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Preface

This work is designed to meet an existing want, viz.: a popular manual of Indian Mammalia. At present the only work of the kind is one which treats exclusively of the Peninsula of India, and which consequently omits the more interesting types found in Assam, Burmah, and Ceylon, as well as the countries bordering the British Indian Empire on the North. The geographical limits of the present work have been extended to all territories likely to be reached by the sportsman from India, thus greatly enlarging the field of its usefulness.

The stiff formality of the compiled "Natural Histories" has been discarded, and the Author has endeavoured to present, in interesting conversational and often anecdotal style, the results of experience by himself and his personal friends; at the same time freely availing himself of all the known authorities upon the subject.

Genus Presbytes--Cuvier's Genus Semnopithecus--

4. Semnopithecus vel Presbytes entellus (Bengal Langur) 14 5. " vel P. schistaceus (Himalayan Langur) 16 6. " vel P. priamus (Madras Langur) 16 7. " vel P. Johnii (Malabar Langur) 17 8. " vel P. jubatus (Nilgheri Langur) 18 9. " vel P. pileatus (Capped Langur) 18 10. " vel P. Barbei (Tipperah Langur) 19 11. " vel P. Phayrei (Silvery-Leaf Monkey) 19 12. " vel P. obscurus (Dusky-Leaf Monkey) 20 13. " vel P. cephalopterus (Ceylon Langur) 20 14. " vel P. ursinus (Great Wanderu) 21 15. " vel P. thersites 22 16. " vel P. albinus (White Langur) 23

SUB-FAMILY PAPIONINAE 24

Genus Inuus--

17. Inuus vel Macacus silenus (Lion Monkey) 24 18. " vel M. rhesus (Bengal Monkey) 25 19. " vel M. pelops (Hill Monkey) 26 20. " vel M. nemestrinus (Pig-tailed Monkey) 26 21. " vel M. leoninus (Long-haired Pig-tailed Monkey) 27 22. " vel M. arctoides (Brown Stump-tailed Monkey) 28 23. " vel M. Thibetanus (Thibetan Stump-tailed Monkey) 28

Genus Macacus--

24. Macacus radiatus (Madras Monkey) 28 25. " pileatus (Capped Monkey) 29 26. " cynomolgus (Crab-eating Macacque) 30 27. " carbonarius (Black-faced Crab-eating Monkey) 31

FAMILY LEMURIDAE 31

Genus Nycticebus--

28. Nycticebus tardigradus (Slow-paced Lemur) 31

Genus Loris--

29. Loris gracilis (Slender Lemur) 33

SUB-ORDER PLEUROPTERA--FAMILY GALAEOPITHECIDAE 33

Genus Galaeopithecus--

30. Galaeopithecus volans (Flying Lemur) 34

ORDER CARNARIA 35

CHEIROPTERA 35

MEGACHIROPTERA--SUB-FAMILY PTEROPODIDAE 36

Genus Pteropus--

31. Pteropus Edwardsii vel medius (Common Flying Fox) 37 32. " Leschenaultii (Cynonycteris amplexicaudata) (Fulvous Fox-Bat) 40

Genus Cynopterus--

33. Cynopterus marginatus (Small Fox-Bat) 40 34. Macroglossus (Pteropus) minimus (Tenasserim Fox-Bat) 41

Genus Eonycteris--

35. Eonycteris spelaea 41

MICROCHIROPTERA--SUB-FAMILY VAMPYRIDAE 42

Genus Megaderma--

36. Megaderma lyra (Large-eared Vampire Bat) 42 37. " spectrum (Cashmere Vampire) 43 38. " spasma 43

RHINOLOPHINAE 44

Genus Rhinolophus--

39. Rhinolophus perniger vel luctus (Large Leaf-Bat) 44 40. " mitratus (Mitred Leaf-Bat) 44 41. " tragatus vel ferrum-equinum (Dark-brown Leaf-Bat) 45 42. " Pearsonii (Pearson's Leaf-Bat) 46 43. " affinis (Allied Leaf-Bat) 46 44. " rouxi (Rufous Leaf-Bat) 46 45. " macrotis (Large-eared Leaf-Bat) 47 46. " sub-badius (Bay Leaf-Bat) 47 47. " rammanika 47 48. " Andamanensis 48 49. " minor 48 50. " coelophyllus 48 51. " Garoensis 48 52. " Petersii 49 53. " trifoliatus 49

Genus Hipposideros vel Phyllorhina--

54. Hipposideros armiger (Large Horse-shoe Bat) 50 55. " speoris (Indian Horse-shoe Bat) 50 56. " murinus (Little Horse-shoe Bat) 51 57. " cineraceus (Ashy Horse-shoe Bat) 51 58. " larvatus 51 59. " vulgaris (Common Malayan Horse-shoe Bat) 52 60. " Blythii 52 61. Phyllorhina diadema 52 62. " Masoni 53 63. " Nicobarensis 53 64. " armigera 53 65. " leptophylla 54 66. " galerita 54 67. " bicolor 55

