II. (REPTILIA)
Much that I have advanced in respect of the parasitism of birds holds good in the case of reptiles. I cannot recapitulate. The saurians, ophidians, and chelonians are extensively infested, but in this respect the amphibian frogs, toads, and salamanders are probably the most victimised. If, on the one hand, comparatively few tapeworms have been found in reptiles, it may, on the other hand, be said that the Echinorhynchi come into prominence, causing serious injury to reptilian hosts. Serpents and chameleons are particularly liable to have their lungs infested by acanthocephalous entozoa, these organs being also attacked by pentastomes. I have received evidence of fatal epizoöty amongst chameleons from this source; and I have been requested to suggest a remedy. To prevent outbreaks of entozoal disease is one thing; to offer a radical cure when the parasites are firmly anchored within the pulmonary organs is quite another matter.
As remarked in my ‘Entozoa,’ the trematodes display a great partiality for batrachians, more than half a dozen different species of fluke being known to infest the common frog. Flukes are likewise tolerably abundant in the saurian and chelonian reptiles. I regret that I cannot find space so much as to enumerate the species. As one would naturally expect, the frog has been exhaustively anatomised and examined for entozoa, and it was this creature that supplied Leuckart and Mecznikow with the materials which led to their well-known discovery and controversy respecting the development, dimorphism, and parthenogenetic phenomena exhibited by Ascaris nigrovenosa. I cannot give the facts in detail. Female examples of the worm live in the lungs of the frog. Their young, as embryos, pass into the damp earth and mud, where they grow up into sexually-mature forms different from the parent worms found in the frog. These free adult worms, male and female, produce rhabditiform embryos which present characters of their own and attain a certain stage of growth. At this stage they are conveyed into the lungs of the frog where they arrive at sexual maturity. As there are no male worms in the frog, it is probable that the embryos of these parasitic females are agamogenetically produced by internal budding, the sexual influence of the free males being, as it were, continued onward without actual contact with the parasitic females. Amongst the interesting parasites of the frog one must also mention Amphistoma subclavatum and Polystoma intergerrimum. The former worm resides in the large intestine and the latter in the urinary bladder. The larvæ (Cercaria diplocotylea) of this amphistome reside in or upon the body of water-snails, and, like the cercarian larvæ of polystoma, they are furnished with eyes. I state this fact on the authority of Pagenstecher; and, since I cannot devote a special section to the entozoa of mollusks, I repeat, in part, the valuable results which Pagenstecher published many years back and which have a permanent value in relation to the origin of parasitic diseases resulting from flukes. In the memoir quoted below, Pagenstecher gives the following conclusions (Schlussbemerkungen):
“(a).--The eggs of the trematoda vary in respect of size, form, and color, being either furnished or not with a lid, and accordingly distinguishable. In the mature condition they contain a ciliated or a non-ciliated embryo of unequal growth, this embryo partly increasing in size even after its birth. In various conceivable ways the eggs themselves, or the embryos which have quitted their shells, arrive in and upon the bodies of mollusks, where they are consequently found. In this situation the egg opens, or the ciliated covering decays, and the contained motionless germ--which in itself offers no distinctive characters--having become free, grows into a nurse, or forms several nurses within itself.
“(b).--Whilst some of the trematodes display a highly organised nurse condition, others exhibit only a simple kind of germ-sac. Both forms, nevertheless, appear to occur in one and the same species, probably depending upon external causes.
“(c).--The organised nurses (or rediæ, as they are termed) have a mouth and a strongly marked muscular œsophagus, which is continued into a short or prolonged, single, blind intestine, or the latter may be double. The expulsion of animals developed within them I have only seen to take place through an opening at the hinder extremity. Old rediæ lose their structure. I did not observe any vascular system. Tailed trematode larvæ (Cercariæ), as well as rediæ themselves, are developed within the rediæ, this variation of nurse-contents probably depending on the season.
“(d).--No independent new germ-sacs are developed within the simple unorganised germ-sacs (sporocysts), and only such trematode larvæ as are capable of arriving at sexual maturity are furnished with special appendages.
“(e).--When the immature contents of both nurse forms (i.e. of sporocysts and rediæ) are accidentally set free, and are situated within the organs of nutrition of the living host, then they appear prepared to develop themselves anew into nurse forms; and, moreover, cercariæ whose development has not yet attained a definite stage--and even their tails also--appear to enjoy a similar capacity. Some nurses are likewise capable of multiplication by division and budding.
“(f).--Some germ-sacs have the property of developing within themselves cercaria-like larvæ--which are different from the true cercariæ--from whose body the development of a distoma may take place, while their single or double tail-like appendages in all cases develop anew into germ-sacs. To this class belong Bucephalus and Distoma duplicatum.
“(g).--All the cercaria at present known are destitute of eyes, but other forms of trematode larvæ are furnished with visual organs. Accordingly, I never found eyes in young distomata whilst they were in their last dwelling-place, but eyes are certainly present in the young forms of Polystoma and Amphistoma. The supposition that a spontaneous wandering is associated with eyes is not yet confirmed in my experience.
“(h).--As a means of distinguishing the different forms of Cercariæ, amongst other indications, their places of dwelling may be useful, because each mollusk only harbors a limited number of species. Notwithstanding, Professor Filippi is in error if he believes that every species of mollusk carries only a single armed form of cercaria. A migration of the cercaria is indispensable to its perfection.
“(i).--Many larval trematodes form cysts round themselves, probably by means of a special organ of secretion, and also by the epidermis. Their future destiny necessitates this. The sporocysts apparently fulfil towards the larvæ, which are developed within them, a similar purpose, namely, a protection against the stomachal digestion of the new host. In the pupa condition the development of the larva, which has now thrown off the tail, makes greater or less progress, according as to whether it is surrounded by nourishment or not. In particular, while in this stage, the different kinds of hooks for migratory purposes make their appearance, always, without doubt, after the shedding of the skin. Other trematodes pass through this tail-less sexually-immature stage without any cyst. I have not yet seen any larval trematode forms which had been produced in sporocysts or rediæ without appendages; they appear to occur, nevertheless.
“(k).--As the larvæ exist only in a few hosts--and most of them dwell only in one species of animal--so, also, the continued progress towards sexual maturity only succeeds in the case of certain well-defined larval organisms, but the digestion of the cysts and liberation of the larvæ may be accomplished in various animals.
“(l).--The armed Cercariæ appear to be larvæ of the spine-covered distomes of amphibia; for, as examples, the Cercaria ornata becomes transformed into Distoma clavigerum, and C. armata into Distoma endolobum; the Dist. duplicatum and Cerc. diplocotylea are, apparently, the juvenile forms of Dist. cygnoides and Amphistoma subclavatum. The Dist. echiniferum of Paludina could neither be advanced in development in the frog or duck, nor could all the other larvæ which I subjected to experiment be developed either in the green or brown frogs.
“(m).--When young trematodes arrive at the right place for their maturation, then the male generative structures develop before the female organs, and in the subsequent excess of egg production the form and structure of the animal becomes obliterated.
“(n).--The yelk-molecules surrounding the germinal vesicle are not directly transformed into an embryo.”
As regards the acanthocephalous parasites of reptiles, I may observe that Echinorhynchus anthuris is very common in the lesser water newt (Lissotriton punctatus). In the accompanying illustration (Fig. 76) I have represented the free ovarian egg-bearing bodies, the development of the ovum, and the adult worms. For anatomical details, however, I must refer to my earlier treatise (‘Entozoa,’ p. 100 et seq.).
Amongst the species of entozoa that were found by me at the Zoological Society’s Menagerie I may mention Distoma coronarium and Ascaris lineata, from the intestines of Alligator mississippiensis; Dist. Boscii, from an American snake (Coluber); an immature nematode, from the heart of Coluber Blumenbachii; and Echinorhynchus inflexus, attached to the intestines of a snapping turtle (Chelydra serpentina). I may add that the lungs of the alligator also contained examples of Diesing’s Pentastoma oxycephalum. An Egyptian hooded snake (Naia haje), which died at the Zoological Gardens in 1859, furnished a new species of pentastome (P. multicinctum). Dr George Harley described and anatomised this worm with remarkable care. To Harley’s memoir Prof. Leuckart did ample justice in his work on the ‘Pentastoma.’ Several new species of reptilian entozoa have recently been described by Dr von Linstow; and Dr Solger has found a new trichosome (T. recurvum) beneath the skin of a young crocodile (probably Croc. acutus). For further particulars I refer to the revised descriptions and additions by Diesing, Molin, Schneider, and other systematists.
BIBLIOGRAPHY (No. 58).--Baird, W., “Description of a new Entozoon from the Diamond Snake,” in ‘Proceed. Zool. Soc.’ for 1865, p. 58, and in ‘Ann. Nat. Hist.’ for July, 1865, p. 52.--Blanchard, “On Polystoma,” ‘Ann. des Sci. Nat.,’ 3e ser., viii, p. 331.--Canton, E., “An account of some Parasites attached to the Conjunctivæ of the Turtle’s Eyes,” ‘Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci.,’ and ‘Dublin Med. Press,’ 1861 (with remarks by myself).--Cobbold, ‘Notes,’ &c. (l. c., Bibl. No. 57), and in ‘Linn. Trans.,’ 1857.--Crisp, E., “Note on Cysticerci and Trichocephali from an Alligator,” ‘Path. Soc. Trans.,’ 1854.--Diesing, ‘Revision der Cercarieen,’ 1858; ‘Revis. der Myzelminthen,’ 1858; ‘Nachträge (u. s. w.),’ 1859; ‘Revis. der Nematoden,’ 1860; ‘Revis. d. Turbellarien,’ 1861; ‘Revis. d. Cephalocotyleen,’ 1863.--Idem, ‘Monographie d. Gatt. Amphistoma und Diplodiscus,’ and ‘Nachträge zur Monog. der Amph.,’ 1839.--Dujardin, ‘Hist. d. Helm.’ (l. c., pp. 320, 526, &c.).--Eberth, “On Myoryktes Weismanni from the Muscles of the Frog,” trans. by Busk, from ‘Siebold und Kölliker’s Zeitschrift,’ in ‘Lond. Micr. Journ.,’ Jan., 1864.--Gastaldi, ‘Cenni sopra alcuni nuovi Elmint.,’ Torino, 1854 (new flukes from frogs and salamanders).--Glüge, “On Entozoa in the Vessels of Frogs,” from ‘Comptes Rendus,’ in ‘Micr. Journ. and Struct. Rec.,’ p. 207, 1842; see Grübe and Valentin.--Grübe, “On the Entozoa of the Frog, and on the Pathology of that Batrachian,” from ‘Comptes Rendus,’ in ‘Micr. Journ. and Struct. Rec.,’ p. 246, for 1842; see also Mandl.--Harley, G., “On the Anatomy of a new Species of Pentastoma found in the Lung and Air-sac of an Egyptian Cobra,” ‘Proc. Zool. Soc.,’ June, part xxv, p. 115, 1857.--Leuckart, ‘Bau und Entwickelungsgeschichte der Pentastomen,’ Leipsig, 1860.--Linstow, ‘Enthelminth.’ (l. c., Bibl. No. 57).--Macalister, A., “On the presence of certain Secreting Organs in Nematoidea,” ‘Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist.’ for 1865.--Idem, “On the Anatomy of Ascaris dactyluris,” ‘Proc. Nat. Hist. Soc. of Dublin,’ vol. iv, 1865.--Mandl, “Development of Entozoa (Ascaris nigrovenosa of the frog),” from ‘Rep. of French Acad. of Sci.,’ in ‘Month. Journ. of Med. Sci.,’ vol. ii, p. 1081, 1842.--Molin, ‘Monog. del gen. Myzelminth; Mon. del gen. Physaloptera; Mon. del gen. Histiocephalus; Mon. del gen. Spiroptera;’ Wien, 1859-60.--Pagenstecher, ‘Trematodenlarven und Trematoden,’ Heidelberg, 1857.--Sibbald, J., “On the Nematoideum natricis,” ‘Path. Soc. Trans.,’ vol. viii, 1857.--Solger, “Ueber eine neue species von Trichosoma,” ‘Arch. f. Naturg.,’ 1877.--Valentin, “On Parasites in the Bladder of the Frog” (from ‘Repertorium’), in ‘Micr. Journ. and Struct. Record,’ 1842, p. 183.--Vogt, C., “On Filaria in the Vessels of the Frog,” from ‘Müller’s Archiv,’ in ‘Micr. Journ. and Struct. Rec.,’ p. 241, 1842.--Wedl, F., “Beiträge zur Lehre von den Hæmatozoen,” ‘Sitzungsb. Akad.,’ Wien, 1850 (from the blood of frogs, &c.).--Zeller, E., “Weiterer Beitrag zur Kentniss der Polystomen,” ‘Sieb. und Köll. Zeitschrift,’ 1875.
III. (PISCES)
Swarms of entozoa infest fishes, and it is hard to say whether they are less numerous in the inhabitants of fresh water than in those of salt water. More attention has been paid to the helminths of the fishes than to the internal parasites of birds and reptiles, consequently, the number of known species must be estimated by many hundreds. In like manner a great deal has been written respecting the ectozoa of fishes. These parasites, often called fish-lice, belong chiefly to the haustellated crustaceans, and are better known by the title of Epizoa. No account of them can be afforded in this treatise, but some trifling notice of the literature of the subject will be given below.
About a hundred distinct species of fluke have been described as infesting fishes. Not many of these worms possess more than a zoological interest; nevertheless, from that point of view certain types are very curious. Most of the species dwell in the stomach and intestines, but, as more or less remarkable exceptions, I may mention Distoma seriale infesting the kidney of Salmo umbla, D. longum (Leidy) from the pharynx of Esox estor, D. polymorphum from the urinary bladder of the common pike (Esox lucius), D. obesum from the gall bladder of Salminius and other Brazilian fishes (Xiphostoma, Leporinus), D. tornatum attached to the gills of Coryphæna hippuris, D. rosaceum attached to the palate of Lota communis, and D. contortum attached to the gills of Orthagoriscus mola. Most of the forms found encysted are sexually-immature worms. To these belong D. annuligerum, found by Nordmann in cysts in the vitreous humour of the eye of the perch (Perca fluviatilis), and D. embryo from the liver and peritoneum of Acerina vulgaris. One of the largest and most remarkable of the flukes inhabiting marine fishes is the Distoma clavatum, found by Tilesius in the stomach of Pelamys, by Pohl in Thynnus, and by Bosc in Coryphæna. In the last-named fish it has been found adhering to the gills, in the liver, and in the intestines. In August, 1865, I obtained this parasite from a sword-fish (Xiphias gladius), and in the same piscine host I also found examples of four other species of helminths (Tetrarhynchus attenuatus, scolex of another tetrarhynch, Bothriocephalus plicatus, Ascaris incurva). Believing Distoma clavatum to represent several forms hitherto regarded as distinct, I append a few particulars respecting it. Five examples of this worm were obtained by me from the stomach of a sword-fish. Generally they varied in length from four lines to two inches. They differed somewhat in shape, but all had the so-called head and neck directed backwards. Below the ventral sucker the two largest specimens were distended with eggs and black pigment. All of them likewise exhibited more or less well-marked transverse rugæ, the last ring surrounding an orifice which represented the outlet of a large contractile vesicle. The eggs averaged 1/800″ in length.
When revising the entozoa of the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons I encountered many parasites without labels attached. Amongst these were several flukes, which, though differing from each other in size and shape, appeared to be identical. One of these specimens turned out to be the particular Distoma clavatum described and figured by Professor Owen in the ‘Zoological Society’s Transactions.’ Several of the others I made out to be part of a series contributed by Mr George Bennett, who also gave specimens to the British Museum, but the College Museum stores contained yet a third group of specimens of uncertain history. The large fluke described by Prof. Owen was formerly in the collection of the Rev. Lansdown Guilding. In Dr Baird’s catalogue the specimens presented by Mr Bennett are stated to have come from the stomach of a bonito, and probably Mr Guilding’s specimens may be referred to the same “host.” Be that as it may, the specimens differ from each other in a very striking manner. In the year 1730 M. Garsin first described this worm under the generic title of Hirudinella. He says:--“Cet insecte tiré de l’estomac de la Bonita ne vécut qu’environ deux heures. Exposé à l’air il étoit languissant, et reprenoit de la vivacité dans de l’eau de mer. Il diminua sensiblement de volume pendant qu’il vivoit encore.” M. Garsin’s description is accompanied by three figures. His specimens do not appear to have exceeded 1-1/2″ in length. In 1774 Pallas described a trematode (Fasciola ventricosa). It measured two inches in length. All that he says regarding its source is as follows:--“Ex Amboyna missum fuit singulare hoc molluscum, quod ad aliud quam Fasciolarum genus referre non potui, in quo quasi gigas erit.” He remarks upon its pale white color, and notices particularly the soft elastic body proper, which when wounded gave out a dark matter resembling soot. This material, when examined with the microscope, appeared fresh; it was not the result of decomposition. Pallas also gives many other details, accompanied by a figure. In 1790 Menzies likewise described and figured a fluke about two inches long. He calls it Fasciola clavata:--“It is of whitish color, somewhat pellucid, discharging at its mouth a black-colored fluid, which can easily be perceived through its body. I have often found it,” he adds, “in the maws of the bonito, between the tropics in the Pacific Ocean.” Notwithstanding the similarity of description, Menzies does not appear to have recognised the identity of his worm with that described by Pallas. Prof. Owen, however, subsequently established this identity, and referred to this species as the Fasciola clavata seu ventricosa. On the other hand, the British Museum Catalogue represents Pallas’s worm as specifically distinct from that of Menzies, but as identical with the specimen described by Prof. Owen from Mr Guilding’s collection.
In 1802 Bosc described and figured a trematode under the title of Fasciola fusca. This he obtained from the intestines of a dorado. In form it differs considerably from the foregoing species. Bosc’s description runs as follows:--“Brune, la partie postérieure très-renflée, presque ovale, la partie antérieure mince, cylindrique, inégale, avec deux petits tentacules en dessous. Le suçoir de l’anus très grand.” Bosc recognised the identity of this worm with the Distoma coryphænæ of Rudolphi, and systematists generally have adopted his synonymy. In the British Museum Catalogue the Fasciola fusca and F. ventricosa of Pallas are regarded as one and the same species. The existence of two small tentacles is certainly peculiar.
In 1827 Nardo obtained two very large flukes from the stomach of a fish captured in the Gulf of Venice during the month of September. He calls the fish Prostostegus prototypus, which appears to be the same as the Luvarus imperialis of Rafinesque. One of the parasites, being five inches in length, he named Distoma gigas. His description is as follows:--“Distoma teres, rubrum, retractile; poro ventrali minimo cujus apertura magna, rotunda, ciliata; poro antico terminali, parvo; collo brevi, retrorsum divergente, extensili, apice angusto, basi lato; cauda longa, postice incrassata et in apice obtusa oscula donata.” The alleged ciliated character of the ventral sucker, was perhaps due to a wrinkled state of the lip. Apart from this character, I see no reason for supposing this parasite to be distinct from the Distoma clavatum procured by Mr Guilding, or the Fasciola ventricosa described by Pallas. The intestines of the fish harbored another parasite (D. Raynerianum). Unfortunately, Nardo gives no figure of Distoma gigas. It is the longest fluke known to science.
In the year 1835 Professor Owen communicated the memoirs already alluded to. In his paper he discussed questions relating to the structure of Distoma clavatum, and threw much light upon its anatomy, but I believe that the large “lateral cavities” described by Owen are neither more or less than the somewhat unusually distended alimentary cæca.
In 1845 Dujardin placed the worm with the true distomes, yet, at the same time, expressed grave doubts as to whether it were, in any sense, a fluke. “Ce ver,” he remarks, “n’est certainement pas un distome ni même un trématode. Si sa forme extérieure et ses deux oscules lui donnent quelque ressemblance avec les distomes, sa structure musculeuse la rapproche davantage des Gordius, et son tégument ressemble à celui des siponcles.” M. Dujardin examined the specimens preserved in the Paris Museum, and with regard to one particular example, described as “Fasciola, trouvé dans la mer de Nice,” he says, it presents “une certaine analogie avec le prétendu Distoma clavatum.” Dujardin himself was somewhat puzzled by the resemblance in question. He does not appear to have examined fresh specimens, yet he mentions the species as tolerably common in the bonito, and occasionally present in the tunny. At all events, it appears that the rightly so-called Distoma clavatum is not unfrequently taken from the ocean in the free state. In concluding my notice of this remarkable worm I can only add that after examining numerous specimens both in the fresh and preserved states, I have formed the opinion that the following specific names all refer to one and the same parasite:--Distoma clavatum, Rudolphi; D. coryphænæ, Rud.; D. gigas, Nardo; Fasciola clavata, Menzies; F. coryphænæ, Bosc; F. coryph. hippuridis and F. Scombri pelamidis, Tilesius; F. fusca, Bosc; Hirudinella marina, Garsin; H. clavata, Baird. In this list of synonyms we may probably also include Rudolphi’s Distoma tornatum.
In addition to these distomes there are numerous piscine flukes which may fairly be relegated to other genera. Thus, provisionally, I elevated Dujardin’s sub-genus Echinostoma into a separate genus; and on what I considered sufficient grounds I established several other new genera from amongst the more curious flukes that had been described as infesting fishes (Wedlia, Köllikeria). In the genus Echinostoma the oral sucker is either surrounded by a circle of little spines, or it occupies the centre of a disk, which is cleft at the ventral or anterior aspect. In the latter case the disk is either bordered both laterally and above by spines, or there are two large lobed appendages, whose margins are furnished with spines. In other respects this genus nearly corresponds with the distomes, the simple digestive tubes bifurcating immediately below the œsophageal bulb. The specimen of Ech. hispidum here drawn (Fig. 77) was taken by me from the spiral intestine of a sturgeon (1855), in which fish it occurs very abundantly. The figure represents a back view of the head and a lateral view of the body, the neck having been slightly twisted. The ventral sucker is concealed, but the transparency of the skin permits a view of the internal organs.
Another remarkable genus, established by Von Siebold, is Gasterostoma. In this genus the ventral sucker has taken the position usually assigned to the oral opening; the latter being near the centre of the body. The digestive cæca also disappear, leaving only a short stomachal cavity, which reminds one of the same viscus in imperfectly organised sporocysts or rediæ. When G. gracilescens first came under my observation I followed Rudolphi in describing it as a distome (D. gracilescens). The anatomy of the genus has been illustrated by Von Siebold; from whose observations also it may be inferred that the larvæ are various forms of Bucephali. Prof. Molin describes the water-vascular or respiratory apparatus as consisting (in G. fimbriatum) of a broad central tube, occupying the entire length of the body and opening externally at the tail.
Amongst the more remarkable fluke-types may be mentioned Van Beneden’s Nematobothrium (N. filarina), occupying the branchial cavity of Sciæna aquila, also Holostoma clavus, found by Molin in the intestines of Gadus merlucius, also Köllikeria filicollis, occupying open follicles in the branchial cavity of Brama Raii. The sexes in the last-named genus are distinct; male and female worms together occupying each cyst. The genus Monostoma is also largely represented amongst fishes. Prof. Wedl found a species (M. Wedlii) occupying follicles in the intestinal mucous membrane, and also adhering to the fin rays of Rhombus lævis. I also found a species (M. dubium) in a cyst attached to the ovary of Gasterosteus spinachii. Several species of amphistomatoid worms were found by Natterer in Brazilian fishes (Cataphractus, &c.), some of these representing distinct genera (Aspidocotylus, Notocotylus), to which I found Sonsino’s remarkable fluke (Gastrodiscus Sonsinonis, mihi) from the horse to be very closely allied. In this connection must also be mentioned Grübe and Wagener’s curious Amphiptyches urna, found attached to the branchiæ, and also in the intestines of Chimæra monstrosa.
