus, ch. 29; Camillus, ch. 33.

Nonakris, iii. Alexander, ch. 77.

Nonius, son of Sulla's sister, ii. Sulla, ch. 10.

Nonnius, iv. Cicero, ch. 38.

Nora in Cappadocia, iii. Eumenes, ch. 9.

Norbanus, consul B.C. 83, ii. Sulla, ch. 27; iii. Sertorius, ch. 6.

----, commanding under Antonius, iv. Brutus, ch. 38.

Norici, ii. Marius, ch. 15.

Novum Comum, iii. Cæsar, ch. 29.

Numa Pompilius, i. Life and Comparison with Lykurgus; i. Theseus, ch. 1; Romulus, chs. 18, 20, 21; Camillus, chs. 18, 20, 31; Coriolanus, chs. 1, 25, 39; Æmilius, ch. 1; ii. Marcellus, ch. 8; iii. Cæsar, ch. 58; Phokion, ch. 3.

Numantia and Numantians, i. Æmilius, ch. 22; ii. Marius, chs. 3, 13; Lucullus, ch. 38; iv. Tib. Gracchus, chs. 5, 6, 7, 8, 13, 21; C. Gracchus, ch. 15; Comparison, ch. 3.

Numerius, a friend of Marius, ii. Marius, ch. 35.

----, perhaps Numerius Magius, a friend of Pompeius, iii. Pompeius, ch. 63.

Numidia, iii. Pompeius, ch. 12; a Numidian horseman, iv. Otho, ch. 11.

Numidians in the Carthaginian service, i. Fabius, chs. 11, 12; Timoleon, ch. 28; Marcellus, chs. 12, 30; Comparison, ch. 3. Numidian kings, ii. Cato Major, ch. 26; Marius, chs. 32, 40; Sulla, ch. 3; iii. Cæsar, chs. 52, 53, 55 (King Juba); iv. C. Gracchus, ch. 18.

Numistro, ii. Marcellus, ch. 24.

Numitor, i. Romulus, chs. 3, 6-9.

Nussa (Nurscia), a Sabine city, iii. Sertorius, ch. 2.

Nymphæum, near Apollonia, ii. Sulla, ch. 27.

Nymphidia, mother of the following, iv. Galba, chs. 9, 14.

Nymphidius Sabinus, prefect of the prætorian guard, iv. Galba, chs. 2, 8, 9, 11, 13, 15, 18, 23, 29.

Nypsius, commander of the garrison of Syracuse, iv. Dion, chs. 41, 44, 46.

Nysa, iii. Alexander, ch. 58.

Nysæus, despot of Syracuse, i. Timoleon, ch. 1.

Nyssa, sister of Mithridates, ii. Lucullus, ch. 18.

Oarses, iv. Artaxerxes, ch. 1.

Ochus, son of Artaxerxes II., iii. Alexander, ch. 69; iv. Artaxerxes, chs. 26, 28, 30.

Octavia, sister of Augustus, i. Poplicola, ch. 17; ii. Marcellus, ch. 20; iv. Cicero ch. 44, note; Antonius, chs. 31, 33, 35, 53, 54, 56, 57, 83, 87.

Octavianus, Augustus Cæsar, iv. Antonius, chs. 11, 16. See Cæsar.

Octavius, i.e. Octavianus, who was so called by Brutus, iv. Brutus, ch. 29.

----, the father of Augustus, iv. Cicero, ch. 44.

----, Caius, a pretended conspirator, iii. Cæsar, ch. 67.

----, Cnæus, who took Perseus, i. Æmilius, ch. 26.

----, Nepos, Cnæus, consul B.C. 87, ii. Marius, chs. 41, 42, 45; Sulla, ch. 12; iii. Sertorius, ch. 4.

----, consul B.C. 75, governor of Cilicia, ii. Lucullus, ch. 6.

Octavius, Lucius, lieutenant of Pompeius in Crete, iii. Pompeius, ch. 29.

----, Marcus, tribune of the people, iv. Tib. Gracchus, chs. 10, 11, 12, 15; C. Gracchus, ch. 4.

----, Marcus, lieutenant of Antonius at Actium, iv. Antonius, ch. 65.

----, Marcus, son of Cn. Octavius, consul B.C. 50, in Africa with Cato, iii. Cato Minor, ch. 65.

----, lieutenant of Crassus, iii. Crassus, chs. 29, 30, 31.

----, of African descent, iv. Cicero, ch. 26.

Odysseus, in Latin Ulysses, i. Romulus, ch. 1; Solon, ch. 30; Alkibiades, ch. 21; Coriolanus, ch. 21; ii. Marcellus, ch. 20; Cato Major, ch. 9; Lysander, ch. 20; iii. Agesilaus, ch. 5.

OEdipus, in Sophokles, iv. Demetrius, ch. 46; OEdipus's fountain, ii. Sulla, ch. 19.

OEnanthes, an Egyptian, iv. Kleomenes, ch. 33.

OEnarus, i. Theseus, ch. 20.

OEneadæ, people of Acarnania, i. Perikles, ch. 19; iii. Alexander, ch. 49.

OEnopion, i. Theseus, ch. 20.

OEta, i. Perikles, ch. 17.

Ofella, Lucretius, ii. Sulla, chs. 29, 33; Comparison, ch. 2.

Oia, Attic township, i. Perikles, ch. 9.

Oinous, i. Lykurgus, ch. 6.

Olbiani, in Mauritania, iii. Sertorius, ch. 9.

Olbius, i. Themistokles, ch. 26.

Oligyrtus, iv. Kleomenes, ch. 26.

Olizon, i. Themistokles, ch. 8.

Olokrus, a mountain, i. Æmilius, ch. 20.

Olorus, the name, ii. Kimon, ch. 4. A Thracian king, ibidem. Olorus the father of Thucydides, ibidem.

Olthakus, chief of the Dandarii, ii. Lucullus, ch. 16.

Olympia and the Olympic games, i. Theseus, ch. 25; Lykurgus, chs. 1 (Olympic truce), 21 (usage for Spartan victors, compare iii. Agesilaus, ch. 28), 22 (Olympic truce); Numa, ch. 1, institution of the games and visit of Pythagoras, ch. 8; Solon, ch. 23 (reward for Athenian victors compare ii. Aristeides, ch. 27); Themistokles, chs. 5, 17, 25, (Hiero's tent); Alkibiades, ch. 12; compare iv. Demosthenes, ch. 1; Æmilius, ch. 28 (Pheidias's Zeus); ii. Pelopidas, ch. 34; Aristeides, chs. 11, 27; Cato Major, ch. 5 (Kimon's race-horses); Sulla, ch. 12; iii. Agesilaus, chs. 13, 20 (Kyniske); Alexander, chs. 3, 4 (Philip's victory); Cato Minor, ch. 46; iv. Agis, ch. 11 (the oracle); Demosthenes, chs. 1, 9; Demetrius, ch. 11; List of victors, i. Numa, ch. 1.

Olympias, wife of Philip, mother of Alexander, iii. Eumenes, chs. 12, 13; Alexander, chs. 2, 3, 9, 10, 25, 39, 68, 77; iv. Demetrius, ch. 22.

Olympic games. See Olympia.

Olympiodorus, an Athenian, ii. Aristeides, ch. 14.

Olympus, a mountain in Thessaly, i. Æmilius, chs. 13, 14, 15.

----, in Cilicia or Lycia, iii. Pompeius, ch. 24.

----, a physician, iv. Antonius, ch. 82.

Olynthus, iv. Demosthenes, ch. 9.

Omises, a Persian, iv. Artaxerxes, ch. 4.

Omestes, Dionysus, ii. Aristeides, ch. 9; iv. Antonius, ch. 24.

Omphale, i. Theseus, ch. 6; Perikles, ch. 24.

Onatius, Aurelius, iii. Crassus, ch. 12.

Oneia, iv. Kleomenes, ch. 20.

Onesikritus, Alexander's, historian, iii. Alexander, chs. 8, 15, 46, 60, 61, 65, 66.

Onomarchus, with Antigonus, iii. Eumenes, ch. 18.

----, a Phokian, i. Timoleon, ch. 30.

Onomastus, Otho's freedman, iv. Galba, ch. 24.

Opheltas, a king of the Boeotians, ii. Kimon, ch. 1.

----, king of Cyrene, iv. Demetrius, ch. 14.

Opimius, L. consul B.C. 121, iv. C. Gracchus, chs. 11, 13, 14, 16, 17.

Oppius, C., Cæsar's friend, iii. Pompeius, ch. 10; Cæsar, ch. 17.

Opuntian Lokrians, ii. Flamininus, ch. 5.

Orchalian hill, ii. Lysander, ch. 29.

Orchomenus, in Arcadia, iv. Kleomenes, chs. 4, 7, 23, 26; Aratus, chs. 38, 45.

----, in Boeotia, ii. Pelopidas, chs. 16, 17, 18; Comparison, ch. 1; Lysander, ch. 28; Sulla, chs. 20, 21, 22, 26; Kimon, ch. 2; Lucullus, chs. 3, 11; iii. Agesilaus, ch. 18.

Oreitæ, iii. Alexander, ch. 66.

Orestes, ii. Aristeides, ch. 10.

----, L. Aurelius, consul B.C. 126, iv. C. Gracchus, chs. 1, 2.

Oreus, in Euboea, i. Æmilius, ch. 9.

Orexartes, river in Scythia, iii. Alexander, ch. 45.

Orfidius, iv. Otho, ch. 12.

Oricum, i. Æmilius, ch. 30; iii. Pompeius, ch. 65; Cæsar, ch. 37.

Orneus, i. Theseus, ch. 3.

Ornis, near Corinth, iv. Aratus, ch. 19.

Ornytus, i. Theseus, ch. 8.

Oroandes, of Crete, i. Æmilius, ch. 26.

Orobazus, Parthian ambassador, ii. Sulla, ch. 5.

Oromazes, or Oromasdes, Persian god, iii. Alexander, ch. 30; iv. Artaxerxes, ch. 29.

Orontes, a Persian, iv. Aratus. ch. 3; (the same?) Artaxerxes, ch. 27.

Oropus, ii. Cato Major, ch. 22; iv. Demosthenes, ch. 5.

Orpheus and Orphic rites, ii. Comparison of Kimon and Lucullus, ch. 1; iii. Alexander, ch. 2; Cæsar, ch. 9.

Orsodates, iii. Alexander, ch. 57.

Orthias, Artemis, i. Theseus, ch. 31; Lykurgus, ch. 17.

Orthagoras, a prophet, i. Timoleon, ch. 4.

Orthopagus, near Chæronea, ii. Sulla, ch. 17.

Oryssus, a Cretan, ii. Pyrrhus, ch. 30.

Osca (Huesca in Spain), iii. Sertorius, ch. 13.

Oschophoria, i. Theseus, chs. 22, 23.

Ostanes, younger son of Darius Nothus, iv. Artaxerxes, chs. 1, 5, 22.

Ostia, port of Rome, ii. Marius, chs. 35, 42; iii. Cæsar, ch. 58; iv. Otho, ch. 3.

Otacilius, brother of Marcellus, ii. Marcellus, ch. 2.

Otho, Marcus Salvius, the emperor, iv. Life; Galba, chs. 19, 20, 23-28.

----, Lucius Roscius, author of the Lex Roscia, iii. Pompeius, ch. 25; iv. Cicero, ch. 13.

Otryæ in Phrygia, ii. Lucullus, ch. 8.

Ovation, ii. Marcellus, ch. 22.

Ovicula, nickname of Fabius, i. Fabius, ch. 1.

Ouliades of Samos, ii. Aristeides, ch. 23.

Oxathres, iv. Artaxerxes, chs. 1, 5.

Oxus, river in Asia, iii. Alexander, ch. 57.

Oxyartes, son of Abouletes, satrap of Susiana, iii. Alexander, chs. 58, 68.

Paccianus, C., lieutenant of Sulla, iii. Sertorius, ch. 9.

Paccius, ii. Cato Major, ch. 10.

Paches, Athenian general, ii. Aristeides, ch. 26; iii. Nikias, ch. 6.

Pachynus, promontory in Sicily, iv. Dion, ch. 25.

Pacianus, Vibius, iii. Crassus, chs. 4, 5.

Pacorus, son of Hyrodes, iii. Crassus, ch. 33; iv. Antonius, ch. 34.

Padua, or Patavium. See Patavium.

Padus, the river Po, in Greek, Eridanus, i. Romulus, ch. 17; ii. Marcellus, ch. 6; Marius, ch. 24; iii. Crassus, ch. 9; Pompeius, ch. 16; Cæsar, chs. 20, 21, 25; iv. Brutus, ch. 19; Otho, chs. 5, 10.

Pæania, township of Demosthenes, iv. Demosthenes, chs. 20, 27.

Pæon of Amathus, i. Theseus, ch. 20.

Pæonia and Pæonians, i. Æmilius, ch. 18; ii. Pyrrhus, ch. 9; iii. Pompeius, ch. 41, where see Mr. Long's note; Alexander, ch. 39.

Pæstum, or Poseidonia, a Greek colony in Lucania, i. Æmilius, ch. 39; ii. Kimon, ch. 18.

Pagasæ, port of Thessaly, i. Themistokles, ch. 20.

Paidaretus, i. Lykurgus, ch. 24.

Palatine hill, Palatium, or Palace, at Rome, i. Romulus, chs. 1, 18, 20, 22; Poplicola, ch. 20 (Cloelia's statue); Camillus, ch. 32 (Romulus's staff); iii. Sertorius, ch. 24; C. Gracchus, ch. 12 (his house); iv. Cicero, ch. 8 (his house), 16, 22; Galba, chs. 1, 3, 24, 25.

Palestine, ii. Lucullus, ch. 14; iii. Crassus, ch. 16; Pompeius, ch. 44.

Pallantium, in Arcadia, iv. Kleomenes, ch. 4; Aratus, ch. 35.

Pallas, brother of Ægeus, i. Romulus, ch. 3.

Pammenes, ii. Pelopidas, chs. 18, 26.

Pallene, i. Theseus, ch. 13.

Pamphilus, a painter of the Sikyonian school, iv. Aratus, ch. 12.

Pamphylia, in Asia Minor, ii. Kimon, ch. 12; iii. Pompeius, ch. 76; Alexander, ch. 17; iv. Brutus, ch. 3.

Pan, i. Numa, ch. 4; ii, Aristeides, ch. 11.

Panætius, a philosopher, ii. Aristeides, ch. 1; Kimon, ch. 4; iv. Demosthenes, ch. 13.

Panaitios, i. Themistokles, ch. 12.

Panaktum, in Attica, i. Alkibiades, ch. 14; iii. Nikias, ch. 10; iv. Demetrius, ch. 23.

Pandion, king of Athens, i. Theseus, ch. 13.

Pandosia, in Italy, ii. Pyrrhus, ch. 16.

Pannonia and Pannonians, iv. Otho, chs. 4, 8, compare iii. Pompeius, ch. 41, note.

Panope or Panopeus, a town in Phokis, ii. Lysander, ch. 29; Sulla, ch. 16.

Panopeus, father of Ægle, i. Theseus, ch. 29.

Pansa, C. Vibius, consul B.C. 43, i. Æmilius, ch. 38; iv. Cicero, chs. 43, 45; Antonius, ch. 17.

Pantauchus, Demetrius's general, ii. Pyrrhus, ch. 7; iv. Demetrius, ch. 41.

Panteus, a Spartan, iv. Kleomenes, chs. 23, 38.

Panthoides of Chios, i. Themistokles, ch. 32.

----, a Spartan, ii. Pelopidas, ch. 16.

Paphlagonia, in Asia Minor, ii. Sulla, ch. 23; Lucullus, ch. 33; iii. Eumenes, chs. 3, 6; Agesilaus, ch. 11; Pompeius, ch. 44; Alexander, ch. 18; iv. Antonius, ch. 61.