Genus Coelops--

68. Coelops Frithii (Frith's Tailless Bat) 55

Genus Rhinopoma--

69. Rhinopoma Hardwickii (Hardwick's Long-tailed Leaf-Bat) 56

SUB-FAMILY NOCTILIONIDAE 56

Genus Taphozous--

70. Taphozous longimanus (Long-armed Bat) 57 71. " melanopogon (Black-bearded Bat) 57 72. " saccolaimus (White-bellied Bat) 58 73. " Theobaldi 58 74. " Kachhensis 58

Genus Nyctinomus--

75. Nyctinomus plicatus (Wrinkle-lipped Bat) 59 76. " tragatus 59

SUB-FAMILY VESPERTILIONIDAE 60

Genus Plecotus--

77. Plecotus auritus vel homochrous 60

Genus Vesperugo--

78. Vesperugo noctula 61 79. " leucotis 61 80. " maurus 62 81. " affinis 62 82. " pachyotis 62 83. " atratus 62 84. " Tickelli 63 85. " pachypus 63 86. " annectans 63 87. " dormeri 63 88. (Vesperugo) Scotophilus serotinus (Silky Bat) 63 89. " " Leisleri (Hairy-armed Bat) 64 Scotophilus pachyomus 64 90. (Vesperugo) Scotophilus Coromandelianus (Coromandel Bat) 64 91. " " lobatus (Lobe-eared Bat) 65

Genus Scotophilus--

92. Scotophilus fuliginosus (Smoky Bat) 65 93. " Temminckii 65 94. " Heathii 66 95. " emarginatus 66 96. " ornatus 66 97. " pallidus 67 Noctulinia noctula 67 Nycticejus Heathii (Large Yellow Bat) 67 " luteus (Bengal Yellow Bat) 67 " Temminckii (Common Yellow Bat) 67 " castaneus (Chestnut Bat) 67 " atratus (Sombre Bat) 67 " canus (Hoary Bat) 67 " ornatus (Harlequin Bat) 68 98. " nivicolus (Alpine Bat) 68

Genus Harpiocephalus--

99. Harpiocephalus harpia 69 100. " (Murina) suillus (The Pig-Bat) 69 101. " auratus 70 102. " griseus 70 103. " leucogaster 70 104. " cyclotis 70

Genus Kerivoula--

105. Kerivoula picta (Painted Bat) 71 " pallida 72 106. " papillosa 72 107. " Hardwickii 72

Genus Vespertilio--

108. Myotis (Vespertilio) murinus 73 109. " Theobaldi 73 110. " parvipes 73 111. Vespertilio longipes 73 112. " mystacinus 73 113. " muricola 73 114. " montivagus 74 115. " murinoides 74 116. " formosus 74 117. " Nepalensis 74 118. " emarginatus 75

Genus Miniopterus--

119. Miniopterus Schreibersii 76

Genus Barbastellus--

120. Barbastellus communis 76 121. Nyctophilus Geoffroyi 76

INSECTIVORA 77

FAMILY TALPIDAE--THE MOLES 79

Genus Talpa--

122. Talpa micrura (Short-tailed Mole) 81 123. " macrura (Long-tailed Mole) 81 124. " leucura (White-tailed Mole) 81

FAMILY SORECIDAE 82

Genus Sorex--

125. Sorex caerulescens (Common Musk Shrew, better known as Musk-rat) 83 126. " murinus (Mouse-coloured Shrew) 85 127. " nemorivagus (Nepal Wood Shrew) 85 128. " serpentarius (Rufescent Shrew) 85 129. " saturatior (Dark-brown Shrew) 86 130. " Tytleri (Dehra Shrew) 86 131. " niger (Neilgherry Wood Shrew) 86 132. " leucops (Long-tailed Shrew) 87 133. " soccatus (Hairy-footed Shrew) 87 134. " montanus (Ceylon Black Shrew) 87 135. " ferrugineus (Ceylon Rufescent Shrew) 87 136. " Griffithi (Large Black Shrew) 88 137. " heterodon 88

Genus Feroculus--

138. Feroculus macropus (Large-footed Shrew) 88 139. Sorex Hodgsoni (Nepal Pigmy-Shrew) 88 140. " Perroteti (Neilgherry Pigmy-Shrew) 89 141. " micronyx (Small-clawed Pigmy-Shrew) 89 142. " melanodon (Black-toothed Pigmy-Shrew) 89 143. " nudipes (Naked-footed Shrew) 89 144. " atratus (Black Pigmy-Shrew) 89

Sub-genus Soriculus--

145. Soriculus nigrescens (Mouse-tailed Shrew) 90

Genus Crossopus--

146. Crossopus Himalaicus (Himalayan Water-Shrew) 90

Genus Nyctogale--

147. Nyctogale elegans (Thibet Water-Shrew) 92

Genus Corsira--

148. Corsira Alpina (Alpine Shrew) 92

Genus Anurosorex--

149. Anurosorex Assamensis (Assam Burrowing Shrew) 93

FAMILY ERINACEIDAE--THE HEDGEHOGS 93

Genus Erinaceus--

150. Erinaceus collaris (Collared Hedgehog) 96 151. " micropus (Small-footed Hedgehog) 96 152. " pictus (Painted Hedgehog) 97 153. " Grayi 97 154. " Blanfordi 97 155. " Jerdoni 97 156. " megalotis (Large-eared Hedgehog) 98

