Chapter IX (part 1 of 3)

Chapter IX (part 1 of 3)

THE WEST,

FROM THE TREATY OF PEACE WITH FRANCE, 1763, TO THE TREATY OF PEACE WITH ENGLAND, 1783.

BY WILLIAM FREDERICK POOLE, LL.D.

Librarian of the Newberry Library, Chicago.

THE treaty of peace signed at Paris, February 10, 1763, marks perhaps the most important epoch in the political and social history of North America.[1422] It settled forever a question which had been in doubt for a century,—whether the rule and civilization of France or of Great Britain were to shape the destinies of the western continent. It was the culmination of a seven years' war, in which the vigorous administration of William Pitt had crushed the allied forces of France and Spain. The capture of Quebec by Wolfe, and the surrender of the French army to Amherst at Montreal, were but incidents in the general humiliation which France and Spain had experienced on the continent of Europe, in India, in the West Indies, and on the ocean. They could fight no longer, and were glad to accept any terms of peace which Great Britain might dictate.[1423]

The Treaty of Paris made a strange transformation of the political map of North America, and for the first time brought under British sway the territory which now comprises the Western States of the American Union. Great Britain in the preceding century had granted in the charters of her American colonies boundaries extending from ocean to ocean; but her actual possessions until 1763 were a fringe of country along the Atlantic coast, and extending west to the crests of the Alleghanies. Spain was in possession of Florida and Mexico, and the remainder of the continent was in the real or nominal possession of France. Her imperial domain extended from the Gulf of Mexico to the Arctic Ocean, and from the Alleghanies to undetermined limits beyond the Rocky Mountains. By the Treaty of Paris, Canada and that portion of Louisiana between the Alleghanies and the Mississippi came to Great Britain. In a secret treaty with his Bourbon ally, Carlos III. of Spain, made November 3, 1762, the day when the preliminary articles of peace were signed,[1424] Louis XV. ceded to Spain that part of Louisiana which lay west of the Mississippi, with the island on which New Orleans is situated. France therefore, in this desperate crisis, parted with all her American possessions on the main land, and her name nearly disappeared from the map of North America.[1425] Spain in the war had lost Havana, and in order to recover this key to her other West India possessions she gave up to Great Britain Florida in exchange for Havana.

Severer terms than these would have been exacted by Great Britain from both the allies, except for the recent accession of George III. to the throne, and the changes he made in his cabinet and policy. In the midst of the negotiations of the treaty, Pitt resigned in disgust, and they were concluded by his successor, the Earl of Bute, and by the Duke of Bedford. The transfers of the immense territories ceded by the treaty were not immediate, and several years elapsed before they came into possession of their new rulers.

In the discussions by the new cabinet as to the terms of the treaty, a question arose which was alarming to the American colonies. Should Canada or the Island of Guadaloupe be restored to France? The sugar trade of the latter, it was claimed, was more important to Great Britain than the Canadian for trade. It was further claimed that, if the colonies were relieved from the menace of the French and their savage allies, they would cover the continent, become a great nation, manufacture their own goods, and eventually declare themselves independent.[1426] Many pamphlets appeared in England advocating and opposing the restoration of Canada to France, but there was no abler advocate of the retention of Canada than Dr. Franklin, who was then in London.[1427]

On the 7th of October, 1763, George III. issued a proclamation,[1428] providing for four new governments or colonies, namely: Quebec, East Florida, West Florida, and Grenada, and defining their boundaries. The limits of Quebec did not vary materially from those of the present province of that name, and those of East and West Florida comprised the present State of Florida and the country north of the Gulf of Mexico to the parallel of 31° latitude.

It will be seen that no provision was made for the government of nine tenths of the new territory acquired by the Treaty of Paris, and the omission was not an oversight, but was intentional. The purpose was to reserve as crown lands the Northwest territory, the region north of the great lakes, and the country between the Alleghanies and the Mississippi, and to exclude them from settlement by the American colonies. They were left, for the time being, to the undisputed possession of the savage tribes.[1429] The king's "loving subjects" were forbidden making purchases of land from the Indians, or forming any settlements "westward of the sources of the rivers which fall into the sea from the West and Northwest", "and all persons who have wilfully or inadvertently seated themselves upon any lands" west of this limit were warned "forthwith to remove themselves from such settlements." Certain reasons for this policy were assigned in the proclamation, such as "preventing irregularities in the future, and that the Indians may be convinced of our justice", etc.; but the real explanation appears in the Report of the Lords Commissioners for Trade and Plantations, in 1772, on the petition of Thomas Walpole and others for a grant of land on the Ohio. The report was drawn by Lord Hillsborough, the president of the board. The report states:—

"We take leave to remind your Lordships of that principle which was adopted by this Board, and approved and confirmed by his Majesty, immediately after the Treaty of Paris, viz.: the confining the western extent of settlements to such a distance from the seacoast as that those settlements should lie within reach of the trade and commerce of this kingdom, ... and also of the exercise of that authority and jurisdiction which was conceived to be necessary for the preservation of the Colonies in a due subordination to, and dependence upon, the mother country. And these we apprehend to have been the two capital objects of his Majesty's proclamation of the 7th of October, 1763.... The great object of colonizing upon the continent of North America has been to improve and extend the commerce, navigation, and manufactures of this kingdom.... It does appear to us that the extension of the fur trade depends entirely upon the Indians being undisturbed in the possession of their hunting-grounds, and that all colonizing does in its nature, and must in its consequences, operate to the prejudice of that branch of commerce.... Let the savages enjoy their deserts in quiet. Were they driven from their forests the peltry-trade would decrease; and it is not impossible that worse savages would take refuge in them."[1430]

Such in clear and specific terms was the cold and selfish policy which the British crown and its ministers habitually pursued towards the American colonies; and in a few years it changed loyalty into hate, and brought on the American Revolution.[1431]

* * * * *

Before the royal proclamation of 1763 had been issued, or even drafted, a new and fierce Indian war, which is known in history as the Pontiac War, was raging on the frontier settlements. With the conquest of Canada and the expulsion of France as a military power from the continent, the English colonists were abounding in loyalty to the mother country, were exultant in the expectation of peace, and in the assurance of immunity from Indian wars in the future; for it did not seem possible that, with the loose system of organization and government common to the Indians, they could plan and execute a general campaign without the co-operation of the French as leaders.

This feeling of security among the English settlements was of short duration. A general discontent pervaded all the Indian tribes from the frontier settlements to the Mississippi, and from the great lakes to the Gulf of Mexico. The extent of this disquietude was not suspected, and hence no attempt was made to gain the good-will of the Indians. There were many real causes for this discontent. The French had been politic and sagacious in their intercourse with the Indian. They gained his friendship by treating him with respect and justice. They came to him with presents, and, as a rule, dealt with him fairly in trade. They came with missionaries, unarmed, heroic, self-denying men, who labored without pay for what they deemed the highest welfare of their dusky brethren. Many Frenchmen married Indian wives, dwelt with the native tribes, and adopted their customs. To the average Englishman, on the other hand, Indians were disgusting objects; he would show them no respect, nor treat them with justice except under compulsion. To him the only good Indians were dead Indians, and hence he shot savages as he would wild beasts.[1432] So long as the English had the French as competitors for the good-will of the Indian, they treated him with some measure of tact and justice; but when this competition was withdrawn, it was a sad day for both races. The fur trade, by which the Indians obtained their necessary supplies, had been mainly in the hands of the French; and when it was cut off, the Northern and Western Indians, as they had lost the use of bows and arrows, and needed firearms and ammunition in order to take their game, were often in distress for want of food. When the military posts in the West were in possession of the French, the Indians were habitual visitors, and they loitered about the forts. The French tolerated the custom, and treated the intruders with kindness, although their indolent and filthy habits greatly taxed the patience of the garrisons. When these posts came into possession of the English, the visitors were insulted and driven away, and they were fortunate if they were not clubbed.[1433]

The French had shown little disposition to make permanent settlements; but the English, when they appeared, came to stay, and they occupied large tracts of the best land for agricultural purposes. The French hunters and traders, who were widely dispersed among the native tribes, kept the Indians in a state of disquietude by misrepresenting the English, exaggerating their faults, and making the prediction that the French would soon recapture Canada and expel the English from the Western territories.

Pontiac, the chief of the Ottawas, was the Indian who had the motive, the ambition, and capacity for organization which enabled him to concentrate and use all these elements of discontent for his own malignant and selfish purposes. After the defeat of the French, he professed for a time to be friendly with the English, expecting that, under the acknowledged supremacy of Great Britain, he would be recognized as a mighty Indian prince, and be assigned to rule over his own, and perhaps a confederacy of other tribes.[1434] Finding that the English government had no use for him, he was indignant, and he devoted all the energies of his vigorous mind to a secret conspiracy of uniting the tribes west of the Alleghanies to engage in a general war against the English settlements. In the autumn of 1762 he sent messengers with war-belts to the tribes living north of the great lakes, to those in the Ohio and Illinois countries, and they went as far south as the mouth of the Mississippi. His scheme was to make a simultaneous attack on all the Western posts in the month of May, 1763; and each attack was assigned to the neighboring tribes. His summer home was on a small island at the entrance of Lake St. Clair; and being near Detroit, he was to conduct in person the capture of that fort.[1435]

On the 6th of May, 1763, Major Gladwin,[1436] in command at Detroit, had warning from an Indian girl that the next day an attempt would be made to capture the fort by treachery. When Pontiac, on the appointed morning, accompanied by sixty of his chiefs, with short guns concealed under their blankets, appeared at the fort, and, as usual, asked for admission, he was startled at seeing the whole garrison under arms, and that his scheme of treachery had miscarried. For two months the savages assailed the fort, and the sleepless garrison gallantly defended it, when they were relieved by the arrival of a schooner from Fort Niagara, with sixty men, provisions, and ammunition.

Fort Pitt, on the present site of Pittsburg, Pa.,[1437] was in command of Captain Ecuyer, another trained soldier, who had been warned of the Indian conspiracy by Major Gladwin in a letter written May 5th. Captain Ecuyer, having a garrison of three hundred and thirty soldiers and backwoodsmen, immediately made every preparation for defence. On May 27th, a party of Indians appeared at the fort under the pretence of wishing to trade, and were treated as spies. Active operations against Fort Pitt were postponed until the smaller forts had been taken.

Fort Sandusky was captured May 16th; Fort St. Joseph (on the St. Joseph River, Mich.), May 25th; Fort Ouatanon (now Lafayette, Ind.), May 31st; Fort Michillimackinac (now Mackinaw, Mich.), June 2d; Fort Presqu' Isle (now Erie, Pa.), June 17th; Fort Le Bœuf (Erie County, Pa.), June 18th; Fort Venango (Venango County, Pa.), June 18th; and the posts at Carlisle and Bedford, Pa., on the same day. No garrison except that at Presqu' Isle had warning of danger. The same method of capture was adopted in each instance. A small party of Indians came to the fort with the pretence of friendship, and were admitted. Others soon joined them, when the visitors rose upon the small garrisons, butchered them, or took them captive. At Presqu' Isle the Indians laid siege to the fort for two days, when they set it on fire. At Venango no one of the garrison survived to give an account of the capture.[1438]

On June 22d, a large body of Indians surrounded Fort Pitt and opened fire on all sides, but were easily repulsed. The next day they informed Captain Ecuyer[1439] that every other English fort had been taken, and that all the tribes were coming to take Fort Pitt. If he and his garrison would then leave, they would assure him a safe conduct to the English settlements; but otherwise they would be unable to protect him from the bad Indians who would soon arrive. The commander thanked them for their kind solicitude in his behalf, and informed them that he had plenty of men, provisions, and ammunition, and could hold the fort against all the Indians in the woods. He told them also that an army of six thousand English would soon arrive at Fort Pitt, and that another army of three thousand had gone up the lakes to punish the Ottawas and Ojibwas. "Therefore", he said, "take pity on your women and children, and get out of the way as soon as possible." The Indians departed the next day, and did not reappear until July 26th, when they repeated their old story of "love for the English", and grieved that "the chain of friendship had been broken." The following night they surrounded the fort, and with knives dug burrows in the river banks, from which they threw fire-arrows into the fort and shot bullets whenever they had sight of a soldier above the parapets. This sort of warfare was more dangerous to the besiegers than to the besieged. During five days and nights of ceaseless attack the losses of the Indians were more than twenty killed and wounded. In the garrison seven were slightly wounded, and none killed. The Indians then disappeared in order to intercept the expedition of Colonel Bouquet, which was approaching from the east with a convoy of provisions for the relief of Fort Pitt.

It was fortunate for the country that there was an officer stationed at Philadelphia who fully understood the meaning of the alarming reports which were coming in from the Western posts. Colonel Henry Bouquet was a gallant Swiss officer who had been trained in war from his youth, and whose personal accomplishments gave an additional charm to his bravery and heroic energy. He had served seven years in fighting American Indians, and was more cunning than they in the practice of their own artifices.[1440] General Amherst, the commander-in-chief, was slow in appreciating the importance and extent of the Western conspiracy;[1441] yet he did good service in directing Colonel Bouquet to organize an expedition for the relief of Fort Pitt.