In addition to the above families and genera of digenetic flukes infesting fishes we have the monogenetic tristomes and polystomes. As remarked in my introductory treatise, the Tristomidæ display a leech-like aspect, in consequence of which they have been placed either along with the Malacobdellidæ, or in some other allied family of the suctorial annelids. The tristomes are not strictly entozoa, yet their internal organisation conforms more to the Trematoda than to the Hirudinidæ. Thus, they support two small suckers anteriorly and one large sucker posteriorly, the body being externally smooth and devoid of annulations. The tristomes have therefore no anus. In some species the large caudal sucker is sessile, in others it is stalked or pedunculated, being in either case bordered by a membranous fold (Dujardin). All the species are hermaphroditic. They attach themselves to the gills of fishes or to the general surface, selecting especially the neighbourhood of the fins. Some species are parasitic on crustacean parasites that are themselves attached to marine fishes. In the genus Udonella the mode of development is known to be simple and direct. According to Van Beneden, the embryos are large and acquire the form and characters of their parents whilst they are still within the egg-shell. They are ready to assume an independent existence the moment they quit the shell. The eggs are oval, the chorion being prolonged into a single filamentary process or “holdfast.” Van Beneden compares a group of them to a “bouquet of vorticells.” On quitting the shell the embryonic Udonella at once attaches itself to the Caligus, and there acquires the adult condition. The Polystomidæ comprise a variety of remarkable genera. I accept this family as the equivalent of Dujardin’s first group of trematodes which he termed “Onchobothriens,” rejecting only his genus Diporpa, which is a juvenile condition of Diplozoon. In this family Van Beneden includes the genera Calceostoma and Gyrodactylus. In all the polystomes we have a more or less ramified intestine, but the reproductive organs conform to the general trematode type. All are hermaphroditic, the eggs being supplied with filamentary appendages, in some only at one pole of the shell, in others at both ends. The water-vascular system is conspicuously developed. All the species are supplied with prehensile hooks.
In the Diporpa condition of Diplozoon there are two supernumerary hooks, associated with a dorsal sucker at the centre of the body, and it is by means of these organs that a conjugation between two such juvenile forms is effected. These two individuals become organically united for life, after the fashion of the Siamese twins. After conjugation the sexual organs appear. In Onchotyle appendiculata the lower end of the body merges into a curious appendage, which is placed almost at a right angle with the body itself, and in this way, as Van Beneden justly remarks, the entire animal resembles a little hammer, the resemblance being very much heightened by the circumstance that one end of the appendage is cleft so as to correspond, as it were, with the notch which we employ in the action of nail-drawing. The Onchotyle appendiculata was first discovered by Kuhn attached to the gills of a dog-fish (Scillium catulus), but it has since been found ectoparasitically lodged upon other marine fishes. With the Gyrodactylidæ I include Van Beneden’s genus Calceostoma. The gyrodactyles have been classed with the Polystomidæ. Amongst the characters standing out most prominently are those having reference to peculiar hooks which project from the great sucking disk. In Calceostoma this mechanism is reduced to a single horny structure placed at the margin of the caudal sucker in the central line. In some Gyrodactyli the hooks are very numerous. In Gyrodactylus elegans the caudal sucker supports a pair of large laterally-curved hooks, which are placed back to back in the centre of the disk, being connected at their upper ends by a supplementary semi-lunar bar. A series of tentacles serve to increase the prehensile action of the sucker. In many species the males are supplied with accessory horny developments. The genus Gyrodactylus has been studied by Nordmann, Von Siebold, G. Wagener, Van Beneden, and especially by Wedl, who records the following results:--(a.) “Gyrodactylus is found on the gills of fresh-water fishes under numerous specific forms, G. elegans being also found by Creplin and Siebold on the fins. Moreover, as I have found nearly every species of fish supporting a particular gyrodactyle representative, it would seem that each finny creature supplies its own Gyrodactylus. Sometimes two of them are parasitic upon the same gill, being frequently associated with Trichodinæ, as well as with the still unintelligible Psorospermiæ. (b.) The clasping apparatus at the posterior end of the body must--in an animal so soft and constantly exposed to the passage of regular currents--be comparatively strongly developed and accommodated to the peculiar dwelling-places, and probably the varying character of the latter supplies a reason why there should be so great a difference in the mechanism of the hooks belonging to the disk. (c.) The hooked apparatus affords a very valuable and mathematically precise means of diagnosis in the determination of species. This differentiation may be accomplished by observing whether there are two or four large hooks; whether there be one or two connecting portions, and by noticing their several forms and relations to one another; and whether, again, there are hooklets or not, remarking in the first instance their position, form, distribution, and so forth. (d.) The integument is sometimes wrinkled transversely, at other times appearing to be smooth. (e.) The muscular apparatus is, in certain cases, very strongly developed. In the majority of instances special muscles are inserted into the handles of the hooks, and they are also very frequently directed into the transverse muscles of the skin. In Gyrodactylus crassiusculus we find a protrusor penis and retractor palparum medius. (f.) Except in the case of G. elegans, four so-called eye-spots are observed at the anterior extremity of all Gyrodactyli. As Siebold says, they answer the purpose of light-refracting organs. The palpi, which in G. crassiusculus are seen to contain muscular bundles, appear to be retractile touch-organs, extending more or less prominently forward. (g.) Observations in regard to the alimentary canal are at present incomplete, for only in the case of G. cochlea did I find a single gullet demonstrable. (h.) Gyrodactylus becomes sexually developed, and cannot be regarded merely as a kind of ‘nurse.’”
So much for Wedl, whose views I have elsewhere recorded at great length. The genetic relations subsisting amongst the Gyrodactyles have given rise to much controversy. Observing the singular mode of reproduction in G. elegans, Von Siebold arrived at the conclusion that Gyrodactyles in general were only nurse-forms of some higher organism, and he pointed out, with undeniable accuracy, all the birth-stages of the young one as it apparently pullulated within the parent and subsequently emerged an almost perfect Gyrodactyle. Von Siebold also remarked that the so-called “daughter,” at the time of birth, nearly equalled the “parent” in respect of size, whilst, moreover, it contained within its interior another very young Gyrodactyle, or, in other words, a “grand-daughter.” Van Beneden interpreted these facts very differently. I have myself noticed the second generation, or daughter, to contain in its interior evidences of a third generation. This I observed in specimens obtained from the tails of Gasterostei caught in the Serpentine, Regent’s Park. Indications of the third progeny were seen whilst the daughter still resided within the body of the nurse-parent, and the so-called grand-daughter became much larger immediately after birth. In one instance the “daughter” commenced showing herself by a slight bulging at the centre of the parent’s body, whilst the integument of the latter yielded on all sides of the bud-like projection, and in such a manner as to convey the idea of a vaginal opening. There was an evident struggle on the part of the young one to free itself from the so-called parent envelope, but the tissues showed no signs of injury. On partial protrusion it was seen that the budding portion corresponded with the centre of the daughter’s body, and this, in a little while, assumed the aspect of a semicircular band. Subsequently the upper end became detached, the freed extremity being now recognised as the head. An interval elapsed before the broad posterior end of the animal could be disengaged, but immediately after this was effected the sides of the parent envelope closed in upon the opening, and all that remained was a small cavity or sac, indicating the position recently occupied by the daughter. Altogether the process occupied about five minutes. I carefully compared the so-called “parent” with the “daughter,” but in regard to size I can scarcely say which was the larger of the two. As before hinted, Van Beneden demurs altogether to Von Siebold’s views. He does not admit the parent to be a kind of “nurse,” he does not consider the primary young one to be a “daughter,” and, consequently, he does not regard the embryo seen within the latter as a “grand-daughter.” Van Beneden says:--“According to our researches there is here a false interpretation; the little daughter is lodged within the side of its pretended mother, and not in its interior; instead of being its mother, it is its sister; there is a difference of shape because there is a difference of age; the Gyrodactyles are viviparous, and as among the Trematodes the eggs are formed one by one, one embryo is scarcely formed when another commences its evolution, and the egg-deposition is effected even whilst the embryo is being produced. The Gyrodactyles are therefore viviparous worms, which beget a single embryo at a time, as those of the trematode group, to which they are allied, beget a single egg at a time, and before the first embryo is expelled another is already partly developed. There, we believe, lies the correct interpretation of that phenomenon; instead of a bud it is an embryo, which has escaped from an egg. Here, therefore, we have no phenomenon of alternate generation or of digenesis, as Von Siebold supposes, but a simple viviparous reproduction.”
Passing on to notice the cestodes of fishes, I may remark that they often display characters very distinctive from those inhabiting birds and mammals, being commonly furnished with special tentacular hook-appendages employed as supplementary organs of boring and anchorage. In the cartilaginous sharks and rays these cestodes are remarkably abundant, and in certain osseous species they are scarcely less frequent. The only noteworthy kinds of fish which are commonly free from the invasion of tapeworms are the sturgeons, blennies, gobios, mullets, sparoids, and Sciænæ. Some few of them are infested by Ligulæ, Caryophyllæi, &c. Cuttle fishes harbor a great variety of tapeworm-larvæ, forming one of the chief sources whence sharks and rays obtain the same parasites destined to arrive at sexual maturity within their own bodies.
Among the most interesting cestodes of fishes we may reckon the pit-headed tapeworms and their allies (Bothriocephalidæ). One of the most common species is Both. proboscideus which is found, often in considerable numbers, lodged within the pyloric appendages of the salmon (Salmo salar and S. hucho). It acquires a length of two feet. When in large numbers it cannot fail to prove injurious to the bearer. In this connection also must be mentioned B. nodosus. In the adult state this worm infests a great variety of water-birds (herons, gulls, and divers), but in the young or sexually-immature tænioid condition it is a frequent inhabitant of sticklebacks (Gastereosteus aculeatus and G. pungitus), being also found in the salmon and in the bull-head, or father-lasher (Cottus scorpio). The immature tapeworm was formerly considered a separate species (B. solidus). Some years back Creplin discovered the connection subsisting between the two forms, and re-described the species in its two conditions under the name of Schistocephalus dimorphus, but it was reserved for Von Siebold to explain the full nature of this relationship. In his essay on “Tape and Cystic Worms” he shows that it is not until the worm reaches the intestine of the ultimate host that its segments acquire sexual completeness. As Von Siebold observes, “the extent of development in each individual will be found to be in proportion to the time the parasite has passed in the bird’s alimentary canal after its passive immigration.” A similar instance, it is added, “occurs in the case of the Ligula simplicissima, infesting the abdominal cavity of various species of carp, whose sexual organs are, and remain, undeveloped as long as the worm resides within the fish; whilst, when the latter is eaten by ducks, divers, waders, and other water-fowl, the entozoon being thus conveyed into their intestine, it attains perfect sexual development. In the older helminthological works the sexually-mature Ligula simplicissima is described under various specific names (L. sparsa, L. uniserialis, L. alternans, L. interrupta).” These results have been confirmed by later observers, but it is now usual to recognise the sexually-mature worm as the Ligula monogramma of Creplin. In 1876 Dr Duchamp published his beautiful memoir on this subject, treating the entire question exhaustively and adding important experimental details. M. Duchamp gives a list of about twenty species of fish that are infested by the immature worm, and amongst these the Cyprinidæ play by far the most conspicuous part. M. Duchamp has recorded a fatal piscine epizoöty amongst tenches (Tinca vulgaris), occurring in the ponds of La Bresse. This is produced by Ligula simplicissima, which escapes by an aperture formed near the vent of the infested fish. M. Duchamp also gives important anatomical and embryological details, but the especially interesting part of his memoir refers to his feeding experiments, seven in number. He succeeded in rearing L. monogramma in the domestic duck, by feeding this bird with examples of L. simplicissima obtained from the abdomen of the tench (Tinca vulgaris). The interest of these experiments does not cease here, since they afford a probable clue to the source of human Bothriocephali, which in nearly all essential points of structure correspond with the Ligules. As remarked in the first part of this work, Leuckart long ago pointed to the Salmonidæ as probably furnishing the intermediate host of this worm; and he disproved the views of Knoch, of Petersburg, who thought he had reared Bothriocephalus latus in the dog in a direct manner. I have already called attention to the opinion of Dr Fock, of Utrecht, who thinks the human bearer may become infested by the consumption of the little fresh-water bleak (Leuciscus alburnus). From the observations of Dr Bertolus, it is extremely probable that our Bothriocephalus latus is the sexually-mature condition of Ligula nodosa infesting the abdominal cavity and pyloric appendages of the common trout (Salmo trutta).
Another cestode of general interest is the Tricuspidaria (Triænophorus) nodulosus, infesting many of our fresh-water fishes. It varies in length from one to two feet. The segmentation of the strobila is very indistinct, but the reproductive organs occur at regular intervals. All parts of the body are extremely contractile, especially the head. The tricuspid hooks support thin chitinous laminæ, which connect the two lateral horns of each hook to the central apophysis. The object of this arrangement is to afford additional security to the prong-like processes. Van Beneden appears to think it an error that the cusps of the hooks should have been figured in ‘Règne Animal’ as directed forwards, and he has drawn the hooks with the points downwards. In regard to the calcareous corpuscles, narrow vessels may be easily recognised passing off continuously from the capsules in closing the particles. These vascular prolongations are single, having their course directed towards the epidermis; doubtless they open at the surface, but I did not detect any aperture. I have figured the tubes in my ‘Entozoa’ (p. 132). Dr Guido Wagener figures similar structures as occurring in Cercaria macrocerca.
Various species of Tetrarhynchus dwell in the bodies of sharks and rays, whilst their larvæ inhabit fishes on which the plagiostomi feed. Immature tetrarhynchs occur in cuttle-fishes, but they are most abundant in such fish as the cod, haddock, turbot, whiting (Fig. 81), flounder, sole, gurnard, mackerel, mullet, and conger-eel. A tænioid scolex constantly infests the muscles and viscera of the great sunfish. The tetrarhynchs differ from one another as regards the form of their proboscides and the relative number and disposition of the hooks. I must refer to my ‘Entozoa’ for a full description, with figures, of a larval tetrarhynch from the wall of the intestine of a haddock. Some Tetrarhynchi exhibit a very complex armature, as may be seen in Tetrarhynchus longicollis infesting the tope or penny dog-fish (Galeus vulgaris). In this species the hooks are uniform in size, and arranged in spirally disposed circles carrying from twenty to thirty hooks each. In the tetrarhynch from the whiting the hooks show much irregularity both as regards size and arrangement. A remarkable scolex infests the sun-fish (Orthagoriscus mola); it is a true tetrarhynch, but has been variously classed. According to view all the following titles refer to this parasite:--Gymnorhynchus reptans, Rudolphi; G. horridus, John Goodsir; Acanthorhynchus reptans, Diesing; Bothriorhynchus continuus, Van Lidth de Jeude; Bothriocephalus patulus, Leuckart; Acanthocephalus elongatus, Rudolphi; A. macrourus, Bremser; Floriceps saccatus, Cuvier; F. elongatus, Blainville; Scolex gigas, Cuvier; Tetrarhynchus reptans, Cobbold.
Five or six examples of the sunfish have been examined by me in the fresh state, all of them being infested by tetrarhynchs. In the fish here drawn (fig. 82) the liver and lateral muscles were extensively tunnelled by the parasite. In all instances the anterior part of the worm was found surrounded by a thick, clear, transparent cyst, which gradually diminished in thickness towards the tail. When liberated from its investing capsule the head of the worm presents a quadrilateral figure, each lateral half being furnished with a bipartite facet. The retractile boring organs are club-shaped, each supporting about 1600 hooks. Nearly all the hooks display a uniform length and thickness, but at the lower part of each proboscis there are two conspicuous circles, the hooks of which are at least twice as large as the others. The joints of the immature strobile are well formed, but exhibit no trace of sexual organs. If it be asked “what is the object of this perpetual tunnelling,” and “does the boring cause suffering to the host,” I reply:--“The object of tunnelling is apparently twofold; first, that the parasite may constantly obtain fresh nourishment; and secondly, that it may acquire another residence.” It furnishes an example of a parasite perpetually striving to perform an act which it cannot accomplish; for, in order to arrive at sexual maturity, it must wait until the sunfish is devoured by a shark. In regard to the question as to the boring action giving rise to pain, one cannot, of course, speak with absolute certainty. When there are many parasites occupying the liver, or other important viscera, then, doubtless, they create pain, and cause decay of the organs infested; thus they enfeeble the vital powers of the host. At such a time the sunfish would be easily overcome by its natural enemies, and be the first to succumb in the struggle for existence. These wandering tetrarhynchoid scolices never escape the body of the intermediate host until they are passively transferred into the alimentary canal of the ultimate entertainer. In the sharks and rays they acquire sexual maturity. From these animals the proglottides pass into the water in the ordinary way. The ova are subsequently swallowed by sunfishes and other intermediate hosts, within whose stomachs the six-hooked embryos are liberated, and the scolices become developed in the ordinary manner. As obtains in Cysticercus fasciolaris of the mouse the scolex of Tetr. reptans becomes tænioid. I have seen the liver of an adult sunfish so infested by these parasites that the whole organ might be fitly described as a mere bag of worms, the immature strobiles being inextricably coiled together and defying separation. One of the parasites which I removed from this particular fish is preserved in the Hunterian Collection.
In reference to the nematoids of fishes I can say but little. They are excessively abundant; sexually-immature filariæ being found in almost every marine fish that one examines. Even at our dinner and breakfast tables nothing is more common than to observe the little Filaria piscium spirally coiled within the tissues of herrings, haddocks, cod-fish, and whiting. All the sexually-immature nematoids are, as it were, waiting to be passively transferred to their ultimate hosts. These final bearers are usually either fishes, birds, cetacea, or seals. Amongst fresh-water fishes the Cucullanidæ play an important rôle. These parasites closely resemble the strongyloid Sclerostomata, but the absence of a true bursa seems to justify their separation into a distinct family. In most of them the body is truncated in front and much narrowed or drawn out posteriorly. The head is, broad and globular, and furnished with a powerful muscular pharynx. The mouth is seldom round; it is often subterminal, opening by a transverse slit. The tail of the male is recurved, and usually supplied with membranous winged appendages; sometimes there is a pre-anal sucking disk. In the female the tail is simple, and more or less sharply pointed.
The facts relating to the development of these parasites are especially interesting as having afforded Leuckart and Fedschenko a clue to what obtains in the guinea-worm (Dracunculus). The Cucullanus of the perch (C. elegans) is a viviparous species. The embryos are supplied with little boring teeth, or styles, which enable them to perforate the bodies of entomostracous crustaceans. Having in a direct manner gained access to the perivisceral cavity of Cyclops, they remain coiled within the intermediate bearer until it has been pursued, captured, and transferred to the stomach of the ultimate or piscine host. Once liberated within the stomach of the fish the young Cucullani soon acquire sexual maturity.
The acanthocephalous Echinorhynchi are very abundant in fishes. They also, like the Cucullani, require a change of hosts in order to ensure the continuance of the species. No less than six species of Echinorhynchi are known to infest the trout (Salmo fario). As many as four species likewise infest the eel (Anguilla); the same number of distinct forms being also found in the turbot (Rhombus) and ling (Lota), whilst three species may be met with in the common sole (Solea). What we at present know respecting the mode of development of Echinorhynchi infesting fishes is principally due to the researches of Leuckart. Some years back Dr Guido Wagener supplied admirable illustrations of the eggs and embryos of Echinorhynchi, but he was erroneously led to conclude that the larvæ were developed in a direct manner. The notion of a simple metamorphosis was entirely disproved by the experiments of Leuckart, who found the growth and development of the young to be accompanied by a true alternate generation. He showed this to obtain in Echinorhynchus proteus, a species abundant in the trout and in many other fresh-water fishes. The embryo of this parasite is broad and obliquely truncated at the ventral surface anteriorly, being gradually narrowed to a blunt point posteriorly, and at the front part, on each side of the middle line, there are five or six spines biserially disposed. Similar characters are seen in E. filicollis. Prof. Leuckart introduced a number of eggs into a vessel of water containing several small crustaceans (Gammarus Pulex). These little animals readily swallowed the ova, and in a few days the embryos were found emerging from their shells, boring their way through the intestinal walls, then passing into the general cavity of the body, and even into the appendages themselves. During the next fourteen days the embryos within the Gammari exhibited an increase of size; and in course of the third week a further metamorphosis caused the embryos to assume the readily recognisable characters of a young Echinorhynchus. Thus, in Leuckart’s own words, “the ultimate animal arises in the interior of the primordial body, by a process which presents so close an analogy with the production of an embryo, and, consequently, with the act of generation, that one feels inclined at once to identify it with such an act, and therefore, also, to regard the Echinorhynchus as exhibiting an alternation of generation in its mode of development rather than a metamorphosis.”
The young Echinorhynchus afterwards grows rapidly, its several internal organs, proboscideal sac, and muscular apparatus, gradually coming into view. At last the young entozoon completely fills the interior of the embryo, the latter having scarcely undergone any change, and still remaining, of course, within its crustacean host. What may be regarded as even more extraordinary is the circumstance that the embryonic body next becomes firmly adherent to the young Echinorhynchus, thus ultimately forming the true integument of the adult Echinorhynchus. The original skin of the embryo, however, is cast off “as soon as the Echinorhynchus occupies the whole interior of the embryo.” After this the sexual differences become clearly established. Leuckart remarks that the passage of the young Echinorhynchi into their ultimate host is probably unattended by any striking changes, whilst the metamorphosis of the embryo, as thus far detailed, occupies a period of about six weeks. In general the crustacean hosts appear to suffer little from the borings of the embryo parasites, but when the latter have assumed the Echinorhynchus-condition and happen to be particularly numerous they not unfrequently prove fatal to the unsuspecting Gammari. After their transference to the intestine of the ultimate host a period of about one week more is required for the completion of their development.
From the large number of species of Echinorhynchi infesting our fresh-water fishes, they present quite a feature of piscine parasitism. Almost every perch, chub, carp, pike, barbel, bream, or roach that one opens is found to have its intestines occupied by parasites which exhibit a light yellow color. These are Echinorhynchi, the common forms being E. proteus, E. angustatus (Fig. 84, No. 1), E. clavæceps, E. globulosus, and E. tuberosus. In the Salmonidæ, besides several of the above, we may also find E. clavula, E. fusiformis, and E. pachysomus. As a group these parasites are more attractive looking than most other helminths, and they will well repay the zoological collector. The species infesting marine fishes are almost as numerous as those found in fresh-water hosts.