FAMILY HYLOMIDAE 99

Genus Hylomys--

157. Hylomys Peguensis (Short-tailed Tree-Shrew) 99

FAMILY TUPAIIDAE 99

Genus Tupaia--

158. Tupaia Ellioti (Elliot's Tree-Shrew) 101 159. " Peguana vel Belangeri (Pegu Tree-Shrew) 101 160. " Chinensis 103 161. " Nicobarica 103 162. Gymnura Rafflesii (Bulau) 104

CARNIVORA 105

ARCTOIDEA--PLANTIGRADA 108

URSIDAE 108

Genus Ursus--

163. Ursus Isabellinus (Himalayan Brown Bear) 111 164. " (Helarctos) torquatus vel Tibetanus (Himalayan Black Bear) 113 165. " (Helarctos) gedrosianus (Baluchistan Bear) 116 166. " " Malayanus (Bruang or Malayan Sun Bear) 116 167. " (Melursus) labiatus (Common Indian Sloth Bear) 118

AILURIDAE 123

Genus Ailuropus--

168. Ailuropus melanoleucos 124

Genus Ailurus--

169. Ailurus fulgens (Red Cat-Bear) 128

SEMI-PLANTIGRADES 130

MELIDIDAE; OR, BADGER-LIKE ANIMALS 130

Genus Arctonyx--

170. Arctonyx collaris (Hog-Badger) 131 171. " taxoides (Assam Badger) 132

Genus Meles (Sub-genus Taxidia)--

172. Meles (Taxidia) leucurus (Thibetan White-tailed Badger) 133 173. " albogularis (White-throated Thibetan Badger) 134

Genus Mellivora--

174. Mellivora Indica (Indian Ratel or Honey-Badger) 134

Genus Gulo--The Glutton or Wolverene 136

Genus Helictis--

175. Helictis Nipalensis (Nepal Wolverene) 138 176. " moschata (Chinese Wolverene) 138

MUSTELIDAE--MARTENS AND WEASELS 139

Genus Martes--The Martens--

177. Martes flavigula (White-cheeked Marten) 141 178. " abietum (Pine Marten) 142 179. " toufoeus 143

Genus Mustela--The Weasels--

180. Mustela (Vison: Gray) sub-hemachalana (Sub-Hemachal Weasel) 145 181. " (Gymnopus: Gray) kathiah (Yellow-bellied Weasel) 145 182. " (Gymnopus: Gray) strigidorsa (Striped Weasel) 146 183. " erminea (Ermine or Stoat) 146 184. " (Vison: Gray) canigula (Hoary Red-necked Weasel) 146 185. " Stoliczkana 147 186. " (Vison) Sibirica 147 187. " alpina (Alpine Weasel) 147 188. " Hodgsoni 147 189. " (Vison) Horsfieldi 148 190. " (Gymnopus) nudipes 148

Genus Putorius--The Pole-cat--

191. Putorius larvatus vel Tibetanus (Black-faced Thibetan Pole-cat) 149 192. " Davidianus 149 193. " astutus 150 194. " Moupinensis 150

LUTRIDAE--The Otters 150

Genus Lutra--

195. Lutra nair (Common Indian Otter) 153 196. " monticola vel simung 155 197. " Ellioti 155 198. " aurobrunnea 155

Genus Aonyx--Clawless Otters--

199. Aonyx leptonyx (Clawless Otter) 156

AELUROIDEA 156

FELIDAE--The Cat Family

Genus Felis--

200. Felis leo (Lion) 159 201. " tigris (Tiger) 161

THE PARDS OR PANTHERS 175

202. Felis pardus (Pard) 179 203. " panthera (Panther) 183 204. " uncia (Ounce or Snow Panther) 184 205. " Diardii vel macrocelis (Clouded Panther) 185 206. " viverrina (Large Tiger-Cat) 187 207. " marmorata (Marbled Tiger-Cat) 188 208. " Bengalensis (Leopard-Cat) 189 209. " Jerdoni (Lesser Leopard-Cat) 191 210. " aurata (Bay Cat) 191 211. " rubiginosa (Rusty-spotted Cat) 192 212. " torquata (Spotted Wild-Cat) 193 213. " manul (Black-chested Wild-Cat) 193 214. " scripta 194 215. " Shawiana (Yarkand Spotted Wild-Cat) 194 216. " chaus (Common Jungle-Cat) 195 217. " isabellina (Thibetan Lynx) 197 218. " caracal (Red Lynx) 198 219. " jubata (Hunting Leopard) 200

HYAENIDAE--THE HYAENAS 203

Genus Hyaena--

220. Hyaena striata (Striped Hyaena) 205

VIVERRIDAE--THE CIVET FAMILY 207

Genus Viverra--

221. Viverra zibetha (Large Civet Cat) 208 222. " civettina (Malabar Civet-Cat) 209 223. " megaspila 209 224. " Malaccensis (Lesser Civet-Cat) 211

Genus Prionodon--

225. Prionodon pardicolor (Tiger Civet or Linsang) 212 226. " maculosus (Spotted Linsang) 213 227. " gracilis (Malayan Linsang) 215