The promptness and energy with which this duty was performed, under the most embarrassing conditions, make the expedition one of the most brilliant episodes in American warfare. The only troops available for the service were about five hundred regulars recently arrived from the siege of Havana, broken in health, and many of them better fitted for the hospital than the field.[1442] Orders for collecting supplies and means of transportation had been sent to Carlisle; but when the colonel arrived with the troops, nothing had been done towards their execution. Such, however, was his energy and sagacity that in eighteen days the horses, oxen, wagons, and provisions needed had been collected, and he was ready to march. As the long train moved out of Carlisle towards the west, where lay the bleaching bones of Braddock's army, the inhabitants looked on in anxious silence. The sight of sixty invalid soldiers conveyed in wagons did not add to the cheerfulness of the scene. Bouquet's most efficient soldiers were the 42d regiment of Highlanders, whom he used as flankers.[1443]

On the 25th of July he reached Fort Bedford, where he left his invalids to recuperate, and engaged thirty backwoodsmen as guides. All communication with Fort Pitt, one hundred and five miles distant, was cut off, and the woods were filled with prowling savages. On August 2d he reached Fort Ligonier, fifty miles from Bedford, where he left his draught-oxen and wagons, and went on with three hundred and fifty pack-horses. About a day's march further west lay the defiles of Turtle Creek, where he expected the Indians would lay an ambuscade. He therefore determined to proceed as far as a small stream called Bushy Run, rest till night, and pass Turtle Creek under cover of darkness. At one o'clock in the afternoon of August 5th, when the train was half a mile from Bushy Run, a report of rifles was heard at the front, indicating that the advanced guard was engaged. Two companies were ordered forward to support it. The woods were quickly cleared, when firing was heard in the rear, and the troops were ordered back to protect the baggage train. Forming a circle around the convoy, the troops kept up the fight gallantly until night. As they were exposed in the open field, while the Indians were under cover in the woods, their loss was heavy compared with that of the enemy. Several officers and about sixty soldiers were killed or wounded, and the situation had become desperate. They had no choice but to camp on the hill where the engagement had taken place, and without a drop of water. Sentinels and outposts were stationed to guard against a night attack, and the morrow was awaited with anxious solicitude. During the night Colonel Bouquet wrote to General Amherst: "Whatever our fate may be, I thought it necessary to give your excellency this information.... I fear insurmountable difficulties in protecting and transporting our provisions, being already so much weakened by the losses of this day in men and horses."

With the early morning light the woods rang with the exultant war-cries of the Indians. The battle was renewed, and the savages, seeing the distress of the troops, pressed closer and closer, expecting an easy victory. Colonel Bouquet, with a quick perception of the situation and full knowledge of the Indian character, saw that his only hope of escaping the fate of Braddock's army was to draw the enemy from their cover and bring them into close engagement with his regulars. This he did by a stratagem. He ordered his most advanced troops, when in action, to fall back suddenly, as if in retreat, behind a second line lying in ambush. The Indians he expected would follow, eager to seize the train.

The line in ambush would then open fire, and in the surprise and confusion of the savages the remaining troops would charge upon them. The stratagem was a complete success. As the advanced line retreated, the Indians rushed out of the woods, supposing they were victors. When the line in ambush had delivered its fire and stopped the progress of the Indians, the retreating line had changed direction and were ready to make a charge upon the flank. The ambuscading line then rose and fell upon the enemy in front, who fled, leaving sixty of their number on the field, and among them several prominent chiefs. The pursuit was continued, and the victory was complete.[1444] The next day the expedition, carrying their wounded on litters, moved on towards Fort Pitt, twenty-five miles distant, and arriving four days after the fight, to the great joy of the beleaguered garrison.

The battle of Bushy Run, both for its military conduct and its political results, deserves a place among the memorable battles in America. The Indians fought with a courage and desperation rarely seen in Indian warfare, and the English troops with a steadiness and valor which was due to their training as regulars and the direction of so able a commander. The tidings of this victory broke the spirit of the Indian conspiracy, and the reports were received with rejoicing in all the English colonies.[1445]

The ultimate purpose of Colonel Bouquet's expedition, after relieving Fort Pitt, was to invade the Ohio country, punish the Shawanese, Delawares, and other tribes, extort from them treaties of peace, and recover the English captives in their possession. On account of his losses of men, horses, and supplies at Bushy Run, he was unable to carry out this design until he was reinforced, and it was now too late in the season to expect that his wants could be supplied from the East. His Ohio expedition was therefore postponed until the next year.

* * * * *

On the 29th of July Detroit was reinforced by two hundred and eighty men under Captain Dalzell, who in June had left Fort Niagara in twenty-two barges, with several cannon and a supply of provisions and ammunition. The day after his arrival, Captain Dalzell proposed, with two hundred and fifty men, to make a night attack on Pontiac's camp and capture him. Major Gladwin discouraged the attempt, but finally, against his judgment, consented. Some Canadians obtained the secret and carried it to Pontiac, who waylaid the party in an ambuscade. Twenty of the English were killed and thirty-nine wounded. Among the killed was Captain Dalzell himself.[1446] Pontiac could make no use of this success, as the fort was strongly garrisoned and well supplied with provisions and ammunition. Elsewhere there was nothing to encourage him. The battle of Bushy Run and the arrival of Colonel Bouquet at Fort Pitt alarmed the Western tribes and ruptured the Pontiac confederation. In October some of the chiefs who beleaguered the fort at Detroit sued for peace, and in November the siege was raised. All hope of capturing Fort Pitt had vanished, and the warriors returned to their hunting-grounds. There was quietness on the frontiers during the winter of 1763-64.

In the spring of 1764 scattered war parties were again ravaging the borders. Colonel Bouquet was recruiting in Pennsylvania, and preparing an outfit for his march into the valley of the Ohio. In June, Colonel Bradstreet, with a force of twelve hundred men, was sent up the great lakes. On arriving at Fort Niagara he found assembled a large body of Indians whom Sir William Johnson had summoned into council, using threats when they did not readily respond to his summons. It was apparent that the haughty spirit of the tribes was broken. Treaties of peace were concluded, and a strip of land between the lakes Erie and Ontario, four miles wide on each side of the river Niagara, was ceded to the British government.[1447]

Bradstreet proceeded up Lake Erie, and near Presqu' Isle made, on his own authority, an absurd treaty of peace with some alleged deputies of the Ohio Indians who had made the Western settlements so much trouble; and he added to his folly by writing to his superior officer, Colonel Bouquet, that the Colonel need not march into the Ohio country, as the business of pacifying the Western Indians had been attended to. Bradstreet went on to Sandusky; and instead of punishing the Wyandots, Ottawas, and Miamis, as he was instructed to do, accepted their promise to follow him to Detroit and there make treaties. He arrived in Detroit on the 26th of August. Pontiac had departed, and sent messages of defiance from the banks of the Maumee.[1448]

Colonel Bouquet met with every obstacle in raising troops and collecting supplies for his Ohio expedition, from the stubborn Quakers in the Assembly of Pennsylvania. It was not until September 17th that his convoy arrived at Fort Pitt. Early in October he marched with fifteen hundred men and a long train of pack-horses into the valley of the Muskingum. Wherever he appeared with his strong force the Indian tribes were ready, after much talk, to make treaties of peace and deliver up their white captives, two hundred of whom, and some with reluctance, were taken back to the settlements.[1449] Colonel Bouquet marched to the forks of the Muskingum,[1450] meeting with no opposition, and, having accomplished his purposes, retraced his march, and arrived at Fort Pitt on the 28th of November. The success of the expedition and the return of the captives to their homes were the occasion of joy through the whole country. The assemblies of Pennsylvania and Virginia passed votes of thanks to Colonel Bouquet, and the king conferred on him the rank of brigadier-general. Early in the summer of 1765 he was put in command of the Southern district, and died of fever at Pensacola, September 2, ten days after his arrival.[1451] Had he lived he would have made a brilliant record in the war of the Revolution.[1452]

The Pontiac War, so far as battles and campaigns were concerned, was ended; but Pontiac was still at large and as untamed as ever. His last hope was the Illinois country, where the foot of an English soldier had never trod. Thither he went, and applying to M. Neyon, in command of Fort Chartres, for aid, was refused. He returned to his camp on the Maumee, and collecting four hundred of his own warriors, and as many of other tribes as would join him, reappeared at Fort Chartres. M. Neyon had left the country in disgust, with many French residents of the Illinois country, and M. Saint Ange de Bellerive was his successor in command of the fort. His visitors, with a mob of Illinois Indians, clamored for weapons and ammunition to fight the English. St. Ange's position was embarrassing, if not dangerous; but he acted with prudence and sagacity. He was under orders to deliver up the fort whenever a British force arrived. He refused to comply with the demands of the Indians, but pacified them with pleasant words and a few presents. The most agreeable sight to this worthy Frenchman, at that time, would have been the arrival of a regiment of British infantry.

Pontiac, again baffled, sent an embassy of warriors down the Mississippi, with an immense war-belt, and with instructions to show it at every Indian village on the river, and to procure from the French commandant at New Orleans the aid he could not get at Fort Chartres. The warriors reached New Orleans soon after the distressing news had come that Western Louisiana had been ceded to Spain by the secret treaty of November 3, 1762. The health of the governor, D'Abbadie, had given way under the intelligence that a Spanish governor and garrison might arrive any day. The governor gave the Indians one hearing, and postponed the interview until the next day. Before the hour named had arrived he was dead.[1453] M. Aubry, his successor, received the warriors, and said he could do nothing for them. Sullen and disappointed, they paddled their canoes northward, and the last hope of the conspiracy expired.[1454]

An attempt was made early in 1764 to take possession of the Illinois country by sending English troops up the Mississippi River. Major Arthur Loftus, with four hundred regulars, ascended two hundred and forty miles above New Orleans, where Indians in ambuscade fired on them, killed six men, and wounded six others.[1455] The expedition turned back, and returned to Pensacola. Captain Philip Pittman[1456] arrived at New Orleans a few months later with the same design, and ascertaining the temper of the Western Indians, did not make the attempt.[1457]

General Gage, who in November, 1763, succeeded General Amherst as commander-in-chief, saw that there would be no permanent peace with the Western Indians until Fort Chartres and the Illinois country were occupied by British troops, and he resolved to send a force by way of Fort Pitt and the Ohio River. Before executing the plan he thought it advisable to send a messenger in advance, who would visit the tribes, ascertain their dispositions, and allay their enmities if he could not secure their friendship. George Croghan was the person selected for this responsible and dangerous mission. He was deputy-superintendent of Indian affairs under Sir William Johnson. As a fur-trader he had been on friendly relations with the Western tribes, and spoke their language. Lieutenant Alexander Fraser, who spoke French, was to accompany him. They arrived at Fort Pitt in February, 1765, where Croghan was delayed for three months, holding councils with Indians.[1458]

Croghan left Fort Pitt on the 14th of May, in two bateaux, with a few soldiers and fourteen[1459] Indian deputies, Shawanese, Mingos, and Delawares, as evidence and pledge that there was peace between the English and the Western tribes.

On the 23d he arrived at the mouth of the Scioto, where the Shawanese delivered to him seven French traders. On the 6th of June he came to the mouth of the Wabash, where there were indications of the presence of hostile Indians. He dropped down the Ohio six miles further and encamped. On the morning of the 8th his party was fired into by eighty Kickapoos and Mascoutins, and two white men and three of the Shawanese deputies were killed. Croghan himself, and all the rest of the party except two white men and one Indian, were wounded. They were robbed of their outfit, and carried as prisoners to Vincennes.[1460] Here Croghan found Indian acquaintances and friends who treated him and his party with kindness, and rebuked their assailants.[1461] At Post Ouatanon[1462] Croghan found more of his Indian acquaintances; and his captivity being ended, he resumed his official character of ambassador, received deputations from the neighboring tribes, held councils, heard and made speeches, and smoked the pipe of peace. He here received a message from St. Ange, requesting him to visit Fort Chartres, and arrange matters there, which had become exceedingly annoying. He started for the Illinois country on the 18th of July, accompanied by the chiefs of the neighboring tribes. He soon met Pontiac and the deputies from the Illinois tribes on their way to visit him. Both parties returned to the fort and held a council. Pontiac and the Illinois tribes agreed to make peace with the English, as the other nations had done.[1463]

The object of his visit being accomplished, Croghan turned his face homeward, and reached Detroit on the 17th of August. Here he called the Ottawas and the other neighboring tribes into a council, which continued for several days. The Indians acknowledged that they now saw that the French were indeed conquered; that henceforth they would listen no more to the whistling of evil birds, but would lay down the hatchet, and sit quiet on their mats. Pontiac was present, and said: "Father, I declare to all nations that I had made my peace with you before I came here; and I now deliver my pipe to Sir William Johnson, that he may know that I have made peace, and taken the King of England to be my father in the presence of all the nations now assembled."[1464]

From Detroit, Croghan communicated to the commander at Fort Pitt tidings of the complete success of his Western mission; and a company of the 42d regiment of Highlanders, the veterans of Quebec, Ticonderoga, and Bushy Run, under the command of Captain Thomas Stirling, was dispatched in boats for Fort Chartres. Captain Stirling arrived early in October,[1465] and on the 10th relieved St. Ange from his embarrassing command.[1466] These were the first English troops who ever set foot in the Illinois country.[1467]

Croghan left Detroit on the 26th of November, visited Fort Niagara, and arrived at Fort Stanwix, October 21, where he prepared his report to Sir William Johnson, which Sir William transmitted to the Lords of Trade, November 16, 1765.[1468]