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Observer,’ 1863.--Idem, “Synopsis of the Distomidæ,” ‘Proc. Linn. Soc.’ (Zool. Div.), 1860.--Idem, “Remarks on Bothriocephalus latus, in relation to Dr Fock’s supposition that the Bleak (Leuciscus alburnus) is concerned in its Production,” the ‘Veterinarian,’ July, 1878.--Cornalia, E., ‘Sopra una nuova specie di Crostacei Siphonostomi (Gyropeltis doradis),’ Milano, 1859.--Coughtrey, M., “On the absence of Tapeworm in the Salmon-trout of New Zealand,” letter to the ‘Otago Daily Times,’ dated from the Otago University, Dec. 6, 1875.--Diesing, ‘Vierzehn Arten von Bdellideen,’ Wien, 1858; see also ‘Revisions,’ quoted in Bibl. No. 58.--Donnadieu, A., “Étude sur les Ligules,” in ‘Archives Zool. Expériment.,’ 1876.--Duchamp, G., ‘Recherches anat. et physiol. sur les Ligules,’ Paris, 1876; see also Bertolus.--Fock, ‘The Bleak as a source of the Broad Tapeworm.’ See Cobbold.--Francis, F., “Tapeworm in Fish” (with report by myself), in the ‘Field,’ June 28, 1873.--Idem, in the ‘Field’ for July 12, 1873.--Garsin, ‘Histoire de l’Acad. des Sci.,’ Paris, 1730, p. 44.--Goodsir, J., “On Gymnorhynchus horridus, a new Cestoid Entozoon,” ‘Edin. New Phil. Journ.,’ p. 9, 1841.--Houghton, W., “On the occurrence of Gyrodactylus elegans in Shropshire,” ‘Ann. Nat. Hist.,’ 1862.--Huxley, “Note on Gyrodactylus,” ‘Proc. Roy. Inst.,’ April 20, 1852, and ‘Edin. New Phil. Journ.,’ 1852, p. 172.--Knoch, J., ‘Entwickelungsgeschichte d. Both. proboscideus,’ 1862.--Knox, J. F., “Note respecting the occurrence of a peculiar Microscopic Entozoon in the Textures of the Herring,” ‘Lancet,’ 1838.--Kölliker, “Zwei neue Distomen,” ‘Ber. v. d. K. Zoot. Anstalt zu Würzburg,’ 1849.--Idem, ‘Ueber Tristoma,’ ibid., 1849.--Leidy, J., “Notice of a Tetrarhynchus (T. tenuicaudatus) in the Remova;” ‘Proc. Acad. N. S. Philad.,’ Oct. 15, 1878; and in ‘Ann. Nat. Hist.,’ Feb., 1879.--Leydig, “Ueber Argulus,” ‘Sieb. und Köll. Zeitsch.,’ 1850.--Maddox, R. L., “Some Remarks on the Parasites found in the Nerves (and other parts) of the Common Haddock (Morrhua æglefinus),” ‘Trans. of the Roy. Micr. Soc.,’ 1867, p. 87.--Menzies, ‘Linn. Trans.,’ 1790, p. 187.--Miescher, “On Filaria piscium,” &c., in ‘Excerpta Zoologica,’ communicated by Dr Frances, in ‘Ann. Nat. Hist.,’ 1842.--M’Intosh, W. C., “Notes on the Food and Parasites of the Salmo salar of the Tay,” ‘Proc. Linn. Soc.,’ 1863; repr. in the ‘Zoologist,’ Feb., 1864.--Müller, J., “Note on a Parasitic Formation (Gregarina) in the Pike, with a statement from his ‘Neurologie der Myxinoiden,’ that Diplostomum rachineum is to be found alive under the cerebral membranes of Petromyzon fluviatilis,” from ‘Müller’s Archiv,’ in ‘Micr. Journ. and Struct. Record,’ p. 20, 1842.--Nardo, in ‘Heisinger’s Zeitsch.,’ 1827, s. 68, and in ‘Isis,’ 1833, s. 523.--Olsson, P., “Researches on the Flukes and Tapeworms chiefly of Marine Fishes,” ‘Entozoa, iakttagna hos Skandanaviska Hafsfiskar,’ Lund (aftr. ur ‘Lunds Univ. Årsskrift,’ tom. iii, iv), 1867-68.--Owen, ‘Zool. Soc. Trans.,’ 1835, p. 382.--Pallas, ‘Spicilegia Zoologica,’ fasc. x, p. 18, 1774.--Siebold, C. von, ‘Band und Blasenwürmer,’ s. 41, Huxley’s edit., p. 32.--Idem, “On Diplozoon paradoxum,” from ‘Zeitsch. f. wiss. Zool.’ (by Huxley), in ‘Ann. Nat. Hist.,’ 1851.--Idem, “Ueber den Generationswechsel der Cestoden nebst einer Revision der Gattung Tetrarhynchus,” ‘Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool.,’ 1850, s. 198.--Idem, “Gyrodactylus, ein ammenartiges Wesen,” ibid., 1849.--Slack, H. J., “On Bucephalus polymorphus,” in ‘Monthly Microsc. Journ.,’ April, 1875, p. 141.--Van Beneden (see Beneden).--Verrill, A. E., “On the Parasitic Habits of the Crustacea,” from ‘American Naturalist,’ in ‘Scientific Opinion,’ Aug. 4, 1869, p. 185.--Idem, “New Flukes (Tristoma læve and T. cornutum) from the Mouth and Gills of Tetrapturus albidus,” ‘American Journ. of Science,’ p. 40, 1875.--Von Baer (see Baer).--Von Siebold (see Siebold).--Wagener, R. G., “Helminth. Bemerkungen,” in ‘Sieb. und Köll. Zeitsch.,’ 1857.--Idem, “Enthelminthica,” ‘Müller’s Arch.,’ 1851.--Idem, “Ueber Eingeweidewurm (Amphiptyches) in Chimæra monstrosa,” ‘Müll. Arch.,’ 1852.--Idem, ‘Beiträge zur Entw.-Gesch. der Eingeweidewürmer (Preisschrift),’ 1857.--Wedl, “On Gyrodactylus” (see reference to my paper on ‘G. elegans’), ‘Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci.,’ 1862; trans. from his ‘Anhang,’ “Ueber die Gattung Gyrod.,” to ‘Anat. Beobachtungen ueber Trematoden,’ Wien, 1858.--Idem, ‘Hæmatozoa in Fishes,’ &c. (l. c., Bibl. No. 58).--Wigham, R., “Note on Holostomum cuticola from Roach and Bream,” ‘Ann. Nat. Hist.,’ p. 235, 1851.--Wilson, W. W., “On a Parasitic Worm infesting a Marine Fish (Crenilabrus rupestris),” in ‘Science Gossip,’ Jan., 1876.--Yarrell, W., “Note on Tristoma coccineum,” in his work on ‘Brit. Fishes,’ vol. ii, p. 353, 1836.
IV. (EVERTEBRATA)
Since a large proportion of all those helminths that require a change of hosts must needs pass into the bodies of insects, crustaceans, mollusks, or other evertebrated animals, it is evident that these lower creatures are almost as liable to be infested by parasites as the vertebrates themselves. As a rule, no doubt, the parasitic forms infesting individual evertebrated hosts are not numerous; nevertheless the water-snails form a noteworthy exception. Thus, some ten different species of parasite are found either in or upon the common Planorbis corneus; whilst Lymnæus stagnalis, Paludina vivipara, and P. impura, each support at least a dozen species. Of course, the parasites are not sexually mature, since nearly all of them are Cercariæ or larval trematodes. Snails, oysters, mussels, whelks, and other mollusks afford harbour and anchorage to a variety of parasites and messmates; but, fortunately, few or it may be none of the strictly human parasites require to pass through these intermediate bearers. Distoma crassum is possibly an exception. Save the cuttle-fishes, not many evertebrated animals are infested by sexually-mature worms. One of the most notable exceptions is that of a nematoid infesting bees. This worm was known to John Hunter, who spoke of it as “the animal that breeds in the humble bee.” In the year 1836, M. Léon Dufour first applied the term Sphærularia to this remarkable worm, which he discovered in the abdominal cavities of two species of bee (Bombus terrestris and B. hortorum). The worm was subsequently found by Von Siebold in two other species of bee (B. muscorum and B. sylvarum), but it remained for Sir John Lubbock to demonstrate that this parasite not only infests these insects, but also Bombus lucorum, B. lapidarius, B. pratorum, B. subterraneus, and Apathus vestalis. I possess specimens from Vespa vulgaris and V. rufa. Sir J. Lubbock and Mr. Cole have separately given full anatomical descriptions of the worm. According to Lubbock the so-called female is about an inch in length, of a whitish color, and 1/15″ in thickness, being bluntly pointed at either extremity. Sphærularia is everywhere covered by small warts or button-like projections, in all numbering about 800. The warts are transparent, each, according to Lubbock, projecting from 4/1000″ to 6/1000″ above the general surface of the integument. There is neither mouth, œsophagus, intestine, nor anus; but in their place a large fatty mass or corpus adiposum. Sir J. Lubbock remarks that this peculiar organ “is homologous, not with the whole intestinal canal of nematodes, but only with the intestine; and we find, in fact, that in Gordius the œsophagus is very short, and opens at once into the anterior end of the corpus adiposum; so that to pass from this genus to Sphærularia it would be necessary to shorten the œsophagus a little more, and then the wall of the corpus adiposum would be immediately attached to that of the body. So far, therefore, as concerns the corpus adiposum and the œsophagus, Sphærularia agrees neither with Gordius nor Mermis, nor, indeed, with one more than the other; since, if it agrees with Mermis albicans in the double series of large fat cells, it has no œsophagus, and in this respect more nearly resembles Gordius.” The reproductive organs consist of a single ovary, uterus, and terminally situated vulva. These organs in the full-grown females contain ova in all stages of development up to the condition of advanced yolk segmentation; but it does not appear that embryonic formation takes place whilst the eggs are still in utero. “The young animals are born soon after the eggs are laid. They are about 1/60″ in length, and 1/2500″ in diameter at the broadest part. Before Sir J. Lubbock conducted his inquiries the so-called male appears to have been overlooked. The male, if male it be, is extremely minute; that is to say, about 28,000 times smaller than the female.” Notwithstanding this very circumstantial account based on Lubbock’s determinations, Schneider has sought to show that the facts have been entirely misinterpreted. What Lubbock regards as the male worm is, in Schneider’s opinion, a female, whilst the so-called female is nothing more than a gigantic prolapsed uterus which has become many thousand times larger than the body of the worm whence it proceeded. It must be allowed that Schneider’s description and accompanying figures are very convincing. When revising the entozoa of the Hunterian Collection in 1866 I explained the specimens and dissections in accordance with Lubbock’s views. In the following year Prof. Huxley in his College Lectures supported the view of Schneider, but in his recently published manual the opinions of the Berlin helminthologist are not so much as alluded to.
Another point of special interest in connection with the parasites of insects concerns the development of Mermis albicans. At or near the time of the maturation of the ova, the parent worm, hitherto lodged within the body of some insect, buries itself in the soil. It commences its migration by boring its way out of the body of the host. Some difference of opinion exists as to the condition of the parent at the time of its wandering, for Von Siebold asserted that it quitted its parasitical mode of life “in order to become sexually mature away from the animal” infested; whereas Van Beneden states that the embryos are always formed at the time of the wandering.
From Von Siebold’s experiments it would appear that incompletely developed Mermes can become mature whilst still in the soil; but the normal condition requires the wandering to commence, as we have said, at or near the full time of embryonal development. The embryos are reproduced viviparously, and being set free, they pass a certain period of their existence in the soil. Here they grow rapidly, acquire sexual organs, and subsequently seek to “gratify their immigrative propensities,” as Von Siebold says, by selecting and penetrating the soft-bodied larvæ of lepidopterous and other insects. This entrance they accomplish by means of a sharply-pointed dentule or boring stylet, which at the time of disuse is concealed within the head. Having once gained access to the host they remain within its body until the caterpillar has become transformed into the perfect butterfly, or until their own sexual maturity is completed. Van Beneden thinks it probable that the males quit the host some time before the females, a view which, if correct, might alone account for the comparative scarcity of the males. According to Von Siebold, sexual congress occurs before the entrance of the worm into the caterpillar. This observation agrees with the generally admitted fact that hitherto no male Mermes have actually been detected in the bodies of insects. The Gordii, like Mermes, become free in damp earth and penetrate the bodies of certain insects or their larvæ. Some of them gain access to fishes. Like the free nematodes (Anguillulidæ), many of the Gordii will survive complete desiccation. The eggs of the mature worms are deposited in long agglutinated chains in water or damp situations.
I must conclude. In the body of this work will be found many notices of insect parasites that are awaiting transference to some vertebrate. I need only allude to the rôle of the mosquito, to that of the louse of the dog, and especially to that of the little myriapod (Glomeris) which, like the common glow-worm (Lampyris), possesses phosphorescent properties. I mention this again partly in correction of an entomological error (at p. 296) which escaped me at the time of going to press. Leidy has described a mature nematode (Ascaris infecta) from Passalus cornutus, and numerous Filariæ are known to infest insects (Blatta, Forficula, Phosphuga, &c., &c.). From an earwig I obtained a filaria nearly five inches in length.
We have seen that the larvæ of Dracunculus, Cucullanus, as well as those of other important nematodes, dwell in bodies of entomostracous crustacea, whilst those of Echinorhynchus attack the Gammari and their allies. The well-known Udonella caligorum attaches itself to crustacea that are themselves parasitic.
As many of the so-called free nematodes live in the slime of animals, Villot is of opinion that no very distinct line of demarcation can fairly be drawn between the parasitic and free species. This work, however, having dealt only with genuine parasites, I have purposely omitted any detailed account of the so-called free nematoids. I mention this lest it should be supposed that I had shown a studied neglect of the more or less remarkable labours of Bütschli, Bastian, Eberth, Linstow, Marion, Villot, Claus, De Man, Carter, and many others.
BIBLIOGRAPHY (No. 60).--Bastian, H. C., “Monograph on the Anguillulidæ, or free Nematoids, marine, land, and freshwater, with description of 100 new species,” ‘Linnean Trans.’ for 1865, vol. xxv, p. 73.--Idem (see Bibliog. No. 2).--Idem, “Free Nematoids,” being an article in the ‘Popular Science Review’ for 1868, vol. vii, p. 163.--Brady, G. S., ‘Monograph of the free and semiparasitic Copepoda,’ London, 1878.--Bütschli, O., “Untersuchungen ueber freilebende Nematoden und die Gattung Chætonotus,” ‘Sieb. und Köll. Zeitschrift,’ 1876.--Carter, H. J., “On a Bisexual Nematoid Worm which infests the common House-fly (Musca domestica),” ‘Ann. Nat. Hist.,’ 1861, and in the ‘Bombay Med. and Phys. Soc. Trans.,’ new series, 1860.--Claparède (see Panceri).--Claus, C., ‘Beobachtungen ueber d. Organis. und Fortpflanz. v. Leptodera appendiculata,’ 1869.--Cobbold, “Note on Insect Parasites,” in ‘Rep. of Entomological Club,’ in the ‘Midland Naturalist,’ March, 1878, p. 80.--Cole, W., “Remarks on a Parasite of Humble Bees,” in ‘Journal of the Quekett Microscopical Club,’ 1875.--Dufour, L., “Sphærularia,” ‘Ann. des Sci. Nat.,’ 1836.--Dujardin, “On Mermis,” ‘Ann. des Sci. Nat.,’ 2e sér., tom. 18, p. 129.--Eberth (see Bibliog. No. 2).--Garner, R., “Note on a Distoma,” in his paper ‘On the Lamellibranchiate Conchifera,’ ‘Trans. Zool. Soc.,’ 1841.--Ghaleb, O., “Observations and Experiments on the Migrations of Filaria rhytipleurites, a Parasite of Cockroaches and Rats,” ‘Comptes Rendus,’ July 8, 1878, and ‘Ann. Nat. Hist.,’ Aug., 1878.--Idem, “Note sur l’anat. et les migrations de deux Nématoides parasites, le Pæcilogaster blatticola et Fil. rhytipl.,” Paris, 1876 (quoted by O. von Linstow).--Giard, M. A., “On the parasitic Isopoda of the genus Entoniscus (infesting Crustacea),” from ‘Comptes Rendus,’ Aug., 1878, in ‘Ann. Nat. Hist.,’ Otc., 1878.--Idem, “On the Orthonectida, parasitic on Echinodermata and Turbellaria (Rhopalura),” ‘Ann. Nat. Hist.,’ Feb., 1878.--Grube, A., “On Cyclops as a new Cestoid-bearing Host,” from ‘Zoologisch. Anzeiger,’ Bd. i, s. 74, in ‘Journ. Royal Microsc. Soc.,’ Nov., 1878, p. 254.--Hunter, J., “Filaria of the Bee,” in ‘Catal. (by Owen) of the contents of the Mus. Royal Coll. Surg.,’ part iv, fasc. i, p. 37, 1830.--Kynston, “Worms attached to a Grasshopper,” ‘Proc. Ashm. Soc.,’ in ‘Corbyn’s India Review,’ and in ‘Journ. of Foreign Sci.,’ 1837, p. 172.--Lima, J. F. da S., “Remarks on the Filaria medinensis or Guinea-worm; on the occurrence of this parasite in the Province of Bahia; and on its entrance into the human body by drinking water;” trans. from the Portuguese by Dr J. L. Paterson, and pub. in the ‘Veterinarian’ for Feb., 1879 et seq.--Linstow, “Helminthologische Beobachtungen,” in ‘Archiv für Naturgeschichte,’ 1876.--Lubbock, Sir J., “On Sphærularia bombi,” ‘Nat. Hist. Rev.,’ 1861.--Idem, “Notes,” &c., ibid., 1864, p. 265.--Mason, J. W., “Note on the Geographical Distribution of the Temnocephala chilensis (parasitic upon a freshwater crayfish, Paranephrops setosus, in New Zealand),” ‘Annals Nat. Hist.,’ 1875, p. 336.--Marion, A. F., ‘Revision des Nématodes (&c.),’ Marseilles.--Maund, B., “A description of Filaria forficulæ,” ‘Rep. Proc. Linn. Soc.,’ in ‘Zool. Journ.,’ 1832-34, p. 263.--Meissner (see Thomson).--Owen, R. (see Hunter).--Pagenstecher (see Bibl. No. 58).--Panceri, P. (e di E. D. Claparède), “Nota sopra une alciopide parassito dell Cydippe densa,” ‘Mem. della Soc. Ital. di Sci. Nat.,’ 1867.--Sars, “Intestinal Worm in an Acaleph.,” from ‘Wiegmann’s Archiv,’ in ‘Ann. Nat. Hist.,’ 1845.--Siebold, C. J. von, in ‘Wiegmann’s Arch.,’ 1835.--Idem, in ‘Ray Soc. Rep.’ (by Busk), 1847.--Idem, “Worms,” &c., ibid., p. 503, 1847.--Idem, “Report on Helminthology, and on the Nemertinæ” (trans. by W. B. Macdonald, in ‘Ray Soc. Rep. on Zool.,’ 1842, p. 280), Edinburgh, 1845.--Idem (see Thomson).--Thomson, A. (for review of the writings of Meissner, Von Siebold, and others, respecting the development of Mermis, Gordius, &c., see the classical and elaborate art. “Ovum”), in ‘Supp. to Todd’s Cyclop.,’ 1859.--Vogt, C., “On some Inhabitants (Cercariæ) of the Fresh-water Mussels,” from ‘Ann. des Sci. Nat.,’ in ‘Ann. Nat. Hist.,’ 1850.--Whitman, C. O., “The Embryology of Clepsine (with valuable Bibliography),” ‘Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci.,’ July, 1878.
APPENDIX.--The memoirs announced by Dr T. R. Lewis in the January issue of the ‘Microscopical Journal,’ and referred to at the close of my account of Filaria Bancrofti, having appeared, I fulfil the promise previously made (p. 202). In the few lines at my disposal I may observe that the beautiful brochure (quoted below) supplies fuller details of the results already announced by Lewis in the ‘Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal.’ In respect of the nematoid hæmatozoa, the memoir is chiefly important as confirming Manson’s observations regarding the changes undergone by the Filariæ that have been transferred to the stomach of the mosquito, and especially also, as advancing some novel facts in reference to the occurrence of bird’s blood-corpuscles, associated with embryonic nematoids, in the same viscus of the insect. The worms are regarded by Lewis as transferred avian hæmatozoa, a view which gains strength by their comparison with the similar larvæ which he had detected in the blood of Indian crows (Corvus splendens). In Egypt, as Sonsino had himself informed me by letter, similar hæmatozoa are to be found in crows, and avian filariæ of this kind were long previously described, as Lewis and Sonsino point out, by Borell, Herbert, Schmidt, and Virchow. Facts of this order undoubtedly complicate matters, and suggest that extreme measure of caution in drawing conclusions, which Lewis himself everywhere displays.
Respecting the final changes undergone by the mosquito-filariæ before their re-entrance into the human body, Lewis does not appear to have gone further than Dr Manson. By rupturing the body of the most advanced larvæ, Lewis readily recognised the œsophagus and intestine, but he remarks, significantly, “I have not been able to distinguish any other differentiated viscus in any of the specimens, and certainly, nothing suggestive of differentiation of sex” (p. 83). In an earlier part of the memoir Dr Lewis takes objection to my view that the urinary nematoids found by me in a case of Bilharzia are genetically related to Filaria sanguinis hominis. His distinguished coadjutor, Dr D. Cunningham, also denies the possibility of such relationship. No doubt, if the urinary maternal worm was really oviparous my view is untenable; but the proved presence of imperfectly formed ovarian ova, in which no trace of embryonic formation was discernible, has forced upon me the conviction that prolapsus and rupture of the uterine tubes of the parent worm had occurred, and that their rupture had occasioned the escape of ova in various stages of growth. As free embryos were also detected, the adult worm was probably viviparous. There is an error in the representation of the oval-shaped ovum given in the figure (p. 183). I retain drawings of eighteen perfect nematoid ova from the Bilharzia case, and not one of these shows any double contour of the chorional envelope. In the case of the imperfect ova, the double contour is obviously due to the close apposition of the yelk-membrane to the shell-membrane, there being no true shell. As regards “a correction” which Lewis makes in respect of the question of priority of description of the mature Filaria sanguinis hominis I can only find space to state frankly, that Lewis is perfectly correct. The error was quite unintentional on my part. The adult worm was first discovered by Bancroft, and upon the strength of his admittedly scanty record I named the worm Filaria Bancrofti. In the matter of supplying a proper diagnosis and an anatomical description I was completely anticipated by Lewis. No doubt, Dr Bancroft could have furnished a fuller description of the parasite, had he desired to do so, but here is what he says in the letter addressed to me from Melbourne on the 20th of April, 1877:--“I thought it better to send you this account of filariæ than to publish it direct, as you so kindly set me on the track of the investigation.” Here I feel constrained to remark that few, if any, of my many correspondents in helminthology, have displayed more engaging candour. Whilst actually writing this Appendix (April 15th, 1879) I have received a new record of filarious cases from Dr Bancroft, who also sends me some mosquitoes captured by a victimised patient whose blood swarmed with filariæ. In one of the captured insects Bancroft himself detected forty-five filariæ. The cases have been forwarded to the ‘Lancet’ for publication. Lastly, in reference to the closing paragraph of Bancroft’s previous letter to me (pub. in the ‘Lancet,’ Feb. 1st), I have received the following interesting commentary at the hands of Dr Silva Araujo, whose letter is dated from Bahia, March 3rd, 1879:--“Je dois vous communiquer que ce fait vient confirmer l’idée qui existe chez nous, où le peuple croit et affirme que--quand une personne qui souffrait auparavant d’erysipèle a un abcès cela la préserve de nouveaux accès. La raison ne sera-t-elle pas que dans ce cas, avec l’ouverture de l’abcès, le ver sort? Je le crois. Ces faits viennent démontrer que la cause de la maladie est le ver. Cependant nous avons ici à Bahia plusieurs confrères qui ne le croient point! Et à Rio-de-Janeiro aussi il y en a, peut-être davantage (!).” I will only add that Dr Araujo deceives himself if he imagines that the full etiological significance of parasites in relation to disease will receive general professional recognition for many years to come.