Genus Paradoxurus--The Musangs--

228. Paradoxurus musanga (Common Musang) 216 229. " (Paguma of Gray) Grayii (Hill Musang) 217 230. " bondar (Terai Musang) 218 231. " trivirgatus (Three-striped Musang) 218 232. " leucotis (White-eared Musang) 219 233. " zeylanicus (Golden Musang) 220 234. " (Paguma) laniger 220

Genus Arctictis--

235. Arctictis binturong (Binturong) 221

HERPESTIDAE--THE ICHNEUMON OR MUNGOOSE FAMILY 222

Genus Herpestes--

236. Herpestes pallidus vel griseus (Common Grey Mungoose) 223 237. " Jerdoni vel monticolus (Long-tailed Mungoose) 225 238. " Smithii (Ruddy Mungoose) 225 239. " auropunctatus (Gold-speckled Mungoose) 225 240. " fuscus (Neilgherry Brown Mungoose) 226 241. " (Onychogale of Gray) Maccarthiae 226 242. " ferrugineus 226 243. " vitticollis (Stripe-necked Mungoose) 227 244. Urva cancrivora (Crab-eating Mungoose) 227

CYNOIDEA 228

Genus Canis--The Dog-- 245. Canis pallipes (Indian Wolf) 232 246. " laniger (Lupus chanco of Gray) (Thibetan Wolf) 235 247. " lupus (European Wolf) 237 248. " aureus (Jackal) 237

Genus Cuon--

249. Canis (Cuon) rutilans (Indian Wild Dog) 239

Genus Vulpes--

250. Vulpes Bengalensis (Indian Fox) 243 251. " leucopus (Desert Fox) 244 252. " ferrilatus (Thibetan Grey Fox) 245 253. " montanus (Hill Fox) 245 254. " pusillus (Punjab Fox) 245 255. " flavescens (Persian Fox) 246 256. " Griffithii (Afghanistan Fox) 246

MARINE CARNIVORA 246

ORDER CETACEA--THE WHALES 247

Denticete--The Toothed Whales 248

FAMILY DELPHINIDAE--THE DOLPHINS OR PORPOISES 250

Genus Platanista--The River Dolphins--

257. Platanista Gangetica (Gangetic Porpoise) 251

Genus Orcella--The Round-headed River Dolphins--

258. Orcella brevirostris (_Short-nosed Round-headed River Dolphin_) 255 259. " fluminalis (Fresh-water Round-headed Dolphin) 255

Genus Delphinus--The Marine Dolphins--

260. Delphinus perniger (Black Dolphin) 258 261. " plumbeus (Lead-coloured Dolphin) 258 262. " gadamu 258 263. " lentiginosus (Freckled Dolphin) 259 264. " maculiventer (Spot-bellied Dolphin) 259 265. " fusiformis (Spindle-shaped Dolphin) 259 266. " pomeegra (Black or Pomeegra Dolphin) 260 267. " longirostris (Long-snouted Dolphin) 260 268. " velox 260

Genus Phocaena--The Porpoises 260

Genus Globicephalus--The Ca'ing or Pilot Whale--

269. Globicephalus Indicus (Indian Ca'ing Whale) 261

PHYSETERIDAE--THE CACHELOTS OR SPERM WHALES 261

Genus Euphysetes--

270. Physeter or Euphysetes simus (Snub-nosed Cachelot) 261

MYSTICETE--WHALEBONE OR BALEEN WHALES 262

Genus Balaena--The Right Whales 262

Genus Balaenoptera--Finback Whales or Rorquals--

271. Balaenoptera Indica (Indian Rorqual) 264

SIRENIA--THE MANATEES 267

Genus Halicore--The Dugong--

272. Halicore dugong (Dugong) 268

ORDER RODENTIA--THE GNAWERS 269

SUB-ORDER SIMPLICIDENTATA--SIMPLE-TOOTHED RODENTS 272

SCIUROMORPHA 273

SCIURIDAE--THE SQUIRRELS 274

Genus Sciurus--

273. Sciurus Indicus (Bombay Squirrel of Pennant) 276 274. " maximus (Central Indian Red Squirrel) 277 275. " macrourus (Long-tailed Forest Squirrel) 278 276. " giganteus (Black Hill Squirrel) 279 277. " lokriah (Orange-bellied Grey Squirrel) 280 278. " lokroides (Hoary-bellied Grey Squirrel) 280 279. " pygerythrus 282 280. " caniceps (Golden-backed Squirrel) 282 281. " Phayrei (Laterally-banded or Phayre's Squirrel) 282 282. " Blanfordii (Blanford's Squirrel) 283 283. " atrodorsalis (Black-backed Squirrel) 284 284. " erythraeus (Assam Red-bellied Squirrel) 285 285. " Gordoni (Gordon's Squirrel) 285 286. " hippurus (Chestnut-bellied Assam Squirrel) 285 287. " Sladeni (Sladen's Squirrel) 286 288. " ferrugineus (Rusty-coloured Squirrel) 287 289. " palmarum (Common Indian Ground Squirrel) 287 290. " tristriatus (Three-striped Ground-Squirrel) 289 291. " Layardi (Layard's Striped Ground-Squirrel) 289 292. " sublineatus (Dusky-striped Ground-Squirrel) 290 293. " McClellandi (McClelland's Ground-Squirrel) 290 294. " Berdmorei (Berdmore's Ground-Squirrel) 291 295. " quinquestriatus (Stripe-bellied Squirrel) 291 296. " (Rhinosciurus) tupaoides (Long-nosed Squirrel) 292