For the next decade, the discreet management of the native tribes by Sir William Johnson secured the Western settlements from Indian depredations. During this period there was a constant emigration from Maryland, Virginia, and Pennsylvania into the country between the mountains and the Ohio River, and explorations were begun in Kentucky. The treaty of Fort Stanwix, made with the Six Nations and their dependants in the autumn of 1768, transferred to the British crown the Indian title to what is now the State of Kentucky east of the Tennessee (then Cherokee) River, and a large part of Western Virginia. To the province of Pennsylvania it ceded an extensive tract on its western borders, and defined the boundaries between the English settlements and the Indian territory.[1469] In making this important treaty, Sir William was acting under instructions from the crown, and was furnished with a map[1470] indicating the boundaries desired, for which concessions the crown would give money and presents. He summoned the deputies of the Six Nations and their dependent tribes to meet him in council at Fort Stanwix (now Rome, N. Y.), on the 20th of September, 1768. By the 22d, 2,200 Indians had arrived,[1471] and when the council opened on the 24th, 3,102[1472] deputies were present. For seven weeks Sir William fed[1473] and hospitably entertained this immense concourse of savages, conducting their deliberations, making speeches in their own languages, humoring and repressing their wayward dispositions, and bringing them reluctantly to accept his terms.[1474]

Open hostilities between the Indians and settlers on the Western frontier, which had been suspended since 1765, broke out anew in the spring of 1774,[1475] and raged for a few months in what has been called "Cresap's War", but is now more properly known as the "Dunmore War." Lord Dunmore was then governor of Virginia, and commander of the English forces engaged in the brief campaign. As to the specific cause of the Dunmore War there has been much controversy. The killing of Logan's family, wrongly charged upon Captain Michael Cresap, was one of the causes assigned. Another was the conduct of Dr. John Connolly, the agent of Lord Dunmore in West Virginia, who was charged with being concerned in a plot to bring on a conflict between the settlers and the Indians, in order to serve British interests in the Revolutionary War which was then coming on.[1476] Lord Dunmore was suspected at the time of being in the plot,[1477] and the charge was probably as groundless as that made against Captain Cresap. The occasion of the outbreak lay upon the surface of events,—the growing disquietude and jealousy of the Indians in view of the advancing settlements of the whites, which had reached the eastern bank of the Ohio and was moving farther west. The Shawanese and Delawares had been robbing traders and scalping settlers, whenever an opportunity occurred, ever since they had made a treaty of peace with Colonel Bouquet in 1764. Sir William Johnson's letters to the home government during these nine years are full of narratives of these outrages, and forebodings that another Indian war might break out at any time. More white persons were killed by these Indians during this period of nominal peace than in the whole campaign of the Dunmore War.

A bitter controversy between Virginia and Pennsylvania for possession of the country between the mountains and the Ohio added to the complications arising from the Indian troubles.[1478] Virginia held Fort Pitt and was in possession of the country. In 1774 the tide of emigration was setting strongly towards Kentucky, which had been explored by Daniel Boone in 1769, and later by other parties.[1479] In April, a party of eighty or ninety Virginians made a rendezvous at the mouth of the Little Kanawha, with the intention of descending the Ohio and making a settlement in Kentucky. George Rogers Clark, whose name is to appear later in more important transactions, then twenty-one years of age, was one of the party. In a letter,[1480] written some years later, to Dr. Samuel Brown, professor in Transylvania University, he gives a clear account of the manner in which the Dunmore War began. While camping at the rendezvous, "reports", says Clark, "from the Indian towns were alarming, which caused many to decline meeting. A small party of hunters below us had been fired on by the Indians, which led us to believe that the Indians were determined to make war." They resolved to surprise an Indian town on the Scioto, but had no competent leader. "We knew of Captain Cresap being on the river, about fifteen miles above us, with some hands, settling a plantation, and intending to follow us to Kentucky as soon as he had fixed his people. We also knew he had experience in a former war.[1481] It was proposed, and unanimously agreed on, to send for him to command the party." The messenger met Cresap on his way to Clark's camp. "A council was called, and to our astonishment our intended general was the person who dissuaded us from the enterprise, alleging that appearances were suspicious, but there was no certainty of a war; that if we made the attempt proposed, he had no doubt of success, but that a war would be the result, and that we should be blamed for it, and perhaps justly. He was asked what measure he would recommend to us. His answer was that we should return to Wheeling to obtain intelligence of what was going forward; that a few weeks would determine the matter; and if we should find the Indians not hostilely disposed, we should have full time to prosecute the intended settlements in Kentucky. This measure was adopted, and in two hours we were under weigh."

On arriving at Wheeling, the people, being in a state of alarm, flocked into their camp from every direction. All the hunters and men without families joined them, and they became a formidable party. From Pittsburg they received a message from Dr. Connolly requesting them to keep their position until the messengers returned who had been sent to the Indian towns. Before an answer could be received, a second message, addressed to Captain Cresap, arrived by express from Pittsburg, stating that war was inevitable. Cresap was entreated to use his influence with the party to cover the country until the inhabitants could fortify themselves. "The time of the reception of this letter", says Clark, "was the epoch of open hostilities with the Indians. The war-post was planted, a council called, the letter read, the ceremonies used by the Indians on so important an occasion acted, and war was formally declared. The same evening two scalps were brought into camp. The following day some canoes of Indians were discovered descending the river, taking advantage of an island to cover themselves from our view. They were chased by our men fifteen miles down the river. They were forced ashore, and a battle ensued. A few were wounded on both sides, and we got one scalp only."

The more important charge brought against Cresap, of killing Logan's family, George Rogers Clark disposed of in the same letter, as follows:—

"On our return to camp [from Grave Creek] a resolution was formed to march next day and attack Logan's camp on the Ohio [at Baker's Bottom, opposite the mouth of Yellow Creek], about thirty miles above Wheeling. We actually marched about five miles, and halted to take refreshment. Here the impropriety of executing the proposed enterprise was argued; the conversation was brought on by Cresap himself. It was generally agreed that those Indians had no hostile intentions, as it was a hunting party, composed of men, women, and children, with all their stuff with them.... In short, every person present, particularly Cresap, upon reflection, was opposed to the projected measure. We returned, and on the same evening decamped and took the road to Redstone. It was two days after this that Logan's family was killed; and from the manner in which it was done, it was viewed as a horrid murder by the whole country."

The killing of Logan's family was done by a party of whites living in the vicinity, under the lead of one Greathouse, who was not a member of the party of Cresap, nor, so far as appears, had he any acquaintance with Cresap.[1482] The "Speech of Logan", which Jefferson printed in his Notes on Virginia (1787, p. 105), and accompanied with the comment that Cresap was "a man infamous for his many murders he had committed on these injured people",[1483] has perpetuated an unmerited stigma upon the memory of an innocent and patriotic man. The speech for a century has been regarded as a choice specimen of Indian eloquence, and the youth of the land have worn it threadbare as a declamation exercise.[1484]

The savagery and miseries of a border war now burst upon the Western frontier. The settlers left their homes and took refuge in the forts, and many new stockades were constructed. Roving bands of Indians swept over the country, pillaging the farms and murdering every white person they found. The Virginia government took prompt action in raising two armies to invade the Indian country. One assembled at Lewisburg, in Greenbriar County, under General Andrew Lewis; and the other at Fort Pitt, under Lord Dunmore. General Lewis had orders to march to the mouth of the Great Kanawha; and Lord Dunmore, descending the Ohio, promised to meet him there. Early in June, while these forces were collecting, Colonel Angus McDonald, with four hundred men, dropped down the Ohio from Wheeling, and landing at Grave Creek, marched against the Indians on the Muskingum, and found their village deserted. The Indians, expecting the whites would cross the river in pursuit, were prepared to receive them in an ambuscade; but finding that the whites were now as well skilled in woodcraft as they, came in and proposed terms of peace. Five chiefs were required of them as hostages. One of these was liberated under the promise that he would bring in the chiefs of other tribes to make peace. A second was sent out to find the first, and neither returning, Colonel McDonald burnt their town, destroyed the crops, and went back to Wheeling with the three hostage chiefs, whom he sent to Williamsburg as prisoners.[1485]

General Lewis took up his march with eleven hundred men on the 11th of September, and arriving at Point Pleasant, near the mouth of the Great Kanawha, on the 6th of October, found that Lord Dunmore was not there. On the 9th a despatch was received from his lordship, stating that he had changed his plans, and should land at the mouth of the Big Hockhocking. Lewis was ordered to cross the Ohio and meet him near the Indian towns. The Indians had this information, doubtless, before it was received by General Lewis, and resolved to attack his camp forthwith before a junction of the two armies was made. The battle came on the next morning while General Lewis was preparing to cross the river, and was fought with the highest courage and skill on both sides until evening, when the Indians were surprised by a flank movement which they supposed was a reinforcement. They gave way and retreated across the river. The Indians were commanded by the noted chief Cornstalk.[1486] The battle of Point Pleasant ranks with Bushy Run as one of the most plucky and evenly contested battles ever fought between Indians and white soldiers. The losses of the Virginians were seventy-five killed and one hundred and forty wounded. The losses of the Indians, who fought under cover, were probably about the same, but were not ascertained, as they threw their dead into the river.[1487]

Reinforced by several companies under Colonel Christian, General Lewis crossed the river, with the intention of joining Lord Dunmore near Chillicothe. At Salt Licks (now Jackson, Ohio) he had orders to halt his troops. Suspecting the motives of Lord Dunmore, he disregarded the orders and pressed on. Near Chillicothe Dunmore made a treaty with the Ohio Indians, who promised not to hunt south of the Ohio, and not to molest voyagers on the river. Lord Dunmore's conduct in changing the plan of the campaign, which left General Lewis exposed to a separate attack, and his subsequent conduct in making peace with the Indians before he had punished them for their breach of former treaties, were regarded by the soldiers engaged as premeditated treachery. This impression was confirmed by the plot he later made with Indians to ravage the settlements of Virginia, and by his hasty departure from the colony. His real motives will never be known. The initial scenes in the drama of the Revolutionary War were in progress. His position as a Tory governor was embarrassing, and naturally inspired suspicion in the minds of the colonists.[1488]

While the Dunmore War was in progress, the "Quebec Bill" was discussed and enacted by the British Parliament. The bill so enlarged the boundaries of the province of Quebec that it made the Ohio and Mississippi rivers its southern and western limits, and the whole Northwest territory a part of Canada. The bill in its passage did not escape the protest of Lord Chatham, Edmund Burke, Charles James Fox, Colonel Barré, and the corporation of the city of London.[1489] The colonies, at the time of the enactment of the Quebec Bill, made complaint concerning it "for establishing the Roman Catholic religion in the province of Quebec, abolishing the equitable system of English laws, and erecting a tyranny there, to the great danger (from so total a dissimilarity of religion, law, and government) of the neighboring colonies."[1490] Its real purpose and effect, however, of robbing the American colonies of 240,000 square miles of territory which had already been ceded to them in their charters, and establishing the Mississippi and the Ohio rivers as Canadian boundaries, in case of war and a separation of the Eastern colonies from the mother country, were not mentioned, and seem not to have been considered. The colonies then had little interest in, and scarcely a thought of, the country beyond the Alleghanies. During the war, however, they learned something of the value of the West; and in the negotiations for peace, in 1782-3, the Quebec Bill was often recurred to as one of the principal causes of the Revolution.[1491]

* * * * *

For several years after the close of the Dunmore War the Western Indians were again quiet. They heard with satisfaction of the opening battles of the Revolution, and were not in haste to take the war-path for either side. Except at the British post of Detroit, the sentiments of the settlers west of the mountains were intensely anti-English. The Eastern colonies were too much occupied in their own defence to give any attention to what was happening at the West. The hardy pioneers, left to themselves, conducted their own campaigns. They were not enrolled in the Continental army, and they knew little of, and cared less for, the Continental Congress and the great commander-in-chief of the army. They recognized only the authority of Virginia; and, as voluntary and patriotic rangers, they achieved some of the most important and brilliant victories of the war, concerning which the official proceedings of Congress, and the voluminous correspondence of Washington and of other prominent actors in the war, make scarcely a mention.