Paphos, in Cyprus, iii. Cato Minor, ch. 35.

Papiria, wife of Æmilius Paulus, i. Æmilius, ch. 5.

Papirius, Marcus, i. Camillus, ch. 22.

----, Maso, i. Æmilius, ch. 5.

Pappus, a historian, iv. Demosthenes, ch. 30.

Parætonium, iv. Antonius, ch. 69.

Paralus, son of Perikles, i. Perikles, ch. 36.

Paranæa, in Macedonia, ii. Pyrrhus, ch. 6.

Parapotamii, in Phokis, ii. Sulla, ch. 16.

Paris, son of Priam, i. Theseus, ch. 34; Comparison, ch. 6; ii. Comparison of Lysander and Sulla, ch. 4; Alexander, ch. 15 (Paris's harp); iv. Comparison of Demetrius and Antonius, ch. 3; Galba, ch. 19 (under the name of Alexander).

Pariskas, attending upon Cyrus, iv. Artaxerxes, ch. 12.

Parma, a town in Italy, ii. Marius, ch. 27.

Parmenides, i. Perikles, ch. 4.

Parmenio, Alexander's general, iii. Alexander, chs. 3, 10, 19, 22, 29, 31-33, 39, 48-50.

Parnassus, ii. Sulla, ch. 15.

Parrhasius, a painter, i. Theseus, ch. 4.

Parthenon, i. Perikles, ch. 13; ii. Cato Major, ch. 5; iv. Demetrius, chs. 23, 26; Comparison, ch. 4.

Parthia and the Parthians. See especially the lives of iii. Crassus, chs. 2, 16, 18, 19, 21, 23-32, with the Comparison; and iv. Antonius, chs. 25, 27, 30-55, and the Comparison; also, ii. Sulla, ch. 6 (an embassy); Lucullus, chs. 14, 30, 36; iii. Nikias, ch. 1; Eumenes, ch. 18; Pompeius, chs. 28, 36, 38, 39, 52, 53, 55, 60, 64, 66; Alexander, ch. 45; Cæsar, chs. 28 (Crassus's death), 58, 60; iv. Cicero, ch. 36; Demetrius, ch. 20; Brutus, chs. 7, 22, 43; Comparison, ch. 4.

Parysatis, wife of Darius Nothus, iv. Artaxerxes, chs. 1, 6, 14, 16, 17, 23.

Pasakas, iv. Artaxerxes, ch. 9.

Pasargadæ, iv. Artaxerxes, ch. 3.

Paseas, father of Kleon, despot of Sikyon, iv. Aratus, chs. 2, 3.

Pasikrates, king of Soli in Cyprus, iii. Alexander, ch. 29.

Pasiphae, wife of Minos, i. Theseus, ch. 19.

----, oracle of, iv. Agis, ch. 9; Kleomenes, ch. 19.

Pasiphon, a writer, iii. Nikias, ch. 4.

Pasitigris, the river Tigris, iii. Eumenes, ch. 14.

Passaron, in the Molossian country, ii. Pyrrhus, ch. 5.

Pataikos, i. Solon, ch. 6.

Patara, iv. Brutus, chs. 2, 32.

Patavium, or Padua, iii. Cæsar, ch. 47.

Patræ, in Achaia, i. Alkibiades, ch. 15; ii. Cato Major, ch. 12; iv. Antonius, ch. 60; Aratus, ch. 47.

Patrobius, favourite of Nero, iv. Galba, chs. 17, 28.

Patrokles, friend of Seleukus, iv. Demetrius, ch. 47.

Patroklus, the hero, i. Theseus, ch. 34; ii. Aristeides, ch. 21; iii. Alexander, ch. 54; compare ch. 15.

Patron, companion of Evander, i. Romulus, ch. 13.

Patronis, in Phokis, ii. Sulla, ch. 15.

Paulinus Suetonius, Roman general, iv. Otho, chs. 5, 7, 8, 11, 13.

Paulus, Lucius Æmilius, father of Æmilius Paulus, killed at Cannæ, i. Fabius, chs. 14, 16; Æmilius, ch. 1; ii. Marcellus, ch. 10.

----, Æmilius, also Lucius, i. Life and Comparison with Timoleon; Timoleon, ch. 1; ii. Cato Major, chs. 15, 20, 24; Sulla, ch. 12; iv. Aratus, ch. 54; Galba, ch. 1.

----, consul B.C. 50, brother of Lepidus, iii. Pompeius, ch. 58; Cæsar, ch. 29; iv. Cicero, ch. 46; Antonius, ch. 19. The Basilica Pauli, iii. Cæsar, ch. 29; iv. Galba, ch. 26.

Pausanias, the assassin of Philip, iii. Alexander, ch. 10; iv. Demosthenes, ch. 22.

----, the physician, iii. Alexander, ch. 41.

----, an officer of Seleukus, iv. Demetrius, ch. 50.

----, son of Kleombrotus, regent of Sparta, i. Lykurgus, ch. 19; Themistokles, chs. 21, 23; ii. Aristeides, chs. 11, 14-18, 20, 23; Comparison, ch. 2; Kimon, ch. 6; Comparison, ch. 3; iv. Agis, ch. 3.

Pausanius, son of Pleistoanax, king of Sparta, ii. Lysander, chs. 14, 28, 29, 30; iv. Agis, ch. 3.

Pedalium, in Chersonesus, ii. Lucullus, ch. 23.

Pedum, in Latium, i. Coriolanus, ch. 28.

Pegæ, i. Perikles, ch. 19; iv. Aratus, ch. 43.

Peiræus, the port of Athens, i. Themistokles, chs. 10, 19 (its construction), 32; Perikles, ch. 8 (Ægina its eyesore); Alkibiades, ch. 26; ii. Pelopidas, ch. 14; Lysander, chs. 14, 15 (its destruction); Sulla, chs. 12, 14 (its siege and capture), 26; Comparison, ch. 4; iii. Nikias, ch. 30; Agesilaus, ch. 24; Phokion, ch. 32; iv. Demosthenes, chs. 1 (the eyesore), 6, 27; Demetrius, chs. 8 (his entrance), 34, 43; Brutus, ch. 28; Aratus, chs. 33, 34.

Peiraic gate at Athens, the, i. Theseus, ch. 27; ii. Sulla, ch. 14.

Peirithous, the hero, i. Theseus, chs. 20, 30.

Peirithois, Attic township, i. Alkibiades, ch. 13; iii. Nikias, ch. 11.

Peisander, an Athenian, i. Alkibiades, ch. 26.

----, a Platæan hero, ii. Aristeides, ch. 11.

----, the brother-in-law of Agesilaus, iii. Agesilaus, chs. 10, 17.

Peisianakteum, ii. Kimon, ch. 4.

Peisistratus, despot of Athens, i. Solon, chs. 1, 7, 8, 10, 29, 30, 31; Comparison of Solon and Poplicola, ch. 3; Perikles, chs. 3, 7; ii. Aristeides, ch. 2; Cato Major, ch. 24.

Pelagon, a Euboean, i. Themistokles, ch. 7.

Pelasgus, i. Pyrrhus, ch. 1.

Pelasgi, i. Romulus, ch. 1.

Peleus, i. Theseus, ch. 10; iii. Alexander, ch. 5.

Pelias, father of Akastus, ii. Sulla, ch. 36.

Peligniansin Italy, i, Æmilius, ch. 20.

Pella, town in Macedonia, i. Æmilius, ch. 23; iii. Eumenes, ch. 3; Alexander, ch. 60; iv. Demetrius, ch. 43.

----, Lucius, disgraced by Brutus, iv. Brutus, ch. 35.

Pellene, in Achaia, iv. Kleomenes, ch. 17; Aratus, chs. 31, 32, 39, 54.

----, in Laconia, iv. Agis, ch. 8.

Pelopidas, ii. Life and Comparison with Marcellus; i. Timoleon, ch. 36; ii. Aristeides, ch. 1; iii. Agesilaus, ch. 24; iv. Aratus, ch. 16; Artaxerxes, ch. 22.

Peloponnesus and the Peloponnesians, i. Theseus, chs. 3, 6, 25, and elsewhere frequent.

Peloponnesian War, the, i. Lykurgus, ch. 27 (Thucydides's history); Perikles, ch. 29; Coriolanus, ch. 14; ii. Aristeides, ch. 1; Lysander, chs. 3, 29; iv. Kleomenes, ch. 27; Antonius, ch. 70.

Pelops, son of Tantalus, i. Theseus, chs. 3, 7; Pelopidæ, ii. Marius, ch. 1.

----, of Byzantium, iv. Cicero, ch. 24.

Pelusium, in Egypt, iii. Pompeius, ch. 77; iv. Antonius, chs. 3, 74; Brutus, ch. 33.

Penelope, wife of Lysimachus, iv. Demetrius, ch. 25.

Peneus, river in Thessaly, ii. Flamininus, ch. 3.

Pentapyla, at Syracuse, iv. Dion, ch. 29.

Pentelic marble, i. Poplicola, ch. 15.

Penteleum, in Arcadia, iv. Kleomenes, ch. 17; Aratus, ch. 39.

Pentheus, king of Thebes, iii. Crassus, ch. 33.

Peparethus, in the Ægean Sea, i. Romulus, chs. 3, 8.

Perdikkas, king of Macedon, iii. Comparison of Nikias and Crassus, ch. 2.

Perdikkas, Alexander's general, iii. Eumenes, chs. 1, 3, 4, 5, 8; Alexander, chs. 15, 41, 77; iv. Demosthenes, ch. 31.

Pergamia, in Crete, i. Lykurgus, ch. 31.

Pergamus, or Pergamum, in Mysia, ii. Sulla, chs. 11, 23; Lucullus, ch. 3; iii. Cæsar, ch. 2; Cato Minor, ch. 10; iv. Tib. Gracchus, ch. 21; Antonius, ch. 58 (the library); Brutus, ch. 2.

Periander, despot of Corinth, i. Solon, chs. 4, 12; iv. Aratus, ch. 3.

Periboea, mother of Ajax, i. Theseus, ch. 29.

Perigoune, daughter of Sinis, i. Theseus, ch. 8.

Perikles, i. Life and Comparison with Fabius; i. Lykurgus, ch. 16; Themistokles, chs. 2, 10; Alkibiades, chs. 1, 3, 6, 14, 17; ii. Pelopidas, ch. 4; Aristeides, chs. 1, 24, 25, 26; Cato Major, ch. 8; Kimon, chs. 13, 14, 15, 16, 17; iii. Nikias, chs. 2, 3, 6, 9, 23; Comparison, ch. 1; Pompeius, ch. 63; Phokion, ch. 7; iv. Demosthenes, chs. 6, 9, 13, 20; Cicero, ch. 39.

Perikleides, a Spartan envoy, ii. Kimon, ch. 16.

Perinthus, in Thrace, iii. Alexander, ch. 70; Phokion, ch. 14; iv. Demosthenes, ch. 17.

Peripatetics, ii. Sulla, ch. 26; iv. Cato Minor, chs. 67, 69; Cicero, ch. 24; Brutus, ch. 24.

Periphemus, a hero of Salamis, i. Solon, ch. 9.

Periphetes, i. Theseus, ch. 8.

Periphoretus, name of Artemon, i. Perikles, ch. 27.

Peripoltas, a prophet, ii. Kimon, ch. 1.

----, surname of Damon, ibidem.

Peritas, Alexander's dog, iii. Alexander, ch. 61.

Perpenna Vento, iii. Sertorius, chs. 15, 26, 27; Pompeius, chs. 10, 18, 20.

Perrhæbia, part of Thessaly, and Perrhæbæ, its inhabitants, i. Æmilius, ch. 15; ii. Flamininus, ch. 10.

'Persæ,' of Æschylus, i. Themistokles, ch. 14.

Persæus, a philosopher, commanding in Corinth; iv. Aratus, chs. 18, 23.

Persephassia, ii. Lucullus, ch. 10.

Perseus, the hero, ii. Kimon, ch. 3.

----, king of Macedon, i. Æmilius, chs. 7, 8, 10, 12, 13, 16, 23, 24, 26, 33, 34, 37; Comparison, ch. 1; ii. Cato Major, chs. 15, 20; iv. Demetrius, ch. 53; Aratus, ch. 54.

Persis, or Persia proper, iii. Eumenes, ch. 14; Alexander, chs. 37, 69; iv. Artaxerxes, ch. 7.

Persians, the. See in general the lives of i. Themistokles, ii. Aristeides, Kimon, iii. Agesilaus, Alexander, Artaxerxes and the Comparisons. Also, i. Solon, ch. 28; Camillus, ch. 19; Perikles, chs. 24, 25; Alkibiades, chs. 23, 24; ii. Æmilius, ch. 25 (Medes); ii. Pelopidas, ch. 30; Cato Major, ch. 13; Flamininus, ch. 7; Lysander, chs. 3, 4, 23, 24; iii. Comparison of Nikias and Crassus, ch. 3; Pompeius, chs. 32, 34; iv. Demosthenes, ch. 20; Antonius, ch. 37; Brutus, ch. 31. Persian women, iii. Eumenes, ch. 1; Alexander, ch. 21; iv. Demetrius, ch. 31. Persian language, i. Themistokles, ch. 29; Artaxerxes, ch. 11. Persian habits, iii. Eumenes, ch. 6; the dress, iii. Alexander, chs. 31, 45, 51; the money, ii. Kimon, ch. 10; iii. Agesilaus, ch. 15; Artaxerxes, ch. 4. Compare Media and the Medes.

Persia, Artemis, ii. Lucullus, ch. 24.

Pessinus, in Galatia, ii. Marius, ch. 17; iii. Cato Minor, ch. 15.

Petelia, in Bruttium, ii. Marcellus, ch. 29. Mountains of Petelia, iii. Crassus, ch. 11, where see note. Petelian Grove, i. Camillus, ch. 36.

Peteus, son of Orneus, i. Theseus, ch. 32.

Peticius, a shipmaster, iii. Pompeius, ch. 73.

Petilia. See Petelia.

Petilius, a prætor, i. Numa, ch. 22.

Petillii, two brothers, tribunes, of the people, ii. Cato Major, ch. 15.

Petinus, favourite of Nero, iv. Galba, ch. 17.

Petra, in Arabia, iii. Pompeius, ch. 41; iv. Antonius, ch. 69.

Petra, in Thessaly, i. Æmilius, ch. 15.

Petrachus, above Chæronea, ii. Sulla, ch. 17.

Petro, Granius, iii. Cæsar, ch. 16.

Petronius, lieutenant of Crassus, iii. Crassus, chs. 30, 31.

----, Turpilianus, iv. Galba, chs. 15, 17.

Peukestas, iii. Eumenes, chs. 13-16; Alexander, chs 41, 42, 63.

Phæa, or Phaia, the sow of Krommyon, i. Theseus, ch. 9.

Phæax of Salamis, i. Theseus, ch. 17.

----, son of Erasistratus, an Athenian, i. Alkibiades, ch. 13; iii. Nikias, ch. 11; Agesilaus, ch. 15.

Phædimus, iii. Eumenes, ch. 16.

Phædo, archon at Athens, i. Theseus, ch. 36.

Phædra, wife of Theseus, i. Theseus, ch. 28.

Phænarete, ii. Pyrrhus, ch. 5.

Phæstus, in Crete, i. Solon, ch. 12.

Phaethon, first king of the Molossians, ii. Pyrrhus, ch. 1.

Phalerum, port of Athens, i. Theseus, chs. 17, 22; Themistokles, ch. 12; ii. Aristeides, ch. 27; iv. Demetrius, chs. 8, 9 (Demetrius the Phalerean).

Phalinus, a Zakynthian, iv. Artaxerxes, ch. 13.

Phanius of Eresus, historian, i. Solon, ch. 32.

----, of Lesbos, historian, i. Solon, ch. 14; Themistokles, chs. 1, 7, 13, 27, 29.