Genus Pteromys--

297. Pteromys oral (Brown Flying Squirrel) 294 298. " cineraceus (Ashy Flying Squirrel) 296 299· " Yunnanensis (Yunnan Flying Squirrel) 296 300. " melanopterus (Black-flanked Flying Squirrel) 297 301. " alborufus (Red and White Flying Squirrel) 297 302. " magnificus (Red-bellied Flying Squirrel) 298 303. " albiventer (White-bellied Flying Squirrel) 299 304. " caniceps (Grey-headed Flying Squirrel) 299 305. " Pearsonii (Hairy-footed Flying Squirrel) 300 306. " fuscocapillus (Small Travancore Flying Squirrel) 300 307. " fimbriatus (Grey Flying Squirrel) 301 308. " alboniger (Black and White Flying Squirrel) 301 309. " spadiceus (Red Flying Squirrel) 302

ARCTOMYDINAE--THE MARMOTS 302

Genus Arctomys--

310. Arctomys bobac (Bobac, or Poland Marmot) 303 311. " caudatus (Red Marmot) 304 312. " Hemachalanus (Eastern Red Marmot) 305 313. " aureus (Golden Marmot) 305 314. " dichrous 306 315. " robustus 306

MYOMORPHA--MOUSE-LIKE RODENTS 306

FAMILY MURIDAE 307

Genus Platacanthomys--

316. Platacanthomys lasiurus (Long-tailed Spiny Mouse) 308

SUB-FAMILY GERBILLINAE 309

Genus Gerbillus--

317. Gerbillus Indicus (Indian Jerboa-Rat, or Kangaroo-Rat) 309 318. " Hurrianae (Desert Jerboa-Rat) 311 319. " cryptorhinus (Lobe-nosed Jerboa-Rat) 312 320. " erythrurus (Red-tailed Jerboa-Rat) 313 321. " nanus (Dwarf Jerboa-Rat) 313

SUB-FAMILY PHLOEMYINAE 314

Genus Nesokia--

322. Nesokia Hardwickii (Hardwick's Field-Rat) 315 323. " Huttoni (Hutton's Field-Rat) 315 324. " Scullyi (Scully's Field-Rat) 315 325. " providens (Southern India Field-Rat) 316 326. " Blythiana (Bengal Field-Rat) 317 327. " Barclayiana (Barclay's Field-Rat) 318 328. Mus (Nesokia) Elliotanus (Elliot's Field-Rat) 318 329. " " giganteus (Bandicoot) 319

SUB-FAMILY CRICETINAE 320

Genus Cricetus--The Hamsters--

330. Cricetus phaeus (Persian Hamster) 321 331. " fulvus (Sandy Hamster) 321

SUB-FAMILY MURINAE 321

Genus Mus--

332. Mus rattus (Black Rat) 322 333. " decumanus (Brown Rat) 323 334. " Andamanensis (Andaman Rat) 325 335. " robustulus (Burmese Common Rat) 325 336. " Sladeni (Sladen's Rat) 326 337. " rubricosa (Small Red Rat of the Kakhyen Hills) 326 338. " Yunnanensis (Common House Rat of Yunnan) 327 339. " infralineatus (Striped-bellied Rat) 327 340. " brunneus (Tree Rat) 327 341. " rufescens (Rufescent Tree Rat) 328 342. " niveiventer (White-bellied House Rat) 329 343. " nitidus (Shining Brown Rat) 329 344. " caudatior (Chestnut Rat) 329 345. " concolor (Common Thatch Rat of Pegu) 330 346. " palmarum (Nicobar Tree Rat) 330 347. " Ceylonus 330 348. " plurimammis 331 349. " aequicaudalis 331 350. " oleraceus (Long-tailed Tree Mouse) 331 351. " Nilagiricus (Neilgherry Tree Mouse) 332 352. " badius (Bay Tree Mouse) 332 353. " gliroides (Cherrapoonjee Tree Mouse) 333 354. " Peguensis (Pegu Tree Mouse) 333 355. " urbanus (Common Indian Mouse) 333 356. " homourus 335 357. " Darjeelingensis 335 358. " Tytleri 335 359. " bactrianus 335 360. " crassipes (Large-footed Mouse) 337 361. " sublimis 337 362. " pachycercus 337 363. " erythronotus 337 364. " cervicolor (Fawn-coloured Field Mouse) 338 365. " terricolor (Earth-coloured Field Mouse) 338 366. " Peguensis (Pegu Field Mouse) 338 367. " nitidulus (Shiny Little House Mouse of Pegu) 338 368. " Beaveni (Beaven's Mouse) 339 369. " cunicularis (Little Rabbit-Mouse) 339 370. " erythrotis (Cherrapunji Red-eared Mouse) 339 371. " fulvidiventris 340 372. " Kakhyenensis (Kakhyen Mouse) 340 373. " viculorum (Kakhyen House Mouse) 340