The northeastern portion of Kentucky was explored by Dr. Walker in 1747, the central portion by Daniel Boone and others in 1769, and the northwestern portion in 1773. The first log cabin in Kentucky was built by James Harrod at Harrodsburg, Mercer County, in 1774, and the first fort by Boone, at Boonesborough, Madison County, in June, 1775.[1492] About this time George Rogers Clark made an exploring tour in Kentucky, and in the autumn returned to his home in Albemarle County, Virginia.[1493] In the following spring he went back to Kentucky; and, in view of the depredations which the Ohio Indians were committing on the settlements, called a meeting of the pioneers at Harrodsburg to devise a plan of defence. His plan was to appoint delegates who should proceed to Williamsburg and petition the Assembly that Kentucky be made a county of Virginia. The meeting, however, acting before his arrival and against his judgment, elected him and Gabriel Jones to be members of the Virginia Assembly. Their journey through the trackless wilderness and across the mountains was attended with great suffering, and they arrived after the legislature had adjourned. Patrick Henry was the governor. Before him and the Council, Clark laid the claim of Kentuckians to be regarded as citizens of Virginia, and asked for five hundred pounds of powder as a gift for their protection. He was heard with attention and respect, but was told that the Council had no authority to furnish the gunpowder as a gift. It could be loaned to the Kentuckians as friends, but not as citizens. Clark refused to accept it on such conditions, and left, saying, "A country which is not worth defending is not worth claiming." He was called back, and an order on the commandant at Fort Pitt was given to him for the powder. At the autumn session of the legislature Kentucky was made a county of Virginia.[1494]

On returning to Kentucky Clark found the country more disturbed than ever. The Ohio Indians were invading it with larger parties; they lay in ambush about every fort,[1495] and murdered the luckless soldier of the garrison who ventured outside the stockade. Clark seriously pondered over this alarming state of affairs, and came to the conclusion that the strategic points for defending Kentucky were on the north side of the Ohio River. He had probably never heard of Scipio Africanus and of his policy of fighting the enemy in the enemy's country. Without disclosing his thoughts to any one, he sent, during the summer of 1777, two young hunters as spies to Kaskaskia and Vincennes, and, having received favorable reports, started in October[1496] for Williamsburg. There, on December 10th, he laid before Governor Henry his plan for the conquest of the Northwest territory from the British, whom he regarded as the instigators of the Indian raids upon Kentucky. He also consulted confidentially with George Mason, George Wythe, and Thomas Jefferson. They, with the governor, were enthusiastic for the execution of his scheme and took immediate steps to furnish him with ammunition and supplies.

The recent surrender of Burgoyne at Saratoga had inspired a new energy in the conduct of the war. The necessary legislation was obtained under the pretext that the supplies were for the defence of Kentucky. Twelve hundred pounds, in the depreciated currency of Virginia, was voted him for expenses in the enemy's country. In January, 1778, Clark received from Governor Henry the rank of colonel, and two sets of instructions: one, which was public, for the defence of Kentucky; and the other, which was secret, for an "attack on the British post at Kaskaskia." He was empowered to raise seven companies, of fifty men each, in any county of the commonwealth, to act as militia under his orders.[1497] He began recruiting, under his public orders, at Fort Pitt, but with little success, owing to quarrels between Virginia and Pennsylvania, and the opposition to the policy of sending soldiers, who were needed there, to defend Kentucky.[1498] After much tribulation he raised three companies, and took them down the river to Corn Island, at the Falls of the Ohio, opposite Louisville. Several companies that had been recruited elsewhere were promised him, but they did not arrive. Some of his men deserted, but enough Kentuckians joined him to make up four companies, or nearly two hundred men.[1499] Here he divulged the secret of their destination, and read to the men his confidential instructions. They willingly accepted the situation, and the next day the expedition started. As their boats shot the falls, the sun was in total eclipse, which fixes the date as June 24, 1778. He had just received from Fort Pitt the news of the treaty of alliance between France and the United States, which he could use to advantage with the French settlers at Kaskaskia. With two relays at the oars, he ran the boats day and night, and on the 28th landed on an island at the mouth of the Cherokee (Tennessee) River. Here a party of white hunters, who had been at Kaskaskia eight days before, was brought in, and they volunteered to accompany him. Nine miles below the island, and one mile above old Fort Massac, they ran into a small creek, concealed their boats, and without a cannon,[1500] a horse, or any means of transporting baggage or supplies, took up their march of more than a hundred miles across the prairies.[1501]

On the afternoon of July 4th they arrived within three miles of Kaskaskia, the river of that name lying between them and the town. There they remained concealed until dark, when they marched to a farm-house on the east bank of the river, about a mile north of the town, captured boats, crossed the river, and found that the people of the town, who a few days before had been under arms expecting an attack, were not aware of their approach. "I immediately", writes Clark, "divided my little army into two divisions: ordered one to surround the town; with the other I broke into the fort,[1502] secured the governor, Mr. Rocheblave, [and] in fifteen minutes had every street secured; sent runners through the town, ordering the people on pain of death to keep close to their houses, which they observed; and before daylight had the whole town disarmed."[1503]

Clark had been informed by the hunters who accompanied him that the French residents of Kaskaskia regarded the Kentuckians, whom they called Big-Knives, as more savage than Indians; and resolving to make use of this impression, he gave them a shock which would enable them later to appreciate his lenity. The troops, therefore, kept up during the night the most hideous noises; and the residents, believing they had indeed fallen into the hands of savages, gave themselves up as lost. In the morning Clark had for them another surprise. M. Gibault, the priest, with some aged citizens, came to him and begged that the people might once more assemble in their church, hold a service, and take leave of each other, which request was readily granted. When the service was over a deputation came and said the people would submit to the fate of war and the loss of their property, but asked that they might not be separated from their wives and children. "Do you mistake us for savages?" said Clark. "My countrymen disdain to make war upon women and children. It was to prevent the horrors of Indian butchery upon our wives and children that we have taken up arms and appear in this stronghold of British and Indian barbarity. Now please inform your fellow-citizens that they are at liberty to conduct themselves as usual without the least apprehension." They were told of the treaty of alliance with France, and that if he could have surety of their attachment to the American cause they could enjoy all the privileges of its government, and their property would be secure to them. The people were transported with joy, and took the oath of allegiance to the State of Virginia. They also raised a company of volunteers, who accompanied Major Bowman to Cahokia, a French settlement sixty miles north of Kaskaskia. That town readily gave its adhesion to the American cause. Clark also put himself in friendly relations with the Spanish commandant at St. Louis.[1504]

Clark next turned his attention to the British post of Vincennes. M. Gibault, the friendly priest, in view of what had taken place at Kaskaskia and Cahokia, thought that it was unnecessary to send troops to Vincennes. The post was in his spiritual jurisdiction, and he offered to undertake the mission himself, with several persons accompanying him. The result was the same as at Cahokia. The few British soldiers at the post could make no resistance to the popular sentiment, and withdrew to Detroit. Clark, having no troops to spare, allowed the residents, after taking the oath, to garrison and to be responsible for the safety of the fort, which he put in charge of one of his own officers, Captain Leonard Helm, who retained one of his own privates. M. Gibault returned to Kaskaskia about the 1st of August; and Clark, in less than one month after his arrival, was in possession of every British post in the Illinois country, without a battle or the loss of a life.[1505]

A problem now demanded solution which was of so difficult a nature that it would challenge the sagacity and resources of a veteran commander, and Clark was not a veteran. He was twenty-five years of age, and his only military experience had been as a ranger in Kentucky, and as a captain in the short and bloodless campaign of Lord Dunmore. How was he to hold this immense territory with less than two hundred three-months militiamen, whose term of enlistment had already expired, and with no hope of receiving recruits from Kentucky or Virginia? The British commander could send down a force which would outnumber his ten to one. The savage tribes which had ravaged Kentucky could by concerted action overwhelm his scanty force. The Virginia currency which he brought to pay for supplies he found would buy nothing in the Illinois country. It was fortunate for the nation and the Western States that George Rogers Clark was equal to the emergency, and that he had the self-reliance and sagacity to solve the problem successfully.

By his personal entreaties and promises to pay his men, about one hundred of them reënlisted. The others he sent home, with despatches, and with M. Rocheblave, the late commander at Kaskaskia, as a prisoner, to Governor Henry at Williamsburg.[1506] His four companies he soon filled up with resident French recruits, and pretended that he could get all the American soldiers he wanted at the Falls of the Ohio.

He next undertook the pacification and control of the Indian tribes. His sudden appearance in the Illinois country and rapid capture of the Western posts was the occasion of astonishment to the Western tribes; and their chiefs from a range of five hundred miles flocked to Cahokia to see the strange warrior of the "Big Knives." Clark met them there in council with a stern and haughty dignity. Soft speeches to Indians before they were under control he regarded as bad policy. He showed no fear in their presence, and no anxiety for their friendship. He laid before them a war-belt and a peace-belt, and told them to take their choice. If they did not want to have their own women and children killed, they must stop killing the women and children of the Americans. One chief after another rose and made submissive speeches. He refused to smoke the peace-pipe with any until he had heard from every tribe represented, and treaties were concluded. All the tribes gave in their allegiance to the American cause, and he had no further trouble with the Illinois Indians. The councils at Cahokia lasted five weeks, and their influence extended to all the nations around the great lakes. Captain Helm, under Clark's instructions, made similar treaties with the Wabash Indians.

The training and discipline of his little army now received his attention, and in order to conceal his weakness in numbers he allowed no parade except of the guards. About Christmas, 1778, he heard from his spies that Governor Hamilton was preparing to send an army into the Illinois country; and later, that Hamilton with eight hundred men had descended the Wabash and recaptured Vincennes.[1507] Early in January Hamilton sent a scouting party to Kaskaskia to waylay and capture Clark, and it came near succeeding while Clark was returning from a visit to Cahokia. This party was supposed to be an advanced guard of Hamilton's army, and every preparation was made to defend the town. On the 29th of January, 1779, Colonel François Vigo,[1508] a Spanish merchant of St. Louis, arrived from Vincennes, and reported that Hamilton had sent away his Indians and most of his troops, leaving only eighty in the garrison; and that he was intending to collect them in the spring, and with five hundred Southern Indians make a campaign against Kaskaskia.

Clark now conceived the project of capturing Vincennes with his small force before Hamilton could reassemble his troops, and its execution forms one of the most daring and brilliant expeditions in American warfare. On the 4th of February he sent off a large boat called "The Willing", mounting two four-pounders and six swivels, under command of Lieutenant John Rogers, who had forty-six men and orders to sail for the Wabash, and, ten leagues below Vincennes, await further orders. On the next day Clark crossed the Kaskaskia River with one hundred and seventy men, marched three miles, and encamped. On the 7th he began his painful march across the Illinois prairies, a distance as a bird flies of one hundred and forty miles, but as he marched, of more than two hundred. The winter was breaking up, the rivers were swollen, the prairies were covered with water and ice, and the mud was such as can only be found in that rich alluvial country. On the 13th they reached the banks of the Little Wabash. Before them lay a stretch of water three miles wide and from three to four feet deep. They made a canoe, and on the 15th ferried the ammunition across and took the men over the channel, marching them the remaining distance through the water. On the 16th their provisions ran short. Major Bowman's journal says: "17th, marched early; crossed several runs very deep; came to the Embarrass River; tried to cross; found it impossible; travelled till 8 o'clock in mud and water, but could find no place to encamp on. 18th, came in sight of the swollen banks of the Wabash; made rafts for four men to cross and go up to the town and steal boats; but they spend day and night in the water to no purpose, for there is not one foot of dry land to be found. 19th, Colonel Clark sent two men in the canoe down the river to meet the bateau 'The Willing,' with orders to come on day and night, that being our last hope, and we starving; no provisions of any sort now two days." On the 20th they found some canoes and killed a deer. On the 21st the little army plunged into the water and waded for more than a league,—Clark says "breast high", Bowman says "sometimes to the neck", the boats picking up such as were likely to drown. On the 22d, says Bowman, "Clark encourages his men, which gave them great spirits; marched on in the waters; those that were weak and famished went in the canoes; no provisions yet; Lord help us." On the 23d they crossed the Wabash, wading four miles through water breast-high. "We plunged into it with courage, Colonel Clark being first, taking care to have the boats take those that were weak and numbed with the cold." Having crossed, they captured an Indian canoe with some buffalo meat, tallow and corn, which were made into a broth and fed to the famishing men, who soon recovered their strength.[1509] No tidings had come from "The Willing", for she had not yet arrived.[1510]

The town was but a few miles distant, and was unaware of his approach. Clark resolved not to delay the attack until the boat had arrived with his artillery and ammunition, but to capture the fort immediately with the men and means he had. Before moving on the town he wrote a proclamation, addressed to the inhabitants, worded in his peculiar style, and advising all "friends of the king to instantly repair to the fort, join their hair-buying[1511] general, and fight like men. True friends of liberty may depend on being well treated; but they must keep out of the streets, for every one I find in arms on my arrival I shall treat as an enemy." The same evening he marched, took possession of the town, and threw up earthworks in front of the fort. The firing began immediately, and was kept up all night. His men lay in rifle-pits within thirty yards of the walls, the cannon of the fort being so mounted that they could not be trained upon them. Whenever port-holes of the fort were opened to fire, the besiegers poured in a volley of musket-balls, and severely wounded seven of the garrison. Two pieces of cannon were silenced in fifteen minutes. In the morning, Clark summoned Hamilton to surrender, stating that if he were obliged to storm the fort, Hamilton would receive the treatment due to a murderer. "Beware", he added, "of destroying stores of any kind, or any papers or letters that are in your possession; for, by heavens, if you do, there will be no mercy shown you."[1512] While these negotiations were pending, Clark's men took the first full meal they had had for eight days. The summons to surrender was refused, and the firing went on.

Later in the day, Governor Hamilton asked for a truce of three days, and for a conference as to terms. Clark replied that he would consider no other terms than surrender at discretion; but that he, with Captain Helm, would meet "Mr. Hamilton at the church." At this time a party of Indians came in whom Hamilton had sent to the Ohio for scalps. Clark's men tomahawked them in front of the fort, and threw their bodies into the river.[1513] Clark's terms of capitulation were accepted; and at ten o'clock the next day (the 25th) the fort and its stores were delivered up, and the garrison of seventy-nine officers and men surrendered as prisoners of war.[1514] The only casualty to Clark's soldiers was one man slightly wounded.