Phanippus, archon at Athens in the year of Marathon, ii. Aristeides, ch. 5.

Phanodemus, historian, i. Themistokles, ch. 13; Kimon, chs. 12, 19.

Phantasia, philosophical term, iv. Cicero, ch. 40.

Pharax, a Spartan, i. Timoleon, ch. 11; Comparison, ch. 2; iv. Dion, chs. 48, 49.

Pharmacusa, island near Miletus, iii. Cæsar, ch. 1.

Pharnabazus, a Persian satrap, i. Alkibiades, chs. 24, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 37, 39; ii. Lysander, chs. 19, 20, 24; iii. Agesilaus, ch. 9, 11, 12, 13, 17, 23; iv. Artaxerxes, chs. 21, 24, 27.

----, the son of Artabazus, iii. Eumenes, ch. 7.

Pharnakes, son of Mithridates, iii. Pompeius, ch. 41; Cæsar, ch. 50.

Pharnakia or Phernakia, ii. Lucullus, ch. 18.

Pharnapates, a Parthian, iv. Antonius, ch. 33.

Pharos, at Alexandria, iii. Alexander, ch. 26; Cæsar, ch. 49; iv. Antonius, chs. 29, 69.

Pharsalus, Pharsalia and Pharsalians, i. Perikles, ch. 36; ii. Pelopidas, chs. 27, 32; Agesilaus, ch. 16; iii. Pompeius, chs. 68, 71; Comparison, ch. 4; Cæsar, chs. 42, 52, 62; Cato Minor, chs. 55, 66; iv. Antonius, chs. 8, 62; Brutus, ch. 6; Otho, ch. 13.

Pharyges, a village in Phokis, iii. Phokion, ch. 33.

Phaselis, in Lycia, ii. Kimon, ch. 12; iii. Alexander, ch. 17.

Phasis, river, ii. Lucullus, ch. 33; Comparison, ch. 3; iii. Pompeius, ch. 34.

Phayllus, the athlete, iii. Alexander, ch. 34.

Phegæa, Attic township, i. Alkibiades, ch. 22.

Pheidias, the sculptor, i. Perikles, chs. 2, 13, 31, 32; Æmilius, ch. 28.

Pheidon, name of Demetrius, iii. Alexander, ch. 54.

Pheneum, or Pheneus, in Arcadia, iv. Kleomenes, ch. 17; Aratus, ch. 39.

Pheræ, in Achæa, iv. Kleomenes, ch. 14.

----, in Thessaly, ii. Pelopidas, chs. 26, 28, 35; iv. Galba, ch. 1.

Phereboea, i. Theseus, ch. 29.

Pherekles, at Dodona, ii. Lysander, ch. 25.

Phereklus, son of Amarsyas, i. Theseus, ch. 17.

Pherekydes, a historical writer, i. Theseus, chs. 19, 26.

----, the philosopher, ii. Pelopidas, ch. 21; Sulla, ch. 36; iv. Agis, ch. 10.

Pherendates, Persian general, ii. Kimon, ch. 12.

Pherenikus, a Theban, ii. Pelopidas, chs. 5, 7.

Pheristus of Elea, i. Timoleon, ch. 35.

Phernakia. See Pharnakia.

Phila, daughter of Antipater, wife of Demetrius, chs. 14, 22, 27, 31, 32, 37, 45, 46, 53; Comparison, ch. 1.

Philadelphus, a surname, i. Coriolanus, ch. 11.

----, king of Paphlagonia, iv. Antonius, ch. 61.

Philaidæ, the township of Peisistratus, so named from Philæus, son of Ajax, i. Solon, ch. 10.

Philagrus, tutor of Metellus Nepos, iv. Cicero, ch. 27.

Philargyrus, iii. Cato Minor, ch. 38.

Philarus, river in Boeotia, ii. Lysander, ch. 29.

Philathenæus, surname of Antonius, iv. Antonius, ch. 23.

Philetas, a poet, i. Perikles, ch. 2.

Philides, or Diphilides, a horse-dealer, i. Themistokles, ch. 5.

Philinna, mother of Philip Arrhidæus, iii. Alexander, ch. 77.

Philippi, town and battlefield, in Macedonia, ii. Sulla, ch. 23; iii. Cæsar, ch. 69; Cato Minor, ch. 73; iv. Antonius, ch. 69; Brutus, chs. 24, 28, 36, 37, 38, 53.

Philippides, comic poet, iv. Demetrius, chs. 12, 25.

Philip II., king of Macedonia, father of Alexander the Great. See the Lives of iii. Alexander, chs. 1-6, 9, 10, 12, 16, 27, 28, 50, 53; Phokion, chs. 9, 12, 14-17, 29; iv. Demosthenes, chs. 9, 12, 14, 16, 17, 18, 20, 21, 22; Comparison, ch. 3. Some additional particulars are given in i. Perikles, ch. 1; Timoleon, ch. 15; ii. Pelopidas, ch. 26; iii. Eumenes, ch. 1; iv. Demetrius, chs. 22, 42. He is mentioned also in i. Camillus, ch. 19; Æmilius, ch. 12; iii. Sertorius, ch. 1; Eumenes, chs. 16, 18; iv. Kleomenes, ch. 31; Demetrius, chs. 10, 20, 25; Comparison, ch. 4; Aratus, chs. 13, 23.

----, III., Arrhidæus, son of Philip II., iii. Eumenes, ch. 13; compare Alexander, chs. 10, 77.

----, IV., son of Kassander, iv. Demetrius, ch. 36.

----, V., son of Demetrius II., i. Æmilius, chs. 7, 8; ii. Cato Major, chs. 12, 17; Philopoemen, chs. 8, 12, 14, 15; Flamininus, chs. 2-10, 14; Comparison, ch. 1; iv. Demetrius, ch. 3; Aratus, chs. 16, 46-52, 54.

----, the Acarnanian, iii. Alexander, ch. 19.

----, son of Antigonus, brother of Demetrius, iv. Demetrius, ch. 23.

----, of Chalkis, iii. Alexander, ch. 46.

----, first husband of Berenike, ii. Pyrrhus, ch. 4.

Philip, the herald of festivals, iii. Alexander, ch. 46.

----, a Theban, ii. Pelopidas, chs. 5, 7, 10, 11.

----, left in India, iii. Alexander, ch. 60; he is supposed by some to be the father of Antigonus; compare, iv. Demetrius, ch. 2.

Philippus, freedman of Pompeius, iii. Pompeius, chs. 78, 80.

----, Marcius, censor, i. Æmilius, ch. 38.

----, Lucius, attached to Pompeius, iii. Pompeius, chs. 2, 17.

----, father of Marcia, and step-father of Augustus, consul B.C. 56, iii. Cato Minor, chs. 25, 39; iv. Cicero, ch. 44.

Philistus, in some places wrongly spelt Philistius, i. Timoleon, ch. 15; ii. Pelopidas, ch. 34; iii. Nikias, chs. 1, 19, 28; Alexander, ch. 8; iv. Dion, chs. 11, 14, 19, 25, 35, 36, 37.

Phillidas, a Theban, iii. Pelopidas, chs. 7, 9, 10, 11.

Philo, builder of the arsenal at Athens, ii. Sulla, ch. 14.

----, a philosopher, ii. Lucullus, ch. 42; iv. Cicero, chs. 3, 4.

----, the Theban, a writer, iii. Alexander, ch. 46.

Philoboeotus, near Elatea, ii. Sulla, ch. 16.

Philochorus, an Attic historian, i. Theseus, chs. 14, 16, 17, 19, 26, 35; iv. Nikias, ch. 23.

Philocyprus, king in Cyprus, i. Solon, ch. 26.

Philokles, a writer, i. Solon, ch, 1.

----, an Athenian general, ii. Lysander, chs. 9, 13; Comparison, ch. 4.

Philokrates, an Athenian orator, iv. Demosthenes, ch. 16.

----, servant of C. Gracchus, iv. C. Gracchus, ch. 17.

Philoktetes, the hero, i. Themistokles, ch. 8; compare the quotation in i. Solon, ch. 20, which is from the 'Philoktetes' of Sophokles.

Philologus (properly Philogonus), freedman of Cicero's brother, iv. Cicero, chs. 48, 49.

Philombrotus, archon at Athens, i. Solon, ch. 14.

Philomelus of Lamptra, iii. Phokion, ch. 32.

----, of Phokis, i. Timoleon, ch. 30.

Philometor, Attalus, i. Camillus, ch. 19; iv. Tib. Gracchus, ch. 14; Demetrius, ch. 20.

Philoneikus, a Thessalian, iii. Alexander, ch. 6.

Philonicus, Licinius, i. Æmilius, ch. 38.

Philopoemen, ii. Life and Comparison with Flamininus; Flamininus, chs. 1, 13, 17; iv. Kleomenes, ch. 24; Aratus, ch. 24.

Philostephanus, a writer, i. Lykurgus, ch. 22.

Philostratus, a philosopher, iii. Cato Minor, ch. 67; iv. Antonius, ch. 80.

Philotas of Amphissa, a physician, friend of Plutarch's grandfather, iv. Antonius, ch. 28.

----, son of Parmenio, iii. Alexander, chs. 10, 11, 31, 40, 48, 49.

Philotis or Tutula, i. Romulus, ch. 29; Camillus, ch. 33.

Philoxenus, officer of Alexander, iii. Alexander, ch. 22.

----, a dithyrambic poet, iii. Alexander, ch. 8.

----, son of Ptolemy of Macedonia, ii. Pelopidas, ch. 27.

Phlius, in Peloponnesus, i. Perikles, ch. 4; iii. Agesilaus, ch. 24; iv. Kleomenes, chs. 19, 26; Aratus, chs. 35, 39.

Phlogidas, a Spartan, ii. Lysander, ch. 16.

Phlogius, a hero, ii. Lucullus, ch. 23.

Phlyæ, an Attic township, i. Solon, ch. 12; Themistokles, ch. 1, also ch. 15 (the temple of Apollo with the laurel crown at Phlyæ).

Phoebidas, a Spartan, ii. Pelopidas, chs. 5, 6, 15; iii. Agesilaus, chs. 23, 24, 34; Comparison, ch. 1.

Phoebis, a mothax, iv. Kleomenes, ch. 8.

Phoenicia and the Phoenicians, i. Perikles, chs. 26, 28; Alkibiades, chs. 25, 26; Timoleon, chs. 9, 11, 34; Æmilius, ch. 12; ii. Pyrrhus, ch. 22; Lysander, ch. 9; Sulla, ch. 17 (a Phoenician word); Kimon, chs. 12, 13, 18; Lucullus, ch. 21; iii. Agesilaus, ch. 37; Pompeius, chs. 32, 33, 44; Alexander, chs. 17, 24, 29; iv. Antonius, chs. 30, 36, 54, 64.

Phoenix, Achilles's tutor, ii. Philopoemen, ch. 1; iii. Alexander, chs. 5, 24.

----, of Tenedos, iii. Eumenes, ch. 7.

----, a Theban, iii. Alexander, ch. 11.

Phokæa and the Phokæans, in Ionia, i. Perikles, ch. 24; ii. Lysander, ch. 5; iv. Artaxerxes, ch. 26.

Phokion, iii. Life and Comparison with Cato Minor; i. Timoleon, ch. 6; iii. Alexander, ch. 39; iv. Agis, ch. 2; Demosthenes, chs. 10, 14; Aratus, ch. 19.

Phokis and Phokians, i. Themistokles, ch. 9; Perikles, chs. 17, 21; Flamininus, ch. 10; Lysander, chs. 15, 27, 28, 29; Sulla, chs. 12, 15; iii. Agesilaus, chs. 17, 28; Alexander, ch. 11; Phokion, ch. 33; Demosthenes, chs. 12, 18; Aratus, ch. 50.

Phokus, friend of Solon, i. Solon, ch. 14.

----, son of Phokion, iii. Phokion, chs. 20, 30, 36, 38.

Phorbas, i. Romulus, ch. 2; Numa, ch. 4.

Phormio, the admiral, i. Alkibiades, ch. 1.

----, an Athenian, iv. Demosthenes, ch. 15; Comparison, ch. 3.

Phraata, city in Media, iv. Antonius, chs. 38, 39, 50.

Phraates, king of Parthia, iii. Pompeius, chs. 33, 38; compare, ii. Lucullus, ch. 30.

Phraates, son of Hyrodes, grandson of the preceding, king of Parthia, iii. Crassus, ch. 33; iv. Antonius, chs. 37, 38, 40, 41, 52.

Phrasikles, nephew of Themistokles, i. Themistokles, chs. 32.

Phrearri, Attic township, i. Themistokles, chs. 1, 5.

Phrixus, a Spartan, iii. Agesilaus, ch. 32.

Phrygia and the Phrygians, i. Numa, ch. 4 (the fable of Attis); Themistokles, ch. 30; Alkibiades, ch. 37; ii. Flamininus, ch. 20 (defeat of Antiochus); Kimon, ch. 9; Lucullus, ch. 8; iii. Eumenes, ch. 3; Agesilaus, chs. 9, 10, 11; Pompeius, ch. 30; Alexander, ch. 18 (Gordium); Cæsar, ch. 9 (Bona Dea); Phokion, ch. 29 (countryman searching for Antigonus); iv. Demetrius, chs. 5, 46.

Phrynichus, an Athenian general, i. Alkibiades, ch. 25.

----, a comic poet, i. Alkibiades, ch. 20; Nikias, ch. 4.

----, tragic poet, i. Themistokles, ch. 5.

Phrynis, a musician, iv. Agis, ch. 10.

Phthia, the wife of Admetus, i. Themistokles, ch. 24.

----, the mother of Pyrrhus, ii. Pyrrhus, ch. 1.

----, or Phthiotis, in Thessaly, i. Perikles, ch. 17; ii. Pelopidas, chs. 31, 35; Flamininus, ch. 10.

Phylakia, in Attica, iv. Aratus, ch. 34.

Phylakion, mistress of Stratokles, iv. Demetrius, ch. 11.

Phylarchus, the historian, i. Themistokles, ch. 32; Camillus, ch. 19; ii. Pyrrhus, ch. 27; iv. Agis, ch. 9; Kleomenes, chs. 5, 28, 30; Demosthenes, ch. 27; Aratus, ch. 38.

Phyle, in Attica, ii. Lysander, chs. 21, 27; iv. Demetrius, ch. 23.

Phyllius, a Spartan, ii. Pyrrhus, ch. 28.

Physkon. See Fusco.

Phytalid race, or Phytalidæ, in Attica, i. Theseus, ch. 12.

Picenum and Picentines, in Italy, ii, Marcellus, ch. 4; iii. Crassus, ch. 10; Pompeius, ch. 6.

Picinæ, ii. Sulla, ch. 9.

Pictor, Fabius, the historian, i. Romulus, chs. 3, 9, 14; Fabius, ch. 18.

Picus, a demigod, i. Numa, ch. 4.

Pierion, a poet, iii. Alexander, ch. 50.

Pigres, iii. Eumenes, ch. 6.

Pinarii, i. Numa, ch. 21.

Pinarius, i. Comparison of Lykurgus and Numa, ch. 3.

----, Carpus, L., iv. Antonius, ch. 69, note.

Pinarus, a river of Cilicia, iii. Alexander, ch. 20.

Pindar, i. Theseus, ch. 28; Romulus, ch. 28; Lykurgus, ch. 20; Numa, ch. 4; Themistokles, ch. 8; ii. Marcellus, chs. 21, 29; Marius, ch. 29; iii. Nikias, ch. 1; Alexander, ch. 11; iv. Demetrius, ch. 42; Aratus, ch. 1.

Pindarus, freedman of Cassius, iv. Antonius, ch. 22; Brutus, ch. 43.

Pinus, son of Numa, ancestor of the Pinarii, i. Numa, ch. 21.