Genus Leggada--

374. Leggada platythrix (Brown Spiny Mouse) 341 375. " spinulosa (Dusky Spiny Mouse) 342 376. " Jerdoni (Himalayan Spiny Mouse) 342 377. " lepida (Small Spiny Mouse) 342

Genus Golunda--

378. Golunda Ellioti (Bush Rat or Coffee Rat) 343 379. " meltada (Soft-furred Bush Rat) 344

Genus Hapalomys--

380. Hapalomys longicaudatus 345 381. Mus ouang-thomae (Kiangsi Rat) 346 382. " flavipectus (Yellow-breasted Rat) 346 383. " griseipectus (Grey-breasted Rat) 346 384. " Confucianus 347 385. " Chevrieri 347 386. " pygmaeus (Pigmy Mouse) 347

ARVICOLINAE 347

Genus Arvicola--

387. Arvicola Stoliczkanus (Yarkand Vole) 349 388. " Stracheyi (Kumaon Vole) 349 389. " Wynnei (Murree Vole) 350 390. " Roylei (Cashmere Vole) 350 391. " Blanfordi (Gilgit Vole) 350 392. " Blythii 351 393. " mandarinus (Afghan Vole) 351 394. " Sikimensis (Sikim Vole) 351 395. " melanogaster 352

FAMILY SPALACIDAE 352

Genus Rhizomys--The Bamboo-Rat--

396. Rhizomys badius (Chestnut Bamboo-Rat) 353 397. " erythrogenys (Red-cheeked Bamboo-Rat) 354 398. " pruinosus (Hoary Bamboo-Rat) 354 399. " minor (Small Bamboo-Rat) 354

FAMILY DIPODIDAE 355

Genus Dipus--The Jerboas--

400. Dipus lagopus (Yarkand Jerboa) 357

Genus Alactaga--

401. Alactaga Indica 358

HYSTRICOMORPHA--PORCUPINE-LIKE RODENTS 359

FAMILY HYSTRICIDAE--THE PORCUPINES 360

SUB-FAMILY HYSTRICINAE--THE TRUE PORCUPINES 360

Genus Atherura--The Long-tailed Porcupine--

402. Atherura fasciculata (Brush-tailed Porcupine) 361

Genus Hystrix--The Porcupine--

403. Hystrix leucura (White-tailed Indian Porcupine) 362 404. " Bengalensis (Bengal Porcupine) 365 405. " (Acanthion) longicauda (Crestless Porcupine) 366 406. " Yunnanensis 366

SUB-ORDER DUPLICIDENTATA--DOUBLE-TOOTHED RODENTS 367

FAMILY LEPORIDAE--THE HARES 368

Genus Lepus--

407. Lepus ruficaudatus (Common Indian Red-tailed Hare) 369 408. " nigricollis (Black-naped Hare) 369 409. " Peguensis (Pegu Hare) 370 410. " hypsibius (Mountain Hare) 370 411. " pallipes (Pale-footed Hare) 370 412. " Tibetanus (Thibet Hare) 371 413. " Yarkandensis (Yarkand Hare) 371 414. " Pamirensis (Pamir Hare) 372 415. " Stoliczkanus (Stoliczka's Hare) 372 416. " craspedotis (Large-eared Hare) 372 417. " hispidus (Hispid Hare) 373

FAMILY LAGOMYIDAE--THE PIKAS, OR MOUSE-HARES 373

Genus Lagomys--

418. Lagomys Roylei (Royle's Pika) 374 419. " Curzoniae (Curzon's Pika) 374 420. " Ladacensis (Ladak Pika) 374 421. " auritus (Large-eared Pika) 375 422. " macrotis 375 423. " griseus (Grey Pika) 375 424. " rufescens (Red Pika) 376

ORDER PROBOSCIDEA 377

Genus Elephas--The Elephant--

425. Elephas Indicus (Indian or Asiatic Elephant) 389

ORDER UNGULATA 397

SUB-ORDER PERISSODACTYLA 397

FAMILY EQUIDAE--THE HORSE 398

Genus Equus--

426. Equus onager (Wild Ass of Kutch) 399 427. " hemionus (Kiang or Wild Ass of Thibet) 401

FAMILY TAPIRIDAE--THE TAPIR 403

Genus Tapirus--

428. Tapirus Malayanus (Malay Tapir) 404

FAMILY RHINOCEROTIDAE 405

Genus Rhinoceros--

429. Rhinoceros Indicus 407 430. " Sondaicus (Javan Rhinoceros) 410

Genus Ceratorhinus--

431. Rhinoceros vel Ceratorhinus (Crossi?) lasiotis (Ear-fringed Rhinoceros) 411 432. Rhinoceros vel Ceratorhinus Sumatrensis (Sumatran Rhinoceros) 412