SUPPLEMENT TO BIBLIOGRAPHY No. 23, p. 202 (with emendations).--Araujo, ‘Memoria sobre a Filariose ou a molestia produsida por uma nova especie de parasita cutaneo,’ Bahia, 1875.--Idem, “Da filariose,” ‘Globo,’ Jornal do Rio de Janeiro, 1876, e ‘Revista Medica do Rio de Janeiro,’ 1876, anno 3o, No. 2, 15 de Julho, p. 107.--Idem, “Caso de chyluria, elephancia do escrôto, escrôto lymphatico, craw-craw e erysipela em um mesmo individuo; descobrimento da Wuchereria filaria na lympha do escrôto. Tratamento pela electricidade com excellentes resultados,” ‘Gaz. Med. da Bahia,’ 2a serie, vol. 2o, No. 11, Nov. de 1876.--Idem, “A Filaria Wuchereri no sangue,” ‘Gaz. Med. da Bahia,’ Mar. de 1878, p. 106, e seguintes.--Idem, “A muriçoca e as filarias Wuchereri,” ‘Gaz. Med. da Bahia,’ Setembro de 1878.--Idem, “La Fil. immitis,” &c., Transl. of Mem. (l. c., Bibl., No. 45) in ‘Lyon Médical,’ Nov., 1878, p. 319 et 363.--Bancroft, “Instance of a European having taken leprosy in Queensland,” in a letter to myself; see “Case from Bancroft,” quoted at p. 203.--Chassaniol, A. (et F. Guyot), “Hématurie graisseuse ou chyleuse,” in their “Notes de Géographie Méd. recueillies à Taïti,” in ‘Archives de Méd. Navale,’ Jan., 1878, p. 65.--Cobbold, “Worms in the Heart of Dogs,” letter in the ‘Lancet,’ April 5, 1879, p. 498.--Coles, “On Lymph-scrotum,” ‘Brit. Med. Journ.,’ March 9, 1878.--Fayrer, Sir J., “Lecture on Elephantiasis Arabum,” in the ‘Lancet,’ March 29, 1879, p. 433.--Idem, ‘Report of Pathol. Soc.,’ ‘Lancet,’ Feb. 22, 1879, p. 267.--Idem, ‘Rep. of Epidemiological Soc.,’ ibid., p. 269.--Idem, ‘Letter on Filaria;’ see Hoysted.--Ghaleb, O. (with P. Pouquier), “On Filaria hæmatica,” from ‘Comptes Rendus,’ Feb. 5, 1877, in ‘Annals Nat. Hist.,’ April, 1877.--Hoysted, J., “Notes of a Case of Filaria sanguinis in a Dog;” see Bibliog. No. 49, p. 311.--Lewis, T. R., ‘The Microscopic Organisms found in the Blood of Man and Animals, and their relation to Disease,’ Calcutta, 1879.--Idem, “The Hæmatozoa of Man (excerpt of the above),” ‘Quart. Journ. of Microsc. Sci.,’ April, p. 245 (both from ‘14th Ann. Rep. of the San. Commissioner with the Govt. of India’).--Makuna, ‘Letter respecting Fil. sang. hom. in Chyluria’ (l. c., Bibliog. No. 23).
INDEX.
Acanthia lectularia, or the common bed bug, 273
Acanthocephala in birds, 446 " include but one family, 5 " in the Hunterian Museum, 413
Acanthotæniadæ, a family of tapeworms, 4
Acaridæ, a family of Arachnida, 5
Acephalocysts in cattle, Hunterian specimens of, 140
Agricultural societies, their indifference to helminthology, 412
Aguti, Spiroptera mediospiralis from the, 403
Alligator, entozoa from an, 455
Amphistoma and Polystoma in the frog, 452 " hominis, notice of Lewis’s and McConnell’s, 36 " subclavatum, ciliated embryo of, 49
Amphistomes infesting deer, 332 " " elephants, 395 " " the horse, 357
Amphistomidæ, a family of flukes, 4
Anæmia, tropical, due to Anchylostomata, 203
Anchylostomum-helminthiasis, Wucherer’s account of the, 213
Anchylostomum (Dochmius) duodenale, description of, 212
Aneurism of the horse, Bollinger’s account of, 368
Anguillula (Leptodera) stercoralis, description of, 234
Anguillulidæ, a family of round worms, 5
Annelid parasites, ectoparasitic character of the, 5
Anoplocephala perfoliata as a synonym, 401
Ant-eaters, internal parasites of, 321
Antelopes and deer, Pentastomes found in, 350
Anthomyia canalicularis as a human parasite, 271
Arachnid parasites, various families of, 5
Argulidæ, a family of parasitic crustaceans, 6
Arhynchotænia critica of the hyrax, 403
Arhynchotæniadæ, considered as a group, 4
Armadillo, parasites found in the, 321
Ascaridæ, a family of round worms, 4
Ascarides infesting cetaceans, 426 " (Oxyurides) in relation to cleanliness, 232
Ascaris alata, Bellingham’s so-called, 237 " Cornelyi from the vulturine pintado, 447 " halicoris from the Indian dugong, 429
Ascaris infecta from Passalus cornutus, 483 " lumbricoides as a human parasite, 243 " " Davaine’s experiments with, 244 " " development of the, 244 " " Heller’s “find” respecting the young of, 244 " " remarkable cases caused by the, 248 " maculosa causing avian epizoöty, 441 " " Unterberger’s experiments with, 245 " megalocephala and A. lumbricoides not identical, 243 " " experiments with the eggs of, 246 " " of solipeds, 378 " mystax considered as a human parasite, 237 " " Leuckart’s experiments with, 244 " " researches of Nelson respecting, 240 " nigrovenosa, parthogenesis of, 452 " suilla considered as a synonym, 243 " " of the hog, a synonym, 405 " tentaculata of opossums, 433 " tetraptera, development of the embryos of, 245 " vesicularis from the ring-necked pheasant, 442
Aspidocephalus scoleciformis of opossums, 433
Aspidocotylus mutabilis, a parasite of fish, 360
Ass, frequency of aneurism in the, 367 " liver-fluke frequent in the, 356 " strongyles from the stomach of the, 383
Australian entozoa, Mr Krefft’s brochure on, 431 " hedgehog, tapeworm from the, 433
Avian hæmatozoa, observations by Lewis on, 486 " parasites in the British Museum, 448 " " in the Hunterian Museum, 448
Bacteria, the best known forms of, 277
Bacteridæ, as a family of protozoa, 7
Balantidium (Paramecium) coli of man, 282 " semiparasitic character of, 7
Balæna, flukes occurring in the genus, 421 " rostrata infested by Ascaris angulivalvis, 426
Balænoptera rostrata, filariæ from, 425 " " fluke from, 421
Bats, entozoa and ectozoa infesting, 294
Bear, Cysticerci in the heart of a, 140
Beef, cyst-infected, quantity destroyed in India, 76 " in India, prevalence of “measled”, 61 " tapeworm, description of the so-called, 56
Bee, parasite of the, known to John Hunter, 480
Beetles (Passalus) infested by nematodes, 483
Beluga leucas, worm from the ear of, 427
Bilharzia hæmatobia, history and development of the, 38
Birds, frequency of entozoa in, 434 " Spiroptera helicina in the feet of, 440 " the gape disease in, 443
Blackbirds, tapeworms destructive to young, 440
Blackcap, flukes reared by Zeller in the, 436
Blackfish or tursio, cestode from the, 422
Bladderworms and measles in cattle, 62
Blaptidæ as parasitic insects, 7
Blaps mortisaga as a human parasite, 270
Bleak, the (Leuciscus), a possible source of tapeworm, 301 " the, in relation to Bothriocephalus latus, 470
Bonito, parasites from the, 458
Bopyridæ, a family of parasitic crustaceans, 6
Bothriocephali of water-birds obtained from fish, 468 " researches of Bertolus and Duchamp on, 110
Bothriocephalus cordatus, brief description of, 111 " cristatus, brief description of, 111 " in Holland, Dr. Fock’s remarks on, 109 " latus, distribution and characters of, 106 " " source and proscolices of, 107 " proboscideus of the salmon, 468 " tropicus, note on the so-called, 96
Bot infesting the stomach of the rhinoceros, 401
Bottle-head (Hyperoödon), flukes from the, 421
Brain, Cysticerci occurring in the human, 92
Bronchi of whales, worms in the, 425
Bucephalus probably a larval state of Gasterostoma, 462 " regarded as a germ-sac, 453
Bug, the common, as a human parasite, 273
Cachalot, cestode from the high-finned, 422
Calceostoma, hooks of the suckers of, 464
Caligidæ, a family of crustaceans, 6
Campula oblonga regarded as a synonym, 419
Capercaillie, entozoa of the, 440 " Trichosoma and Ligula from a, 447
Carnivora, internal parasites of the, 297
Cataphractus infested by Aspidocotylus, 360
Cat, Australian, Bothriocephalus from, 309 " flukes and tapeworms infesting the, 308
Cattle diseased by parasites, natural cure of, 83 " measles and bladderworms in, 61 " of the Upper Punjab infested by cysts, percentage of, 75 " plague bodies, nature of the so-called, 280 " species of lice infesting, 352 " tapeworms found in, 332
Cercaria diplocotylea of water-snails, 452 " of the common fluke, 325
Cercariæ and Rediæ, Pagenstecher’s remarks on, 452
Cercomonas hominis in cholera dejections, 282
Cestoda, families of the order, 4
Cestode (larval) in Delphinus delphis, 422
Cetacea, external parasites of, 428 " parasites of, 416 " " in Hunterian collection, 427 " worms in the lungs of, 423 " " in the cranial sinuses of, 425
Chacma, strongyles found in the, 291
Charbon, an anthracoid disease associated with bacterids, 278
Cheetah, tapeworm found in the, 300
Cheiracanthidæ, a family of round worms, 4
Cheiracanthus robustus in Indian dogs, 305 " " mistaken for Echinorhynchus, 257
Cheiroptera or bats, parasites of, 293
Chigoe or jigger as a human parasite, 274
Chinese missionary, flukes in the family of a, 21
Cirrhipeds, parasitic, upon whales, 428
Civets, parasites found in, 299
Classification of Schneider referred to, 4
Clepsinidæ, a family of suctorial annelids, 5
Coati, intestinal worms of the, 298
Cochin-China diarrhœa due to Leptodera, 235
Cockchafers harbor young Echinorhynchi, 413
Cockroaches (Blatta) infested by nematodes, 483
Codfish, frequency of filariæ in the, 472
Cœnuri from rabbits in Guy’s Museum and at Oxford, 140 " researches of Rose and Numan respecting, 334
Cœnurus cuniculi, specimen of, from Ayrshire, 140 " serialis of the hyrax, 408
Conocephalus typicus from a dolphin, 426
Conopidæ, the larvæ of, as parasitic insects, 6
Conorhinus nigrovarious or pampas benchucha, 273
Cotylogaster cochleariforme not an equine parasite, 360
Crane, entozoa from a, 447
Crossophorus collaris of the hyrax, 403
Crocodile, worm from beneath the skin of a, 456
Crows, hæmatozoa in Indian, 486
Crustacea, parasitic, upon whales, 428 " the, as alleged human parasites, 269
Crustacean parasites, families of, 6
Crustaceans, entozoa infesting, 480
Cucullanidæ, a family of round worms, 4 " development of the, 474
Culex, various species of, attacking man, 273
Curlew, entozoa from the, 447
Cuterebra noxialis, or Macaco worm, 271
Cuttle-fishes, tapeworm larvæ found in, 468
Cyamidæ included with Pycnogonidæ, 5
Cyamus balænarum or whale-louse, 428
Cyclobdella lumbricoides, the, of Brazil, 259
Cyclops considered as an intermediate host, 223
Cymothoidæ, a family of parasitic crustaceans, 6
“Cyst”-affected meat in the Punjab, quantity of, 76
Cystic disease in cattle, Dr J. Fleming on, 76 " entozoa are larval tapeworms, 4
Cysticerci, common situation of, in ration meat, 78 " destruction of, by calcareous degeneration, 83 " detected in the living animal, 78 " from sheep, Dr Maddox on, 98 " from the nasal sinuses of a porpoise, 421 " from the skin of Physeter, 421 " in the heart of a bear, 140 " in the human body, seat of, 91 " in the psoas muscles, Dr Joseph Fleming on, 75 " in meat, Pellizzari’s and Tommasi’s researches on, 62 " investigations of Lewis respecting, 66 " monstrous varieties of, 105 " of the sheep alleged to contain eggs, 98 " prophylactic measures respecting, 83 " researches by Perroncito on, 67 " said to be capable of swimming, 97 " temperature necessary to destroy, 69 " voluntarily swallowed by Italian gentlemen, 71
Cysticercus bovis found in the liver and lungs, 59 " " human feeding experiments by Oliver with, 72 " delphini, nature of the so-called, 422 " found in the dog, 302 " from the Red River hog, 405 " in the brain, cases of, 92 " of the sheep, discovery of the, 97 " report by Dr Neill respecting, 80 " (telæ) cellulosæ, or pork measle, 89 " tenuicollis found in man, 101 " " , the self-feeding experiment by Möller with, 72
Cysts at the root of the tongue, diagnostic value of, 80 " of the liver containing psorospermiæ, 282
Dactylogyrus, allusion to the eggs of, 42
Dasse (Hyrax), parasites of the, 403
Dasyprocta aguti, stomach excrescences in, 403
Deaths from worms, Registrar General’s returns of, 285
Deer, abundance of amphistomes in, 332 " filariæ found in various kinds of, 350
Delphinus Forsteri, tapeworm found in, 422 " phocæna, cestode (Diphyllobothrium) from, 422 " rostratus, tapeworm from, 422 " tacuschi, flukes found by Natterer in, 417
Demodex folliculorum of man and dog, 266
Dermatophagoides Schérémétewsky, the so-called, 266
Dibothridæ and Bothriocephalidæ as synonyms, 4
Dibothrium hians, supposed monstrous state of, 105
Dichelestidæ, a family of crustacean parasites, 6
Dicotyles (Peccary), parasites of the genus, 404
Dicrocœlium Buskii as a synonym, 20
Didelphys philander, acanthocephalous worm of, 434
Diphyllobothridæ, a family of tapeworms, 4
Diphyllobothrium stemmacephalum from a porpoise, 422
Diplodiscus subclavatus, water-vessels of the larvæ of, 51
Diplozoon in the Diporpa condition, 464
Diseased meat from “rot”, 331
Distoma Andersoni from Platanista, 420 " campula of the porpoise, 418 " clavatum, particulars respecting, 458 " conjunctum as a human parasite, 30 " crassum or Busk’s fluke, 20 " cygnoides, ciliated embryo of, 49 " gigas of Nardo, description of the, 460 " hepaticum a synonym of Fasciola, 15 " heterophyes, description of the, 34 " lancea infesting dolphins, 416 " lanceolatum as a human parasite, 17 " " ciliated embryo of, 49 " " description of the, 18 " leptosomum and D. brachysomum, source of, 438 " macrostomum, development of, 435 " megastoma, ciliated embryo of, 49 " militare, development of, 436 " neuronaii Munroii, the so-called, 52 " ophthalmobium, notice of the so-called, 36 " sinense, or the Chinese fluke, 29 " species of, in Delphinus Forsteri, 421
Distomata confounded with proglottides, 16
Distomidæ, a family of flukes, 4
Distomum spatulatum as a synonym, 28
Dochmius duodenalis, discovery of, by Dubini, 211 " Sangeri from the elephant, 399
Dogs, destruction of dogs by heart-worms, 304
Dog, ectozoa and follicle mites of the, 307 " internal parasites of the, 300
Dolphin, remarkable worm from the stomach of a, 426
Dolphins, fluke parasites of, 416
Dorado, Fasciola fusca from the, 459
Dracunculus, description of the embryos of, 221 " Fedschenko’s discovery respecting, 223 " medinensis, description of the, 217
Duck, worms from a dusky, 447
Dugong, parasites of the, 429
Ear of the porpoise, worms found in the, 427
Earth-wolf, remarkable parasite from the, 299
Earth-worms as intermediate bearers, 346
Earwig, Filariæ found in the, 483
Echidna, tapeworm from the, 433
Echinococci described by Leuckart and Naunyn, 117
Echinococcus brood-capsules known to Wilson and Busk, 117
Echinococcus hominis, synonyms of, 112 " multilocularis found in a calf, 116
Echinorhynchidæ abound in fishes and reptiles, 5
Echinorhynchi found by John Hunter, 427 " infesting monkeys, 292 " in trout, frequency of, 475 " of water newts, 455
Echinorhynchus angustatus and E. hominis, 413 " gigas as a human parasite, 256 " " of the hog, 412 " hominis, Lambl’s so-called, 256 " in man, Welch’s supposed case of, 256 " Leuckart on the development of, 476 " microcephalus from an opossum, 434 " Muriei from a whale, 427 " pellucidus and E. brevicollis, 428 " porrigens from whales, 427 " spirula of monkeys, 413 " transversus in birds, 446
Echinostoma hispidum from a sturgeon, 462
Ectozoa of swine, 414 " of the elephant, 399 " of whales, 428
Edentata, parasites of the, 321
Eel, Echinorhynchi in the, 475
Eggs, entozoa found in the interior of, 440
Elephants destroyed by “rot” in Burmah, 394 " earth-eating habits of worm-infected, 395 " ectozoa of, 399 " in England destroyed by worms, 399 " parasites infesting, 393 " parasitic diseases of, 397
Entozoa do not result from diseased states, 1 " of game birds, list of, 440 " their relation to the helminths, 8
Epidemics of rot disease, 327
Epizoa, haustellated crustacean parasites, 6
Epizoöty amongst elephants from flukes, 394 " amongst pigeons, 441 " in birds, very destructive to life, 435 " in cats, Dr Romano’s account of, 308 " in swine from Echinorhynchus, 413 " in tenches from Ligulæ, 469 " in the hog from Stephanurus, 411 " in the Mauritius from worms, 382 " in the pig from Strongyli, 412 " in young blackbirds from tapeworms, 440
Eustrongyli within the skull of water-turkeys, 446
Eustrongylus gigas, description of, 207 " " in dogs and wolves, 305 " " source of the, 208 " " wild animals infested by, 207 " papillosus from a crane, 447
Eye-worms in cattle, 349
Eye of the fowl infested by filariæ, 440
Fasciola clavata, description of the so-called, 459 " hepatica as a human parasite, 14 " " as a “zoological” individual, 325 " " ciliated embryo of, 48 " Jacksoni infesting elephants, 397
Fauna, parasites form a peculiar, 2
Ferret, ectozoon infesting the ears of the, 307
Filaria acuta in the limbs of birds, 447 " Bancrofti, history of the discovery of, 180 " gracilis infesting monkeys, 291 " hominis oris, description of the, 206 " horrida from the American ostrich, 447 " immitis in the heart of dogs, 304 " inflexicaudata from Balænoptera, 425 " " of the porpoise, 425 " labialis, description of the, 206 " lacrymalis as a synonym, 206 " lentis, notice of the so-called, 205 " loa, notice of the so-called, 205 " macropodis gigantei in the Hunterian Museum, 433 " Mansoni in the eye of a fowl, 441 " medinensis considered as a synonym, 217 " microstoma and F. megastoma, temperature necessary to kill, 70 " oculi considered as a synonym, 383 " papillosa hæmatica canis domestici, 184 " " in the horse, 383 " Salisburyii considered as a synonym, 187 " sanguinis, Bancroft’s account of the, 189 " " equi, the so-called, 384 " " hominis, correction respecting, 487 " " " discovery by Lewis of, 183 " spelæa from a wallaby, 433 " (Strongylus) bronchialis, description of, 207 " terebra in the black-tailed deer, 349 " trachealis, remarks on the, 207 " Websteri proposed as a synonym, 433
Filariæ as a cause of abscess and erysipelas, 487 " discovery of microscopic, by Wucherer, 183 " hæmatozoal, of Grube and Delafond, 303 " in human blood, Sonsino’s verification of, 185 " of the mosquito, Manson’s description of, 194
Filaridæ, a family of round worms, 5
Fishes largely infested by Echinorhynchi, 477 " of Brazil, amphistomes in the, 463 " parasites of, 457
Flea, the common, of man, 274
Fluke, description of the common liver, 15 " description of the large human, 24 " origin and meaning of the term, 4
Flukes abundant in the great kangaroo, 431 " causing “rot” in elephants, 394 " found in fishes, 457 " found in ruminating animals, 323 " Pagenstecher’s researches on, 452 " their destiny favored by mimetism, 436
Fox, fluke of the American red, 299 " source of tapeworms infesting the, 300
Fowl, entozoa infesting the common, 440
Free nematoids, Villot’s opinion respecting the, 483
Frog, Ascaris nigrovenosa of the, 452
Galeodes araneoides or canal tick, 267
Gallinula chloropus, worms in the limbs of, 447
Gamasidæ, a family of Arachnida, 5
Game birds, list of entozoa infesting, 440
Gammarus pulex as an intermediate host, 476
Gape disease, methods of preventing and treating the, 445
“Gapes” in birds due to Sclerostoma, 443
Gasterostoma gracilescens, probable larval condition of, 52 " peculiarities of the genus, 462
Gastrodiscus Sonsinonis of the horse, 359
Gastrophilus rhinocerontis, a bot-fly, 401
Gid hydatid found in various animals, 333 " in the hog noticed by Florman, 405
Giraffe, large fluke found in the, 323
Glossina morsitans as a human parasite, 273
Glow-worm (Lampyris), correction respecting the, 483
Gluttons, internal parasites of the, 298
Gnathostoma hispidum of the hog, 412
Goat, the beef-measle discovered by Zenker in a, 83
Gongylonema pulchrum of the hog, 412
Goose, worms from the ashy-headed, 447 " " from the Sandwich Islands, 447
Gordiidæ, a family of round worms, 5
Gordius survives desiccation, 483
Grebe, worms found in the legs of the lesser, 447
Gregarinidæ, as a family of protozoa, 7
Grouse-disease, parasites producing the, 438 " entozoa of the red, 440
Gubleria proposed as a generic title, 7
Guillemot, entozoa from the, 447
Gulls, entozoa found in, 447
Guinea-worm, development of the, 223 " geographical distribution of the, 218
Gymnorhynchus horridus as a synonym, 471
Gynæcophorus hæmatobius considered as a synonym, 39
Gyrodactylidæ, a family of flukes, 4
Gyrodactylus, conclusions of Wedl respecting, 465 " elegans, development of, 466
Haddock, frequency of filariæ in the, 472
Halmaturus Derbyensis, nematodes of, 434
Hams, Cysticerci in Westphalian, 405
Hares and rabbits, entozoa of, 318
Hawk, entozoa from the sparrow, 447
Hæmatomyzus (Idocoloris) elephantis, 399
Hæmatopinus of the hog, 414
Hæmatopota pluvialis or the clegg, 273
Hæmatozoa in dogs, discovery by Grube and Delafond of, 184 " in Egyptian and Indian crows, 486 " of the dog, 303
Hæmaturia caused by Bilharzia hæmatobia, 54
Hæmenteria, American leeches of the genus, 259
Hæmopis sanguisorba attacking French soldiers, 258
Heart of whales, worms in the, 425
Hedgehog, parasites of the common, 295 " tapeworm from the so-called Australian, 433
Helmintha, the term in relation to “worms”, 8
Helminthology, practical results from the study of, 3