Hearing that a convoy with provisions, clothing, and ammunition was on its way to Vincennes from Detroit, Clark sent fifty-three men in boats up the Wabash to intercept it.[1515] They met the convoy one hundred and twenty miles up the river, and captured it, with forty prisoners and despatches for Hamilton.[1516] The value of the goods captured was £10,000, and Clark's men, who had been suffering for clothing and supplies, were bountifully provided for. Clothing to the value of £800 was laid aside for the troops which Clark expected would soon join him in an expedition, which he was planning, for the capture of Detroit.[1517] This project had been on his mind ever since he came into the Illinois country, and all his energies were now directed to its execution. Not being able with his few troops to guard so many prisoners, he sent Governor Hamilton, his principal officers, and a few other persons who had made themselves especially obnoxious by being out with Indian parties, as prisoners of war to Virginia, and paroled the remainder.[1518]

Having met and established friendly relations with the chiefs of the neighboring tribes, he placed Captain Helm in charge of the civil affairs of Vincennes, Lieutenant Brashear in command of the fort with a garrison of forty men, and embarked, on March 20, 1779, for Kaskaskia, on board "The Willing" and seven other boats. They made the trip of three hundred and fifty miles without casualty, and on arriving at Kaskaskia, after an absence of seven weeks, were welcomed by Captain Robert George, who, with his company of forty-one men, had come up from New Orleans, and was in command of the post.

The military conquest of the Illinois country now being complete, a civil government was forthwith established. The Assembly of Virginia was prompt to act as soon as the capture of Kaskaskia was known. In October, 1778, the territory northwest of the Ohio was constituted a county of Virginia, and was named the county of Illinois.[1519] On December 12th, Colonel John Todd was appointed county lieutenant. The governor in his letter of instructions directed Colonel Todd to coöperate with Colonel Clark in his military operations, to have care for the happiness, increase, and prosperity of the county, and to see that justice was duly administered. Colonel Todd's appointment was especially pleasing to Colonel Clark, who said, in writing to George Mason: "The civil department in the Illinois had heretofore robbed me of too much of my time that ought to be spent in military reflection. I was now likely to be relieved by Colonel John Todd. I was anxious for his arrival and happy in his appointment, as the greatest intimacy and friendship had subsisted between us. I now saw myself rid of a piece of trouble that I had no delight in."[1520] Colonel Todd arrived in Kaskaskia in May, 1779. Courts of justice and militia companies were immediately organized in Kaskaskia, Cahokia, and Vincennes,[1521] and, from the lack of American citizens who were qualified, nearly all the official positions were filled by French residents.[1522] A complete civil government was organized and regularly administered in the Northwest territory until the treaty of peace with Great Britain in 1783. This local government became an important factor in the negotiations for that treaty, with reference to the question of boundaries.

Colonel Clark had promises of troops from Virginia and Kentucky for his Detroit expedition, and he was to meet them at Vincennes. Arriving there in July, 1779, he found only thirty from Kentucky of the three hundred promised him. There were no tidings of recruits from Virginia; and Major Bowman, his trusty companion in former campaigns, was fighting the Shawanese on the Ohio at a disadvantage.[1523] Clark, being very impatient, sent out officers to recruit in the settlements, and for this purpose went himself to the Falls of the Ohio. Here he received a letter from Jefferson, now the governor of Virginia, giving him new assurances of Virginia troops for the Detroit expedition, and stating that it was his intention to build a fort on the Mississippi, below the mouth of the Ohio, in order to strengthen the claim of the United States to the Mississippi as its western boundary. The duty of building this fort was later committed to and performed by Colonel Clark. The fort was completed in June, 1780, and was called Fort Jefferson.[1524]

At this time twelve hundred Indians and Canadians from Detroit, with artillery, under Captain Byrd, were coming silently down the Big Miami river to invade Kentucky and help carry out a scheme of conquest soon to be explained. They went up the Licking river, captured two stockades, which were defenceless against cannon, committed the customary British and Indian barbarities, and, although meeting with no opposition, retreated as rapidly as they came. In explanation of the sudden retreat it has been said that the British commander was shocked at the brutal conduct of his Indians, and would proceed no further.[1525] In view of the habitual practice of the British commanders at Detroit of paying the Indians for American scalps,[1526]—a practice Clark alludes to in the term "hair-buying general", which he applied to Governor Hamilton,—this explanation is charitable, but it seems hardly probable. It is more likely that Captain Byrd and his Indians heard the report that Colonel Clark had suddenly returned from his defence of St. Louis and the Illinois country against Sinclair's Indians, and was likely to make it a busy summer for the invaders in Kentucky. Clark with two companions proceeded to Harrodsburg to enlist troops. He there closed the land office, and soon had a thousand men with artillery at the mouth of the Licking, ready for an expedition across the Ohio. He moved rapidly upon Chilicothe and other Indian towns, which he destroyed, with their crops, and also a British trading-post where the Indians had been supplied with arms and ammunition.

Clark's favorite scheme of organizing an expedition for the capture of Detroit was delayed, and his spirit chafed under the disappointment. Jefferson was deeply interested in the project, and, Sept. 26, 1780, wrote an earnest letter to General Washington, urging him to furnish the means. "We have long meditated the attempt, under the direction of Colonel Clark, but the expense has obliged us to decline it. We could furnish the men, provisions, and every[thing] necessary, except powder, had we the money. When I speak of furnishing the men, I mean they should be militia, for such is the popularity of Colonel Clark, and the confidence of the Western people in him, that he could raise the requisite number at any time."[1527] On Dec. 15th he writes again, in more urgent terms, and says: "The regular force Colonel Clark already has, with a proper draft from the militia beyond the Alleghany, and that of three or four of our northern counties, will be adequate for the reduction of Fort Detroit, in the opinion of Colonel Clark.... I am the more urgent for an immediate order, because Colonel Clark awaits here your Excellency's answer by the express."[1528] Washington was also impressed with the military importance of Clark's expedition, and, Dec. 29th, instructed Colonel Brodhead, in command at Fort Pitt, to furnish Clark with the artillery and stores he required, and such a detachment of Brodhead's and Gibson's regiments as could be spared.[1529]

Colonel Brodhead did not acknowledge General Washington's instructions, which were placed in Colonel Clark's hands to deliver, until the 25th of February, and they did not reach him until the 21st.[1530] During this interval of nearly two months, Benedict Arnold, with fifteen hundred British troops, sailed up the James River, and was ravaging Virginia, which, from the absence of its Continental soldiers, was almost defenceless.[1531] In this emergency, Colonel Clark tendered his services to Baron Steuben in her defence, and with a small body of militia received the enemy in Indian and Western fashion. Jefferson, writing, Jan. 18, 1781, to the Virginia delegates in Congress, says: "Baron Steuben had not reached Hood's by eight or ten miles, when they [the enemy] arrived there. They landed their whole army in the night, Arnold attending in person. Captain Clark (of Kaskaskias) had been sent forward with two hundred and forty men by Baron Steuben; and, having properly disposed of them in ambuscade, gave them a deliberate fire, which killed seventeen on the spot and wounded thirteen."[1532]

Colonel Clark's outfit at Fort Pitt went on very slowly and with many embarrassments. Writing, with the rank of brigadier-general, to Washington, on the 26th of May, 1781, he says: "The invasion of Virginia put it out of the power of the governor to furnish me with the number of men proposed for the enterprise to the West."[1533] Colonel Brodhead did not feel that he could spare the troops at the fort which were promised. Clark's only hope was now in getting Continental troops. "But I have not yet lost sight of Detroit", he says, and wishes to set out on the expedition early in June. He was doomed to disappointment. The summer and autumn wore away, and the obstacles in his path increased. The troops he expected were employed elsewhere; the Western Indians again became hostile, and there was a general apprehension among the settlements of incursions upon them from Detroit by the British and their Indian allies. The opportunity of capturing Detroit had passed. General Irvine, in command at Fort Pitt, writing to Washington, Dec. 2, 1781, says: "I presume your Excellency has been informed by the governor of Virginia, or General Clark, of the failure of his expedition." He reports General Clark at the Rapids of the Ohio with only seven hundred and fifty men, and "the buffalo meat all rotten." "The general is apprehensive of a visit from Detroit, and is not without fears the settlement will be obliged to break up unless reinforcements soon arrive from Virginia."[1534]

At this point, George Rogers Clark, at the age of twenty-nine years, ceased to be a factor in Western history. His favorite scheme had failed under circumstances which he could not control. No command was offered him in the Continental army. With a feeling that he was neglected, that his eminent services were not appreciated, and with a sense of wrong that his private property had been sacrificed to pay public debts,[1535] his mind became depressed, and he fell into social habits which tended to increase his despondency. In November, 1782, he conducted a force of ten hundred and fifty men against the Indians on the Miami, took ten scalps and seven prisoners, burned their towns, destroyed their crops and the outfit of a British trading-post;[1536] but he displayed none of the brilliancy shown in his earlier campaigns. He was discharged from the service of Virginia July 2, 1783, with a letter of thanks for his services from the governor. The financial distress of the State was assigned as the motive for his discharge.[1537]

In March, 1782, the frontier settlers, without provocation and in cold blood, butchered nearly a hundred "Christian Indians" in the Moravian mission settlements on the Muskingum. These Indians, under the instruction of their teachers, had adopted the habits and pursuits of civilized life, and were non-resistant in their principles. Their villages, Schönbrun, Gnadenhütten, and Salem, were regularly laid out, with houses and chapels built of squared logs and having shingled roofs. They had farms yielding abundant crops, and schools where the children were educated. Visitors from Western tribes far and near came to look upon the strange sight, and verify the reports which had reached them of the happiness and prosperity of the "Christian Indians." The number of converts had increased so rapidly that good Father David Zeisberger and his assistant, John Heckewelder, the missionaries, believed that the whole Delaware tribe would soon come under their influence.[1538]

With the outbreak of the American Revolution the troubles of these gentle missionaries and their converts began. They were between two raging fires. Their peace principles forbade their engaging in the conflict or favoring either side, although their sympathies, which they could not express, were with the Americans. As a natural consequence of their neutrality, they fell under the suspicion and hatred of both parties. The British at Detroit were eager to secure all the Ohio tribes in their interest, and the missionaries made the Delawares pledge themselves to remain neutral. It was also suspected, and it was doubtless true, that the Moravians gave information to the Americans as to the movements of hostile tribes. The British, therefore, were of the opinion that the Moravian settlements were in secret alliance with the enemy, and they resolved to break up the settlements and remove the inhabitants to Sandusky.[1539] On the other hand, the settlers on the frontiers of Pennsylvania and Virginia hated the "Christian Indians", first, and chiefly, because they were Indians; and secondly, because they allowed the Wyandots to come among them, and had fed and hospitably treated other hostile tribes which had made raids on the white settlements. In the autumn of 1781 Colonel David Williamson raised a company of volunteers in western Pennsylvania to visit the Moravian towns and remove the inhabitants to Fort Pitt; but in the execution of the scheme he was anticipated by the British and their Indian allies, the Shawanese,[1540] Wyandots, and Hurons, who were there before him. On August 10, 1781, one Matthew Elliott, in the service of the governor of Detroit, and Half-King, a chief of the Hurons, appeared at Gnadenhütten with three hundred whites and Indians flying the British flag. Without offering personal violence, they urged the missionaries and converts to abandon the Muskingum country, and place themselves under the protection of the British at Sandusky, on the ground that they were in constant peril from the white settlers on the border. Having declined the offer of British protection, their fears were appealed to, their cattle were shot, and their houses ravaged by the Indians. Worn out by fear and persecution, on September 11th they turned their unwilling steps from the valley of the Muskingum towards Sandusky, under the charge of their uninvited escorts.[1541] Having reached their destination, the missionaries were sent to Detroit to answer before the governor to charges made against them, and were acquitted.[1542]

During the winter the captives at Sandusky suffered from want of proper shelter and food, and a party of a hundred went back to the deserted villages to gather corn which had been left standing in the fields. A report of their return reached the white settlements, and Colonel Williamson, without any civil or military authority, again picked up a company of volunteers and started for the Muskingum country. On his former expedition he brought back several Indians whom the British party had overlooked, and after the form of a trial at Fort Pitt they were released. The colonel was blamed by the people that he had not shot the Indians at sight. Arriving at the deserted towns, he found the "Christian Indians" harvesting their corn and suspecting no danger. He told them that he had come to remove them to Fort Pitt, and ordered them to a building, where they were confined. A vote was then taken by his men, whether the prisoners should be taken to Fort Pitt or put to death. Only eighteen voted to spare their lives. The captives were informed of their fate, and were told that, "inasmuch as they were Christians, they would be given one night to prepare for death in a Christian manner." In the morning they were tomahawked and butchered in the most shocking manner. "Thus", said Loskei, the Moravian bishop, "ninety-six persons magnified the name of the Lord by patiently meeting a cruel death."[1543]

* * * * *

Another expedition, known as the "Crawford Campaign", was forthwith organized, the purpose of which was to exterminate the Wyandots and the Moravian Delawares on the Sandusky, and to give no quarter to any Indian. Colonel Williamson was again the chief organizer, and probably the same men were enlisted who had disgraced themselves on the Muskingum. Colonel William Crawford,[1544] who had seen much service in the Continental army, was put in command, much against his wishes, and Williamson was second in rank. On May 25, 1782, four hundred well equipped and mounted backwoodsmen, breathing vengeance against the red men, started out from Mingo Bottom, on the Ohio, for the Sandusky country, a journey of one hundred and fifty miles. Nineteen days later a remnant of them returned to the same spot, a defeated and demoralized rabble, with a loss of seventy killed, wounded, and missing. The Indians knew their plans, and had time to summon the neighboring tribes and to procure British soldiers and artillery from Detroit. Two battles were fought, in which they were outnumbered and outgeneralled, and it was fortunate that any of them escaped. Stragglers came in daily, reporting the sufferings and cruel tortures they had undergone, but none of them could report the fate of Colonel Crawford. He was captured, and the barbarity of the Indian mind exhausted itself in the ingenuity of the tortures with which he was put to death.[1545]

On May 26, 1780, a raid was made on the Spanish post of St. Louis by a party of fifteen hundred Indians and a hundred and forty English and Canadian traders, fitted out by Lieutenant-Governor Sinclair, of Michilimacinac, and led by a Sioux chief named Wabasha. The affair lasted only a few hours, and no assault was made on the fortified enclosure; but a considerable number of persons found on their farms or intercepted outside of the palisades were shot or captured. A portion of the party crossed the Mississippi and made a similar raid on Cahokia. They all then left for their northern homes as rapidly as they came,—some by way of the Wisconsin and Fox rivers, and others by way of the Illinois River to Chicago, where Sinclair had two vessels awaiting them.