SUB-ORDER ARTIODACTYLA 413

FAMILY SUIDAE--THE HOGS 414

Genus Sus--

433. Sus scrofa (European Wild Boar) 415 434. " Indicus (Indian Boar) 416 435. " Andamanensis (Andaman Island Pig) 420 436. " Moupinensis 420

Genus Porcula--

437. Porcula Salvania (Pigmy Hog of the Saul Forests) 421

RUMINANTIA--THE RUMINANTS 422

FAMILY BOVIDAE--HOLLOW-HORNED RUMINANTS 424

SUB-FAMILY CAPRINAE--GOATS AND SHEEP 424

Genus Ovis--The Sheep--

438. Ovis Polii (Marco Polo's Sheep) 424 439. " Hodgsoni (Argali or Ovis Ammon of Thibet) 427 440. " Karelini (Karelin's Wild Sheep) 430 441. " Brookei (Brooke's Wild Sheep) 434 442. " Vignei (Vigne's Wild Sheep) 435 443. " cycloceros (Punjab Wild Sheep) 435 444. " Blanfordii (Blanford's Wild Sheep) 437 445. " nahura vel burhel (Blue Wild Sheep) 438

Genus Capra--The Goats--

446. Capra megaceros (Markhor) 441 447. " Sibirica (Himalayan Ibex) 444 448. " aegagrus (Wild Goat of Asia Minor) 446

Sub-genus Hemitragus--

449. Capra vel Hemitragus Jemlaicus (Tahr) 449 450. " " " hylocrius (_Neilgherry Wild Goat, or Ibex of Madras Sportsmen_) 451

THE GOAT ANTELOPES, OR CAPRICORNS 454

Genus Nemorhoedus--

451. Nemorhoedus bubalina (Serow, or Forest Goat) 454 452. " rubida vel Sumatrensis (Arakanese Capricorn) 456 453. " Edwardsii (Thibetan Capricorn) 457 454. " goral (Small Himalayan Capricorn) 457

Genus Budorcas--

455. Budorcas taxicolor (Takin) 460

Genus Gazella--The Gazelles--

456. Gazella Bennetti (Indian Gazelle) 463 457. " fuscifrons (Baluchistan Gazelle) 465 458. " subgutterosa (Persian Gazelle) 466 459. " picticaudata (Thibetan Gazelle) 467

Genus Pantholops--

460. Pantholops Hodgsonii (Chiru) 469

Genus Antelope (restricted)--

461. Antelope bezoartica (Indian Antelope) 472

Genus Portax--The Nylgao--

462. Portax pictus vel tragocamelus (Nylgao or Blue Bull) 476

Genus Tetraceros--

463. Tetraceros quadricornis (Four-horned Antelope) 479

BOVINAE--CATTLE 480

Genus Gavaeus--

464. Gavaeus gaurus (Gaur, popularly called Bison) 481 465. " frontalis (Mithun or Gayal) 486 466. " Sondaicus (Burmese Wild Ox) 488

Genus Poephagus--The Yak--

467. Poephagus grunniens (Yak or Grunting Ox) 489

Genus Bubalus--The Buffalos--

468. Bubalus arni (Wild Buffalo) 490

Genus Moschus--The Musk Deer--

469. Moschus moschiferus (Musk Deer) 494

CERVIDAE--THE DEER 495

Genus Cervulus--The Muntjacs or Rib-faced Deer--

470. Cervulus muntjac vel aureus (_Muntjac or Rib-faced Deer_) 500

Genus Rusa--The Rusine Deer--

471. Rusa Aristotelis (Sambar) 503

Genus Axis--

472. Axis maculatus (Spotted Deer) 506 473. " porcinus (Hog Deer) 508

Genus Rucervus--

474. Rucervus Duvaucelli (Swamp-Deer) 510 475. " vel Panolia Eldii (_Brown Antlered or Eld's Deer_) 511

Genus Cervus--

476. Cervus Cashmirianus (Kashmir Stag) 512 477. " affinis vel Wallichii (Sikhim Stag) 514

TRAGULIDAE--THE CHEVROTIANS OR DEERLETS 515

Genus Tragulus--

478. Tragulus napu (Javan Deerlet) 516

Genus Meminna--

479. Meminna Indica (Indian Mouse Deer) 516

TRIBE TYLOPODA--THE CAMELS 518

ORDER EDENTATA 519

Genus Manis--

480. Manis pentadactyla or brachyura (Five-fingered or Short-tailed Pangolin) 520 481. " aurita (Eared Pangolin) 521 482. " Javanica (Javan Ant-eater) 522