Helophilus, larva of, found in man, 273 " larvæ found in the horse, 387
Herring, frequency of filaria in the, 472
Hesslingia proposed as a generic title, 7
Heterocheilus tunicatus from Natterer’s manatee, 429
Heteroura androphora, sexual peculiarities of, 445
Hexathyridium pinguicola and H. venarum, 36
Hippoboscidæ contain parasitic insects, 6
Hippopotamus, parasites of the, 402
Histiocephalus, a genus of nematodes, 433
Hog, absence of tapeworms in the, 404 " cholera, supposed connection with Stephanurus, 410 " skin affection from parasites in the wild, 414
Hog’s flesh, supposed injuriousness of, 404 " intestines perforated by parasites, 413
Hogs, Stephanurus discovered in a Chinese race of, 408
Horse, aneurism in the, from parasites, 368 " a thousand amphistomes found in the, 358 " bladderworms found in the, 366 " bots or larval gadflies of the, 385 " earth-eating habits of, in relation to worms, 357 " ectozoa liable to attack the, 388 " epizoöty from strongyles in the, 374 " eye-worms from the, 383 " giant strongyle found in the, 385 " hæmatozoa discovered by Sonsino in the, 384 " hydatids from the, 366 " internal parasites of the, 357 " plague, parasites not the cause of the, 360 " poultry lousiness of the, 388 " psorospermial sac in the mitral valve of a, 281 " scab or mange mites of the, 389 " Sonsino’s amphistomatoid fluke from the, 359 " stomach-worms of the, 380 " tapeworm epizoöty in the, 361 " tick, the so-called, 388 " worm-aneurism of the, 368
Husk in young pigs caused by strongyles, 412 " or parasitic bronchitis in cattle, 335 " or verminous bronchitis in dogs, 304
Hydatid disease, deaths in Victoria from, 287 " " possibility of stamping out, 141
Hydatids as the source of Tænia echinococcus, 113 " exogenous, endogenous, and multilocular, 115 " frequently infest the head of the tibia, 129 " hygienic considerations respecting, 126 " in animals, Dr Cleghorn’s statistics of, 124 " in Guy’s Hospital Museum, 135 " in King’s College Anatomical Museum, 130 " in Royal Veterinary College Museum, 139 " in St Bartholomew’s Hospital Museum, 128 " in St George’s Hospital Museum, 133 " in St Mary’s Hospital Museum, 129 " in St Thomas’s Hospital Museum, 134 " in the Brighton and Sussex Hospital Museum, 136 " in the Calcutta Medical College Museum, 137 " in the Cambridge Anatomical Museum, 136 " in the Charing Cross Hospital Museum, 131 " in the London Hospital Museum, 133 " in the Melbourne Hospital Museum, 141 " in the Middlesex Hospital Museum, 130 " in the Norfolk and Norwich Hospital Museum, 137 " in the Oxford Anatomical and Pathological Museum, 136 " in the Royal College of Surgeons Museum, 132 " in the Westminster Hospital Museum, 128 " in University College Museum, 131 " in Victoria, number of deaths from, 123 " mortality in England from, 285 " occupying the bones of cattle, specimens of, 140 " occupying the heart of a sow, 139 " occupying the nasal sinuses of a porpoise, 421 " of animals in metropolitan museums, 139 " of the tibia in the Nottingham Hospital Museum, 130 " preserved in museums, their value, 128 " prevalence of, in Australia, 123 " probable percentage of fatal cases of, 122 " successful treatment of, by MacGillivray, 128 " their distribution in the organs of the body, 122 " the so-called daughter vesicles of, 121
Hydrachnidæ, a family of Arachnida, 5
Hymenolepis, as a new genus of cestodes, 102
Hyperoödon, Echinorhynchus found by Hyrtl in, 427
Hyperæmia and Anæmia due to parasites, 213
Hyrax, parasites of the Cape, 403
Ichneumon, the Indian, fluke from the, 299
Insectivora, entozoa found in the, 295
Insect parasites, various families of, 6
Insects, entozoa of, 480
Intestinal worms, popular ideas respecting, 8
Itch or scab insect, description of the, 266
Ixodes, species of, attacking man, 267
Ixodidæ, a family of Arachnida, 5
Jigger or chigoe as a human parasite, 274
Kaleege, worms from the black-backed, 447
Kangaroo, tapeworm in the gall-bladder of a, 432 " worms from the knee-joint of a, 433
Kestrel, entozoa from the, 447
Kite, entozoa from the, 447
Klipdas (Hyrax), parasites of the, 403
Koala (Phascolarctos), tapeworm from a, 432
Köllikeria filicollis, habitat of, 462
Lagenorhynchus Eschrichti, worm found in, 421
Lambs, tapeworm epizoöty in, 333
Lampyris, correction of an error respecting, 483
Larvæ of flukes, Pagenstecher’s researches on, 452
Leeches considered as human parasites, 258 " of India, Ceylon, Japan, and Java, 258 " semiparasitic character of, 5
Lemurs, cœnuri or polycephalous hydatids in, 290
Leporines, acarine parasites of, 319
Leptodera (Anguillula) stercoralis, description of, 234 " intestinalis, description of the, 235
Leptus autumnalis a human parasite, 268
Lernæan parasites found on whales, 428
Lernæidæ, a family of crustacean parasites, 6
Leuciscus, the bleak, a possible source of tapeworm, 108
Leucochloridium, experiments by Zeller with, 435
Lice, various species found on man, 274
Ligula nodosa, as an immature Bothriocephalus, 110 " " the young state of Bothriocephalus, 470 " simplicissima, researches by Duchamp on, 469
Lindermannia proposed as a generic title, 7
Ling, Echinorhynchi in the, 475
Lion, hydatids from the, in the Hunterian Museum, 139
Liotheidæ, a family of parasitic insects, 6
Liver fluke, the common, in man, 14
Louse of the elephant, 400
Lucilia hominivora, habits of the, 272
Lumbrici, geographical distribution of, 247 " in the Mauritius, remarks by Dyco on, 247 " remarkable cases of, in children, 248 " violent symptoms caused by, 249
Lumbricoid worms, poisonous effects produced by, 250
Lungs of the porpoise, worms in the, 425
Maggots, rat-tailed, found in the horse, 387 " various species of, found in man, 272
Malacobdellidæ, a family of suctorial annelids, 5
Manatees, parasites of the, 429
Marmoset monkeys, parasites of, 291
Marsupial animals, parasites of, 430
Martens, internal parasites of, 298
Masuri and soorti, parasites of elephants, 395 " or amphistomes occur in man, 38
Measle-cysts in the Punjab, report respecting, 75
Measled cattle cured by removal from sources of infection, 83 " meat, Giacomini’s observations on, 65
Measles and bladderworms in cattle, 61 " and Tæniæ, observations of Marchi on, 73 " found in mutton brought to table, 97 " of pork reared by experiment, 93
Meat question, the, in relation to “rot”, 331 " served as rations, Cysticerci in the, 78
Melolontha considered as an intermediate host, 257 " vulgaris as an intermediate “host”, 413
Melophagus, a genus of parasitic insects, 6
Mermis albicans, development of, 482
Messmates and parasites of mollusks, 480
Miana bug of Persia, or Argas, 267
Mice, internal parasites of, 315
Micrococci considered as human parasites, 277
Micropteron (Delphinus), flukes in, 421
Mimetism favoring fluke development, 436
Mite found upon Balæna australis, 428
Mole, parasites of the common, 296
Mollusks, entozoa of, 480
Monads, parasitic forms of, 282
Monkeys, hydatids obtained from, 141 " parasites of, 289
Monodon monoceros, nematode worms of, 423
Monostoma plicatum from a northern whale, 421 " verrucosum, allusion to the eggs of, 41
Monostomidæ, a family of flukes, 4
Mosquito, avian hæmatozoa in the, 486
Mosquitoes of Queensland, filariæ in the, 487
Mules, fatal epidemic affecting, 382
Musca, larvæ of, as human parasites, 272
Musk-rat, cestode parasite found in the, 296
Mutton measles, their existence denied, 97
Narwhal, Prosthecosacter infesting the, 423
Nematobothrium filarina, habitat of, 462
Nematoda, families of the order of, 4
Nematodes abundant in marsupials, 433
Nematoids, opinion of Villot respecting the “free”, 484
Nestlings destroyed by tapeworms, 440
Newts, Echinorhynchus anthuris of water, 455
Nycteribiidæ as parasitic insects, 6
Octobothrium lanceolatum, allusion to the eggs of, 41
Odontobius ceti from Balæna australis, 427
Œstridæ, the, a family of parasitic insects, 6 " infesting the ox and sheep, 351
Œstrus (Gastrophilus) equi of the horse, 385 " hominis, Mr Higginson’s case of, 271
Olulaniasis of the cat, 310
Onchocerca reticulata of the horse, 385
Onchotyle appendiculata from a dog-fish, 464
Opossum, Echinorhynchus in a Brazilian, 434
Opossums, flukes infesting American, 432 " much infested by nematodes, 433
Orcella brevirostris, fluke found by Dr Anderson in, 417
Orthagoriscus mola as a “host”, 471
Ostrich, entozoa from the American, 447
Otters, flukes and other entozoa of, 298
Ox, insect parasites and tormentors of the, 351 " species of Strongylus infesting the, 347
Oxyuridæ, a family of round worms, 5
Oxyurides, sanitary precautions in respect of, 232 " source and mode of development of, 230 " voluntary swallowing of human, 72
Oxyuris curvula of the horse, 380 " vermicularis, description of the, 227
Oysters as bearers of fluke larvæ, 26
Pachydermata, parasites of the, 393
Palisade worms in relation to aneurism, 368
Paramecium (Balantidium) coli of man, 282
Paramecium, semiparasitic character of, 7
Parasites from birds at the Zoological Gardens, 447 " from cetacea in the Hunterian Museum, 427 " in grouse from the Earl of Cawdor’s estate, 439 " of savages, little known respecting, 27 " popular delusions concerning, 1 " their etiological significance not fully recognised, 488
Partridge, entozoa of the, 440
Peccaries (Dicotyles), parasites of the, 404
Pediculidæ, a family of parasitic insects, 6
Pediculus, various forms of, infesting man, 274
Pentastoma constrictum, description of the, 263 " tænioides as a human parasite, 260 " " found in the horse, 389 " " in the dog, 306
Pentastomes infesting monkeys, 293
Pentastomidæ, a family of Arachnida, 5
Perch, flukes from the eye of the, 458
Peritrachelius insignis from a dolphin, 427
Pheasant, entozoa of the, 440 " parasites from various species of, 447
Philopteridæ, a family of parasitic insects, 6
Phocæna communis, flukes found in, 418
Phyllobothrium delphini, source of, 422
Pigeon, two hundred ascarides in a, 442
Pig, hydatids from the, in the Hunterian Museum, 139 " occurrence of Cysticerci in the brain of the, 405
Pigs, the cause of “husk” in young, 412
Pike-whale, large fluke from the, 421
Pike, worms from the urinary bladder of the, 458
Pinnipedia, parasites of, 314
Pintado, ascarides in the vulturine, 447
Physaloptera turgida infesting opossums, 433
Plagiotænia gigantea of the rhinoceros, 401
Plagues, parasites considered as a cause of, 2
Platanista gangetica, fluke from, 420
Podiceps and Gallinula, legs of, infested by filariæ, 447
Polecats, filariæ in the cranial sinuses of, 298
Polystoma and Amphistoma of the frog, 452 " appendiculata, allusion to the eggs of, 41
Polystomes, general characters of the, 463
Polystomidæ, a family of flukes, 4
Ponies, Welsh mountain, epizoöty affecting, 362
Porcupine ant-eater, tapeworm from the, 433
Pork tapeworm, general description of the, 87 " sources of infection by the, 94
Porpoise, flukes found in the common, 418 " remarkable cestode from the common, 422 " worm from the tympanic cavity of the, 427
Porrigo, mortality in England from, 285
Poultry lousiness not a human disorder, 274
Proglottides mistaken for Distomata, 16
Prosthecosacter, several species of, 423 " specimens of, in Hunter’s Museum, 427
Proteles or earth-wolf, parasites of, 299
Protozoa, parasitic families belonging to the, 7 " parasitic forms of, and gregarinæ, 278
Psorospermiæ as a family of Protozoa, 7 " considered as human parasites, 277
Psorosperms abundant in the hog, 414 " in the flesh of animals, 281
Pulex penetrans, gigger or chigoe, 274
Pulmonary vessels of whales, worms in the, 425
Pycnogonidæ, a family of Arachnida, 5
Quadrumana, entozoa and ectozoa of, 289
Quail, entozoa of the, 440
Queensland, Bancroft’s collection of entozoa in, 431
Rabbits and hares, internal parasites of, 318 " attacked by the autumnal spider, 320 " Cœnuri found in the soft parts of, 333
Racoons, parasites infesting, 298
Rats, internal parasites of, 316
Rediæ and Cercariæ, Pagenstecher’s remarks on, 452
Redshank, entozoa from the, 447
Reduvius, or fly bug, various species of, 274
Redwing, Echinorhynchi from a, 446
Reptiles, internal parasites of, 451
Rhea Americana, filariæ obtained by Darwin from, 447
Rhinoceroses, parasites of, 400
Rhopalophorus, a genus of flukes, 432
Rhynchotæniada considered as a group, 4
Rhytina stelleri, parasites of, 429
Rodentia, parasites of, 315
“Rot” affecting the liver of porpoises, 418 " disease, conclusions respecting the, 323
Round worms, various families of, 4
Ruminating animals, ectozoa found on, 350 " entozoa of, 323
Salmon, pit-headed tapeworms of the, 468
Salmo umbla, worms in the kidney of, 457
Sanguisuga medicinalis or the grey leech, 258
Sanitation in connection with “rot”, 331
Sarcoptes of the hog, 414 " scabiei, description of the, 265
Savages, little known about the parasites of, 27
Scabies, mortality in England from, 285
Scab or itch insect of man, 265
Scalops canadensis, nematode found in, 297
Schistosoma, considered as a synonym of Bilharzia, 39
Sclerostoma and Anchylostoma as synonyms, 211
Sclerostoma dentatum of the hog, 412 " pinguicola of Verrill, the so-called, 409 " syngamus in birds, 443
Seals and walruses, parasites of, 314
Sheep, hydatids from cattle and, 139 " of New South Wales, fatal epizoöty in, 347 " parasitic bronchitis affecting, 335 " whip-worms occasioning “scour” in, 349
Shrews, parasites known to infest, 296
Simondsia paradoxa, description of, 406
Simulium reptans or the creeping gnat, 273
Skunk, tapeworm infesting the, 298
Sloths, nematode worms found in, 322
Snake-birds, parasites in the cranium of, 446
Snake, larval nematode from the heart of a, 455 " worms from an Egyptian hooded, 456
Solidungula, parasites of the, 356
Solpugidæ, a family of Arachnida, 5
Soorti and masuri parasites of elephants, 395
Sphærularia bombi, Sir J. Lubbock’s description of, 481 " found in various bees, 480 " Schneider’s account of the development of, 482
Spirilla, found in the blood of fever patients, 277
Spiroptera helicina in the feet of birds, 440 " megastoma of the horse, 380 " sanguinolenta, Lewis’s remarks on, 303 " sexalata infesting Dicotyles, 407 " strongylina of the hog, 406
Sporocysts or unorganised germ-sacs, 453
Squirrels, internal parasites of, 315
Stephanurus dentatus discovered by Natterer, 407 " Diesing’s description of, 408 " in Australia, announcement respecting, 409 " in relation to porcine epizoöty, 411 " Nattereri, proposed synonym, 412 " Professor Fletcher’s account of, 411 " rediscovered by Dr. White, 409
Sticklebacks, Gyrodactylus from the tail of, 466
Stoat, parasites found in the common, 299
Stomoxys calcitrans, or the leg-sticker, 273
Strongyle, meaning and origin of the term, 4
Strongyles, Welsh equine epizoöty from, 377
Strongylidæ, family of round worms, 5
Strongylus acuticaudatus from a Tinamou, 447 " armatus of the horse, 367 " dentatus confounded with Stephanurus, 412 " (Eustrongylus) gigas, found in man, 208 " filaria, experiments by Leuckart with, 337 " " temperature necessary to kill the, 70 " micrurus, or cattle lung-worm, 335 " " original experiments with, 337 " minutissimus in Algerian sheep, 346 " Pallasii from Beluga leucas, 427 " paradoxus a cause of husk, 412 " pergracilis and the grouse disease, 439 " tetracanthus, larvæ of, 374
Sturgeon, Echinostoma hispidum from a, 462
Suidæ, rarity of flukes in the, 404
Sun-fish, Tetrarhynchus infesting the, 471
Swine Breeders’ Association, U.S. National, 412 " external parasites of, 414 " internal parasites of, 404
Sword-fish, parasites of the, 458
Sydney, entozoa collected by Krefft and Masters near, 431
Syngamus (Sclerostoma) trachealis in birds, 443
Syrphidæ include rat-tailed maggots, 7
Tachyglossus setosus, tapeworm found in, 433
Tacuschi, parasites of the so-called, 417
Tapeworm, Cullingworth’s monstrous variety of, 103 " from the vulpine opossum, 432 " in the Baikal, statements of Kaschin respecting, 82 " mortality in England from, 285 " the broad, derived from fish, 107
Tapeworms infesting marsupials, 432 " injurious to avian bearers, 438 " (Ligulæ) causing piscine epizoöty, 469 " of the dog, 300 " symptoms occasioned by, 90 " various families of, 4
Tapir, parasites of the American, 402
Tænia abietina, a variety of T. mediocanellata, 102 " acanthotrias, remarks on the so-called, 103 " and cysticercus, coexistence of, 94 " angulata in nestling blackbirds, 440 " bipapillosa from the wombat, 432 " calva and the grouse disease, 439 " canina identical with T. elliptica, 101 " crassicollis, its source suggested by Goeze, 57 " " possessing two heads, 105 " cyathiformis, allusion to the eggs of, 41 " echinococcus, its prevalence in Iceland, 125 " " reared from hydatids, 113 " elliptica as a human parasite, 101 " festiva in Macropus and Halmaturus, 432 " flavopuncta, brief description of the, 101 " from the Cape of Good Hope, variety of, 104 " geophiloides a new tapeworm, 432 " lata of Pruner, probable synonym of, 96 " lophosoma, considered as a species, 99 " Madagascariensis, brief description of the, 100 " magna of the rhinoceros, 401 " marginata, as a human parasite, 100 " mediocanellata, description of the, 66 " " Cullingworth’s specimen of, 99 " " feeding experiments with, 68 " " Mussulmans infested by, 78 " megaloön, doubtful character of the, 105 " nana, brief description of the, 100 " perfoliata, temperature necessary to kill the, 70 " phalangistæ from the vulpine opossum, 482 " phoptica, a new tapeworm, 483 " remarkable Hunterian specimen of, 102 " saginata, considered as a synonym, 67 " serrata, temperature necessary to kill, 69 " solium, general description of the, 87 " " sources of infection by, 94 " tenella, probable source of the, 95 " variabilis, allusion to the eggs of, 41
Tetrarhynchi of sharks and rays, 470
Tetraphyllobothridæ, a family of tapeworms, 4
Tetrarhynchus reptans of the sun-fish, 472
Tenches destroyed by Ligulæ, 469
Tetrastoma renale, notice of the so-called, 86
Tetrabothrium triangulare, from Delphinis, 422
Thecosoma considered as a synonym of Bilharzia, 89
Thorn-headed worms resemble nematodes, 6
Thread-worm, description of the common, 227
Tinamou, worms from the, 447
Tongues of living animals inspected for “cyst”, 80
Tope, or penny dog-fish, Tetrarhynchus of the, 471
Trachearian arachnida, parasitic families of, 5
Trematoda, families of the order of, 4
Trematode-larvæ, Pagenstecher’s researches on, 462
Trematodes infesting opossums, 432
Triænophoras nodulosus with two heads, 105
Trichina affinis, the so-called, 406 " spiralis, discovery of, in man, 194 " " description of the mature, 153 " " experiments conducted in England with, 157 " " in relation to diseased meat, 166 " " temperature necessary to kill the, 70
Trichinidæ form a family of round worms, 5
Trichinosis in animals, symptoms of, 163 " in England, an outbreak of, 169 " in Germany, outbreaks of, 168
Trichocephalidæ, a family of round worms, 5
Trichocephalus affinis in sheep, 349 " crenatus of the hog, 406 " dispar, description of the, 178
Trichosoma, new species found by Solger, 456
Tricuspidaria nodulosa, with two heads, 105 " (Triænophorus) nodulosa infesting fishes, 470
Tristomes not strictly entozoa, 463
Tristomidæ, a family of flukes, 4
Trout, Echinorhynchi in the, 475 " the, a probable source of Bothriocephalus, 470
Tsetse fly fatal to the horse, 388
Turbellarians, remark concerning the, 8
Turbot, Echinorhynchi in the, 475
Turkeys, water, parasites found by Wyman in, 446
Turtle, worms from a snapping, 455
Tympanum of whales, worms in the cavity of the, 425
Tyroglyphus Méricourti of Laboulbène, 266
Urobales palustris in connection with the guinea-worm, 219
Udonella caligorum, peculiar habit of, 484 " mode of development of, 463
Wagtail, flukes reared by Zeller in the, 436
Wallaby, Filaria from the abdomen of a, 433 " tapeworms observed in the, 432
Warblers, development of flukes in, 435
Warbles formed by the larvæ of Œstrus, 351
Wasps (Vespa), Sphærularia in, 481
Water-hen, worms found in the legs of the, 447
Water-turkeys, worms in the cranium of, 446
Weasles, internal parasites of, 298 " source of tapeworms in, 296
Whale-lice (Cyami and Pycnogonidæ), 428 " (Cyamidæ), zoological position of, 5
Whale-worms found by John Hunter, 427
Whales, ectozoa of, 428 " internal parasites of, 416
Whip-worm (Trichocephalus) of the hog, 406
White-throat, flukes reared by Zeller in the, 436
Wombat, tapeworm found in the, 432
Worm-aneurism, Bollinger’s researches on, 368
Worm-like sac in the mitral valve of a horse, 281
Worms are not a criterion of previous disease, 435 " from the heart of a guillemot, 447 " infesting the Virginian opossum, 433 " in the knee-joint of a kangaroo, 433 " in the tympanic cavity of whales, 425 " in whales, found by John Hunter, 427 " mortality in England from, 285 " of the kangaroo in the Hunterian Museum, 433