Pisa, in Elis, i. Perikles, ch. 2.

Pisaurum, in Umbria, iv. Antonius, ch. 60.

Pisidians, i. Themistokles, ch. 30; iii. Alexander. ch. 18.

Pisis of Thespia, iv. Demetrius, ch. 39.

Piso, called Caius by Plutarch, really Lucius, a historian, i. Numa, ch. 21; ii. Marius, ch. 45.

----, consul B.C. 67, iii. Pompeius, ch. 27; Cæsar, ch. 7; iv. Cicero, ch. 19.

----, Marcus Pupius, consul B.C. 61, iii. Pompeius, ch. 43; Cato Minor, ch. 30.

Piso, L. Calpurnius, consul B.C. 58, father-in-law of Cæsar, iii. Pompeius, chs. 47, 48; Cæsar, chs. 14, 37; Cato Minor, ch. 34; iv. Cicero, chs. 30, 31.

----, Frugi, C. Calpurnius, Cicero's son-in-law, iv. Cicero, chs. 31, 41.

----, adopted by Galba, iv. Galba, chs. 23, 25, 27, 28.

Pissuthnes, a Persian, i. Perikles, ch. 25.

Pitane, ii. Lucullus, ch. 3.

Pittakus, despot of Mitylene, i. Solon, ch. 14.

Pittheus, father, of Æthra, i. Theseus, chs. 3, 4, 7, 19.

Pityussa, island near Spain, iii. Sertorius, ch. 7.

Pixodarus of Karia, iii. Alexander, ch. 10.

Placentia, in Italy, iv. Otho, ch. 6.

Plancus, Titus Munatius, Bursa, iii. Pompeius, ch. 55; Cato Minor, ch. 48; iv. Cicero, ch. 25.

----, Lucius Munatius, Bursa, brother of the preceding, iv. Antonius, chs. 18, 58; Brutus, ch. 19.

Platæa and Platæans, i. Themistokles, ch. 16; Camillus, ch. 19; Æmilius, ch. 25; ii. Pelopidas, chs. 15, 25; Aristeides, chs. 1, 5, 11, 13, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21; Comparison, chs. 2, 5; Flamininus, ch. 11; Lysander, ch. 28; Comparison, ch. 4; Kimon, ch. 13; iii. Alexander, chs. 11, 34; iv. Agis, ch. 3.

Plato, comic poet, i. Themistokles, ch. 32; Perikles, chs. 4, 7; Alkibiades, ch. 13; iii. Nikias, ch. 11; iv. Antonius, ch. 70.

----, the philosopher, i. Comparison of Romulus and Theseus, ch. 1; Lykurgus, chs. 5, 7, 15, 16, 28, 29; Numa, chs. 8, 11, 20; Solon, chs. 2, 26, 31, 32; Themistokles, chs. 4, 32; Perikles, chs. 8, 15, 24; Alkibiades, chs. 1, 4; Coriolanus, ch. 15; Comparison, ch. 3; Timoleon, ch. 15; ii. Pelopidas, ch. 18; Marcellus, ch. 14; Aristeides, chs. 1, 25; Cato Major, chs. 2, 7; Philopoemen, ch. 14; Marius, chs. 2, 46; Lysander, chs. 2, 18; Lucullus, ch. 2; Comparison, chs. 1, 2; iii. Nikias, chs. 1, 23; Phokion, 34; Cato Minor, ch. 68; iv. Comparison of Agis and Kleomenes and the Gracchi, ch. 2; Demosthenes, ch. 5; Cicero, chs. 2, 24; Comparison, ch. 3; Demetrius, chs. 1, 32; Antonius, chs. 29, 36; Dion, chs. 4, 5, 8, 11, 12, 13, 18-22, 24, 52, 53; Galba, ch. 1.

Pleistarchus, brother of Kassander, iv. Demetrius, chs. 31, 32.

Pleistinus, brother of Faustulus, i. Romulus, ch. 10.

Pleistoanax, king of Sparta, i. Lykurgus, ch. 19; Perikles, ch. 22; iv. Agis, ch. 3.

Plemmyrium, in Sicily, iii. Nikias. ch. 20.

Plotinus, iii. Crassus, ch. 1.

Plutarchus of Eretria, iii. Phokion, chs. 12, 13.

Po, or Padus, the river, in Greek Eridanus, i. Romulus, ch. 17; ii. Marcellus, ch. 6; Marius, ch. 24; iii. Crassus, ch. 9; Pompeius, ch. 16; Cæsar, chs. 20, 21, 25; iv. Brutus, ch. 19; Otho, chs. 5, 10.

Polemarchus, iii. Alexander, ch. 69.

Polemon, a Macedonian, iii. Eumenes, ch. 8.

----, king of Pontus, iv. Antonius, chs. 38, 61.

----, a geographer, iv. Aratus, ch. 13.

Poliarchus, i. Themistokles, ch. 19.

Pollichus, a Syracusan, iii. Nikias, ch. 24.

Pollio, Asinius, friend of Cæsar, iii. Pompeius, ch. 72; Cæsar, chs. 32, 46, 52; Cato Minor, ch. 53; iv. Antonius, ch. 9.

----, prefect of the Prætorians, iv, Otho, ch. 18.

Pollis, a Spartan, iv. Dion, ch. 5.

Polus of Ægina, iv. Demosthenes, ch. 28.

Polyænus, ii. Philopoemen, ch. 10.

Polyalkes, i. Perikles, ch. 30.

Polybius, the historian, i. Æmilius, chs. 15, 16, 18; ii. Pelopidas, ch. 17; Comparison, ch. 1; Cato Major, chs. 9, 10; Philopoemen, chs. 16, 21; Flamininus, ch. 8, (note on Macedonian phalanx); iv. Kleomenes, chs. 25, 27; Tib. Gracchus, ch. 4; Brutus, ch. 4; Aratus, ch. 38.

Polydektes, king of Sparta, i. Lykurgus, chs. 1, 2.

Polydorus, king of Sparta, i. Lykurgus, chs. 6, 8.

Polyeuktus, son of Themistokles, i. Themistokles, ch. 32.

----, of Sphettus, iii. Phokion, chs. 5, 9; iv. Demosthenes, chs, 10, 13, 21.

Polygnotus, the painter, ii. Kimon, ch. 4.

Polygnotus's tower, iv. Aratus, chs. 6, 7.

Polyidus, a Platæan hero, ii. Aristeides, ch. 11.

Polykleitus, the sculptor, i. Perikles, ch. 2.

----, a historian, iii. Alexander, ch. 46.

----, a favourite of Nero, iv. Galba, ch. 17.

Polykrates of Samos, i. Perikles, ch. 26; ii. Lysander, ch. 9; compare i. Camillus, ch. 37, note.

----, of Sikyon, friend of Plutarch, iv. Aratus, ch. 1.

----, son of the preceding, ibidem.

Polykratidas, i. Lykurgus, ch. 24.

Polykrite, grand-daughter of Aristeides, ii. Aristeides, ch. 37.

Polykritus of Mende, iv. Artaxerxes, ch. 21.

Polymachus of Pella. See Polemarchus.

Polymedes, an Athenian, iii. Phokion, ch. 23.

Polyphron, ii. Pelopidas, ch. 29.

Polysperchon, one of those who killed Kallippus, iv. Dion, ch. 58, where the text has Polyperchon.

----, Alexander's general, ii. Pyrrhus, ch. 8; iii. Eumenes, chs. 12, 13; Phokion. chs. 31, 32, 33; iv. Demetrius, ch 9.

Polystratus, present at the death of Darius, iii. Alexander, ch. 43.

Polytion, companion of Alkibiades, i. Alkibiades, chs. 19, 22.

Polyxenus, married to a sister of Dionysius the elder, iv. Dion, ch. 21.

Polyzelus, brother of the despot Gelon, iii. Nikias, ch. 27.

----, of Rhodes, i. Solon, ch. 15.

Pomaxathres, iii. Crassus, ch. 33.

Pomentium, iii. Cæsar, ch. 58.

Pompædius Sillo, iii. Cato Minor, ch. 2.

Pompeia, wife of Cæsar, iii. Cæsar, chs. 5, 9, 10; iv. Cicero, ch. 28.

Pompeii, in Campania, iv. Cicero, ch. 8.

----, the, a Roman family, ii. Marius, ch. 1.

Pompeius, Aulus, a tribune, ii. Marius, ch. 17.

----, Strabo, Cnæus, father of Pompeius the Great, iii. Pompeius chs. 1, 4.

----, Cnæus, the Great, iii. Life and Comparison with Agesilaus; see also ii. Sulla, chs. 28, 33, 38; Comparison, ch. 2; Lucullus, chs. 1, 4, 35, 36, 38-40; Comparison, ch. 3; iii. Crassus, chs. 3, 6, 7, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 21; Comparison, ch. 3; Sertorius, chs. 1, 12, 15, 18-21, 27; Comparison, ch. 2; Cæsar, chs, 5, 14, 21, 23, 28, 29, 33-46, 48, 56, 57, 69; Cato Minor, chs. 10, 13, 14, 25, 29, 30, 41-43, 45-48, 52-56; iv. Cicero, chs. 8, 9, 12, 18, 27, 30, 33, 35, 37, 38, 39, 40; Comparison, ch. 3; Antonius, chs. 5, 6, 8, 10, 21, 33, 62; Brutus, chs. 4, 6, 9, 11, 14, 17, 25, 29, 33, 40; Comparison, ch. 4. The day of his death is given in i. Camillus, ch. 19; and his name occurs in i. Numa, ch. 19; iii. Alexander, ch. 1; iv. Otho, ch. 9.

Pompeius, Cnæus, son of Pompeius the Great, iii. Pompeius, ch. 62; Cato Minor, chs. 55, 59; iv. Antonius, ch. 25.

----, Sextus, younger son of Pompeius the Great, iii. Cato Minor, ch. 56; iv. Antonius, chs. 32, 35, 55.

----, Sextus, nephew of Pompeius the Great, iii. Cato Minor, ch. 3.

----, Quintus, consul B.C. 88, ii. Sulla, chs. 6, 8.

----, an opponent of Tib. Gracchus, iv. Tib. Gracchus, ch. 14.

Pompilia, daughter of Numa, i. Numa, ch. 21.

Pompilius. See Numa.

Pompo, son of Numa, ancestor of the Pomponii, i. Numa, ch. 21.

Pomponia, wife of Quintus Cicero, iv. Cicero, ch. 49.

Pomponius, father of Numa, i. Numa, ch. 3.

Pomponii, the, i. Numa, ch. 21.

Pomponius, prætor in the year of the battle of Thrasymene, i. Fabius, ch. 3.

----, a friend of C. Gracchus, iv. C. Gracchus, ch. 16.

----, taken by Mithridates, ii. Lucullus, ch. 15.

Pontius, ii. Sulla, ch. 27.

----, Cominius, who climbed the Capitol, i. Camillus, chs. 25, 26.

----, Glaucus, iv. Cicero, ch. 2.

Pontus, i. Lykurgus, ch. 11; ii. Aristeides, ch. 26; Marius, chs. 11 (Pontic Scythia), 31; Lysander, ch. 26; Sulla, chs. 11, 24; Lucullus, chs. 10, 13, 23, 24, 33-35; iii. Sertorius, ch. 23; Eumenes, ch. 3 (the Euxine sea); Pompeius, chs. 31, 34, 41, 44; Cæsar, chs. 50, 55, 58 (the Euxine); Cato Minor, ch. 31; iv. Demetrius, ch. 4; Antonius, ch. 29; Galba, chs. 13, 15. The Pontic trumpeter, ii. Lucullus, ch. 10. See also the Euxine. Pontus signifies sometimes the sea, and sometimes the kingdom on its Asiatic shore.

Popilius Lænas, C., concerned in killing Cicero, iv. Cicero, ch. 48.

----, an opponent of the Gracchi, iv. C. Gracchus, ch. 4.

----, Lænas, a senator, iv. Brutus, chs. 15, 16.

----, Caius, iii. Cæsar, ch. 5.

Publius Valerius Publicola, or Poplicola, i. Life and Comparison with Solon; i. Romulus, ch. 16; Coriolanus, ch. 33.

----, Marcus Valerius, brother of Poplicola, i. Poplicola, ch. 14.

Poppæa, wife of Crispinus, Otho, and Nero, iv. Galba, ch. 19; a name given to Sporus, iv. Galba, ch. 9.

Porcia, sister of Cato Minor, iii. Cato Minor, chs. 2, 41.

----, daughter of Cato Minor, wife of Brutus, iii. Cato Minor, chs. 25, 73; iv. Brutus, chs. 13, 15, 23, 53.

Porcii, the, i. Poplicola, ch. 11. The Basilica Porcia, ii. Cato Major, ch. 19; iii. Cato Minor, ch. 5.

Porcius, i.e. Cato's son, iii. Cato Minor, ch. 73. See Cato.

Porsena, king of Clusium, i. Poplicola, chs. 16-19; Comparison, ch. 4.

Porus, an Indian king, iii. Alexander, chs. 60, 61, 62.

Poseidonia or Pæstum, ii. Kimon, ch. 18.

Poseidonius, historian of Perseus, i. Æmilius, chs. 19, 21.

----, of Rhodes, philosopher and historian, i. Fabius, ch. 19; ii. Marcellus, chs. 1, 9, 20, 30; Marius, chs. 1, 45; iii. Pompeius, ch. 42; iv. Cicero, ch. 4; Brutus, ch. 1.

Postuma, or Posthuma, Sulla's daughter, ii. Sulla, ch. 37.

Postumius Balbus, i. Poplicola, ch. 22.

----, Tubertus, i. Poplicola, ch. 20.

----, Tubertus, i. Camillus, ch. 2.

----, Spurius, iv. Tib. Gracchus, ch. 8.

----, a soothsayer, ii. Sulla, ch. 9.

----, See Livius and Albinus.

Postumus, a surname, i. Coriolanus, ch. 11.

----, in Greek Opsigonus, i.e. Mucius Scævola, i. Poplicola, ch. 17.

Potamon of Lesbos, historian, iii. Alexander, ch. 61.

Potamus, ii. Aristeides, ch. 27.

Potheinus, the eunuch, iii. Pompeius, chs. 77, 80; Cæsar, chs. 48, 49; iv. Antonius, ch. 60.

Potidæa, i. Perikles, ch. 29; Alkibiades, ch. 7; iii. Alexander, ch. 3.

Potitus, Valerius, envoy to Delphi, i. Camillus, ch. 8.

Præcia, i. Lucullus, ch. 6.

Præneste, in Latium, i. Camillus, ch. 37; ii. Marius, ch. 46; Sulla, chs. 28, 29, 32.

Præsiæ, an Indian people, iii. Alexander, ch. 62.

Pranichus, a poet, iii. Alexander, ch. 50.

Praxagoras, a Neapolitan, iii. Pompeius, ch. 57.

Praxiergidæ, Attic priestly family, i. Alkibiades, ch. 34.

Priam, king of Troy, iv. Agis, ch. 9.

Priene, in Ionia, i. Solon, ch. 4; Perikles, ch. 25; iv. Antonius, ch. 57.

Prima, daughter of Romulus, i. Romulus, ch. 14.

Priscus, name of Cato, ii. Cato Major, ch. 1.

----, Helvidius, iv. Galba, ch. 28.

Proculeius, a friend of Augustus, iv. Antonius, chs. 77, 78, 79.

Proculus, a surname, i. Coriolanus, ch. 11.

Proculus, Julius, i. Romulus, ch 28; Numa, chs. 2, 5.

----, Otho's general and prefect of the Prætorians, iv. Otho, chs. 7, 8, 11, 13.

Prokles, king of Sparta, i. Lykurgus, ch. 1.

Prokounessus, or Procounesus, an island in the Propontis, i. Romulus, ch. 28; Alkibiades, ch. 28.

Prokroustes, name of Damastes, i. Theseus, ch. 10; Comparison, ch. 1.