APPENDIX A 523

APPENDIX B 525

APPENDIX C 526

APPENDIX D 532

INDEX 535

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

SECTION Felis Tigris Frontispiece Skull of Hylobates hooluck 1 Hylobates lar; Hylobates hooluck 2 Presbytes entellus 4 " thersites 15 Macacus silenus 17 " rhesus 18 " nemestrinus 20 " radiatus and Macacus pileatus 24 " cynomolgus 26 Loris gracilis and Nycticebus tardigradus 28 Galaeopithecus volans 30 Sternum of Pteropus Cheiroptera The Flying Fox at Home 31 Head of Pteropus medius 31 Cynopterus marginatus 33 Megaderma lyra 36 " spasma 38 Rhinolophus luctus 39 " ferrum-equinum 41 Phyllorhina armigera (male and female) 64 Skull of Rhinopoma 69 Plecotus auritus 77 Vesperugo noctula 78 " Leisleri 89 Scotophilus Temminckii 93 Skull of Harpiocephalus harpia 99 Vespertilio murinus 108 " formosus 116 Synotus barbastellus Genus Barbastellus Dentition of Shrew (magnified) Genus Sorex " of Hedgehog Family Erinaceidae Hedgehog Genus Erinaceus Dentition of Tupaia 158 Tupaia Peguana 159 Gymnura Rafflesii 162 Dentition of Tiger and Indian Black Bear Carnivora " of Bear Ursidae Skull of Bear (under view) Ursidae Ursus Isabellinus 163 " Tibetanus 164 " Malayanus 166 " labiatus 167 Ailuropus melanoleucos 168 Ailurus fulgens 169 Arctonyx collaris 170 Mellivora Indica 174 Skull of Putorius Mustelidae Martes abietum 178 Mustela Genus Mustela Otter's skull (side and under view) Lutridae Lutra nair 195 Skull of Tiger (side view) Felidae Tendons of Tiger's toe Felidae Auditory apparatus of Tiger (section) Felidae Felis leo (Indian variety) 200 Head of Tiger 201 Tiger's skull (under part) 201 Felis panthera (From a fine specimen in the Regent's Park Gardens) 203 " uncia 204 " Diardii 205 Skull of Felis viverrina 206 Felis marmorata 207 " aurata 210 " caracal 218 " jubata 219 Skull of Felis jubata 219 Skull of Hyaena Hyaenidae Hyaena striata 220 Dentition of Civet Viverridae Viverra zibetha 221 " megaspila 223 " Malaccensis 224 Prionodon maculosus 226 Paradoxurus trivirgatus 231 Arctictis binturong 235 Urva cancrivora 244 Dentition of Wolf Genus Canis Canis pallipes 245 Cuon rutilans 249 Platanista Gangetica 257 Gangetic Dolphin; Round-headed River Dolphin; Gadamu Dolphin; Freckled Dolphin; Black Dolphin Genus Delphinus Skull of Baleen Whale Genus Balaena Rorqual 271 Halicore dugong 272 Skull of Pteromys (Flying Squirrel) Genus Sciurus Sciurus maximus 274 Pteromys oral 297 Dentition of Gerbillus Genus Gerbillus Dentition of Cricetus Genus Cricetus Cricetus Genus Cricetus Dentition of Black Rat 332 " of Arvicola Arvicolinae Rhizomys badius 396 Dentition of Jerboa Family Dipodidae Dipus Genus Dipus Skull of Porcupine Family Hystricidae Hystrix leucura 403 Dentition of Hare Sub-order Duplicidentata Side view of Grinders of Asiatic Elephant Genus Elephas Grinder of Asiatic Elephant Genus Elephas " of African Elephant Genus Elephas Section of Elephant's Skull Genus Elephas Skeleton of Elephant Genus Elephas Muscles of Elephant's Trunk Genus Elephas Dentition of Horse Family Equidae Equus onager 426 Dentition of Tapir Family Tapiridae Tapirus Malayanus 428 Dentition of Rhinoceros Genus Rhinoceros Rhinoceros Indicus 429 " Indicus 429 " Sondaicus 430 " lasiotis (R. Indicus and R. Sondaicus in the distance) 431 Bones of a Pig's foot Sub-order Artiodactyla Dentition of Wild Boar Family Suidae Sus Indicus 434 Porcula Salvania 437 Ovis Polii 438 Horns of Ovis Polii 438 Ovis Hodgsoni 439 Skull of Ovis Hodgsoni 439 Horns of Ovis Karelini 440 Ovis Brookei 441 " cycloceros 443 " nahura 445 Capra megaceros. No. 1 variety 446 " " No. 2 variety 446 " Sibirica 447 Hemitragus Jemlaicus 449 Nemorhoedus bubalina 451 " goral 454 Budorcas taxicolor 455 Gazella Bennetti (male and female) 456 " subgutterosa 458 Saiga Antelope Genus Pantholops Pantholops Hodgsoni 460 Antelope bezoartica 461 Portax pictus 462 Tetraceros quadricornis 463 Gavaeus gaurus 464 " frontalis 465 Bubalus arni 468 Skull of Musk Deer 468 Moschus moschiferus 469 " moschiferus 469 Stag with Horns matured Cervidae " " " in velvet Cervidae Cervulus aureus 470 Rusa Aristotelis 471 Axis maculatus 472 " porcinus 473 Cervus Cashmirianus 476 Tragulus napu 478 Mouse Deer 479 Manis pentadactyla 480 Dentition of Dormouse (magnified) Appendix A Myoxus Appendix A Osteology of the skull of Platanista Gangetica Appendix B The Slow Loris Appendix C Osteology of the feet of Pig, or African deerlet; Javan deerlet; Roebuck; Sheep; Camel Appendix C Gaur Appendix C

NATURAL HISTORY OF THE MAMMALIA OF BRITISH INDIA AND CEYLON.

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