Zebra, hydatids from the liver of the, 366 " " from a, described by Huxley, 117
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INDEX
PAGE
Acton on the Reproductive Organs, 8
Adams (W.) on Clubfoot, 6 -- (R.) on Rheumatic Gout, 19
Allingham’s Diseases of the Rectum, 7
Anatomical Remembrancer, 11
Anderson (McC.) on Eczema, 19 -- (McC.) on Parasitic Affections, 19
Aveling’s Influence of Posture, 14
Balfour’s Diseases of the Heart, 16
Bantock’s Rupture of Perineum, 14
Barclay’s Medical Diagnosis, 12
Barker’s Puerperal Diseases, 13
Barnes’ Obstetric Operations, 14 -- Diseases of Women, 14
Basham on Diseases of the Kidneys, 8
Beale on Kidney Diseases, 8 -- on Microscope in Medicine, 11
Bellamy’s Guide to Surgical Anatomy, 10
Bennet’s Winter and Spring on the Mediterranean, 17 -- Pulmonary Consumption, 17 -- Nutrition, 18
Bennett (J. R.) on Cancerous Growths, 19
Berkart’s Asthma, 15
Bigg’s Orthopraxy, 6
Binz’s Elements of Therapeutics, 12
Black on the Urinary Organs, 8
Blakiston’s Clinical Reminiscences, 11
Bose’s Rational Therapeutics, 11 -- Recognisant Medicine, 11
Braune’s Topographical Anatomy, 11
Brodhurst’s Orthopædic Surgery, 6
Bryant’s Practice of Surgery, 4
Burdett’s Cottage Hospital, 15
Burnett on the Ear, 6
Buzzard on Syphilitic Nervous Affections, 8
Carpenter’s Human Physiology, 10
Carter (H. V.) on Mycetoma, 20
Carter (W.) on Renal and Urinary Diseases, 8
Cauty on Diseases of the Skin, 20
Chapman on Neuralgia, 19
Charteris’ Practice of Medicine, 11
Clark’s Outlines of Surgery, 4 -- Surgical Diagnosis, 5
Clay’s Obstetric Surgery, 13
Coles’ Dental Mechanics, 23
Cormack’s Clinical Studies, 12
Cottle’s Hair in Health and Disease, 20
Cullingworth’s Nurse’s Companion, 14
Curling’s Diseases of the Rectum, 7 -- Diseases of the Testis, 7
Dalby on the Ear, 6
Dalton’s Human Physiology, 9
Day on Children’s Diseases, 13 -- on Headaches, 18
Dobell’s Lectures on Winter Cough, 15 -- Loss of Weight, &c., 15
Domville’s Manual for Hospital Nurses, 15
Druitt’s Surgeon’s Vade-Mecum, 4
Duncan on the Female Perineum, 14
Dunglison’s Medical Dictionary, 22
Ellis’s Manual of Diseases of Children, 12
Emmet’s Gynæcology, 14
Eulenburg and Guttmann’s Sympathetic System of Nerves, 19
Fayrer’s Observations in India, 4
Fergusson’s Practical Surgery, 4
Fenwick’s Guide to Medical Diagnosis, 12
Flint on Phthisis, 16 -- on Percussion and Auscultation, 16
Foster’s Clinical Medicine, 11
Fox (C. B.) Sanitary Examinations, 21
Fox (T.) Atlas of Skin Diseases, 20
Frey’s Histology, 9
Gamgee on Fractures of the Limbs, 4 -- on Treatment of Wounds, 4
Gant’s Science and Practice of Surgery, 4 -- Diseases of the Bladder, 8
Gaskoin on Psoriasis or Lepra, 20
Glenn’s Laws affecting Medical Men, 20
Godlee’s Atlas of Human Anatomy, 11
Gowan on Consumption, 15
Habershon on Diseases of the Liver, 18 -- on Diseases of the Abdomen, 18 -- on Diseases of the Stomach, 18 -- on the Pneumogastric Nerve, 18
Hamilton’s Nervous Diseases, 18
Hancock’s Surgery of Foot and Ankle, 6
Harris on Lithotomy, 7
Harrison’s Stricture of Urethra, 7
Hayden on the Heart, 16
Heath’s Minor Surgery and Bandaging, 5 -- Diseases and Injuries of Jaws, 5 -- Operative Surgery, 5 -- Practical Anatomy, 10
Higgens’ Ophthalmic Practice, 22
Holden’s Landmarks, 10 -- Human Osteology, 10
Hood on Gout, Rheumatism, &c., 19
Hooper’s Physician’s Vade-Mecum, 11
Horton’s Tropical Diseases, 17
Hutchinson’s Clinical Surgery, 5
Huth’s Marriage of Near Kin, 9
Ireland’s Idiocy and Imbecility, 21
James’ Sore Throat, 16
Jones (C. H.) and Sieveking’s Pathological Anatomy, 10 -- (C. H.) on Functional Nervous Disorders, 18
Jones (H. McN.) Aural Surgery, 6 -- Atlas of Diseases of Membrana Tympani, 6
Jones (Wharton) Ophthalmic Medicine and Surgery, 23
Jordan’s Surgical Inflammations, 6
Jordan’s Surgical Inquiries, 6
Leber and Rottenstein’s Dental Caries, 23
Lee (H.) on Syphilis, 8
Leared on Imperfect Digestion, 18
Liebreich’s Atlas of Ophthalmoscopy, 22
Liveing on Megrim, &c., 18
Macdonald’s (A.) Disease of the heart, 16
Macdonald’s (J. D.) Examination of Water, 21
Mackenzie on Diphtheria, 16
Macnamara on Diseases of the Eye, 22
Madden’s Health Resorts, 17
Marsden on certain Forms of Cancer, 19
Mason on Harelip and Cleft Palate, 5 -- Surgery of the Face, 5
Maunder’s Operative Surgery, 4 -- Surgery of Arteries, 4
Mayne’s Medical Vocabulary, 22
Morris (H.) Anatomy of the Joints, 10
Ogston’s Medical Jurisprudence, 20
Osborn on Hydrocele, 7
Parkes’ Manual of Practical Hygiene, 21
Parkin’s Epidemiology, 23
Pavy on Food and Dietetics, 18 -- on Diabetes, 18
Peacock’s Valvular Disease, 16
Phillips’ Materia Medica, 12
Pirrie’s Surgery, 4
Pollock’s Rheumatism, 19
Ramsbotham’s Obstetrics, 13
Reynolds’ Uses of Electricity, 22
Roberts’ (C.) Manual of Anthropometry, 9
Roberts’ (D. Lloyd) Practice of Midwifery, 13
Roussel’s Transfusion of Blood, 5
Routh’s Infant Feeding, 13
Roy’s Burdwan Fever, 17
Royle and Harley’s Materia Medica, 12
Rutherford’s Practical Histology, 9
Salt’s Medico-Electric Apparatus, 22
Sanderson’s Physiological Handbook, 9
Sansom’s Diseases of the Heart, 16
Savage on the Female Pelvic Organs, 4
Savory’s Domestic Medicine, 15
Sayre’s Orthopædic Surgery, 6
Schroeder’s Manual of Midwifery, 13
Semple on the Heart, 15
Sewill’s Dental Anatomy, 23
Shapter’s Diseases of the Heart, 16
Sheppard on Madness, 21
Sibson’s Medical Anatomy, 10
Sieveking’s Life Assurance, 21
Smith (E.) Wasting Diseases of Children, 13 -- Clinical Studies, 13
Smith (Henry) Surgery of the Rectum, 8
Smith (Heywood) Gynæcology, 14
Smith (J.) Dental Anatomy, 23
Smith (W. R.) Nursing, 15
Spender’s Bath Waters, 17
Steiner’s Diseases of Children, 13
Stillé and Maisch’s Dispensatory, 12
Stocken’s Dental Materia Medica, 12
Stowe’s Toxicological Chart, 20
Sullivan’s Tropical Diseases, 17
Swain’s Surgical Emergencies, 5
Swayne’s Obstetric Aphorisms, 14
Taft’s Operative Dentistry, 23
Tait’s Hospital Mortality, 15
Taylor’s Principles of Medical Jurisprudence, 20 -- Manual of Medical Jurisprudence, 20 -- Poisons in relation to Medical Jurisprudence, 20
Teale’s Dangers to Health, 21
Thomas on Ear and Throat Diseases, 6
Thompson’s Stricture of Urethra, 7 -- Practical Lithotomy and Lithotrity, 7 -- Diseases of Urinary Organs, 7 -- Diseases of the Prostate, 7 -- Calculous Disease, 7
Thornton on Tracheotomy, 16
Thorowgood on Asthma, 15 -- on Materia Medica, 12
Thudichum’s Pathology of Urine, 8
Tibbits’ Medical Electricity, 22 -- Map of Motor Points, 22
Tilt’s Uterine Therapeutics, 13 -- Change of Life, 13 -- Health in India, 17
Tomes’ (C. S.) Dental Anatomy, 23 -- (J. and C. S.) Dental Surgery, 23
Tuke on the Influence of the Mind upon the Body, 21
Van Buren on Diseases of the Genito-Urinary Organs, 8
Veitch’s Handbook for Nurses, 15
Virchow’s Post-mortem Examinations, 10
Wagstaffe’s Human Osteology, 9
Walton’s Diseases of the Eye, 22
Ward on Affections of the Liver, 17
Waring’s Practical Therapeutics, 12 -- Bazaar Medicines of India, 17
Wells (Soelberg) on Diseases of the Eye, 23 -- Long, Short, and Weak Sight, 23
Wells (Spencer) on Diseases of the Ovaries, 14
West’s Diseases of Women, 14
Whistler’s Syphilis of Larynx, 17
Wilks’ Diseases of Nervous System, 18 -- Pathological Anatomy, 10
Wilson’s (E.) Anatomist’s Vade-Mecum, 11 -- Diseases of the Skin, 19 -- Lectures on Ekzema, 19 -- Lectures on Dermatology, 19
Wilson’s (G.) Handbook of Hygiene, 21
Woodman & Tidy’s Forensic Medicine, 21
CATALOGUE OF RECENT WORKS
THE PRACTICE OF SURGERY: a Manual by THOMAS BRYANT, F.R.C.S., Surgeon to Guy’s Hospital. Third Edition, 2 vols., crown 8vo, with 672 Engravings, 28s. [1878]
THE PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF SURGERY, by WILLIAM PIRRIE, F.R.S.E., Professor of Surgery in the University of Aberdeen. Third Edition, 8vo, with 490 Engravings, 28s. [1873]
A SYSTEM OF PRACTICAL SURGERY, by Sir WILLIAM FERGUSSON, Bart., F.R.C.S., F.R.S. Fifth Edition, 8vo, with 463 Engravings, 21s. [1870]
OPERATIVE SURGERY, by C. F. MAUNDER, F.R.C.S., Surgeon to the London Hospital. Second Edition, post 8vo, with 164 Engravings, 6s. [1872]
BY THE SAME AUTHOR.
SURGERY OF THE ARTERIES: Lettsomian Lectures for 1875, on Aneurisms, Wounds, Hæmorrhages, &c. Post 8vo, with 18 Engravings, 5s. [1875]
THE SURGEON’S VADE-MECUM, a Manual of Modern Surgery, by ROBERT DRUITT. Eleventh Edition, fcap. 8vo, with 369 Engravings, 14s. [1878]
THE SCIENCE AND PRACTICE OF SURGERY: a complete System and Textbook by F. J. GANT, F.R.C.S., Senior Surgeon to the Royal Free Hospital. 8vo, with 470 Engravings, 24s. [1871]
OUTLINES OF SURGERY AND SURGICAL PATHOLOGY, including the Diagnosis and Treatment of Obscure and Urgent Cases, and the Surgical Anatomy of some Important Structures and Regions, by F. LE GROS CLARK, F.R.S., Consulting Surgeon to St. Thomas’s Hospital. Second Edition, Revised and Expanded by the Author, assisted by W. W. WAGSTAFFE, F.R.C.S., Assistant-Surgeon to St. Thomas’s Hospital. 8vo, 10s. 6d. [1872]
CLINICAL AND PATHOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS IN INDIA, by Sir J. FAYRER, K.C.S.I., M.D., F.R.C.P. Lond., F.R.S.E., Honorary Physician to the Queen. 8vo, with Engravings, 20s. [1873]
TREATMENT OF WOUNDS: Clinical Lectures, by SAMPSON GAMGEE, F.R.S.E., Surgeon to the Queen’s Hospital, Birmingham. Crown 8vo, with Engravings, 5s. [1878]
BY THE SAME AUTHOR.
FRACTURES OF THE LIMBS and their Treatment. 8vo, with Plates, 10s. 6d. [1871]
THE FEMALE PELVIC ORGANS, their Surgery, Surgical Pathology, and Surgical Anatomy, in a Series of Coloured Plates taken from Nature: with Commentaries, Notes, and Cases, by HENRY SAVAGE, M.D. Lond., F.R.C.S., Consulting Officer of the Samaritan Free Hospital. Third Edition, 4to, £1 15s. [1875]
SURGICAL EMERGENCIES together with the Emergencies attendant on Parturition and the Treatment of Poisoning: a Manual for the use of General Practitioners, by WILLIAM P. SWAIN, F.R.C.S., Surgeon to the Royal Albert Hospital, Devonport. Second Edition, post 8vo, with 104 Engravings, 6s. 6d. [1876]
TRANSFUSION OF HUMAN BLOOD: with Table of 50 cases, by Dr. ROUSSEL, of Geneva. Translated by CLAUDE GUINNESS, B.A. With a Preface by SIR JAMES PAGET, Bart. Crown 8vo, 2s. 6d. [1877]
ILLUSTRATIONS OF CLINICAL SURGERY, consisting of Coloured Plates, Photographs, Woodcuts, Diagrams, &c., illustrating Surgical Diseases, Symptoms and Accidents; also Operations and other methods of Treatment. By JONATHAN HUTCHINSON, F.R.C.S., Senior Surgeon to the London Hospital. In Quarterly Fasciculi, 6s. 6d. each. Fasciculi I to X bound, with Appendix and Index, £3 10s. [1876-9]
PRINCIPLES OF SURGICAL DIAGNOSIS especially in Relation to Shock and Visceral Lesions, by F. LE GROS CLARK, F.R.C.S., Consulting Surgeon to St. Thomas’s Hospital. 8vo, 10s. 6d. [1870]
MINOR SURGERY AND BANDAGING: a Manual for the Use of House-Surgeons, Dressers, and Junior Practitioners, by CHRISTOPHER HEATH, F.R.C.S., Surgeon to University College Hospital, and Holme Professor of Surgery in University College. Fifth Edition, fcap 8vo, with 86 Engravings, 5s. 6d. [1875]
BY THE SAME AUTHOR.
INJURIES AND DISEASES OF THE JAWS: JACKSONIAN PRIZE ESSAY. Second Edition, 8vo, with 164 Engravings, 12s. [1872]
BY THE SAME AUTHOR.
A COURSE OF OPERATIVE SURGERY: with 20 Plates drawn from Nature by M. LÉVEILLÉ, and coloured by hand under his direction. Large 8vo. 40s. [1877]
HARE-LIP AND CLEFT PALATE, by FRANCIS MASON, F.R.C.S., Surgeon and Lecturer on Anatomy at St. Thomas’s Hospital. With 66 Engravings, 8vo, 6s. [1877]
BY THE SAME AUTHOR.
THE SURGERY OF THE FACE: with 100 Engravings. 8vo, 7s. 6d. [1878]
DISEASES AND INJURIES OF THE EAR, by W. B. DALBY, F.R.C.S., M.B., Aural Surgeon and Lecturer on Aural Surgery at St. George’s Hospital. Crown 8vo, with 21 Engravings, 6s. 6d. [1873]
AURAL SURGERY: A Practical Treatise, by H. MACNAUGHTON JONES, M.D., Professor of the Queen’s University in Ireland, Surgeon to the Cork Ophthalmic and Aural Hospital. With 46 Engravings, crown 8vo, 5s. [1878]
BY THE SAME AUTHOR.
ATLAS OF DISEASES OF THE MEMBRANA TYMPANI. In Coloured Plates, containing 62 Figures, with Text, crown 4to, 21s. [1878]
THE EAR: its Anatomy, Physiology, and Diseases. A Practical Treatise, by CHARLES H. BURNETT, A.M., M.D., Aural Surgeon to the Presbyterian Hospital, and Surgeon in Charge of the Infirmary for Diseases of the Ear, Philadelphia. With 87 Engravings, 8vo, 18s. [1877]
EAR AND THROAT DISEASES. Essays by LLEWELLYN THOMAS, M.D., Surgeon to the Central London Throat and Ear Hospital. Post 8vo, 2s. 6d. [1878]
CLUBFOOT: its Causes, Pathology, and Treatment: Jacksonian Prize Essay by WM. ADAMS, F.R.C.S., Surgeon to the Great Northern Hospital. Second Edition, 8vo, with 106 Engravings and 6 Lithographic Plates, 15s. [1873]
ORTHOPÆDIC SURGERY: Lectures delivered at St. George’s Hospital, by BERNARD E. BRODHURST, F.R.C.S., Surgeon to the Royal Orthopædic Hospital. Second Edition, 8vo, with Engravings, 12s. 6d. [1876]
OPERATIVE SURGERY OF THE FOOT AND ANKLE, by HENRY HANCOCK, F.R.C.S., Consulting Surgeon to Charing Cross Hospital. 8vo, with Engravings, 15s. [1873]
THE TREATMENT OF SURGICAL INFLAMMATIONS by a New Method, which greatly shortens their Duration, by FURNEAUX JORDAN, F.R.C.S., Professor of Surgery in Queen’s College, Birmingham. 8vo, with Plates, 7s. 6d. [1870]
BY THE SAME AUTHOR.
SURGICAL INQUIRIES. With numerous Lithographic Plates. 8vo, 5s. [1873]
ORTHOPRAXY: the Mechanical Treatment of Deformities, Debilities, and Deficiencies of the Human Frame, by H. HEATHER BIGG, Associate of the Institute of Civil Engineers. Third Edition, with 319 Engravings, 8vo, 15s. [1877]
ORTHOPÆDIC SURGERY: and Diseases of the Joints. Lectures by LEWIS A. SAYRE, M.D., Professor of Orthopædic Surgery, Fractures and Dislocations, and Clinical Surgery, in Bellevue Hospital Medical College, New York. With 274 Wood Engravings, 8vo, 20s. [1876]
DISEASES OF THE RECTUM, by THOMAS B. CURLING, F.R.S., Consulting Surgeon to the London Hospital. Fourth Edition, Revised, 8vo, 7s. 6d. [1876]
BY THE SAME AUTHOR.
DISEASES OF THE TESTIS, SPERMATIC CORD, AND SCROTUM. Third Edition, with Engravings, 8vo, 16s. [1878]
FISTULA, HÆMORRHOIDS, PAINFUL ULCER, STRICTURE, Prolapsus, and other Diseases of the Rectum: their Diagnosis and Treatment. By WILLIAM ALLINGHAM, F.R.C.S., Surgeon to St. Mark’s Hospital for Fistula. Third Edition, 8vo, 10s. [1879]
HYDROCELE: its several Varieties and their Treatment, by SAMUEL OSBORN, F.R.C.S., late Surgical Registrar to St. Thomas’s Hospital. With Engravings, fcap. 8vo, 3s. [1878]
STRICTURE OF THE URETHRA and Urinary Fistulæ; their Pathology and Treatment: Jacksonian Prize Essay by Sir HENRY THOMPSON, F.R.C.S., Emeritus Professor of Surgery to University College. Third Edition, 8vo, with Plates, 10s. [1869]
BY THE SAME AUTHOR.
PRACTICAL LITHOTOMY AND LITHOTRITY; or, An Inquiry into the best Modes of removing Stone from the Bladder. Second Edition, 8vo, with numerous Engravings. 10s. [1871]
ALSO,
DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS: (Clinical Lectures). Fifth Edition, 8vo, with 2 Plates and 71 Engravings, 10s. 6d. [1879]
ALSO,
DISEASES OF THE PROSTATE: their Pathology and Treatment. Fourth Edition, 8vo, with numerous Plates, 10s. [1873]
ALSO,
THE PREVENTIVE TREATMENT OF CALCULOUS DISEASE and the Use of Solvent Remedies. Second Edition, fcap. 8vo, 2s. 6d. [1876]
STRICTURE OF THE URETHRA, and other Diseases of the Urinary Organs, by REGINALD HARRISON, F.R.C.S., Surgeon to the Liverpool Royal Infirmary. With 10 plates. 8vo, 7s. 6d. [1878]
LITHOTOMY AND EXTRACTION OF STONE from the Bladder, Urethra, and Prostate of the Male, and from the Bladder of the Female, by W. POULETT HARRIS, M.D., Surgeon-Major H.M. Bengal Medical Service. With Engravings, 8vo, 10s. 6d. [1876]
THE SURGERY OF THE RECTUM: Lettsomian Lectures by HENRY SMITH, F.R.C.S., Professor of Surgery in King’s College, Surgeon to King’s College Hospital. Fourth Edition, fcap. 8vo, 5s. [1876]
KIDNEY DISEASES, URINARY DEPOSITS, and Calculous Disorders by LIONEL S. BEALE, M.B., F.R.S., F.R.C.P., Physician to King’s College Hospital. Third Edition, 8vo, with 70 Plates, 25s. [1868]
DISEASES OF THE BLADDER, Prostate Gland and Urethra, including a practical view of Urinary Diseases, Deposits and Calculi, by F. J. GANT, F.R.C.S., Senior Surgeon to the Royal Free Hospital. Fourth Edition, crown 8vo, with Engravings, 10s. 6d. [1876]
THE DIAGNOSIS OF DISEASES OF THE KIDNEYS, with Aids thereto, by W. R. BASHAM, M.D., F.R.C.P., late Senior Physician to the Westminster Hospital. 8vo, with 10 Plates, 5s. [1872]
RENAL AND URINARY DISEASES: Clinical Reports, by WILLIAM CARTER, M.B., M.R.C.P., Physician to the Liverpool Southern Hospital. Crown 8vo, 7s. 6d. [1878]
THE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS in Childhood, Youth, Adult Age, and Advanced Life (Functions and Disorders of), considered in their Physiological, Social, and Moral Relations, by WILLIAM ACTON, M.R.C.S. Sixth Edition, 8vo, 12s. [1875]
URINARY AND REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS: their Functional Diseases, by D. CAMPBELL BLACK, M.D., L.R.C.S. Edin. Second Edition. 8vo, 10s. 6d. [1875]
LECTURES ON SYPHILIS, and on some forms of Local Disease, affecting principally the Organs of Generation, by HENRY LEE, F.R.C.S., Surgeon to St. George’s Hospital. With Engravings, 8vo, 10s. [1875]
SYPHILITIC NERVOUS AFFECTIONS: Their Clinical Aspects, by THOMAS BUZZARD, M.D., F.R.C.P. Lond., Physician to the National Hospital for Paralysis and Epilepsy. Post 8vo, 5s. [1874]
PATHOLOGY OF THE URINE, including a Complete Guide to its Analysis, by J. L. W. THUDICHUM, M.D., F.R.C.P. Second Edition, rewritten and enlarged, with Engravings, 8vo, 15s. [1877]
GENITO-URINARY ORGANS, INCLUDING SYPHILIS: A Practical Treatise on their Surgical Diseases, designed as a Manual for Students and Practitioners, by W. H. VAN BUREN, M.D., Professor of the Principles of Surgery in Bellevue Hospital Medical College, New York, and E. L. KEYES, M.D., Professor of Dermatology in Bellevue Hospital Medical College, New York. Royal 8vo, with 140 Engravings, 21s. [1874]
HISTOLOGY AND HISTO-CHEMISTRY OF MAN: A Treatise on the Elements of Composition and Structure of the Human Body, by HEINRICH FREY, Professor of Medicine in Zurich. Translated from the Fourth German Edition by ARTHUR E. J. BARKER, Assistant-Surgeon to University College Hospital. And Revised by the Author. 8vo, with 608 Engravings, 21s. [1874]
HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY: A Treatise designed for the Use of Students and Practitioners of Medicine, by JOHN C. DALTON, M.D., Professor of Physiology and Hygiene in the College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York. Sixth Edition, royal 8vo, with 316 Engravings, 20s. [1875]
HANDBOOK FOR THE PHYSIOLOGICAL LABORATORY, by E. KLEIN, M.D., F.R.S., Assistant Professor in the Pathological Laboratory of the Brown Institution, London; J. BURDON-SANDERSON, M.D., F.R.S., Professor of Practical Physiology in University College, London; MICHAEL FOSTER, M.D., F.R.S., Prælector of Physiology in Trinity College, Cambridge; and T. LAUDER BRUNTON, M.D., F.R.S., Lecturer on Materia Medica at St. Bartholomew’s Hospital; edited by J. BURDON-SANDERSON. 8vo, with 123 Plates, 24s. [1873]
PRACTICAL HISTOLOGY: By WILLIAM RUTHERFORD, M.D., Professor of the Institutes of Medicine in the University of Edinburgh. Second Edition, with 63 Engravings. Crown 8vo (with additional leaves for notes), 6s. [1876]
THE MARRIAGE OF NEAR KIN, Considered with respect to the Laws of Nations, Results of Experience, and the Teachings of Biology, by ALFRED H. HUTH. 8vo, 14s. [1875]
MANUAL OF ANTHROPOMETRY: A Guide to the Measurement of the Human Body, containing an Anthropometrical Chart and Register, a Systematic Table of Measurements, &c. By CHARLES ROBERTS, F.R.C.S., late Assistant Surgeon to the Victoria Hospital for Children. With numerous Illustrations and Tables. 8vo, 6s. 6d. [1878]
STUDENTS’ GUIDE TO HUMAN OSTEOLOGY, By WILLIAM WARWICK WAGSTAFFE, F.R.C.S., Assistant-Surgeon and Lecturer on Anatomy, St. Thomas’s Hospital. With 23 Plates and 66 Engravings. Fcap. 8vo, 10s. 6d. [1876]
PRINCIPLES OF HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY, by W. B. CARPENTER, C.B., M.D., F.R.S. Eighth Edition by HENRY POWER, M.B., F.R.C.S., Examiner in Natural Science, University of Oxford, and in Natural Science and Medicine, University of Cambridge. 8vo, with 3 Steel Plates and 371 Engravings, 31s. 6d. [1876]
LANDMARKS, MEDICAL AND SURGICAL, By LUTHER HOLDEN, F.R.C.S., Member of the Court of Examiners of the Royal College of Surgeons. Second Edition, 8vo, 3s. 6d. [1877]
BY THE SAME AUTHOR.