Prolyta, daughter of Agesilaus, iii. Agesilaus, ch. 19.

Promachus, a Macedonian, iii. Alexander, ch. 70.

Promathion, a historian, i. Romulus, ch. 2.

Prometheus, in Æschylus, Pompeius, ch. 1.

Prophantus, a Sikyonian, iv. Aratus, ch. 2.

Propontis, ii. Lucullus, ch. 6.

Protagoras, the sophist, i. Perikles, ch. 36; iii. Nikias, ch. 23.

Proteus, iii. Alexander, ch. 39.

Prothous, a Lacedæmonian, iii. Agesilaus, ch. 28.

Prothytes, a Theban, iii. Alexander, ch. 11.

Protis, founder of Marseilles, i. Solon, ch. 2.

Protogenes of Kaunus, iv. Demetrius, ch. 2.

Protus, a pilot, iv. Dion, ch. 25.

Proxenus, a Macedonian, iii. Alexander, ch. 57.

Prusias, king of Bithynia, ii. Flamininus, ch. 20.

Prytanis, king of Sparta, i. Lykurgus, ch. 1.

Psammon, an Egyptian philosopher, iii. Alexander, ch. 27.

Psenophis of Heliopolis, i. Solon, ch. 26.

Psiltukis, island in the Indian Sea, iii. Alexander, ch. 66.

Psyche, wife of Marphadates, iii. Cato Minor, ch. 73.

Psylli, in Libya, iii. Cato Minor, ch. 56.

Psyttaleia, near Salamis, ii. Aristeides, ch. 9.

Ptoeodorus of Megara, iv. Dion, ch. 17.

Ptolemais, daughter of Ptolemæus Lagous, married to Demetrius, iv. Demetrius, chs. 32, 46, 53.

Ptolemæus I., Soter, son of Lagous, Alexander's general, king of Egypt, ii. Pyrrhus, chs. 4, 6, 11; iii. Eumenes, chs. 1, 5; Alexander, chs. 10, 38, 46; iv. Demetrius, chs. 5-9, 15-19, 21, 22, 25, 31, 35, 38, 44; Comparison, ch. 3; also, Coriolanus, ch. 11.

----, II., Philadelphus, king of Egypt, ii. Philopoemen, ch. 8; iv. Aratus, chs. 4, 12, 15, 41; also, Coriolanus, ch. 11.

----, III., Euergetes I., king of Egypt, ii. Philopoemen, ch. 8; iv. Agis, ch. 7; Kleomenes, chs. 19, 22, 31, 33; Aratus, chs. 24, 41; also, Coriolanus, ch. 11.

----, IV., Philopator, king of Egypt, iv. Kleomenes, chs. 33-38; Demetrius, ch. 43.

----, V., Epiphanes, king of Egypt, ii. Philopoemen, ch. 13.

----, VII., Physkon or Euergetes II., king of Egypt, iv. Tib. Gracchus, ch. 1; also, i. Coriolanus, ch. 11.

----, VIII., Lathyrus, king of Egypt, i. Coriolanus, ch. 11.

----, XI., Auletes, king of Egypt, ii. Lucullus, chs. 2, 3; Pompeius, ch. 49; Cato Minor, chs. 34, 35; iv. Antonius, ch. 3.

----, XII., son of the preceding, brother of Cleopatra, king of Egypt, iii. Pompeius, chs. 77, 79; compare Cæsar, chs. 48, 49.

----, king of Cyprus, son of Lathyrus, brother of Auletes, iii. Cato Minor, chs. 34, 35, 36; iv. Brutus, ch. 3.

----, prefect of Alexandria, iv. Kleomenes, ch. 37.

Ptolemæus, cousin of Antigonus, iii. Eumenes, ch. 10.

----, son of Antonius and Cleopatra, iv. Antonius, ch. 54.

----, son of Chrysermas, iv. Kleomenes, chs. 36, 37.

----, Keraunus, king of Macedonia, ii. Pyrrhus, ch. 22.

----, king of Macedonia, ii. Pelopidas, ch. 26.

----, attendant on Mithridates, ii. Lucullus, ch. 17.

----, son of Pyrrhus, ii. Pyrrhus, chs. 9, 28, 30.

----, a soothsayer, iv. Galba, ch. 23.

Plotiüm, in Boeotia, ii. Pelopidas, ch. 16.

Publicus Bibulus, ii. Marcellus, ch. 27.

Publicola. See Poplicola.

----, lieutenant of Antonius at Actium, iv. Antonius, ch. 65.

Publicia, iv. Cicero, ch. 41, note.

Puteoli. See Dikæarchia.

Pydna, in Macedonia, i. Themistokles, ch. 25; Æmilius, chs. 16, 23, 24; iii. Alexander, ch. 48.

Pylades, a musician, ii. Philopoemen, ch. 11.

Pylius, an Athenian, i. Theseus, ch. 33.

Pylos, harbour in Messenia, i. Alkibiades, ch. 14; Coriolanus, ch. 14; iii. Nikias, chs. 7, 9, 10; Comparison, chs. 2, 3.

Pyramia, in Thyreatis, ii. Pyrrhus, ch. 32.

Pyramus, river, iii. Alexander, ch. 20.

Pyrenees, i. Camillus, ch. 15; iii. Sertorius, chs. 7, 15, 18.

Pyrilampes, an Athenian, i. Perikles, ch. 13.

Pyrrha, wife of Deukalion, ii. Pyrrhus, ch. 1.

Pyrrhus, surname of Neoptolemus, son of Achilles, ii. Pyrrhus, ch. 1.

----, son of Neoptolemus, king of Epirus, ii. Pyrrhus, ch. 1.

----, king of Epirus, ii. Life and Comparison with Marius; ii. Cato Major, ch. 2; Flamininus, chs. 5, 20, 21; iii. Sertorius, ch. 23; iv. Kleomenes, ch. 18; Demetrius, chs. 25, 31, 36, 40, 41, 43, 44, 46; Otho, ch. 15.

Pythagoras, the philosopher, i. Numa, chs. 1, 8, 22; Æmilius, ch. 1; iii. Alexander, ch. 65; Pythagorean sect, i. Numa, chs. 11, 14, 22; ii. Cato Major, ch. 2; Dion, chs. 11, 18.

----, the soothsayer, iii. Alexander, ch. 73.

Pytheas, an Athenian orator, iii. Phokion, ch. 21; iv. Demosthenes, chs. 8, 20, 27; Comparison, ch. 1.

Pythium, i. Æmilius, ch. 15.

Pythodorus, i. Themistokles, ch. 26.

----, the torchbearer, iv. Demetrius, ch. 26.

Pythokles, condemned with Phokion, iii. Phokion, ch. 35.

----, descended from Aratus, iv. Aratus, ch. 1.

Pythokleides, a musician, i. Perikles, ch. 3.

Pytholaus, one of Thebe's three brothers, ii. Pelopidas, ch. 35.

Pythian games, the, i. Solon, ch. 11; ii. Pelopidas, ch. 34; Lysander, ch. 18; iii. Agesilaus, ch. 19; iv. Demetrius, ch. 40.

Pythia, the, i. Theseus, ch. 26; Lykurgus, ch. 5; iv. Demosthenes, ch. 19; Cicero, ch. 5; compare iii. Alexander, ch. 14.

Python, the dragon, ii. Pelopidas, ch. 16.

----, a flute-player, ii. Pyrrhus, ch. 8.

----, an officer of Alexander, iii. Alexander, ch. 75.

----, of Byzantium, iv. Demosthenes, ch. 9.

Pythonike, mistress of Harpalus, iv. Demosthenes, ch. 22.

Pythopolis, in Bithynia, i. Theseus, ch. 26.

Quadrans, a coin, i. Poplicola, ch. 23.

Quadrantaria. See Clodia.

Quinda, the treasure town in Cilicia, iii. Eumenes, ch. 13; iv. Demetrius, ch. 32.

Quintio, Cato's freedman, ii. Cato Major, ch. 21.

Quintius Capitolinus, in text Quintus, i. Camillus, ch. 36.

----, Lucius, tribune and prætor, ii. Lucullus, chs. 5, 33.

----, Titus, Flamininus. See Flamininus.

----, Lucius, brother of Flamininus, ii. Cato Major, ch. 17; Flamininus, chs. 18, 19.

Quirinal Flamen, i. Numa, ch. 7.

----, hill, i. Romulus, ch. 29; Numa, ch. 14.

Quirinus, i. Romulus, chs. 28, 29; Numa, ch. 2; Camillus, ch. 20; ii. Marcellus, ch. 8.

Quirites, i. Romulus, ch. 29; Numa, ch. 3.

Ratumena, gate of Rome, i. Poplicola, ch. 13.

Ravenna, in Gaul, ii. Marius, ch. 2.

Regia, at Rome, i. Romulus, ch. 29; Numa, ch. 14.

Remonium, or Remonia, on the Aventine, i. Romulus, ch. 9.

Remus, brother of Romulus, i. Romulus, chs. 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11; Comparison, chs. 3, 5.

Revilius, Caius Caninius, consul for a day, iii. Cæsar, ch. 58.

Rex, Marcius, husband of Tertia, iv. Cicero, ch. 29.

----, a surname of the Mamerci, or Mamercii (Marcii), i. Numa, ch. 21.

Rhadamanthus, i. Theseus, ch. 16; ii. Lysander, ch. 28.

Rhamnenses, Roman tribe, i. Romulus, ch. 20.

Rhamnus, in Attica, iii. Phokion, ch. 25; iv. Demetrius, ch. 33.

Rhamnus, freedman of Antonius, iv. Antonius, ch. 48.

Rhea, daughter of Numitor, i. Romulus, ch. 3.

----, mother of Sertorius, iii. Sertorius, ch. 2.

Rhegium, and Rhegines, i. Fabius, ch. 22; Alkibiades, ch. 20; Timoleon, chs. 9, 10, 11, 19; iii. Crassus, ch. 10; iv. Dion, chs. 26, 58.

Rhenea, iii. Nikias, ch. 3.

Rhine, or Rhenus, iii. Cæsar, chs. 18, 19, 22; iv. Otho, ch. 12.

Rhodes and Rhodians, i. Themistokles, ch. 21; Perikles, ch. 17; ii. Marius, ch. 29; Lucullus, chs. 2, 3; iii. Pompeius, ch. 42; Alexander, ch. 32; Cæsar, ch. 3; Phokion, ch. 18; Cato Minor, chs. 35, 54; iv. Demosthenes, ch. 24; Cicero, chs. 4, 36, 38; Demetrius, chs. 21, 22, 24; Brutus, chs. 3, 30, 32.

Rhodogoune, daughter of Artaxerxes, iv. Artaxerxes, ch. 27.

Rhodon, tutor of Cæsarion, iv. Antonius, ch. 81.

Rhoesakes, a Persian at Athens, ii. Kimon, ch. 10.

----, a Persian at the Granikus, iii. Alexander, ch. 16.

Rhoeteum, in Arcadia, iv. Kleomenes, ch. 23.

Rhone, or Rhodanus, i. Solon, ch. 2; ii. Marius, ch. 15; iii. Sertorius, ch. 3; Cæsar, ch. 17.

Rhossus, in Syria, iv. Demetrius, ch. 32.

Rhus, at Megara, i. Theseus, ch. 27.

Rhymnitalkes, the Thracian, i. Romulus, ch. 17.

Rhyndakus, river in Bithynia, ii. Lucullus, ch. 11.

Rhyntakes, a bird, iv. Artaxerxes, ch. 19.

Rignarium, or Remonium, i. Romulus, ch. 9.

Riphæan mountains, i. Camillus, ch. 15.

Roma, a Trojan woman, i. Romulus, ch. 2; Roma, wife of Latinus, and Roma, daughter of Italus, i. Romulus, ch. 2.

Romanus, son of Ulysses, i. Romulus, ch. 2.

Rome and Romans, frequent. See also under Latins. Roma Quadrata, i. Romulus, ch. 9; Grecian and Roman learning, iii. Sertorius, ch. 14; Roman months, i. Romulus, chs. 12, 21, 27; Numa, chs. 2, 18, 19; iii. Cæsar, chs. 37, 59, 63.

Romulus, i. Life and Comparison with Theseus; Theseus, chs. 1, 2; Numa, chs. 2, 5, 16, 18, 19; Poplicola, chs. 1, 6; Camillus, chs. 31, 32, 33; ii. Marcellus, ch. 8; iii. Pompeius, ch. 25; Phokion, ch. 3.

Romus, king of the Latins; and Romus, son of Hemathion, i. Romulus, ch. 2.

Roscius, two brothers of the name, iii. Crassus, ch. 31.

----, defended by Cicero, iv. Cicero, ch. 3.

----, the actor, ii. Sulla, ch. 36; iv. Cicero, ch. 5.

----, L. Roscius Otho, opponent of Pompeius, iii. Pompeius, ch. 25.

Roxana, wife of Alexander, ii. Pyrrhus, ch. 4; Alexander, chs. 47, 77.

----, sister of Mithridates, ii. Lucullus, ch. 18.

Roxanes, a Persian, i. Themistokles, ch. 29.

Rubicon, iii. Pompeius, ch. 60; Cæsar, chs. 20, 32.

Rubrius, Marcus, with Cato at Utica, iii. Cato Minor chs. 62, 63.

----, tribune of the people, iv. C. Gracchus, ch. 10.

----, prætor in Macedonia, iii. Cato Minor, ch. 9.

Rufinus, Sulla's ancestor, ii. Sulla, ch. 1.

Rufus, Claudius, iv. Otho, ch. 3.

----, Lucius, iv. Tib. Gracchus, ch. 19.

----, Virginius, commanding in Germany, iv. Galba, chs. 6, 10, 18, 22; Otho, chs. 1, 18.

Rullus Maximus, Fabius, i. Fabius, ch. 1; iii. Pompeius, ch. 13.

Rumilia, and the fig-tree Ruminalis, i. Romulus, ch. 4.

Rustius (Roscius?), iii. Crassus, ch. 32.

Rutilius, the historian, consul B.C. 105, ii. Marius, chs. 10, 28; iii. Pompeius, ch. 37.

Sabaco, Cassius, friend of Marius, ii. Marius, ch. 5.

Sabbas, an Indian king, iii. Alexander, ch. 64.

Sabines, a people of Italy, i. Romulus, chs. 14-21, 23, 29; Comparison, chs. 1, 4; Numa, chs. 1-3, 6, 17; Poplicola, chs. 1, 14, 20-22; Coriolanus, chs. 5, 33; ii. Cato Major, ch. 1; iii. Sertorius, ch. 2; Pompeius, ch. 4; Cæsar, ch. 1.

Sabinus, friend of Cicero, iv. Cicero, ch. 25.

----, Calvisius, in Caligula's time, iv. Galba, ch. 12.

----, Flavius, Vespasian's brother, iv. Otho, ch. 5.

----, Nymphidius, prefect of the prætorian guard, iv. Galba, chs. 2, 8, 9, 11, 13, 15, 18, 23, 29.

----, Q. Titurius, officer in Cæsar's army, iii. Cæsar, ch. 24.

Sacculio, a buffoon, iv. Brutus, ch. 45.

Sadalas, king of Thrace, iv. Antonius, ch. 61.

Sagra, in Italy, i. Æmilius, ch. 25.

Saguntum, in Spain, iii. Sertorius, ch. 21.

Sais, in Egypt, i. Solon, ch. 26.

Salamis, island near Athens, i. Theseus, chs. 10, 17; Solon, chs. 8-10, 12, 31; Comparison, ch. 4; Themistokles, chs. 10, 12-14; Camillus, ch. 19; ii. Pelopidas, ch. 21; Aristeides, chs. 8, 9, 10, 16; Cato Major, ch. 5; Comparison, ch. 2; Flamininus, ch. 11; Lysander, chs. 9, 15; Kimon, chs. 4, 5, 13; iii. Alexander, ch. 29; Phokion, ch. 32; iv. Aratus, chs. 24, 34; Salaminian trireme, the, i. Perikles, ch. 7; compare i. Themistokles, ch. 7; Alkibiades, ch. 21.