This affair has been the occasion of many conflicting statements[1546] as to the time it occurred, the number of persons killed and captured, and how it happened that so large a body of Indians in the British service came so far and did so little which was warlike. It has been often asserted, and as often denied, that George Rogers Clark, at the request of the Spanish commandant, was at St. Louis at the time of the incursion, or so near as to render efficient service. The purpose and character of this expedition, and the causes of its failure, are explained by contemporary documents[1547] recently published, which were not accessible to earlier writers. It was a part of a much larger scheme ordered, and perhaps devised, by the cabinet in London, to capture New Orleans and all the Spanish posts west of the Mississippi and the Illinois country.[1548]

On May 8, 1779, Spain declared war against Great Britain, and on July 8 authorized her American subjects to make war upon Natchez and other English posts on the east bank of the Mississippi.[1549] On June 17, Lord George Germain, secretary for the colonies, wrote to General Haldimand, informing him that Spain had declared war, and that hostilities were to begin at once; and he was ordered to attack New Orleans and reduce the Spanish posts on the Mississippi.[1550] These orders were issued in a circular letter sent to all the Western governors. Sinclair acknowledged the circular February 17, 1780, and informed the general that he had taken steps to engage the Sioux and other tribes west of the Mississippi for the expedition.[1551] De Peyster at Detroit wrote to Haldimand, March 8, that he had taken measures "to facilitate Sinclair's movements on the Mississippi, and be of use to Brigadier Campbell, if he has not already taken New Orleans. The Wabash Indians will amuse Clark at the Falls of the Ohio."[1552] The general scheme here touched upon was, that General Campbell, stationed at Pensacola, should, with a British fleet and army, come up the Mississippi to Natchez, and there meet the Indian expedition sent by Sinclair down the western bank of the river, which was under instructions to capture and destroy the Spanish posts on its way. The united forces were then to expel the Spaniards from all their settlements on the lower Mississippi. The scheme miscarried. Governor Galvez, of New Orleans, a person of great ability and energy, no sooner heard of the declaration of war against Great Britain than he raised a fleet and army to capture the British posts on the Mississippi; and in September, 1779, the forts at Manchac, Baton Rouge, and Natchez, with their garrisons, surrendered to him. He took also eight English vessels employed in transport service, and in carrying the supply of provisions to Pensacola.[1553] Galvez next turned his attention to Mobile, which he captured March 14, 1780; and then to Pensacola, which surrendered May 9, 1781. Brigadier Campbell, therefore, in May, 1780, was otherwise engaged than in executing the splendid scheme which had been assigned to him by the British cabinet and his superior officer, General Haldimand.[1554]

It does not appear that, at the time of the attack on St. Louis, Sinclair, or the party of Indians and traders engaged in the expedition, had heard of the successes of the Spaniards on the lower Mississippi, and of the collapse of the main scheme.[1555] Haldimand furnished Sinclair with the latter information in a letter written at Quebec, June 19th, twenty-four days after the fiasco at St. Louis, and supposing, apparently, that the expedition had not moved from Prairie du Chien. "I have received", he said, "your letters of the 15th and 17th of February, and much approve of the measures they advise me you have taken in the arrangement of the war parties intended to favor the operation of Brig. General Campbell, agreeably to the circular letter forwarded to you.... It is very unfortunate that the [Campbell] expedition should have been either abandoned or not undertaken so early as was intended, owing probably to the fleet having been dispersed, which, from what has happened upon the Mississippi, would appear has been the case. The intermediate attacks you have proposed the Indians should make will, however, answer a good end."[1556]

That Colonel George Rogers Clark was present on the opposite bank of the river at the time of the St. Louis attack, and was there by request of the Spanish commandant, Leyba, and for the defence of the Illinois country, can no longer be doubted.[1557] The proof is in a report of Col. John Montgomery, printed in the Calendar of Virginia State Papers (iii. 443). Montgomery was one of Clark's four captains in his Kaskaskia campaign, and at the period of which he speaks was in command, under Clark, of the post of Kaskaskia. In his report he states: "In the spring of 1780 we [at Kaskaskia] were threatened with an invasion. Colonel Clark, being informed of it, hurried with a small body of troops from the Falls to the mouth of the Ohio, where he received other expresses from the Spanish commandant and myself, and luckily joined me at Cohos [Cahokia] in time enough to save the country from impending ruin, as the enemy appeared in great force within twenty-four hours after his arrival. Finding they were likely to be disappointed in their design, they retired after doing some mischief on the Spanish shore, which would have been prevented if unfortunately the high wind had not prevented the signals being heard." It is evident from this statement that the defence of his own territory was Clark's chief motive for being present on this occasion, and that the invitation of and friendship for the Spanish commandant at St. Louis were mere incidents in the transaction. "Prisoners and deserters from the enemy confirmed the report", says Montgomery, "that a body of a thousand English and Indian troops were on their march to the Kentucky country with a train of artillery;[1558] and the colonel, knowing the situation of that country, appeared to be alarmed, and resolved to get there previous to their arrival.... After giving me instructions, he left Cohos on the 4th of June, with a small escort, for the mouth of the Ohio, on his route to Kentucky." The orders he left with Col. Montgomery were to pursue the Indians retreating up the Illinois River and attack their towns about the time they were disbanding, and to proceed as far as Rock River. "I immediately", says Montgomery, "proceeded to the business I was ordered to do, and marched three hundred and fifty men to the lakeopen [?] on the Illinois River;[1559] and from thence to the Rock River, destroying the towns and crops, the enemy not daring to fight me."[1560]

How much the presence of Clark near the scene of action contributed to the demoralization of the Indian forces is not mentioned by any of the contemporary writers. It is known, however, that his name was a terror to the savage tribes; and Sinclair, in organizing his expedition, found this dread of Clark among the Sioux and other nations west of the Mississippi. He wrote to Captain Brehm, Haldimand's aide-de-camp, February 15, 1780, that there was nothing in Hamilton's disaster which ought to alarm the Sioux, and that "many of them never heard of it. The short-sighted harpies, which necessity has thrown into the service, dwell upon the stories they hear from fretful bands of Delawares, Mascoutins, and Kickapoos near where the event happened. Admit that the disaster has all the supposed consequent misfortunes, it is still more necessary for us to engage the Indians to take a part, which will at once declare their enmity to the party they are engaged to act against."[1561] "The party" Sinclair had in mind was evidently Clark himself; and with him the chief object of the expedition was to recapture the Illinois country.

The general scheme devised by Lord George Germain for the complete conquest of the West,—of bringing down a large party of northwestern Indians upon St. Louis and Ste. Geneviève; of sending an expedition from Detroit to invade Kentucky and keep Colonel Clark busy; of bringing up the Mississippi to Natchez, under General Campbell, a fleet and army, there to unite with the northern expeditions, and from thence to capture the Illinois country and all the Spanish settlements on the river—was an excellent one, and had every promise of success. St. Louis was in no condition to resist an assault, and rank cowardice marked the conduct of the governor and the few soldiers stationed at the post when the Indian raiders appeared.[1562] The Illinois country was very feebly garrisoned, and not a soldier or a shilling had ever been contributed by the Continental Congress for its conquest or defence. The scheme failed because of the promptness and exceptional activity of the Spaniards under Governor Galvez, and the watchfulness and energy of Colonel Clark. It was the last concerted effort of Great Britain to regain possession of the West; as the campaign of Clinton and Cornwallis, with its result one year later at Yorktown, was her expiring effort on the Atlantic coast.[1563] If the Western scheme had been successful, the country north of the Ohio River would have been a part of the province of Quebec, and might have remained Canadian territory to this day. In negotiating two and three years later the treaty of peace with Great Britain under such conditions, it is difficult to conceive what boundaries the United States could have secured. Spain therefore rendered an invaluable service to the United States by enabling George Rogers Clark to hold with his Virginia troops the country he had conquered from the British, until the treaty of peace confirmed to the nation the Mississippi River as its western boundary.

Notwithstanding this important service, there was nothing friendly and disinterested, at this time, in the relations of Spain to the United States. She was looking solely to her own interests, and refused to acknowledge the independence of the United States, or enter into a treaty of alliance except on the most degrading conditions. She must be allowed the exclusive right to navigate the Mississippi, the undisturbed possession of the Floridas and of the east bank of the Mississippi, which she had captured from the British. Spain asserted that the United States had no territorial rights west of the Alleghanies, and that their western boundaries were defined by the royal proclamation of October 7, 1763.[1564] The captures of Manchac, Baton Rouge, Natchez, and Mobile had awakened her military zeal, and nothing less than the possession of the entire Mississippi Valley would then satisfy her territorial ambition. French diplomacy favored some of these extraordinary claims of Spain.[1565]

For the purpose of strengthening the Spanish claim to territory east of the Mississippi, the governor of St. Louis, Don Francisco Cruvat, sent out on the 2d of January, 1781, an expedition to capture St. Joseph, an English fort situated near the present site of Niles, Michigan. Although two hundred and twenty leagues distant, this was the nearest post to St. Louis which raised the British flag. The expedition was in command of Captain Eugenio Pourré, and comprised sixty-five militiamen (of whom thirty were Spaniards) and sixty Indians. The journey, made in the depth of winter across a trackless country, each man on foot carrying his provisions and equipments, was a daring exploit, and it was successful in accomplishing its immediate purpose. They took the fort in the name of his most Catholic Majesty, made prisoners of the few English soldiers found in it, divided the provisions and stores among their own Indians and those living near, and returned to St. Louis early in March, with the English flag, which Captain Pourré delivered with due ceremony to Governor Cruvat.[1566] The treaty of peace, which it is not the purpose of this chapter to discuss, brought this and other shallow pretensions on the part of the Spaniards to territorial rights east of the Mississippi River to an end.[1567]

THE CLOSING SCENES OF THE WAR.

BY THE EDITOR.

THE campaign of Yorktown over, Rochambeau made his headquarters at Williamsburg (Parton's Jefferson, ch. 29), while Washington, having dispatched two thousand men south under St. Clair (instructions in Sparks's Washington, viii. 198) to reinforce Greene, moved with the rest of the army, by land and water, to the neighborhood of the Hudson (Sparks's Washington, viii. 199, 200; Irving's Washington, iv. ch. 29, 30; Kapp's Steuben, ch. 23; Lossing's Field-Book, ii. ch. 5). Washington at once acted in conjunction with Congress to prevent the country lapsing into a neglect of the war establishment through over-confidence in the effects of the capture of Cornwallis. In April, 1782, Washington left Philadelphia and joined the army, establishing his headquarters at Newburgh, in a house which is still standing. (Views of it are in Mag. of Amer. Hist., 1883, p. 357 (taken in 1834); Irving's Washington, quarto ed., iv. 434; W. H. Bartlett's Hist. of U. S.; with a paper by C. D. Deshler on "A Glimpse of Seventy-Six", in Harper's Mag., xlix. 231; with Lossing's "Romance of the Hudson", in Ibid., liii. p. 32; also in his Field-Book, ii. 99, his Hudson, 199, and his Mary and Martha Washington, 215; Gay's Pop. Hist. of U. S., iv. 84.)

There are several special accounts of this latest camp of the army. (Cf. Asa Bird Gardiner on "The Last Cantonment of the Main Continental Army" Mag. Amer. Hist., 1883, vol. x. 355), which is accompanied by a plan of the camp near New Windsor. Simeon De Witt's maps of the locality and the camp are in the N. Y. Hist. Soc. library. De Witt was the geographer of the American army, succeeding Erskine, who had died in 1780. Various orderly-books of this time are in the American Antiquarian Society library. Other papers on the camp are in Mag. Amer. Hist., Jan., 1884, p. 81; by J. T. Headley in Harper's Mag., lxiv. 651, and Galaxy, xxii. 7. Cf. also Ruttenber's Newburgh (1859) and the account of the first annual meeting of the Hist. Soc. of Newburgh Bay and the Highlands, Feb. 22, 1884,—Newburgh, 1884.