HUMAN OSTEOLOGY: Comprising a Description of the Bones, with Delineations of the Attachments of the Muscles, the General and Microscopical Structure of Bone, and its Development. Fifth Edition, with 61 Lithographic Plates and 89 Engravings. 8vo, 16s. [1878]
PATHOLOGICAL ANATOMY: Lectures by SAMUEL WILKS, M.D., F.R.S., Physician to, and Lecturer on Medicine at, Guy’s Hospital; and WALTER MOXON, M.D., F.R.C.P., Physician to, and Lecturer on Materia Medica at, Guy’s Hospital. Second Edition, 8vo, with Plates, 18s. [1875]
PATHOLOGICAL ANATOMY: A Manual by C. HANDFIELD JONES, M.B., F.R.S., Physician to St. Mary’s Hospital, and EDWARD H. SIEVEKING, M.D., F.R.C.P., Physician to St. Mary’s Hospital. Edited by J. F. PAYNE, M.D., F.R.C.P., Assistant Physician and Lecturer on General Pathology at St. Thomas’s Hospital. Second Edition, crown 8vo, with 195 Engravings, 16s. [1875]
POST-MORTEM EXAMINATIONS: a Description and Explanation of the Method of Performing them, with especial Reference to Medico-Legal Practice. By Professor RUDOLPH VIRCHOW, of Berlin. Fcap 8vo, 2s. 6d. [1876]
STUDENT’S GUIDE TO SURGICAL ANATOMY: a Text-book for the Pass Examination, by E. BELLAMY, F.R.C.S., Surgeon and Lecturer on Anatomy at Charing Cross Hospital. Fcap 8vo, with 50 Engravings, 6s. 6d. [1873]
ANATOMY OF THE JOINTS OF MAN, by HENRY MORRIS, F.R.C.S., Senior Assistant-Surgeon to, and Lecturer on Anatomy and Demonstrator of Operative Surgery at, the Middlesex Hospital. With 44 Lithographic Plates (several being coloured) and 13 Wood Engravings. 8vo, 16s. [1879]
MEDICAL ANATOMY, by FRANCIS SIBSON, M.D., F.R.C.P., F.R.S. Imp. folio, with 21 coloured Plates, cloth, 42s., half-morocco, 50s. [1869]
PRACTICAL ANATOMY: a Manual of Dissections by CHRISTOPHER HEATH, F.R.C.S., Surgeon to University College Hospital, and Holme Professor of Surgery in University College. Fourth Edition, crown 8vo, with 16 Coloured Plates and 264 Engravings, 14s. [1877]
AN ATLAS OF HUMAN ANATOMY: illustrating most of the ordinary Dissections, and many not usually practised by the Student. To be completed in 12 or 13 Bi-monthly Parts, each containing 4 Coloured Plates, with Explanatory Text. By RICKMAN J. GODLEE, M.S., F.R.C.S., Assistant Surgeon to University College Hospital, and Senior Demonstrator of Anatomy in University College. Parts I to VII. Imp. 4to, 7s. 6d. each Part. [1877-9]
THE ANATOMIST’S VADE-MECUM: a System of Human Anatomy by ERASMUS WILSON, F.R.C.S., F.R.S. Ninth Edition, by G. BUCHANAN, M.A., M.D., Professor of Clinical Surgery in the University of Glasgow, and HENRY E. CLARK, F.F.P.S., Lecturer on Anatomy at the Glasgow Royal Infirmary School of Medicine. Crown 8vo, with 371 Engravings, 14s. [1873]
ATLAS OF TOPOGRAPHICAL ANATOMY, after Plane Sections of Frozen Bodies. By WILHELM BRAUNE, Professor of Anatomy in the University of Leipzig. Translated by EDWARD BELLAMY, F.R.C.S., Surgeon to, and Lecturer on Anatomy, &c., at, Charing Cross Hospital. With 34 Photo-lithographic Plates and 46 Woodcuts. Large Imp. 8vo, 40s. [1877]
THE ANATOMICAL REMEMBRANCER; or, Complete Pocket Anatomist. Eighth Edition, 32mo, 3s. 6d. [1876]
THE STUDENT’S GUIDE TO THE PRACTICE OF MEDICINE, by MATTHEW CHARTERIS, M.D., Professor of Medicine in Anderson’s College, and Lecturer on Clinical Medicine in the Royal Infirmary, Glasgow. Second Edition, with Engravings on Copper and Wood, fcap. 8vo, 6s. 6d. [1878]
THE MICROSCOPE IN MEDICINE, by LIONEL S. BEALE, M.B., F.R.S., Physician to King’s College Hospital. Fourth Edition, with 86 Plates, 8vo, 21s. [1877]
HOOPER’S PHYSICIAN’S VADE-MECUM; or, Manual of the Principles and Practice of Physic, Ninth Edition by W. A. GUY, M.B., F.R.S., and JOHN HARLEY, M.D., F.R.C.P. Fcap 8vo, with Engravings, 12s. 6d. [1874]
A NEW SYSTEM OF MEDICINE; entitled Recognisant Medicine, or the State of the Sick, by BHOLANOTH BOSE, M.D., Indian Medical Service. 8vo, 10s. 6d. [1877]
BY THE SAME AUTHOR.
PRINCIPLES OF RATIONAL THERAPEUTICS. Commenced as an Inquiry into the Relative Value of Quinine and Arsenic in Ague. 8vo, 4s. [1877]
CLINICAL MEDICINE: Lectures and Essays by BALTHAZAR FOSTER, M.D., F.R.C.P. Lond., Professor of Medicine in Queen’s College, Birmingham. 8vo, 10s. 6d. [1874]
CLINICAL REMINISCENCES: By PEYTON BLAKISTON, M.D., F.R.S. Post 8vo, 3s. 6d. [1878]
THE STUDENT’S GUIDE TO MEDICAL DIAGNOSIS, by SAMUEL FENWICK, M.D., F.R.C.P., Physician to the London Hospital. Fourth Edition, fcap. 8vo, with 106 Engravings, 6s. 6d. [1876]
A MANUAL OF MEDICAL DIAGNOSIS, by A. W. BARCLAY, M.D., F.R.C.P., Physician to, and Lecturer on Medicine at, St. George’s Hospital. Third Edition, fcap 8vo, 1Os. 6d. [1876]
CLINICAL STUDIES: Illustrated by Cases observed in Hospital and Private Practice, by Sir J. ROSE CORMACK, M.D., F.R.S.E., Physician to the Hertford British Hospital of Paris. 2 vols., post 8vo, 20s. [1876]
ROYLE’S MANUAL OF MATERIA MEDICA AND THERAPEUTICS. Sixth Edition by JOHN HARLEY, M.D., F.R.C.P., Assistant Physician to, and Joint Lecturer on Physiology at, St. Thomas’s Hospital. Crown 8vo, with 139 Engravings, 15s. [1876]
PRACTICAL THERAPEUTICS: A Manual by E. J. WARING, M.D., F.R.C.P. Lond. Third Edition, fcap 8vo, 12s. 6d. [1871]
THE ELEMENTS OF THERAPEUTICS. A Clinical Guide to the Action of Drugs, by C. BINZ, M.D., Professor of Pharmacology in the University of Bonn. Translated and Edited with Additions, in Conformity with the British and American Pharmacopœias, by EDWARD I. SPARKS, M.A., M.B. Oxon., formerly Radcliffe Travelling Fellow. Crown 8vo, 8s. 6d. [1877]
THE NATIONAL DISPENSATORY; containing the Natural History, Chemistry, Pharmacy, Actions and Uses of Medicines, including those recognised in the Pharmacopœias of the United States and Great Britain. By ALFRED STILLÉ, M.D., and JOHN M. MAISCH, Ph. D. 1628 pp., with 201 Engravings, royal 8vo, 34s. [1879]
THE STUDENT’S GUIDE TO MATERIA MEDICA, by JOHN C. THOROWGOOD, M.D., F.R.C.P. Lond., Physician to the City of London Hospital for Diseases of the Chest. Fcap 8vo, with Engravings, 6s. 6d. [1874]
MATERIA MEDICA AND THERAPEUTICS: (Vegetable Kingdom), by CHARLES D. F. PHILLIPS, M.D., F.R.C.S.E. 8vo, 15s. [1874]
DENTAL MATERIA MEDICA AND THERAPEUTICS, Elements of, by JAMES STOCKEN, L.D.S.R.C.S., Lecturer on Dental Materia Medica and Therapeutics to the National Dental Hospital. Second Edition, Fcap 8vo, 6s. 6d. [1878]
THE DISEASES OF CHILDREN: A Practical Manual, with a Formulary, by EDWARD ELLIS, M.D., late Senior Physician to the Victoria Hospital for Children. Third Edition, crown 8vo, 7s. 6d. [1878]
THE WASTING DISEASES OF CHILDREN, by EUSTACE SMITH, M.D., F.R.C.P. Lond., Physician to the King of the Belgians, Physician to the East London Hospital for Children. Third Edition, post 8vo, 8s. 6d. [1878]
BY THE SAME AUTHOR.
CLINICAL STUDIES OF DISEASE IN CHILDREN. Post 8vo, 7s. 6d. [1876]
INFANT FEEDING AND ITS INFLUENCE ON LIFE; or, the Causes and Prevention of Infant Mortality, by CHARLES H. F. ROUTH, M.D., Senior Physician to the Samaritan Hospital for Women and Children. Third Edition, fcap 8vo, 7s. 6d. [1876]
COMPENDIUM OF CHILDREN’S DISEASES: A Handbook for Practitioners and Students, by JOHANN STEINER, M.D., Professor in the University of Prague. Translated from the Second German Edition by LAWSON TAIT, F.R.C.S., Surgeon to the Birmingham Hospital for Women. 8vo, 12s. 6d. [1874]
THE DISEASES OF CHILDREN: Essays by WILLIAM HENRY DAY, M.D., Physician to the Samaritan Hospital for Diseases of Women and Children. Second Edition, fcap 8vo. [In the Press]
PUERPERAL DISEASES: Clinical Lectures by FORDYCE BARKER, M.D., Obstetric Physician to Bellevue Hospital, New York. 8vo, 15s. [1874]
THE STUDENT’S GUIDE TO THE PRACTICE OF MIDWIFERY, by D. LLOYD ROBERTS, M.D., F.R.C.P., Physician to St. Mary’s Hospital, Manchester. Second Edition, fcap. 8vo, with 111 Engravings. 7s. [1879]
OBSTETRIC MEDICINE AND SURGERY: Their Principles and Practice, by F. H. RAMSBOTHAM, M.D., F.R.C.P. Fifth Edition, 8vo, with 120 Plates, 22s. [1867]
OBSTETRIC SURGERY: A Complete Handbook, giving Short Rules of Practice in every Emergency, from the Simplest to the most Formidable Operations connected with the Science of Obstetricy, by CHARLES CLAY, Ext.L.R.C.P. Lond., L.R.C.S.E., late Senior Surgeon and Lecturer on Midwifery, St. Mary’s Hospital, Manchester. Fcap 8vo, with 91 Engravings, 6s. 6d. [1874]
SCHROEDER’S MANUAL OF MIDWIFERY, including the Pathology of Pregnancy and the Puerperal State. Translated by CHARLES H. CARTER, B.A., M.D. 8vo, with Engravings, 12s. 6d. [1873]
A HANDBOOK OF UTERINE THERAPEUTICS, and of Diseases of Women, by E. J. TILT, M.D., M.R.C.P. Fourth Edition, post 8vo, 10s. [1878]
BY THE SAME AUTHOR.
THE CHANGE OF LIFE in Health and Disease: a Practical Treatise on the Nervous and other Affections incidental to Women at the Decline of Life. Third Edition, 8vo, 10s. 6d. [1870]
OBSTETRIC OPERATIONS, including the Treatment of Hæmorrhage, and forming a Guide to the Management of Difficult Labour; Lectures by ROBERT BARNES, M.D., F.R.C.P., Obstetric Physician and Lecturer on Obstetrics and the Diseases of Women and Children at St. George’s Hospital. Third Edition, 8vo, with 124 Engravings, 18s. [1875]
BY THE SAME AUTHOR.
MEDICAL AND SURGICAL DISEASES OF WOMEN: a Clinical History. Second Edition, 8vo, with 181 Engravings, 28s. [1878]
THE DISEASES OF WOMEN. By CHARLES WEST, M.D., F.R.C.P. Revised and in part Re-written by the Author, with numerous Additions by J. MATTHEWS DUNCAN, M.D., Obstetric Physician to St. Bartholomew’s Hospital. Fourth Edition, 8vo, 16s. [1879]
OBSTETRIC APHORISMS: for the Use of Students commencing Midwifery Practice by J. G. SWAYNE, M.D., Consulting Physician-Accoucheur to the Bristol General Hospital, and Lecturer on Obstetric Medicine at the Bristol Medical School. Sixth Edition, fcap 8vo, with Engravings, 3s. 6d. [1876]
DISEASES OF THE OVARIES: their Diagnosis and Treatment, by T. SPENCER WELLS, F.R.C.S., Surgeon to the Queen’s Household and to the Samaritan Hospital. 8vo, with about 150 Engravings, 21s. [1872]
PRACTICAL GYNÆCOLOGY: A Handbook of the Diseases of Women, by HEYWOOD SMITH, M.D. Oxon., Physician to the Hospital for Women and to the British Lying-in Hospital. With Engravings, crown 8vo, 5s. 6d. [1877]
THE PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF GYNÆCOLOGY. By THOMAS ADDIS EMMET, M.D., Surgeon to the Woman’s Hospital of the State of New York. With 130 Engravings, 8vo, 24s. [1879]
RUPTURE OF THE FEMALE PERINEUM, Its treatment, immediate and remote, by GEORGE G. BANTOCK, M.D., Surgeon (for In-patients) to the Samaritan Free Hospital for Women and Children. With 2 plates, 8vo, 3s. 6d. [1875]
PAPERS ON THE FEMALE PERINEUM, &c., by JAMES MATTHEWS DUNCAN, M.D., Obstetric Physician to St. Bartholomew’s Hospital. 8vo, 6s. [1878]
INFLUENCE OF POSTURE ON WOMEN In Gynecic and Obstetric Practice, by J. H. AVELING, M.D., Physician to the Chelsea Hospital for Women, Vice-President of the Obstetrical Society of London. 8vo, 6s. [1878]
THE NURSE’S COMPANION: A Manual of General and Monthly Nursing, by CHARLES J. CULLINGWORTH, Surgeon to St. Mary’s Hospital, Manchester. Fcap. 8vo, 2s. 6d. [1876]
A MANUAL FOR HOSPITAL NURSES and others engaged in Attending on the Sick by EDWARD J. DOMVILLE, L.R.C.P., M.R.C.S., Surgeon to the Exeter Lying-in Charity. Third Edition, crown 8vo, 2s. 6d. [1878]
LECTURES ON NURSING, by WILLIAM ROBERT SMITH, M.B., Honorary Medical Officer, Hospital for Sick Children, Sheffield. Second Edition, with 26 Engravings. Post 8vo, 6s. [1878]
HANDBOOK FOR NURSES FOR THE SICK, by ZEPHERINA P. VEITCH. Second Edition, crown 8vo, 3s. 6d. [1876]
A COMPENDIUM OF DOMESTIC MEDICINE and Companion to the Medicine Chest; intended as a Source of Easy Reference for Clergymen, and for Families residing at a Distance from Professional Assistance, by JOHN SAVORY, M.S.A. Ninth Edition, 12mo, 5s. [1878]
HOSPITAL MORTALITY being a Statistical Investigation of the Returns of the Hospitals of Great Britain and Ireland for fifteen years, by LAWSON TAIT, F.R.C.S., F.S.S. 8vo, 8s. 6d. [1877]
THE COTTAGE HOSPITAL: Its Origin, Progress, Management, and Work, by HENRY C. BURDETT, the Seaman’s Hospital, Greenwich. With Engravings, crown 8vo, 7s. 6d. [1877]
WINTER COUGH: (Catarrh, Bronchitis, Emphysema, Asthma), Lectures by HORACE DOBELL, M.D., Consulting Physician to the Royal Hospital for Diseases of the Chest. Third Edition, with Coloured Plates, 8vo, 10s. 6d. [1875]
BY THE SAME AUTHOR.
LOSS OF WEIGHT, BLOOD-SPITTING, AND LUNG DISEASE. With Chromo-lithograph, 8vo, 10s. 6d. [1878]
CONSUMPTION: Its Nature, Symptoms, Causes, Prevention, Curability, and Treatment. By PETER GOWAN, M.D., B. Sc., late Physician and Surgeon in Ordinary to the King of Siam. Crown 8vo. 5s. [1878]
NOTES ON ASTHMA; its Forms and Treatment, by JOHN C. THOROWGOOD, M.D. Lond., F.R.C.P., Physician to the Hospital for Diseases of the Chest, Victoria Park. Third Edition, crown 8vo, 4s. 6d. [1878]
ASTHMA Its Pathology and Treatment, by J. B. BERKART, M.D., Assistant Physician to the City of London Hospital for Diseases of the Chest. 8vo, 7s. 6d. [1878]
DISEASES OF THE HEART: Their Pathology, Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Treatment (a Manual), by ROBERT H. SEMPLE, M.D., F.R.C.P., Physician to the Hospital for Diseases of the Throat. 8vo, 8s. 6d. [1875]
PROGNOSIS IN CASES OF VALVULAR DISEASE OF THE Heart, by THOMAS B. PEACOCK, M.D., F.R.C.P., Honorary Consulting Physician to St. Thomas’s Hospital. 8vo, 3s. 6d. [1877]
CHRONIC DISEASE OF THE HEART: Its Bearings upon Pregnancy, Parturition and Childbed. By ANGUS MACDONALD, M.D., F.R.S.E., Physician to, and Clinical Lecturer on the Diseases of Women at, the Edinburgh Royal Infirmary. With Engravings, 8vo, 8s. 6d. [1878]
PHTHISIS: In a series of Clinical Studies, by AUSTIN FLINT, M.D., Professor of the Principles and Practice of Medicine and of Clinical Medicine in the Bellevue Hospital Medical College. 8vo, 16s. [1875]
BY THE SAME AUTHOR.
A MANUAL OF PERCUSSION AND AUSCULTATION, of the Physical Diagnosis of Diseases of the Lungs and Heart, and of Thoracic Aneurism. Post 8vo, 6s. 6d. [1876]
DIPHTHERIA: its Nature and Treatment, Varieties, and Local Expressions, by MORELL MACKENZIE, M.D., Physician to the Hospital for Diseases of the Throat. Crown 8vo, 5s. [1878]
DISEASES OF THE HEART AND AORTA, By THOMAS HAYDEN, F.K.Q.C.P. Irel., Physician to the Mater Misericordiæ Hospital, Dublin. With 80 Engravings. 8vo, 25s. [1875]
DISEASES OF THE HEART and of the Lungs in Connexion therewith--Notes and Observations by THOMAS SHAPTER, M.D., F.R.C.P. Lond., Senior Physician to the Devon and Exeter Hospital. 8vo, 7s. 6d. [1874]
DISEASES OF THE HEART AND AORTA: Clinical Lectures by GEORGE W. BALFOUR, M.D., F.R.C.P., Physician to, and Lecturer on Clinical Medicine in, the Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh. 8vo, with Engravings, 12s. 6d. [1876]
PHYSICAL DIAGNOSIS OF DISEASES OF THE HEART. Lectures by ARTHUR E. SANSOM, M.D., F.R.C.P., Assistant Physician to the London Hospital. Second Edition, with Engravings, fcap. 8vo, 4s. 6d. [1876]
TRACHEOTOMY, especially in Relation to Diseases of the Larynx and Trachea, by PUGIN THORNTON, M.R.C.S., late Surgeon to the Hospital for Diseases of the Throat. With Photographic Plates and Woodcuts, 8vo, 5s. 6d. [1876]
SORE THROAT: Its Nature, Varieties, and Treatment, including the Connexion between Affections of the Throat and other Diseases. By PROSSER JAMES, M.D., Lecturer on Materia Medica and Therapeutics at the London Hospital, Physician to the Hospital for Diseases of the Throat. Third Edition, with Coloured Plates, 5s. 6d. [1878]
SYPHILIS OF THE LARYNX (Lesions of the Secondary and Intermediate Stages). Lectures delivered at the Hospital for Diseases of the Throat and Chest, London, by W. MACNEILL WHISTLER, M.D., M.R.C.P., Physician to the Hospital; Honorary Physician to the National Training School for Music. With Engravings, crown 8vo, 4s. [1879]
WINTER AND SPRING on the Shores of the Mediterranean. By HENRY BENNET, M.D. Fifth Edition, post 8vo, with numerous Plates, Maps, and Engravings, 12s. 6d. [1874]
BY THE SAME AUTHOR.