----, in Cyprus, iii. Alexander, ch. 34; iv. Demetrius, chs. 16, 35.

Salii, Roman priests, i. Numa, chs. 12, 13.

Salinator, Julius, iii. Sertorins, ch. 7.

Salinæ, in Campania, iii. Crassus, ch. 9.

Salius, a dancing-master, i. Numa, ch. 13.

Sallustius, the historian, ii. Comparison of Lysander and Sulla, ch. 3; Lucullus, chs. 11, 33.

Sallutio, Scipio, iii. Cæsar, ch. 52.

Salonius, a clerk, client and father-in-law of Cato Major, ii. Cato Major, ch. 24.

----, or Salonianus, Cato, son of Cato Major, ii. Cato Major, chs. 24, 27.

Salovius, leader of the Pelignians, i. Æmilius, ch. 20.

Saluvii, ii. Marius, ch. 18, note.

Salvenius, soldier of Sulla, ii. Sulla, ch. 17.

Salvius, a centurion, one of Pompeius's murderers, iii. Pompeius, chs. 78, 79.

Samnites, a people of Italy, ii. Marcellus, ch. 24; Cato Major, ch. 2; Pyrrhus, chs. 13, 20, 21, 24; Sulla, ch. 29; iv. Tib. Gracchus, ch. 7.

Samon, an Epirot, ii. Pyrrhus, ch. 5.

Samos and Samians, in Ionia, i. Themistokles, ch. 2; Perikles, chs. 8, 24, 25, 26, 28; Comparison, ch. 2; Alkibiades, chs. 25, 26, 35; ii. Pelopidas, ch. 2; Aristeides, chs. 23, 25; Lysander, chs. 5, 6, 8, 14, 18; Kimon, ch. 9; Lucullus, ch. 3; iii. Alexander, ch. 28; iv. Antonius, ch. 56; Brutus, ch. 2.

Samosata, in Commagene, iv. Antonius, ch. 34.

Samothrace, in the Ægean, i. Numa, ch. 13; Camillus, ch. 20; Æmilius, chs. 23, 26; ii. Marcellus, ch. 50; Lucullus, ch. 13; iii. Pompeius, ch. 24; Alexander, ch. 2.

Sandauke, sister of Xerxes, i. Themistokles, ch. 13; ii. Aristeides, ch. 9.

Sandon, father of Athenodorus, i. Poplicola, ch. 17.

Sapha, in Mesopotamia, ii. Lucullus, ch. 22.

Sappho, the poetess, iv. Demetrius, ch. 38.

Sardinia, ii. Cato Major, ch. 6; iii. Pompeius, chs. 16, 26, 50, 66; Cæsar, ch. 21; iv. Caius Gracchus, chs. 1, 2; Comparison, ch. 3; Antonius, ch. 32; Sardonic laugh, iv. C. Gracchus, ch. 12; Sardinians for sale, i. Romulus, ch. 25.

Sardis, in Lydia, i. Solon, chs. 27, 28; Themistokles, chs. 29, 31; Alkibiades, ch. 27; ii. Aristeides, ch. 5; Lysander, chs. 4, 6, 9; iii. Eumenes, ch. 8; Agesilaus, chs. 10, 11; Pompeius, ch. 37; Alexander, ch. 17; Phokion, ch. 18; iv. Demosthenes, ch. 20; Demetrius, ch. 46; Brutus, chs. 34, 35.

Sarmentus, Cæsar's page, iv. Antonius, ch. 59.

Sarpedon, Cato's tutor, iii. Cato Minor, chs. 1, 3.

Satibarzanes, eunuch of Artaxerxes, iv. Artaxerxes, ch. 12.

Satiphernes, a Persian, iv. Artaxerxes, ch. 11.

Satrapeni, a corrupt reading, probably Atropateni, ii. Lucullus, ch. 31.

Satria, in Latium, i. Camillus, ch. 37.

Satureius, Publius, tribune of the people, iv. Tib. Gracchus, ch. 19.

Saturninus, Lucius, ii. Marius, chs. 14, 28, 29, 30; Comparison of Lysander and Sulla, ch. 1.

Satyrus, a Corinthian, i. Timoleon, ch. 4.

----, the actor, iv. Demosthenes, ch. 7.

Scæva, Cassius, soldier of Cæsar, iii. Cæsar, ch. 16.

Scævola, Mucius, i. Poplicola, ch. 17.

----, Mucius, the lawyer, ii. Sulla, ch. 36; Tib. Gracchus, ch. 9.

Scauri, iv. Cicero, ch. 1.

Scaurus, former husband of Metella, Sulla's wife, ii. Sulla, ch. 23; iii. Pompeius, ch. 9.

Scipio, Cornelius, master of the knights to Camillus, i. Camillus, ch. 5.

----, Cnæus Cornelius, ii. Marcellus, chs. 6, 7.

----, Africanus, Cornelius, the elder, i. Fabius, chs. 25, 26, 27; Comparison, ch. 2; Æmilius, chs. 2, 5; ii. Comparison of Pelopidas and Marcellus, ch. 1; Cato Major, chs. 3, 11, 15, 24; Comparison, chs. 1, 2, 5; Flamininus, chs. 3, 18, 21; Pyrrhus, ch. 8; Marius, ch. 1; iii. Crassus, ch. 26; Pompeius, ch. 14; iv. Tib. Gracchus, chs. 1, 4, 8, 17; C. Gracchus, ch. 19; Galba, ch. 29.

----, Africanus, the younger, son of Æmilius Paulus (Æmilianus), i. Romulus, ch. 27; Æmilius, chs. 5, 22; ii. Cato Major, chs. 15, 26; Marius, chs. 3, 12, 13; Lucullus, ch. 28; iii. Cato Minor, ch. 7; iv. Tib. Gracchus, chs. 1, 4, 7, 8, 13, 21; C. Gracchus, ch. 10.

----, Lucius, Asiaticus, brother of the elder Africanus, ii. Cato Major, chs. 15, 18; Flamininus, ch. 21; Lucullus, ch. 11; iii. Crassus, ch. 26.

Scipio, Lucius Cornelius, Asiaticus, consul B.C. 83, ii. Sulla, ch. 28; iii. Sertorius, ch. 6; Pompeius, ch. 7.

----, Nasica, Publius, son-in-law of the elder Africanus, i. Æmilius, chs. 15-18, 22, 26; ii. Marcellus, ch. 5; Cato Major, ch. 27.

----, Nasica, Publius, iv. Tib. Gracchus, chs. 13, 19, 20, 21.

----, Sallutio, iii. Cæsar, ch. 52.

----, Metellus (Quintus Cæcilius Metellus Pius Scipio, prætor, B.C. 94), father-in-law of Pompeius, (see Metellus), iii. Pompeius, chs. 62, 66, 67, 69, 76; Comparison, chs. 1, 4; Cæsar, chs. 16, 30, 39, 42, 44, 52, 53, 55; Cato Minor, chs. 7, 47, 56-58, 60, 67, 68, 70-72; iv. Cicero, ch. 15; Brutus, ch. 6; Otho, ch. 13.

Scipios, iii. Sertorius, ch. 1; Pompeius, ch. 8; Cæsar, chs. 15, 52.

Scotussa, or Skotussa, in Thessaly, i. Theseus, ch. 27; Æmilius, ch. 8; ii. Pelopidas, ch. 29; Flamininus, ch. 7; iii. Pompeius, ch. 68; Cæsar, ch. 43.

Scribonia, mother of Piso, iv. Galba, ch. 23.

Scrofa, quæstor with Crassus, iii. Crassus, ch. 11.

Scylla and Charybdis, iv. Dion, ch. 18.

Scythes, slave of Pompeius, iii. Pompeius, ch. 78.

Scythia and Scythians, i. Theseus, ch. 1; ii. Marius, ch. 11; Sulla, ch. 16; iii. Crassus, chs. 21, 24; Pompeius, chs. 41, 45, 70; Alexander, chs. 45, 46; Cæsar, ch. 58; iv. Demetrius, ch. 19.

Secundus, Otho's secretary, iv. Otho, ch. 9.

Seleukia, or Seleukeia, on the Tigris, ii. Lucullus, ch. 22; iii. Crassus, chs. 17, 18, 21, 32.

----, or Seleukeia, in Syria, or Cilicia, iii. Pompeius, ch. 77.

Selenkus I., Nikator, general of Alexander and king of Syria, i. Æmilius, 33; ii. Cato Major, ch. 12; Lucullus, ch. 14; iii. Alexander, chs. 42, 62, 76; iv. Demetrius, chs. 7, 18, 25, 29, 31-33, 38, 44, 46-53.

Seleukus II., Kallinikus, iv. Agis, chs. 3, 7, 10.

----, Cleopatra's steward, iv. Antonius, chs. 74, 83.

Selinus, i. Lykurgus, ch. 19.

Sellasia, in Laconia, ii. Philopoemen, ch. 6; iv. Agis, ch. 8; Kleomenes, chs. 23, 27, 31; Aratus, ch. 46.

Selymbria, in Thrace, i. Alkibiades, ch. 30.

Sempronius, Tiberius, ii. Cato Major, ch. 12.

----, Densus, iv. Galba, ch. 26.

Seneca, the philosopher, iv. Galba, ch. 20.

Senecio, Sossius. See Sossius.

Senones, a tribe of Gauls, i. Camillus, ch. 15.

Sentius, governor of Macedonia, ii. Sulla, ch. 11.

Septimius, a tribune, one of Pompeius's murderers, iii. Pompeius, chs. 78, 79.

----, iv. Galba, ch. 14.

Septimuleius, iv. C. Gracchus, ch. 17.

Sequani, a tribe of Gauls, ii. Marius, ch. 24; iii. Cæsar, chs. 20, 26.

Serapion, a boy, iii, Alexander, ch. 39.

Serbonian Marsh, iv. Antonius, ch. 3.

Sergius, an actor, iv. Antonius, ch. 9.

Seriphus, in the Ægean, i. Themistokles, ch. 18.

Serranus, in text Soranus, iii. Cato Minor, ch. 7.

Sertorius, Quintus, iii. Life and Comparison with Eumenes; ii. Marius, chs. 1, 44; Lucullus, chs. 5, 6, 8, 12; iii. Crassus, ch. 11; Pompeius, chs. 17-20, 31.

Servii, iv. Galba, ch. 3.

Servilia, sister of Cato Minor, mother of Marcus Brutus, iii. Cato Minor, chs. 1, 2, 5, 53; iv. Brutus, chs. 1, 21, 24, 25, 29, 54.

Servilia, another sister of Cato Minor, wife of Lucullus, ii. Lucullus, ch. 38; iii. Cato Minor, chs. 24, 29, 54.

Servilii, iii. Cæsar, ch. 62.

Servilius, Ahala, iv. Brutus, ch. 1.

----, the augur, ii. Lucullus, ch. 1.

----, Cæpio, iii. Pompeius, ch. 47; Cæsar, ch. 14.

----, Cæpio, Cato's half-brother, iii. Cato Minor, chs. 1, 2, 3, 8, 11, 15.

----, Vatia Isauricus, P., consul B.C. 79, iii. Cæsar, ch. 7; and probably ii. Sulla, ch. 28; iii. Pompeius, ch. 14.

----, Isauricus, consul B.C. 48, son of preceding, iii. Cæsar, ch. 37.

----, Marcus, a consular, i. Æmilius, ch. 31.

----, a prætor, ii. Sulla, ch. 9.

----, lieutenant of Pompeius, iii. Pompeius, ch. 34.

Servius Tullius, king of Rome, i. Numa, ch. 10.

----, ii. Sulla, ch. 10.

Sessorium, at Rome, iv. Galba, ch. 28.

Sestius, iv. Brutus, ch. 4.

Sestos, in Thrace, i. Alkibiades, chs. 36, 37; ii. Lysander, chs. 9, 10, 14; Kimon, ch. 9.

Setia, iii. Cæsar, ch. 58.

Seuthas, servant of Aratus, iv. Aratus, ch. 5.

Sextilius's waters, Aquæ Sextiæ, in Gaul, ii. Marius, ch. 18.

Sextilius, governor of Africa, ii. Marius, ch. 40.

----, lieutenant of Lucullus, ii. Lucullus, ch. 25.

----, a prætor seized by pirates, iii. Pompeius, ch. 24.

Sextius, Lucius, first plebeian consul, i. Camillus, ch. 42.

Sextius, Publius, defended by Cicero, iv. Cicero, ch. 26.

----, Sulla, a Carthaginian, i. Romulus, ch. 15.

----, Tidius, iii. Pompeius, ch. 64.

Sibyrtius, governor of Arachosia, iii. Eumenes, ch. 19.

Sibyrtius's gymnasium, i. Alkibiades, ch. 3.

Sicily, and Sicilians. See, in general, for history, the lives of Timoleon, Marcellus, Nikias, chs. 1, 12-30; Dion and the Comparisons; also, i. Alkibiades, chs. 17-20, 23, 32, 39; ii. Pyrrhus, chs. 14, 22-24; iii. Pompeius, chs. 10,11, 20, 26, 50, 61, 66; Cæsar, ch. 52; Cato Minor, chs. 53, 57; iv. Cicero, chs. 1, 6-8, 31; Comparison, ch. 3; iv. Antonius, chs. 32, 62. For other notices, i. Theseus, ch. 19 (Dædalus's visit); Lykurgus, ch. 30; Themistokles, ch. 24 (his visit); Camillus, ch. 19 (a date); Perikles, chs. 20, 21; Fabius, chs. 22, 26; ii. Pelopidas, ch. 31; Cato Major, ch. 3; Marius, ch. 40; Lysander, chs. 3, 16; Sulla, ch. 36 (Eunus the slave); Kimon, ch. 8 (Æschylus there); iii. Crassus, chs. 10, 26; Agesilaus, chs. 3, 33; iv. Demetrius, ch. 25.

Sicilians, native, or Aborigines, iii. Nikias, ch. 15; Sicilian manufactures, ii. Lysander, ch. 2; iii. Alexander, ch. 32; Sicilian fat, iii. Nikias, ch. 1.

Sicinius Vellutus, tribune of the people, i. Coriolanus, chs. 13, 18.

----, tribune of the people, iii. Crassus, ch. 7.

Sidon, in Syria, iv. Demetrius, ch. 32; Antonius, ch. 51.

Sigliuria, i. Poplicola, ch. 16.

Signia, in Italy, ii. Sulla, ch. 28.

Sikinnus, a Persian, i. Themistokles ch. 12.

Sikyon and Sikyonians, i. Numa, ch. 4 (Hippolytus); Perikles, ch. 19; ii. Cato Major, ch. 22; Philopoemen, ch. 1; iv. Kleomenes, chs. 17, 19, 20; Demetrius, chs. 16, 25; Antonius, ch. 30 (Fulvia's death), and Aratus throughout. The Sikyonian school of painting, iv. Aratus, ch. 13.

Silanion, a sculptor, i. Theseus, ch. 4.

Silanus, D. Junius, husband of Servilia, Cato's sister, and Brutus's mother, iii. Cato Minor, chs. 21, 22; iv. Cicero, chs. 14, 19, 20.

----, Marcus, driven away by Cleopatra, iv. Antonius, ch. 59.

Silenus, a youth in Pontus, iii. Lysander, ch. 26.

Silicius, Publius, proscribed, iv. Brutus, ch. 27.

Sillakes, a Parthian, iii. Crassus, chs. 21, 23.

Silo, Pompædius, iii. Cato Minor, ch. 2.

----, Publius, ii. Marius, ch. 33.

Silvia, daughter of Numitor, i. Romulus, ch. 3.