Washington and Congress were soon perplexed with the case of Capt. Joshua Huddy, and with a project of retaliation for that officer's execution. Huddy, an officer of the New Jersey line, commanded a block-house at Tom's River, New Jersey, and was there captured with his men by a band of refugee loyalists (W. S. Stryker's Capture of the Block-House at Tom's River). Huddy was taken by Capt. Richard Lippincott, a New Jersey loyalist, to Sandy Hook, where he was hanged on the pretence that he had been engaged in causing the death of Philip White, a Tory, who had been killed while endeavoring to escape from his guard. Congress ordered retaliation, and a young British officer, then a prisoner, Capt. Charles Asgill, was drawn by lot to suffer death unless Clinton should surrender Lippincott. Clinton condemned the action of Lippincott, who was, however, acquitted on trial, on the ground that his action was in accordance with instructions from the board of Associated Loyalists (Jones's N. Y. during the Rev., vol. ii. note xxix. p. 481). The execution of Asgill was postponed by Washington in the hope of some compensating arrangement, and at the instance of Lady Asgill, the young man's mother, the French monarch interceded with such effect that Congress, in November, 1782, ordered Washington to set Asgill at liberty. (References: Sparks's Washington, i. 378; viii. 262, 265, 301-310, 336, 361; ix. 197; Sparks MSS., vols. lxxii., xlviii., lviii.; Niles's Principles and Acts 1876 ed.), p. 509; Remembrancer, xiv. 144, 155; xv. 127, 191; Political Mag., iii. 468, 472; Jones's N. Y. during the Rev., ii. 232, 483, and Johnston's Observations on Jones, 77; Thomas Paine's American Crisis, and a Letter to Sir Guy Carleton on the Murder of Captain Huddy, and the Intended Retaliation on Captain Asgill, of the Guards (London, 1788); Memoir of Gen. Samuel Graham, edited by his son, Col. J. J Graham (Edinburgh, privately printed, 1862,—extract in Hist. Mag., ix. 329). Washington caused all the papers on the subject to be printed in the Columbian Mag., Jan. and Feb., 1787. This young officer of twenty died as Gen. Sir Charles Asgill in July, 1823. Cf. Diplomatic Corresp., xi. 105, 128, 140; Irving's Washington, iv. ch. 29; Sparks's Corresp. of the Rev., iii.; Heath's Memoirs, 335; Sparks's Franklin, ix. 376; Hamilton's Republic, ii. 282. The English view is given in Adolphus's England, iii. ch. 46.

Early in May the news from England made it evident that the war was approaching an end, and the promised release from further campaigning left the public mind in a better condition to comprehend how weak a stay Congress had proved itself, and how insufficient was the power lodged in that body to compel the States to do any and all acts necessary for the common good. The natural distrust which was created of the form of government, whose success in carrying on the war had been largely fortuitous, was still more increased by the difficulties yet to be encountered in disbanding an army, in satisfying its well-earned demands, and in organizing a stable control for the future (Bancroft, final revision, vi. 59, etc.) It was not, then, surprising that notions of counteraction should in any minds take the form of a monarchical solution of the problem, and this sentiment found expression in a letter, written by Col. Nicola, of the army, to Washington, in which it was somewhat adroitly suggested that Washington should consent to be the head of a royal government. Washington met the suggestion with an indignant and stern reply, and we hear nothing more of the subject (Sparks, viii. 300, etc.; Irving, iv. 370).

Sir Guy Carleton was sent to relieve Sir Henry Clinton in New York, and he arrived early in May. His instructions (April 4, 1782,—Sparks MSS., lviii.; cf. Sparks's Washington, viii. 294-298) were to avoid hostilities except for defence. He failed to open communication with Congress to treat for peace (Madison's Debates, vol. i.; Rives's Madison, i. 331, 333). An account of the cantonments of the British about New York just before this (Feb., 1782) is in the Sparks MSS. (xlix. vol. iii.). Clinton's account of his being relieved is in Mahon, vii. App., p. xvii. It was not till August that Carleton's communications to Washington rendered it certain that the concession of independence was a preliminary of the negotiations then going on for peace. Active hostilities accordingly ceased on both sides, though a posture of caution and vigilance was still maintained by each commander. The French, who had remained in Virginia, now joined (September) the Americans on the Hudson. There is among the Rochambeau maps an excellent colored plan (no. 33), measuring twenty inches wide by thirty high, showing the country from White Plains north, and called Position des Armées Amer. et Française à King's Ferry, Peak's Hill, et Hunt's Taverne, 17 Sept. et 20 Oct., 1782. In October the French under the Baron de Viomenil marched to Boston and embarked, while Rochambeau and Chastellux sailed from Baltimore. On the final departure of the French see a paper by J. A. Stevens in the Mag. Amer. Hist., vii. p. 1. The report on their departure, made to Congress, is dated Jan. 1, 1783,—Secret Journals, iii. 267.

In Dec., 1782, the army had set forth in representations to Congress the sufferings which it had experienced from the want of pay (Journals of Congress, iv. 206; Madison's Debates, etc., i. 256; Rives's Madison, i. 383; Morse's Hamilton, i. 114). Nothing satisfactory came of this appeal, and a movement of uncertain extent, but seemingly having the countenance of officers of high rank, was aimed at producing action on the part of the army, which might easily, if allowed to proceed, have passed beyond prudent control, till a claim for redress of grievances might instigate an act of mutiny. Its chief manifestations were in two successive anonymous addresses, circulated through the camp at Newburgh, which were written, as was later acknowledged, by Major John Armstrong, a member of Gen. Gates's staff. Washington interposed at a meeting of the officers (March 15, 1783), and by a timely address turned the current. The original autograph of his address belongs to the Mass. Hist. Society, and that body issued a fac-simile edition of it (Boston, 1876), with letters of Col. Pickering, Gov. John Brooks, Judge Dudley A. Tyng, and William A. Hayes, authenticating the document, and describing the scene when Washington read it. Copies of the addresses made by Armstrong himself are in the Sparks MSS., xlix. 1, 8, and they are given in Sparks's Washington, viii. 551; and in a Collection of papers, relative to half-pay and commutation of half-pay, granted by Congress to officers of the army. Compiled by the permission of General Washington from the original papers in his possession (Fishkill, 1783). Cf. Sabin, iv. 14, 379. Washington at a later day, Feb. 23, 1797, wrote to Armstrong, exonerating him from having intended any evil to the country (Sparks MSS., no. xxiv.). The genuineness of this letter having been assailed, Armstrong (Nov. 27, 1830) wrote a letter asserting its truth, and this autograph letter is in Harvard College library. More or less extended accounts of the incidents accompanying this attempt to organize a coercion of the civil by the military power will be found in the lives of Washington by Marshall (iv. 587); Sparks (viii. 369, 393); and Irving (iv. ch. 31); in Pickering's Pickering (i. ch. 29, 30, 31; including Montgar's, i. e. Armstrong's, letter in 1820); Drake's Knox, 77; Rives's Madison (i. 392); J. C. Hamilton's Republic (ii. 365, 385), and Alexander Hamilton (ii. 68); Morse's Hamilton, i. 119; Quincy's Shaw (p. 101); Hildreth's United States (iii. ch. 45); Dunlap's New York (ii. 230); Lossing's Field-Book (ii. 106, 315); Journals of Congress (iv. 213); Bancroft, final rev., vi. 71.

A letter from Lafayette, who had gone to France, shortly afterwards arrived, announcing the signing of the preliminary articles of peace; and the news being confirmed by a letter from Carleton, Washington, on April 19, the eighth anniversary of the day of Lexington, issued a proclamation announcing cessation of hostilities. Sparks's Washington (viii. 425; App. 13); Heath's Memoirs; Madison's Debates (i. 437); Diplom. Correspondence (ii. 319-329; x. 121; xi. 320); Secret Journals of Cong. (iii. 323, under date of April 11, 1783).

Knox had suggested (Drake's Knox), and in April, 1783, the Society of the Cincinnati had been formed from the officers of the army, with a plan of transmitting membership to descendants. It was intended as an organization to perpetuate a brotherhood formed in arms, and to offer an organization which might conveniently deliberate as occasion required upon the condition of the country. As a rule the principal civil leaders of the Revolution looked upon the combination with disapproval (Wells's Sam. Adams, iii. 202; Austin's Gerry, ch. 25; Sparks's Franklin, x. 58; Bigelow's Franklin, iii. 247; John Adams, Works, ix. 524, called it "the first step taken to deface our temple of liberty"), and even with dread, lest it might lend itself to the creation of castes and the furtherance of schemes against the liberties of the country. There was a widespread dissatisfaction among the people generally, not always temperately expressed, and years were required to remove the apprehension so incontinently formed. The society was organized in the Verplanck house (view in Appleton's Journal, xiv. 353); the fac-similes of the signatures to the original subscription are given in the Penna. Archives, vol. xi., and a representation of a certificate signed by Washington is in Lossing's Field-Book, ii. 128. The bibliography of the society and its branches, by States, is given by Lloyd P. Smith in the Bulletin of the Philadelphia Library, July, 1885. Particular reference may he made to the accounts and expositions given in the Penna. Hist. Soc. Memoirs (1858), vi. pp. 15-55, by Alexander Johnston; North Amer. Review, v. lxxvii. 267, by W. Sargent; St. Clair Papers, i. 590; Kapp's Steuben, ch. 26; E. M. Stone's Our French Allies, p. xix; Lossing's Field-Book, ii. 127; J. B. McMaster's People of the U. S., i. 167; R. C. Winthrop's Speeches, etc. (1852, etc.), P. 345; and the account of the centennial of the order in Mag. Amer. Hist., Sept., 1883, pp. 171, 235, 253.

On the 18th June, 1783, Washington from Newburgh, whither he had removed his headquarters from Verplanck's after the departure of the French, issued his last circular letter to the States (Sparks, viii. 439; Irving, iv. 394), full of counsel and warning.[1568]

The troops were in large part dismissed on furlough, and finally, Congress (Oct. 18) by proclamation, directed the disbandment of the army, to take effect Nov. 2 (Secret Journals, iii. 406). A small body was, however, still kept together under Knox, to await the definitive form of the treaty. Washington now occupied a brief space in making a journey with Gov. Clinton over the battlefields of Burgoyne's campaign. He then, at the request of Congress, proceeded to Princeton, and was domiciled for a while at Rocky Hill, in order to be at hand for conferences with that body. From this place, Nov. 2, 1783, he issued a farewell address to the army. (Sparks, viii. 491; Irving, iv. 402; Pickering's Pickering, i. 488.)

The last surviving pensioner of the Revolution is called one Lemuel Cook in the Amer. Hist. Record, ii. 357. In 1864, what purported to be the record of the latest survivors of the war appeared in Elias B. Hillard's Last Men of the Revolution (Hartford, 1864). An account of John Gray as the last soldier of the Revolution, by J. M. Dalzell, was printed at Washington in 1868. B. P. Poore's Descriptive Catal. of Gov't Publications will enable one to trace many of those soldiers whose claims came before Congress.

Carleton giving notice of his readiness to evacuate New York, Washington now returned to West Point, and prepared to enter the city with Gov. Clinton on the appointed day. The general and the governor entered the upper end of the town on Nov. 25, while the British embarked at the lower end. Valentine's N. Y. City Manual for 1861 gives various documentary records, some in fac-simile. On Dec. 1 there were fireworks, a broadside programme of which is in the cabinet of the Mass. Hist. Society. Trumbull painted a picture of the scene of the evacuation, which is given in the Mag. Amer. Hist., 1883, p. 387. The histories of New York city commemorate the event, and there are illustrated papers on it in Harper's Mag., Nov., 1883 (vol. lxvii. 609), and Manhattan Mag., Dec., 1883. Cf. Hist. Mag., xi. 42; Lieut.-Col. Smith's letter in N. Y. City during the Rev. (N. Y., 1861); Irving's Washington, iv. ch. 33; Jones's N. Y. during the Rev. (ii. 504). Some days after the British had gone, Washington met his principal officers (Dec. 4) in Fraunce's Tavern, and bade them farewell.

This building stood on the corner of Pearl and Broad streets, N. Y., and was occupied by Washington as headquarters when he entered the city after the British evacuated in 1783. The cut follows a view given in Valentine's N. Y. City Manual, 1854, p. 547, accompanied by a paper by W. J. Davis. Cf. Mag. of Amer. Hist., iii. 144, 151, 152; Lossing's Field-Book, ii. 839; Gay's Pict. Hist. U. S., iv. 90; Dawson's Westchester. The opening chapter of McMaster's History of the People of the United States, (N. Y., 1883) describes the appearance of New York city at this time, and indeed of the other principal American towns, and the habits of living through the country. An account of New York at this time is also in the Manhattan Mag., ii. 561.

Immediately leaving New York, Washington journeyed to Annapolis, where Congress was then assembled. Here, on Dec. 23, he met Congress in the State House (view in Columbian Mag., Jan., 1789; Lossing's Field-Book, ii. 402), where he resigned his commission in an address. (Sparks, viii. 504, and App., xiv.; Marshall, iv. 622. A fac-simile of the manuscript is given in the Mag. Amer. Hist., 1881, vol. vii. 106. Cf. Journals of Congress, iv. 318; Ridgeley's Hist. of Annapolis.) On Christmas Eve, Washington reached Mount Vernon, once more a private gentleman.