TREATMENT OF PULMONARY CONSUMPTION by Hygiene, Climate, and Medicine. Third Edition, 8vo, 7s. 6d. [1878]
PRINCIPAL HEALTH RESORTS of Europe and Africa, and their Use in the Treatment of Chronic Diseases. A Handbook by THOMAS MORE MADDEN, M.D., M.R.I.A., Vice-President of the Dublin Obstetrical Society. 8vo, 10s. [1876]
THE BATH THERMAL WATERS: Historical, Social, and Medical, by JOHN KENT SPENDER, M.D., Surgeon to the Mineral Water Hospital, Bath. With an Appendix on the Climate of Bath by the Rev. L. BLOMEFIELD, M.A., F.L.S., F.G.S. 8vo, 7s. 6d. [1877]
ENDEMIC DISEASES OF TROPICAL CLIMATES, with their Treatment, by JOHN SULLIVAN, M.D., M.R.C.P. Post 8vo, 6s. [1877]
DISEASES OF TROPICAL CLIMATES and their Treatment: with Hints for the Preservation of Health in the Tropics, by JAMES A. HORTON, M.D., Surgeon-Major, Army Medical Department. Second Edition, post 8vo, 12s. 6d. [1879]
HEALTH IN INDIA FOR BRITISH WOMEN and on the Prevention of Disease in Tropical Climates by EDWARD J. TILT, M.D., Consulting Physician-Accoucheur to the Farringdon General Dispensary. Fourth Edition, crown 8vo, 5s. [1875]
BURDWAN FEVER, or the Epidemic Fever of Lower Bengal (Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment), by GOPAUL CHUNDER ROY, M.D., Surgeon Bengal Establishment. New Edition, 8vo, 5s. [1876]
BAZAAR MEDICINES OF INDIA and Common Medical Plants: Remarks on their Uses, with Full Index of Diseases, indicating their Treatment by these and other Agents procurable throughout India, &c., by EDWARD J. WARING, M.D., F.R.C.P. Lond., Retired Surgeon H.M. Indian Army. Third Edition. Fcap 8vo, 5s. [1875]
SOME AFFECTIONS OF THE LIVER and Intestinal Canal; with Remarks on Ague and its Sequelæ, Scurvy, Purpura, &c., by STEPHEN H. WARD, M.D. Lond., F.R.C.P., Physician to the Seamen’s Hospital, Greenwich. 8vo, 7s. [1872]
DISEASES OF THE LIVER: Lettsomian Lectures for 1872 by S. O. HABERSHON, M.D., F.R.C.P., Senior Physician to Guy’s Hospital. Post 8vo, 3s, 6d. [1872]
BY THE SAME AUTHOR.
DISEASES OF THE STOMACH: DYSPEPSIA. Third Edition, crown 8vo, 5s. [1878]
BY THE SAME AUTHOR.
PATHOLOGY OF THE PNEUMOGASTRIC NERVE, being the Lumleian Lectures fur 1876. Post 8vo, 3s. 6d. [1877]
BY THE SAME AUTHOR.
DISEASES OF THE ABDOMEN, comprising those of the Stomach and other parts of the Alimentary Canal, Œsophagus, Cæcum, Intestines, and Peritoneum. Third Edition, with 5 Plates, 8vo, 21s. [1878]
FUNCTIONAL NERVOUS DISORDERS: Studies by C. HANDFIELD JONES, M.B., F.R.C.P., F.R.S., Physician to St. Mary’s Hospital. Second Edition. 8vo, 18s. [1870]
LECTURES ON DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM, by SAMUEL WILKS, M.D., F.R.S., Physician to, and Lecturer on Medicine at, Guy’s Hospital. 8vo, 15s. [1878]
NERVOUS DISEASES: their Description and Treatment, by ALLEN MCLANE HAMILTON, M.D., Physician at the Epileptic and Paralytic Hospital. Blackwell’s Island, New York City. Roy. 8vo. with 53 Illustrations, 14s. [1878]
NUTRITION IN HEALTH AND DISEASE: A Contribution to Hygiene and to Clinical Medicine. By HENRY BENNET, M.D. Third (Library) Edition. 8vo, 7s. Cheap Edition, Fcap. 8vo, 2s. 6d. [1877]
FOOD AND DIETETICS. Physiologically and Therapeutically Considered. By FREDERICK W. PAVY, M.D., F.R.S., Physician to Guy’s Hospital. Second Edition, 8vo, 15s. [1876]
BY THE SAME AUTHOR.
CERTAIN POINTS CONNECTED WITH DIABETES (Croonian Lectures). 8vo, 4s. 6d. [1878]
HEADACHES: their Causes, Nature, and Treatment. By WILLIAM H. DAY, M.D., Physician to the Samaritan Free Hospital for Women and Children. Second Edition, crown 8vo, with Engravings. 6s. 6d. [1878]
IMPERFECT DIGESTION: its Causes and Treatment by ARTHUR LEARED, M.D., F.R.C.P., Senior Physician to the Great Northern Hospital. Sixth Edition, fcap 8vo, 4s. 6d. [1875]
MEGRIM, SICK-HEADACHE, and some Allied Disorders: a Contribution to the Pathology of Nerve-Storms, by EDWARD LIVEING, M.D. Cantab., F.R.C.P., Hon. Fellow of King’s College, London. 8vo, with Coloured Plate, 15s. [1873]
NEURALGIA AND KINDRED DISEASES of the Nervous System: their Nature, Causes, and Treatment, with a series of Cases, by JOHN CHAPMAN, M.D., M.R.C.P. 8vo, 14s. [1873]
THE SYMPATHETIC SYSTEM OF NERVES: their Physiology and Pathology, by A. EULENBURG, Professor of Medicine, University of Greifswald, and Dr. P. GUTTMANN, Priva Docen in Medicine, University of Berlin. Translated by A. NAPIER, M.D., F.F.P.S. 8vo, 5s. [1879]
RHEUMATIC GOUT, or Chronic Rheumatic Arthritis of all the Joints; a Treatise by ROBERT ADAMS, M.D., M.R.I.A., late Surgeon to H.M. the Queen in Ireland, and Regius Professor of Surgery in the University of Dublin. Second Edition, 8vo, with Atlas of Plates, 21s. [1872]
GOUT, RHEUMATISM, and the Allied Affections; with a chapter on Longevity and the Causes Antagonistic to it, by PETER HOOD, M.D. Second Edition, crown 8vo, 10s. 6d. [1879]
RHEUMATISM: Notes by JULIUS POLLOCK, M.D., F.R.C.P., Senior Physician to, and Lecturer on Medicine at, Charing Cross Hospital. Second Edition, with Engravings, fcap. 8vo, 3s. 6d. [1879]
CERTAIN FORMS OF CANCER, with a New and successful Mode of Treating it, to which is prefixed a Practical and Systematic Description of all the varieties of this Disease, by ALEX. MARSDEN, M.D., F.R.C.S.E., Consulting Surgeon to the Royal Free Hospital, and Senior Surgeon to the Cancer Hospital. Second Edition, with Coloured Plates, 8vo, 8s. 6d. [1873]
DISEASES OF THE SKIN: a System of Cutaneous Medicine by ERASMUS WILSON, F.R.C.S., F.R.S. Sixth Edition, 8vo, 18s., with Coloured Plates, 36s. [1867]
BY THE SAME AUTHOR.
LECTURES ON EKZEMA and Ekzematous Affections: with an Introduction on the General Pathology of the Skin, and an Appendix of Essays and Cases. 8vo, 10s. 6d. [1870]
ALSO,
LECTURES ON DERMATOLOGY: delivered at the Royal College of Surgeons, 1870, 6s.; 1871-3, 10s. 6d., 1874-5, 10s. 6d.; 1876-8, 10s. 6d.
ECZEMA: by MCCALL ANDERSON, M.D., Professor of Clinical Medicine in the University of Glasgow. Third Edition, 8vo, with Engravings, 7s. 6d. [1874]
BY THE SAME AUTHOR.
PARASITIC AFFECTIONS OF THE SKIN Second Edition, 8vo, with Engravings, 7s. 6d. [1868]
ATLAS OF SKIN DISEASES: a series of Illustrations, with Descriptive Text and Notes upon Treatment. By TILBURY FOX, M.D., F.R.C.P., Physician to the Department for Skin Diseases in University College Hospital. With 72 Coloured Plates, royal 4to, half morocco, £6 6s. [1877]
PSORIASIS OR LEPRA, by GEORGE GASKOIN, M.R.C.S., Surgeon to the British Hospital for Diseases of the Skin. 8vo, 5s. [1875]
MYCETOMA; or, the Fungus Disease of India, by H. VANDYKE CARTER, M.D., Surgeon-Major H.M. Indian Army. 4to, with 11 Coloured Plates, 42s. [1874]
DISEASES OF THE SKIN, in Twenty-four Letters on the Principles and Practice of Cutaneous Medicine, by HENRY EVANS CAUTY, M.R.C.S., Surgeon to the Liverpool Dispensary for Diseases of the Skin, 8vo, 12s. 6d. [1874]
THE HAIR IN HEALTH AND DISEASE, by E. WYNDHAM COTTLE, F.R.C.S., Senior Assistant Surgeon to the Hospital for Diseases of the Skin, Blackfriars. Fcap. 8vo, 2s. 6d. [1877]
THE LAWS AFFECTING MEDICAL MEN: a Manual by ROBERT G. GLENN, LL.B., Barrister-at-Law; with a Chapter on Medical Etiquette by Dr. A. CARPENTER. 8vo, 14s. [1871]
MEDICAL JURISPRUDENCE. Its Principles and Practice, by ALFRED S. TAYLOR, M.D., F.R.C.P., F.R.S. Second Edition, 2 vols., 8vo, with 189 Engravings, £1 11s. 6d. [1873]
BY THE SAME AUTHOR.
A MANUAL OF MEDICAL JURISPRUDENCE. Tenth Edition. Crown 8vo, with Engravings, 14s. [1879]
ALSO,
POISONS, in Relation to Medical Jurisprudence and Medicine. Third Edition, crown 8vo, with 104 Engravings, 16s. [1875]
MEDICAL JURISPRUDENCE: Lectures by FRANCIS OGSTON, M.D., Professor of Medical Jurisprudence and Medical Logic in the University of Aberdeen. Edited by FRANCIS OGSTON, Jun., M.D., Assistant to the Professor of Medical Jurisprudence and Lecturer on Practical Toxicology in the University of Aberdeen. 8vo, with 12 Copper Plates, 18s. [1878]
A TOXICOLOGICAL CHART, exhibiting at one View the Symptoms, Treatment, and mode of Detecting the various Poisons--Mineral, Vegetable, and Animal: with Concise Directions for the Treatment of Suspended Animation, by WILLIAM STOWE, M.R.C.S.E. Thirteenth Edition, 2s.; on roller, 5s. [1872]
A HANDY-BOOK OF FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY, by W. BATHURST WOODMAN, M.D., F.R.C.P., Assistant Physician and Co-Lecturer on Physiology and Histology at the London Hospital; and C. MEYMOTT TIDY, M.D., F.C.S., Professor of Chemistry and of Medical Jurisprudence and Public Health at the London Hospital. With 8 Lithographic Plates and 116 Engravings, 8vo, 31s. 6d. [1877]
THE MEDICAL ADVISER IN LIFE ASSURANCE, by EDWARD HENRY SIEVEKING, M.D., F.R.C.P., Physician to St. Mary’s and the Lock Hospitals; Physician-Extraordinary to the Queen; Physician-in-Ordinary to the Prince of Wales, &c. Crown 8vo, 6s. [1874]
IDIOCY AND IMBECILITY, by WILLIAM W. IRELAND, M.D., Medical Superintendent of the Scottish National Institution for the Education of Imbecile Children at Larbert, Stirlingshire. With Engravings, 8vo, 14s. [1877]
MADNESS: in its Medical, Legal, and Social Aspects, Lectures by EDGAR SHEPPARD, M.D., M.R.C.P., Professor of Psychological Medicine in King’s College; one of the Medical Superintendents of the Colney Hatch Lunatic Asylum. 8vo, 6s. 6d. [1873]
INFLUENCE OF THE MIND UPON THE BODY in Health and Disease, Illustrations designed to elucidate the Action of the Imagination, by DANIEL HACK TUKE, M.D., F.R.C.P. 8vo, 14s. [1872]
A MANUAL OF PRACTICAL HYGIENE, by E. A. PARKES, M.D., F.R.S. Fifth Edition, by F. DE CHAUMONT, M.D., Professor of Military Hygiene in the Army Medical School. 8vo, with 9 Plates and 112 Engravings, 18s. [1878]
A HANDBOOK OF HYGIENE AND SANITARY SCIENCE, by GEORGE WILSON, M.A., M.D., Medical Officer of Health for Mid-Warwickshire. Third Edition, post 8vo, with Engravings, 10s. 6d. [1877]
SANITARY EXAMINATIONS of Water, Air, and Food. A Vade Mecum for the Medical Officer of Health, by CORNELIUS B. FOX, M.D., Medical Officer of Health of East, Central, and South Essex. With 94 Engravings, crown 8vo, 12s. 6d. [1878]
DANGERS TO HEALTH: A Pictorial Guide to Domestic Sanitary Defects, by T. PRIDGIN TEALE, M.A., Surgeon to the Leeds General Infirmary. With 55 Lithographs, 8vo, 10s. [1878]
MICROSCOPICAL EXAMINATION OF DRINKING WATER: A Guide, by JOHN D. MACDONALD, M.D., F.R.S., Assistant Professor of Naval Hygiene, Army Medical School. 8vo, with 24 Plates, 7s. 6d. [1875]
HANDBOOK OF MEDICAL AND SURGICAL ELECTRICITY, by HERBERT TIBBITS, M.D., F.R.C.P.E., Senior Physician to the West London Hospital for Paralysis and Epilepsy. Second Edition, 8vo, with 95 Engravings, 9s. [1877]
BY THE SAME AUTHOR.
A MAP OF ZIEMSSEN’S MOTOR POINTS OF THE HUMAN BODY: a Guide to Localised Electrisation. Mounted on Rollers, 35 × 21. With 20 Illustrations, 5s. [1877]
CLINICAL USES OF ELECTRICITY; Lectures delivered at University College Hospital by J. RUSSELL REYNOLDS, M.D. Lond., F.R.C.P., F.R.S., Professor of Medicine in University College. Second Edition, post 8vo, 3s. 6d. [1875]
MEDICO-ELECTRIC APPARATUS; A Practical Description of every Form in Modern Use, with Plain Directions for Mounting, Charging, and Working, by SALT & SON, Birmingham. Second Edition, revised and enlarged, with 33 Engravings, 8vo, 2s. 6d. [1877]
A DICTIONARY OF MEDICAL SCIENCE; containing a concise explanation of the various subjects and terms of Medicine, &c.; Notices of Climate and Mineral Waters; Formulæ for Officinal, Empirical, and Dietetic Preparations; with the Accentuation and Etymology of the terms and the French and other Synonyms, by ROBLEY DUNGLISON, M.D., LL.D. New Edition, royal 8vo, 28s. [1874]
A MEDICAL VOCABULARY; being an Explanation of all Terms and Phrases used in the various Departments of Medical Science and Practice, giving their derivation, meaning, application, and pronunciation, by ROBERT G. MAYNE, M.D., LL.D. Fourth Edition, fcap 8vo, 10s. [1876]
ATLAS OF OPHTHALMOSCOPY, by R. LIEBREICH, Ophthalmic Surgeon to St. Thomas’s Hospital. Translated into English by H. ROSBOROUGH SWANEY, M.B. Dub. Second Edition, containing 59 Figures, 4to, £1 10s. [1870]
DISEASES OF THE EYE: a Manual by C. MACNAMARA, F.R.C.S., Surgeon to Westminster Hospital. Third Edition, fcap. 8vo, with Coloured Plates and Engravings, 12s. 6d. [1876]
DISEASES OF THE EYE: A Practical Treatise by HAYNES WALTON, F.R.C.S., Surgeon to St. Mary’s Hospital and in charge of its Ophthalmological Department. Third Edition, 8vo, with 3 Plates and nearly 300 Engravings, 25s. [1875]
HINTS ON OPHTHALMIC OUT-PATIENT PRACTICE, by CHARLES HIGGENS, F.R.C.S., Ophthalmic Assistant Surgeon to, and Lecturer on Ophthalmology at, Guy’s Hospital. Second Edition, fcap. 8vo, 3s. [1879]
OPHTHALMIC MEDICINE AND SURGERY: a Manual by T. WHARTON JONES, F.R.C.S., F.R.S., Professor of Ophthalmic Medicine and Surgery in University College. Third Edition, fcap. 8vo, with 9 Coloured Plates and 173 Engravings, 12s. 6d. [1865]
DISEASES OF THE EYE: A Treatise by J. SOELBERG WELLS, F.R.C.S., Ophthalmic Surgeon to King’s College Hospital and Surgeon to the Royal London Ophthalmic Hospital. Third Edition, 8vo, with Coloured Plates and Engravings, 25s. [1873]
BY THE SAME AUTHOR.
LONG, SHORT, AND WEAK SIGHT, and their Treatment by the Scientific use of Spectacles. Fourth Edition, 8vo, 6s. [1873]
A SYSTEM OF DENTAL SURGERY, by JOHN TOMES, F.R.S., and CHARLES S. TOMES, M.A., F.R.S., Lecturer on Dental Anatomy and Physiology at the Dental Hospital of London. Second Edition, fcap 8vo, with 268 Engravings, 14s. [1873]
DENTAL ANATOMY, HUMAN AND COMPARATIVE: A Manual, by CHARLES S. TOMES, M.A., F.R.S., Lecturer on Dental Anatomy and Physiology at the Dental Hospital of London. With 179 Engravings, crown 8vo, 10s. 6d. [1876]
A MANUAL OF DENTAL MECHANICS, with an Account of the Materials and Appliances used in Mechanical Dentistry, by OAKLEY COLES, L.D.S., R.C.S., Surgeon-Dentist to the Hospital for Diseases of the Throat. Second Edition, crown 8vo, with 140 Engravings, 7s. 6d. [1876]
HANDBOOK OF DENTAL ANATOMY and Surgery for the use of Students and Practitioners by JOHN SMITH, M.D., F.R.S. Edin., Surgeon-Dentist to the Queen in Scotland. Second Edition, fcap 8vo, 4s. 6d. [1871]
STUDENT’S GUIDE TO DENTAL ANATOMY AND SURGERY, by HENRY SEWILL, M.R.C.S., L.D.S., late Dentist to the West London Hospital. With 77 Engravings, fcap. 8vo, 5s. 6d. [1876]
OPERATIVE DENTISTRY: A Practical Treatise, by JONATHAN TAFT, D.D.S., Professor of Operative Dentistry in the Ohio College of Dental Surgery. Third Edition, thoroughly revised, with many additions, and 134 Engravings, 8vo, 18s. [1877]
DENTAL CARIES and its Causes: an Investigation into the influence of Fungi in the Destruction of the Teeth, by Drs. LEBER and ROTTENSTEIN. Translated by H. CHANDLER, D.M.D., Professor in the Dental School of Harvard University. With Illustrations, royal 8vo, 5s. [1878]
EPIDEMIOLOGY; or, the Remote Cause of Epidemic Diseases in the Animal and in the Vegetable Creation, by JOHN PARKIN, M.D., F.R.C.P.E. Part I, Contagion--Modern Theories--Cholera--Epizootica. 8vo, 5s. [1878]
The following Catalogues issued by Messrs Churchill will be forwarded post free on application:
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2. Selection from Messrs Churchill’s General List, comprising all recent Works published by them on the Art and Science of Medicine.
3. A selected and descriptive List of Messrs Churchill’s Works on Chemistry, Materia Medico, Pharmacy, Botany, Photography, Zoology, the Microscope, and other branches of Science.
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[Sent in January of each year to every Medical Practitioner in the United Kingdom whose name and address can be ascertained. A large number are also sent to the United States of America, Continental Europe, India, and the Colonies.]
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List of transcriber's corrections and some inconsistencies noted.
Corrections:
Acaris mystax-->Ascaris mystax adminstration-->administration althougth-->although Anthomyia canicularis-->Anthomyia canalicularis Arynchotænia-->Arhynchotænia Arynchotæniada-->Arhynchotæniada Biblliography-->Bibliography Bilb.-->Bibl. Bothrocephali-->Bothriocephali C. simplicornis-->C. simplicicornis Cænurus-->Cœnurus Capercaille-->Capercaillie chrisoptera-->chrysoptera Conorhinus nigrovarious-->Conorhinus nigrovarius consquently-->consequently D[istoma]. megostomum-->D. megastomum diplayed--> displayed disloged-->dislodged Dr.-->Dr echinoccocus-->echinococcus epizöoty-->epizoöty favour-->favor favoured-->favored Gastereosteus-->Gasterosteus Gymnorynchus-->Gymnorhynchus Haus-Saügethiere-->Haus-Säugethiere i. e.-->i.e. Incidently-->Incidentally Involdsorme-->Indvoldsorme Lernæadæ-->Lernæidæ Mallacobdellidæ-->Malacobdellidæ Managerie-->Menagerie mesentric-->mesenteric Parasites of Wales-->Parasites of Whales phemonenon-->phenomenon reavealed-->revealed reseaches-->researches Scarcoptes-->Sarcoptes Schleisner's-->Schleissner's acuticudatus-->acuticaudatus Structually-->Structurally the the-->the themelves-->themselves they becomes-->they become Thierarztliche-->Thierärztliche Thierhielk-->Thierheilk tres-->très Tricocephalus-->Trichocephalus Vieteljahrschr-->Vierteljahrschr where-->were
Common inconsistencies:
a) spelling variations
approximate(ly)/approximative(ly) Blaptidæ/Blapsidæ color/colour (ed, ing) Cotylogaster cochleariforme/Cotylegaster cochleariform Didelphis/Didelphus/Didelphys Distoma coronarium/Distoma coronatum Entwickelungsgeschichte/Entwicklungsgeschichte Fürstenberg/Furstenberg/Furstenburg/Fürstenburg harbor/harbour (ed, ing, s) Idolocoris/Idocoloris imbedded/embedded labor/labour (er, ing, s) learnt/learned Leipsic/Leipsig/Leipzig Linnæus/Linneus Paramecium coli/Paramæcium coli racoon/raccoon Sp. chrisoptera/Sp. chrysoptera yolk/yelk
b) accents
Böllinger/Bollinger Cestoïdes/Cestoides Corré/Corre Crévaux/Crevaux développement/dévélopment escrôto/escroto Glüge/Gluge Grübe/Grube Hyperoödon/Hyperoodon mètre/mêtre – latter occurs in a quotation – ?accuracy Sömmer/Sommer
c) hyphenation
bladderworms/bladder-worms widespread/wide-spread post mortem/post-mortem
d) possessive apostrophe
Charteris'/Ellis's Peters'/Chambers's
e) abbreviations
A. lumbricoides / Asc. lumbricoides A. simplex / Asc. simplex Bibl./Bibliog.
f) capitalisation
van/Van cercaria/Cercaria