Silvium, in Apulia, ii. Sulla, ch. 27.

Simætha, at Megara, i. Perikles, ch. 30.

Simmias, accuser of Perikles, i. Perikles, ch. 35.

----, companion of Philopoemen, ii. Philopoemen, ch. 10.

Simnus, a Macedonian, iii. Alexander, ch. 49.

Simonides, the poet, i. Theseus, chs. 10, 17; Lykurgus, ch. 1; Themistokles, chs. 1, 5, 15; Timoleon, ch. 37; iii. Agesilaus, ch. 1; iv. Dion, ch. 1; Aratus, ch, 45.

Simylus, a poet, i. Romulus, ch. 17.

Sinis, the robber, i. Theseus, chs. 8, 25, 29; Comparison, ch. 1.

Sinnaca, in Babylonia, iii. Crassus, ch. 29.

Sinope, daughter of Asopus, ii. Lucullus, ch. 23.

----, in Pontus, i. Perikles, ch. 20; ii. Lucullus, ch. 23; Comparison, ch. 3; iii. Pompeius, ch. 42.

Sinora, or Inora, in Pontus, iii. Pompeius, ch. 32.

Sinuessa, in Italy, ii. Marcellus, ch. 26; iv. Otho, ch. 2.

Sippius, iii. Cato Minor, ch. 3.

Siris, river in Lucania, ii. Pyrrhus, ch. 16.

Sisenna, a historian, ii. Lucullus, ch. 1.

Sisymithres, a Persian, iii. Alexander, ch. 58.

Skambonidæ, Attic township, i. Alkibiades, ch. 22.

Skandeia, in the island of Kythera, iii. Comparison of Nikias and Crassus, ch. 4.

Skapte Hyle, in Thrace, ii. Kimon, ch. 4.

Skarphia, in Lokris, iii. Alexander, ch. 29.

Skedasus of Leuktra, ii. Pelopidas, chs. 20, 21.

Skeiron, i. Theseus, chs. 10, 25, 32; Comparison, ch. 1.

Skellius, companion of Antonius, iv. Antonius, ch. 66.

Skenite Arabs, ii. Lucullus, ch. 21.

Skepsis, in Mysia, ii. Sulla, ch. 23; Lucullus, ch. 22.

Skiathus, island in the Ægean Sea, i. Themistokles, ch. 7.

Skillustis, island in the Indian Sea, iii. Alexander, ch. 66.

Skione, in Macedonia, ii. Lysander, ch. 14.

Skiradion, in Salamis, i. Solon, ch. 9.

Skiraphidas, a Spartan, ii. Lysander, ch. 16.

Skirus, of Salamis, i. Theseus, ch. 17.

Skopas, the Thessalian, ii. Cato Major, ch. 18.

Skopads, the, ii. Kimon, ch. 10.

Skotussa. See Scotussa.

Skyros, island in the Ægean Sea, i. Theseus, ch. 35; ii. Kimon, chs. 8.

Skythes, a Spartan, iii. Agesilaus, ch. 16.

Smyrna, in Ionia, iii. Sertorius, ch. 1; iv. Brutus, chs. 28, 30.

Sokles of Pedia, i. Themistokles, ch. 14.

Sokrates, i. Lykurgus, ch. 30; Perikles, chs. 13, 24; Alkibiades, chs. 1, 3, 4, 6, 17; ii. Aristeides, chs. 1, 25, 27; Cato Major, chs. 7, 20, 23; Marius, ch. 46; Lysander, ch. 2; iii. Nikias, chs. 13, 23; Alexander, ch. 65; Phokion, ch. 38.

Soloeis, an Athenian, i, Theseus, ch. 26.

Soli, in Cilicia, iii. Pompeius, ch. 28; iv. Demetrius, chs. 20, 27.

----, in Cyprus, i. Solon, ch. 26; iii. Alexander, ch. 29.

Solon, the Athenian lawgiver, i. Life and Comparison with Poplicola; Poplicola, ch. 9; Themistokles, ch. 2; iii. Phokion, ch. 7; iv. Kleomenes, ch. 18; Antonius, ch. 36.

----, of Platæa, iii. Phokion, ch. 33.

Solonium, ii. Marius, ch. 35.

Sonchus of Sais, i. Solon, ch. 26.

Sophanes of Dekeleia, ii. Comparison of Aristeides and Cato, ch. 2; Kimon, ch. 8.

Sophax, son of Herakles, iii. Sertorius, ch. 9.

Sophene, in Armenia, ii. Lucullus, chs. 24, 29; iii. Pompeius, ch. 33.

Sophokles, the poet, i. Numa, ch. 4; Comparison, ch. 3; Solon, ch. 20; Perikles, ch. 8; Timoleon, ch. 38; ii. Kimon, ch. 8; iii. Nikias, ch. 15; Pompeius, ch. 78; Alexander, chs. 7, 8; Phokion, ch. 1; iv. Agis, ch. 1; Demosthenes, ch. 7; Demetrius, chs. 45, 46; Antonius, ch. 24; Artaxerxes, ch. 28.

Sophrosyne, daughter of Dionysius the elder, iv. Dion, ch. 6.

Soranus, probably Serranus, iii. Cato Minor, ch. 7.

Sorix, a mime, ii. Sulla, ch. 36.

Sornatius, lieutenant of Lucullus, ii. Lucullus, chs. 17, 24, 30, 35.

Sosibius, favourite of Ptolemæus Philopator, iv. Kleomenes, chs. 33-35.

----, a writer, i. Lykurgus, ch. 24.

Sosigenes, iv. Demetrius, ch. 49.

Sosis, a Syracusan, iv. Dion, chs. 34, 35.

Sosistratus, a Syracusan, ii. Pyrrhus, ch. 23.

Soso, iv. Aratus, chs. 2, 3.

Sossius, a lieutenant of Antonius, iv. Antonius, ch. 34.

----, Senecio, i. Theseus, ch. 1; iv. Demosthenes, chs. 1, 30; Dion, ch. 1.

Soter, a surname, i. Coriolanus, ch. 11.

Sotion, a writer, iii. Alexander, ch. 61.

Sous, king of Sparta, i. Lykurgus, ch. 1.

Spain and Spaniards (Iberia and Iberians), i. Lykurgus, ch. 4 (his supposed voyage thither); Fabius, chs. 7, 25 (Scipio); Timoleon, ch. 28 (Spanish troops); Æmilius, chs. 4, 6 (their mixture with the Ligurians); ii. Marcellus, ch. 12; Comparison, ch. 3; Cato Major, chs. 5, 10, 11; Comparison, ch. 2; Flamininus, ch. 3; Marius, chs. 1, 3, 6, 14; Lucullus, chs. 5, 8, 34; iii. Crassus, chs. 4, 7, 11, 15; Sertorius and the Comparison throughout; Pompeius, chs. 13, 17-20 (campaign against Sertorius), 29, 38, 52-63, 65, 66, 67; Cæsar, ch. 5 (quæstor there), ch. 11 (proprætor there), 21, 36 (defeat of Afranius), 56 (battle of Munda); Cato Minor, chs. 31, 43, 59; iv. Tib. Gracchus, ch. 5; Caius Gracchus, ch. 6; Cicero, ch. 38; Antonius, chs. 7, 10, 11, 37, 61; Galba, chs. 3, 5, 6, 9, 13, 22; Otho, ch. 3.

Spanos, iii. Sertorius, ch. 11.

Sparamixes, iv. Artaxerxes, ch. 15.

Sparta, i. Theseus, ch. 31; Lykurgus, ch. 1, and frequent throughout all the lives. See also Lacedæmon and Laconia.

Spartacus, iii. Crassus, chs. 8-11; Comparison, ch. 3; Pompeius, ch. 31; Cato Minor, ch. 8.

Sparton, at Koronea, iii. Agesilaus, ch. 19.

----, a Rhodian, iii. Phokion, ch. 18.

Spendon, a poet, i. Lykurgus, ch. 27.

Spercheius, river, i. Theseus, ch. 24.

Speusippus, the philosopher, iv. Dion, chs. 17, 22, 35.

Sphærus, or Sphairus, the philosopher, i. Lykurgus, ch. 5; iv. Kleomenes, chs. 2, 11.

Sphakteria, off the coast of Messenia, i. Alkibiades, ch. 14; iii. Nikias, ch. 7.

Sphettus, Attic township, i. Theseus, ch. 13; iii. Phokion, ch. 9; iv. Demetrius, ch. 13.

Sphines, the proper name of Kalanus the Indian philosopher, iii. Alexander, ch. 65.

Sphodrias, a Spartan, ii. Pelopidas, ch. 14; Agesilaus, chs. 24-26, 28; Comparison, ch. 1.

Sphragitides, nymphs, ii. Aristeides, chs. 11, 19.

Spicilius, a gladiator, iv. Galba, ch. 8

Spinther, Lentulus, consul B.C. 57, iii. Pompeius, chs. 49, 67, 73; Cæsar, ch. 42; iv. Cicero, chs. 33, 38.

----, Lentulus, his son, iii. Cæsar, ch. 67.

Spithridates, a Persian, ii. Lysander, ch. 24; Agesilaus, chs. 8, 11.

----, a Persian, iii. Alexander, chs. 16, 50.

Sporus, iv. Galba, ch. 9.

Spurinna, commanding for Otho, iv. Otho, chs. 5, 6.

Spurius Postumius, iv. Tib. Gracchus, ch. 8.

----, Vettius, i. Numa, ch. 7.

Stageira, in Macedonia, iii. Alexander, ch. 7.

Staphylus, son of Theseus, i. Theseus, ch. 20.

Stasikrates, an architect, iii. Alexander, ch. 72.

Statianus, iv. Antonius, ch. 38.

Statilius, an Epicurean philosopher, iv. Brutus, ch. 12.

Statira, wife of Artaxerxes II., iv. Artaxerxes, chs. 5, 6, 17, 19.

----, wife of Darius, iii. Alexander, ch. 30.

----, daughter of Darius, married to Alexander, iii. Alexander, chs. 70, 77.

----, sister of Mithridates, ii. Lucullus, ch. 18.

Statyllius, or Statilius, iii. Cato Minor, chs. 65, 73; iv. Brutus, ch. 51.

Steiria, Attic township, i. Alkibiades, ch. 26.

Steiris, a town in Phokis, ii. Kimon, ch. 1.

Stephanus, iv. Demosthenes, ch. 15.

----, a page, iii. Alexander, ch. 35.

Stertinius, a probable correction for Titilius, lieutenant of Flamininus, ii. Flamininus, ch. 12.

Stesilaus of Keos, i. Themistokles, ch. 3; ii. Aristeides, ch. 2.

Stesimbrotus of Thasos, a writer, i. Themistokles, chs. 2, 4, 24; Perikles, chs. 8, 13, 26, 36; ii. Kimon, chs. 4, 14, 16.

Sthenis of Himera, iii. Pompeius, ch. 10.

----, the sculptor, ii. Lucullus, ch, 23.

Stilpon of Megara, iv. Demetrius, ch. 9.

Stoic philosophers, ii. Cato Major, ch. 22; Lucullus, ch. 39; iii. Cato Minor, chs. 4, 10, 65; Doctrines, iii. Cato Minor, chs. 31, 68; iv. Kleomenes, ch. 2; Cicero, chs. 4, 25; Comparison, ch. 1.

Stolo, Licinius, tribune of the people, i. Camillus, ch. 39.

Storax trees, Cretan, ii. Lysander, ch. 28.

Strabo, philosopher and historian, ii. Sulla, ch. 26; Lucullus, ch. 28; Cæsar, ch. 63.

----, father of Pompeius, iii. Pompeius, chs. 1, 4.

Strato, a rhetorician, iv. Brutus, chs. 52, 53.

Stratokles, an Athenian, iv. Demetrius, chs. 11, 12, 24.

Stratonike, daughter of Korrhagus, wife of Antigonus, iv. Demetrius, ch. 2.

----, daughter of Demetrius, married to Seleukus and to Antiochus, iv. Demetrius, chs. 31, 32, 38, 51, 53.

----, one of the wives of Mithridates, iii. Pompeius, ch. 36.

Stratonikus, i. Lykurgus, ch. 30.

Stroebus, Kallisthenes's reader, iii. Alexander, ch. 54.

Strymon, river, ii. Kimon, ch. 6.

Stymphæa, in Macedonia, ii. Pyrrhus, ch. 6.

Sucro, river in Spain, iii. Sertorius, ch. 19; Pompeius, ch. 19.

Suetonius Paulinus, iv. Otho, chs. 5, 7, 8, 11, 13.

Suevi, a German people, iii. Pompeius, ch. 51; Cæsar, ch. 23.

Sugambri, a German people, iii. Cæsar, ch. 22.

Suillii, a Roman name, i. Poplicola, ch. 11.

Sulla, Lucius Cornelius, ii. Life and Comparison with Lysander. See also the contemporary and nearly contemporary lives, i. Coriolanus, ch. 11; ii. Marius, chs. 1, 10, 25, 26, 32, 34, 35, 41, 45; Lucullus, chs. 1, 3, 4, 19, 43; iii. Crassus, chs. 2, 6; Sertorius, chs. 1, 4, 6, 7, 9, 18, 23; Pompeius, chs. 8, 9, 13, 14, 15, 16, 21; Comparison, ch. 1; Cæsar, chs. 1, 3, 5, 6, 14, 15, 37; Cato Minor, chs. 3, 17, 18; iv. Cicero, chs. 3, 4, 10, 12, 14, 17, 27; also i. Poplicola, ch.15; ii. Flamininus, ch. 21; iv. Antonius, ch. 1; Brutus, ch. 9; Otho, ch. 9.

Sulla, Sextius, a Carthaginian, i. Romulus, ch. 51.

Sulpicius, consular tribune, i. Camillus, ch. 28.

----, Quintus, pontifex maximus, ii. Marcellus, ch. 5.

----, commanding in Macedonia, ii. Flamininus, ch. 3.

----, tribune of the people, ii. Marius, chs. 34, 35; Sulla, chs. 8, 9, 10.

----, interrex and consul B.C. 51, iii. Pompeius, ch. 54; Cato Minor, ch. 49.

----, Caius, a prætor, iv. Cicero, ch. 19.

----, Galba. See Galba.

Sunium iv. Aratus, ch. 34.

Superbus. See Tarquinius.

Sura, Lentulus, accomplice of Catilina, iii. Cæsar, ch. 7; Cato Minor, chs. 22, 26; iv. Cicero, chs. 17, 18, 22, 24, 30; Antonius, ch. 2.

----, Bruttius, ii. Sulla, ch. 11.

Surena, commander of the Parthians, iii. Crassus, chs. 21, 23, 29-33.

Susa, in Persia, ii. Pelopidas, ch. 30; iii. Comparison of Nikias and Crassus, ch. 4; Agesilaus, ch.15; Alexander, chs. 36, 37, 70; iv. Demosthenes, ch. 14; Artaxerxes, ch. 7.

Susamithres, uncle of Pharnabazus, i. Alkibiades, ch. 39.

Sutrium, in Etruria, i. Camillus, chs. 33, 35.

Sybaris and Sybarites, i. Perikles, ch. 11; ii. Pelopidas, ch. 1; iii. Crassus, ch. 32.

----, daughter of Themistokles, i. Themistokles, ch. 32.

Symbolum, near Philippi, iv. Brutus, ch. 38.

Synalus, a Carthaginian commander, iv. Dion, chs. 25, 26, 29.

Syncatathesis, philosophical term, iv. Cicero, ch. 40.

Syracuse and Syracusans. See, in general, the Lives of i. Timoleon and iv. Dion; ii. Marcellus, chs. 13-23; Nikias, chs. 14-30, and the Comparisons; also, i. Alkibiades, chs. 17, 22, 23; ii. Pyrrhus, chs. 9, 14, 22; iii. Agesilaus, ch. 27; Cato Minor, ch. 53.

Syria and Syrians, i. Æmilius, ch. 7; ii. Philopoemen, ch. 17; Flamininius, ch. 17; these passages refer to the war with Antiochus. Also, ii. Lucullus, ch. 14 (Tigranes), 21, 23 (Cappadocian Syrians); iii. Crassus, chs. 15, 16, 29; Pompeius, chs. 33, 38, 39, 45, 52, 62; Alexander, chs. 20, 25; Cæsar, chs. 49, 50; Cato Minor, chs. 13, 43; iv. Cicero, chs. 12, 26, 30, 36, 43; Demetrius, chs. 5, 6, 15, 31, 32, 48; Antonius, chs. 3, 5, 27, 28, 30, 34, 36, 53, 54, 56, 74, 84; Brutus, ch. 28; Aratus, chs. 12, 18 (four Syrian brothers), 24, 33; Galba, ch. 13; Otho, chs. 4, 15. Coele-Syria, iv. Antonius, chs. 36, 54; a Syrian woman, ii. Marius, ch. 17; Syriac, iv. Antonius, chs. 27, 46. The Syrian Chersonese, iv. Demetrius, chs. 50, 52.

Syrmus, king of the Triballi, iii. Alexander, ch. 11.

Syrtis, iv. Dion, ch. 25.

Syrus, son of Apollo and Sinope, ii. Lucullus, ch. 23.

Tachos, king of Egypt, iii. Agesilaus, chs. 36, 37, 38.

Tacita, one of the Muses, i. Numa, ch. 8.

Tænarus, promontory in Laconia, iii. Pompeius, ch. 24; Phokion, ch. 29; iv. Kleomenes, chs. 22, 38; Antonius, ch. 67.

Tagonius, the Tagus, iii. Sertorius, ch. 17.

Talasius and Talasio, i. Romulus, ch. 15; iii. Pompeius, ch. 4.

Talauria, in Cappadocia, ii. Lucullus, ch. 19.

Tamyæ, in Euboea, iii. Phokion, ch. 12.

Tanagra, in Boeotia, i. Perikles, ch. 10; ii. Pelopidas, ch. 15; Kimon, ch. 17.

Tanais, the river Don, iii. Alexander, ch. 45.

Tanusius, a writer, ii. Cæsar, ch. 22.

Tarchetius, king of Alba, i. Romulus, ch. 2.

Tarcondemus, king of Cilicia, iv. Antonius, ch. 61.

Tarentum, in Italy, i. Fabius, chs. 21-23; Comparison, ch. 2; ii. Marcellus, chs. 21, 25; Cato Major, chs. 2, 14; Philopoemen, ch. 9 (Tarentine mercenaries); Flamininus, ch. 1; Pyrrhus, chs. 13, 16, 21, 22, 24; Sulla, ch. 27; iii. Alexander, ch. 22 (a Tarentine slave-merchant); iv. Kleomenes, ch. 6 (Tarentine mercenaries); C. Gracchus, ch. 8; Cicero, ch. 39; Antonius, chs. 35, 62.

Taroutius, a friend of Varro, i. Romulus, ch. 12.

Tarpeia, daughter of Tarpeius, i. Romulus, chs. 17, 18.

----, a vestal, i. Numa, ch. 10.

Tarpeius, a Roman captain, i. Romulus, ch. 17.

Tarpeian hill, i. Romulus, ch. 28; Numa, ch. 7; ii. Marius, ch. 45.

Tarquinia, a vestal, i. Poplicola, ch. 8.

Tarquinius, son of Demaratus (Tarquinius Priscus), i. Romulus, ch. 16, 18; Poplicola, chs. 14, 15.

----, Superbus, i. Comparison of Lykurgus and Numa, ch. 3; Poplicola, chs. 1-3, 9, 13, 16, 18; Coriolanus, ch. 2; iv. Tib. Gracchus, ch. 15.

----, Collatinus, i. Poplicola, chs. 1, 3, 4, 7.

Tarquins, the, i. Poplicola, ch. 3; Comparison, ch. 4; Æmilius, ch. 25; iv. Brutus, ch. 1.

Tarracina or Terracina, in Latium, iii. Cæsar, ch. 58.

Tarrutius, i. Romulus, ch. 5.

Tarsus, in Cilicia, ii. Marius, ch. 46; iv. Tib. Gracchus, ch. 8; Demetrius, ch. 47.

Tatia, daughter of Tatius, i. Numa, chs. 3, 21.

Tatius, king of the Sabines, i. Romulus, chs. 17, 18, 19, 20, 23, 24; Numa, chs. 2, 5, 17.

Taurea, i. Alkibiades, ch. 16.

Taurion, officer of Philip III. of Macedon, iv. Aratus, ch. 52.

Tauromenium in Sicily, i. Timoleon, chs. 10, 11.

Taurus, mountain in Asia, i. Æmilius, ch. 7; ii. Lucullus, chs. 24, 25, 27, 31; Comparison, ch. 3; iii. Pompeius, ch. 28; iv. Demetrius, ch. 47.

----, a Cretan, i. Theseus, ch. 19.

----, Titus Statilius, lieutenant of Augustus at Actium, iv. Antonius, ch. 65.

Taxiles, king of a part of India, iii. Alexander, chs. 59, 65.

----, general of Mithridates, ii. Sulla, chs. 15, 19; Lucullus, chs. 26, 27.

Taygetus, in Laconia, i. Lykurgus, chs. 14, 15; ii. Pelopidas, ch. 30; Kimon, ch. 16; iv. Agis, ch. 8.

Technon, servant of Aratus, iv. Aratus, chs. 5, 7, 20.

Tectosages, ii. Sulla, ch. 4.

Tegea, in Arcadia, i. Theseus, ch. 31; ii. Aristeides, chs. 12, 16, 19; Lysander, ch. 30; iii. Agesilaus, ch. 34; iv. Agis, chs. 3, 12, 16; Kleomenes, chs. 4, 14, 17, 22, 23, 26.

Tegyra, in Boeotia, ii. Pelopidas, chs. 16, 17, 19; Comparison, ch. 1; iii. Agesilaus, ch. 27.

Teireus, a eunuch, iii. Alexander, ch. 30.

Teius, Marcus, ii. Sulla, ch. 14.

Telamon, son of Æakus, i. Theseus, ch. 10.

Telamo, in Etruria, ii. Marius, ch. 41.

Telekleides, the comic poet, i. Perikles, chs. 3, 16; iii. Nikias, ch. 4.

----, a Corinthian, i. Timoleon, ch. 7.

Telemachus, a Corinthian, i. Timoleon, ch. 13.

----, son of Ulysses, i. Romulus, ch. 2.

Telephus, son of Herakles, i. Romulus, ch. 2.

Teles, i. Perikles, ch. 33.

Telesides, a Syracusan, iv. Dion ch. 42.

Telesinus the Samnite, ii. Sulla, ch 29; Comparison, ch. 4.

Telesippa, iii. Alexander, ch. 41.

Telestus, iii. Alexander, ch. 8.

Teleutias, half-brother of Agesilaus, iii. Agesilaus, ch. 21.

Tellus, i. Solon, ch. 27; Comparison, ch. 1.

Telmessus, in Lycia, iii. Alexander, ch. 2.

Temenitid, gate of Syracuse, iv. Dion, ch. 29.

Tempe, in Thessaly, i. Themistokles, ch. 7; ii. Flamininus, ch. 3; iii. Pompeius, ch. 73.

Tenedos, island of, ii. Lucullus, ch 3; iii. Eumenes, ch. 7.

Tenos, island in the Ægean, i Themistokles, ch. 12.

Tenteritæ, a German nation, iii. Cæsar, ch. 22.

Teos and Teians, in Ionia, i. Romulus, ch. 12; ii. Sulla, ch. 26; iii. Alexander, ch. 40.

Teratius, i. Romulus, ch. 2.

Terentia, wife of Cicero, iii. Cato Minor, ch. 19; iv. Cicero, chs. 8, 20, 29, 30, 41.

Terentius Culeo, tribune of the people, ii. Flamininus, ch. 18.

----, Culeo, friend of Pompeius, iii. Pompeius, ch. 49.

----, Lucius, in the tent with Pompeius, iii. Pompeius, ch. 3.

Terentius, murderer of Galba, iv. Galba, ch. 27.

Teribazus, iv. Artaxerxes, chs. 5, 7, 24, 27-29.

Termerus, a robber, i. Theseus, ch. 11.

Terminus, i. Numa, ch. 16.

Terpander, poet and musician, i. Lykurgus, chs. 20, 29; iv. Agis, ch. 10.

Tertia, daughter of Æmilius Paulus, i. Æmilius, ch. 10; ii. Cato Major, ch. 20.

----, sister of Clodius, iv. Cicero, ch. 29.

Tethys, i. Romulus, ch. 2.

Tetrapolis, in Attica, i. Theseus, ch. 14.

Teukrus, an informer, i. Alkibiades, ch. 20.

Teutamus, commander of the Argyraspids, iii. Eumenes, chs. 13, 16, 17.

Teutones, a German people, ii. Marius, chs. 11, 15, 18, 20, 24; iii. Sertorius, ch. 3; Cæsar, ch. 18.

Thais, mistress of Ptolemæus, iii. Alexander, ch. 38.

Thalæa, wife of Pinarius, i. Comparison of Lykurgus and Numa, ch. 3.

Thalamæ, in Laconia, Agis, ch. 9.

Thales, a Cretan, i. Lykurgus, ch. 4.

----, of Miletus, i. Solon, chs. 2-6, 12.

Thallus, son of Kineas, an Athenian, iii. Phokion, ch. 13.

Thapsakus, in Mesopotamia, iii. Alexander, ch. 68.

Thapsus, in Africa, iii. Cæsar, ch. 53; Cato Minor, ch. 58.

----, in Sicily, iii. Nikias, ch. 17.

Thargelia, an Ionian lady, i. Perikles, ch. 24.

Tharrhypas, king of Epirus, i. Pyrrhus, ch. 1.

Thasos and Thasians, ii. Kimon, ch. 14; iii. Cato Minor, ch. 11 (Thasian stone); iv. Demetrius, ch. 19; Brutus, chs. 38, 44.

Theagenes, a Theban, iii. Alexander, ch. 12.

Theano, priestess at Athens, i. Alkibiades, ch. 22.

Thearidas of Megalopolis, iv Kleomenes, ch. 24.

Thearides, husband of Arete, iv. Dion, ch. 6.

Thebe, daughter of Jason, wife of Alexander despot of Pheræ, ii. Pelopidas, chs. 28, 31, 35.

Thebes and the Thebans, in Boeotia, i. Theseus, ch. 29 (his expedition thither); Lykurgus, chs. 13, 28, 30; Solon, ch. 4; Themistokles, ch. 20; Camillus, ch. 19 (date of its destruction by Alexander); Fabius, ch. 27 (funeral of Epameinondas); Alkibiades, ch. 2 (flute-playing); ii. Pelopidas and the Comparison throughout; Aristeides, chs. 16, 18, 19; Flamininus, ch. 6 (his entrance); Lysander, chs. 27, 28, 29 (his death); Sulla, ch. 19; iii. Agesilaus, chs. 4, 18, and after, and the Comparison; Alexander, chs. 11-13; Phokion, chs. 17, 27; Demosthenes, chs, 9, 17, 18, 20, 23; Demetrius, chs. 9, 39, 40, 45, 46; Dion, ch. 17; Artaxerxes, ch. 22.

Theban, the Sacred Band, ii. Pelopidas, chs. 18-23; iii. Alexander, ch. 9.

Themiskyra, in Pontus, ii. Lucullus, ch. 14.

Themistokles, i. Life; Theseus, ch. 6; Perikles, ch. 7; Alkibiades, ch. 37; Comparison, ch. 1; ii. Pelopidas, chs. 4, 21; Aristeides, chs. 2-5, 7-9, 11, 22, 24, 25, 26; Cato Major, ch. 8; Comparison, chs. 1, 2, 5; Flamininus, ch. 20; Lysander, ch. 14; Kimon, chs. 5, 8, 10, 12, 16; Comparison, ch. 3; iii. Comparison of Nikias and Crassus, ch. 3; Pompeius, ch. 63; Comparison, ch. 4; Phokion, ch. 8; iv. Comparison of Demosthenes, and Cicero, ch. 4; Antonius, chs. 37, 46.

Themistokles, a fellow-student with Plutarch, i. Themistokles, ch. 32.

Theodektes, iii. Alexander, ch. 17.

Theodorus, the Atheist, iii. Phokion, ch. 38.

----, the hierophant, i. Alkibiades, ch. 33.

----, tutor of Antyllus, iv. Antonius, ch. 81.

----, of Phlegæa, i. Alkibiades, chs. 19, 22.

----, of Tarentum, iii. Alexander, ch. 22.

Theodotes, uncle of Herakleides, iv. Dion, chs. 12, 45, 47.

Theodotus of Chios, a rhetorician in Egypt, iii. Pompeius, chs. 77, 80; Cæsar, ch. 48; iv. Brutus, ch. 33.

----, a prophet, ii. Pyrrhus, ch. 6.

Theogeiton of Megara, ii. Aristeides, ch. 20.

Theokritus, a prophet, ii. Pelopidas, ch. 22.

Theomnestus, iv. Brutus, ch. 24.

Theophanes, the Lesbian, iii. Pompeius, chs. 37, 42, 49, 76, 78; iv. Cicero, ch. 38.

Theophilus, Antonius's steward, iv. Antonius, ch. 67.

----, an armourer, iii. Alexander, ch. 32.

Theophrastus, a Macedonian officer in Corinth, iv. Aratus, ch. 23.

----, the philosopher, i. Lykurgus, ch. 10; Solon, ch. 31; Perikles, chs. 23, 35, 38, 40 ?; Themistokles, ch. 25; Alkibiades, ch. 10; ii. Aristeides, ch. 24; Lysander, chs. 13, 19; Sulla, ch. 26; iii. Nikias, chs. 10, 11; Sertorius, ch. 13; Agesilaus, chs. 2, 36; Cato Minor, ch. 37; iv. Agis, ch. 2; Demosthenes, chs. 10, 17; Cicero, ch. 24.

Theopompus, the historian, i. Themistokles, chs. 19, 25, 31; Alkibiades, ch. 32; Timoleon, ch. 3; ii. Lysander, chs. 16, 30; Agesilaus, chs. 10, 31, 32, 33; iv. Demosthenes, chs. 4, 14, 18, 21, 25; Dion, ch. 24.

Theopompus of Knidos, the collector of Mythi, iii. Cæsar, ch. 48.

----, the comic poet, ii. Lysander, ch. 13.

----, king of Sparta, i. Lykurgus, chs. 6, 7, 20, 30; iv. Agis, ch. 21.

----, a Theban, ii. Pelopidas, ch. 8.

----, a Spartan, ii. Pelopidas, ch. 17.

Theoris, a priestess, iv. Demosthenes, ch. 14.

Theorus, i. Alkibiades, ch. 1.

Theramenes, the son of Hagnon, i. Alkibiades, chs. 1, 31; ii. Lysander, ch. 14; iii. Nikias, ch. 2; iv. Cicero, ch. 39.

Theriklean ware, i. Æmilius, ch. 33.

Thermodon, a rivulet in Boeotia, afterwards called Hæmon, i. Theseus, ch. 27; iv. Demosthenes, ch. 19.

----, a river of Pontus, ii. Lucullus, ch. 14; iii. Pompeius, ch. 35.

----, a hero, iv. Demosthenes, ch. 19.

Thermopylæ, the pass, i. Themistokles, ch. 9; ii. Cato Major, ch. 13; Flamininus, chs. 5, 11, 15; iii. Agesilaus, ch. 27; Alexander, ch. 11; iv. Demetrius, chs. 23, 40.

Thermus, Minucius, ii. Cato Minor, chs. 27, 28.