Congress on the 14th Jan., 1784, sitting at Philadelphia, finally ratified the definitive treaty of peace.

INDEX.

[Reference is commonly made but once to a book, if repeatedly mentioned in the text; but other references are made when additional information about the book is conveyed.]

Abercrombie, Lt.-Col., at Yorktown, 504.

Acland, Lady, 357; portrait, 358.

Acland, Major, 294, 308, 357, 358.

Acton, Mass., men at Concord, 184.

Acts of trade, 2, 6, 63; evaded, 10; enforced, 11.

Adams, Abigail, 205; on Bunker Hill, 187.

Adams, Brooks, Emancipation of Mass., 255.

Adams, C. F., on John Hancock, 271.

Adams, H. B., Maryland's influence upon land cessions, 708.

Adams, John, on Acts of Trade, 7, 9; on Otis's argument on Writs of Assistance, 11; report of Otis's argument, 13; demands reopening of courts, closed by want of stamps, 32; his political philosophy, 35; on Canon and Feudal Law, 35, 83; likeness, 36; Dutch edition of his acc. of the troubles with Great Britain, 36; his personal appearance, 36; painted by Copley, 36; by Stuart, 36; by Trumbull, 36; by Winstanley, 36; engravings of, 36; of his wife, 36; his homestead, 36; his writing in fac-simile, 37; his part against Great Britain, 37; defends Capt. Preston, 49; autog., 51; leads in impeachment of Oliver, 57; in Congress (1774), 59; presides at Port Act meeting, 60; and the navigation laws, 64; in the Congress of 1765, 74; brief at trial of Preston, 86; helps Sam. Adams in the replies to Hutchinson (1773), 90; on the tea-ship commotions, 91; controversy with Brattle on the payment of judges, 95; Familiar letters, 95; in the Congress of 1774, 99; notes of debates in Congress of 1774, 100; drafts part of the Declaration of Rights, 100; notes on debates in Congress of 1775, 107; controversy with Daniel Leonard, 108; as Novanglus, 110; Hist. of the dispute, 110; considered Jonathan Sewall his adversary, 110; attracts attention (1774), 117; uneasy over Washington's inaction at Cambridge, 152; visits Lexington, 180; on independence, 238; on com. to draft Declaration of Independence, 239; in debate, 239; his intercepted letters, 249; his belief in independence, 249; outspoken for independence, 255; on the growing spirit of independence, 257; owned portrait of Jefferson, 258; leading advocate of the Decl. of Indep., 261; autog. 263; life of Hancock, 265; life by E. Ingersoll, 266; on Hancock, 271; on Paine's Common Sense, 272; his Thoughts on Government, 272; preceded by letter to R. H. Lee, 272; letter to John Penn, 272; on observing the anniversary of the Decl. of Indep., 274; drafts the Mass. Constitution, 274; Defence of the Constitutions, 274; lives in New York, 276; weary of Washington's Fabian policy, 392; proposes to elect generals annually, 446; his interest in naval matters, 567; goes to France with Com. Tucker, 567; on employing Indians, 673.

Adams, Josiah, Address, 184.

Adams, Samuel, portraits, 40, 41; autograph, 40; painted by Copley, 40; by John Johnson, 41; statue, 41; in the Mass. legislature, 42; his political writings, 42, 83; compared with Lord Mansfield's speeches, 43; demands that the troops in Boston be removed to the Castle (1770), 49; moves for a com. of correspondence, 54; in Congress (1774), 59; would prevent reconciliation, 60; wrote the answers of the legislature to Gov. Hutchinson, 67, 90; Vindication of the Town of Boston, 67; first mover against taxation, 68; wrote the replies to Bernard, 73; Appeal to the World, 84; Letter to Hillsborough, 84; on "Vindex", 86; writes Hancock's massacre oration, 88; and com. of correspondence, 89; Rights of the Colonies, 90; proposes Congress, 99; proposes Duché for chaplain of Congress (1774), 99; in the Congress of 1774, 99; had a hand in the Declaration of Rights (1774), 100; the tribune of the Mass. yeomanry, 113; returns from the Congress of 1774, 116; repute in London, 117; at Lexington (1775), 122, 179; excepted from pardon, 132; urges independence, 231, 257; in the Cont. Congress, 236; his character, 236; alienated from Hancock, 238; the earliest to avow independence, 248; Galloway on, 254, 255; autog., 263; life by H. D. Gilpin, 266; a spurious Oration, 274; and the Conway cabal, 446.

Admiralty courts, 4, 6, 10; first held in N. E., 65; instituted, 567.

Adolphus, England, 112.

Agnew, Daniel, Region of Penna. north of the Ohio, 709.

Agnew, General, 427; killed, 386.

Agnew, J. L., Savannah, 519.

Ainslee, Capt. Thomas, Journal, 222.

Aitkins, Plan of Boston, 207.

Aix-la-Chapelle, treaty, 14.

Alamance, battle of, 81.

Albach, James R., Annals of the West, 648.

Albany, 609; Indian treaty at (Aug., 1775), 623; plan of (1770), 298.

Alden, Col. Ichabod, at Cherry Valley, 636; killed, 638.

Alden, Fort (Cherry Valley), 666.

Alexander, Capt. James, 534.

Allaire, Anthony, diary, 525, 535.

Allan, Col. John, 657; correspondence with Haldimand, 657.

Alleghany River, 609.

Allen, Battles of the British navy, 589.

Allen, Ethan, 160; autog., 128; would lead an invasion of Canada, 160; at Ticonderoga, 161, 213; captured at Montreal, 162; statue, 214; Narrative, 214; letters, 214; lives of, 214; a price on his head offered in N. Y., 214; seeks to enlist Canadian Indians, 614; Indians with, 660.

Allen, Ira, Ship Olive Branch, 214; letters (1776), 227; on the evacuation of Ticonderoga, 350.

Allen, James, poem on the Boston Massacre, 88.

Allen, James (Philad., 1777), diary, 260, 436.

Allen, Jolley, 205.

Allen, Paul, Amer. Rev., 664.

Allen, Wm., Arnold's Expedition, 1775, 217.

Allen, William, Jr., 395.

Allenstown, N. J., 410.

"Alliance", ship, 576, 577, 584, 586.

Allyn, Chas., 562.

Almon, Seat of War in N. Y., etc., 416.

Almon's Remembrancer, important documents in, 653.

Alsop, John, 108.

Amboy, 340, 404, 408; map of, 342.

American and British Chronicle of War, 672.

American Revolution, causes of, 5, 62; ecclesiasticism as a cause, 62; authorities on the causes, 62, 255; earliest outbreaks, 173. See names of heroes and battles of the war.

Ames, Nathaniel, Astron. diary, 82; Almanac, 118.

Amherst, Gen., and the Pontiac conspiracy, 692.

Amory, T. C., Old and New Cambridge, 142; defends Gen. Sullivan, 598; Gen. Sullivan, 666; papers on Sullivan, 667; James Sullivan, 83.

Analectic Magazine, 187.

Anayea, 669.

Anburey, Thomas, Travels, 360.

Anderson, Col. Robt., 677.

Anderson, W. J., 216.

André, Maj. John, at Boston, 204; in Philadelphia, 395; in the Mischianza, 436; his letters to Mrs. Arnold, 449; as "John Anderson", 449; profile likeness, 452; autographs, 452, 453; other portraits, 453, 454; one by Reynolds, 454; sketch by himself, 454, 461; Adj.-General, 453; his instructions from Clinton, 454; on the "Vulture", 454; lands at the Clove, 454; meets Arnold, 454; goes to Smith's house, 455; receives papers from Arnold, 455; disguises himself, 456; goes by land towards New York, 456; captured, 457; papers found on him, 457; their history, 457; carried to Jameson, 458; writes a letter to Washington, 458; at West Point, 460; confined at Tappan, 460; before a military board, 460; condemned, 460; proceedings of the board printed, 460; various editions, 460; subject of tragedy, 460, 464; Clinton endeavors to save him, 461; requests to be shot, 461; his conduct, 461; his sketches, 461; hanged, 461; his remains taken to England, 461; his statement, 461; his monument, 463; his mother pensioned, 463; Life by W. Sargent, 464; Papers on, ed. by Dawson, 464; captured at St. John, 464; a prisoner, 464; served with Gen. Grey, 464; his lineage, 464; his will, 464; bibliography, 464; various papers on, 464; his captors honored, 466; their patriotism questioned, 466; his confinement, 466; justice of his execution, 322, 467; his character, 467; his last hours, 467; Case of Maj. André, 467; was he a spy at Charleston? (1780), 468; his Cow Chace, 560; tragedy of, 560.

André, Mémoire de Paul Jones, 590.

Andrews, John, letters from Boston, 90, 178, 205.

Annapolis, Md., Washington at, 747.

Annual Register, 516.

Antell, E., his plan of siege of Quebec, 226; express from Quebec, 222.

Anthony, H. B., on Ternay's tomb, 499; address on Greene, 510.

Anthony's Nose (Hudson River), 324.

Appleton, W. S., 110.

Appletown, N. Y., 669.

Appoquinimink Creek, 421.

Apthorpe, Considerations on the conduct, etc., 70; Review, 70.

Arbuthnot, Admiral Mariot, attacks Charlestown, S. C., 472, 526, 527; blockades Newport, 560; controversy with Clinton, 517; succeeded Graves, 517.

Armand, Col., 533; with Gates, 477.

Armstrong, Gen., on Burgoyne's campaign, 358; on Germantown, 421; Newburgh addresses, 745.

Armstrong, J., Richard Montgomery, 216.

Armstrong, John, Life of Wayne, 514.

Armstrong, M., 209.

Armstrong commands the Penna. militia, 381.

Arnell, Dr., Address, 662.

Arnold, Benedict, in Cambridge (1775), 128; shares command with Allen at Ticonderoga, 129; surprised St. John's (1775), 130; trouble with Ethan Allen, 130; at Ticonderoga, 161; commences Kennebec expedition, 162; before Quebec, 163; wounded, 165; his post at Cedar Rapids attacked, 166; interest in Gen. Warren's children, 194; commissioned by Mass. to take Ticonderoga, 213; Dawson's view of his connection with Ticonderoga, 214; his regimental book, 214; letters, 214; part in the Canada expedition, 216; instructions for the Kennebec route, 217 (see Kennebec expedition); his journal, 218; his letters, 218, 219, 220; intercepted, 222; portraits, 223; autog., 223; letters during the retreat, 226; in command on Lake Champlain, 292, 346; at Valcour's Island, 292; escapes, 293; joins Schuyler, 298; advances toward Fort Stanwix, 300, 350, 632; under Gates, 304; at Freeman's Farm, 305; quarrel with Gates, 306; in fight of Oct. 7, 1777, 308; was he at Freeman's Farm? 315, 357; wounded (Oct. 7, 1777), 357; at Trenton, 379; marries, 402; did he suggest the attack on Trenton? 407; his treason, 447; portraits, 447, 448, 449; the beginning of his treasonable correspondence, 447, 448; his birthplace, 448; his house, 448; his marriage, 449; as "Gustavus", 449; gives Clinton information, 449; not trusted by Congress, 450; at Danbury, 450; made major-general, 450; fac-simile of his commission, 450; his wife at Robinson house, 458; in command in Philad., 367, 400, 402, 450, 451; charges against him by the Council of Penna., 450; court-martial, 402, 450, 451; his accounts of the Canada expedition questioned, 450; reprimanded by Washington, 403, 451; at the Robinson house, 452; his treasonable letters preserved, 452; efforts to meet André, 453; his passes, 453; his price, 454, 463; meets André, 454; receives Jameson's letter, 458; his flight, 458; his aides grow suspicious, 460; attempts to intercept him, 460; sends letter to Washington, 460; his aides, 460; has plans of West Point, 460; threats if André is executed, 461; his life in England, 463; in New Brunswick, 463; his descendants, 463; his address of exculpation, 463; his proclamation to induce desertion, 463; his vindication in Remarks on Travels of Chastellux, 463; authorities on his treason, 463; Life by Sparks, 464; Life by I. N. Arnold, 464; his own telling of the story, 466; attempt to seize him, 468; in Virginia, 495, 546, 732; distrusted by Clinton, 546; invades Connecticut, 562; had Indians with him on the Kennebec exped., 614; his treason and the northern invasions, 672; his capture attempted, 732.

Arnold, S. G., in the Rhode Island campaign, 595.

Arnold, Isaac N., on Benedict Arnold at Freeman's Farm, 357; "Arnold at the court of George III", 463; Life of Benedict Arnold, 464; his family, 464; controverted by J. A. Stevens, 464; his death, 464.

Asgill, Capt. Chas., case of, 744; portrait, 745.

Ashe, Gen., 470; at Briar Creek, 520; his career, 520.

Ashley, John, 63.

Assanpink Creek, 375.

Atkinson, Newark, 560.

Atlas Amériquaine, 341.

Atlee, Col. S. J., 327.

Attenbocum, Capt., 411.

Attucks, Crispus, 85.

Atwill, Winthrop, Treason of Arnold, 466.

Aubry, Gov., at N. Orleans, 701.

Auchmuty, Judge, 119.

Auckland MSS., 467.

"Augusta", frigate, blown up, 387, 428; picture of, 388.

Augusta, Georgia, its defences, 490; siege of, 535, 544.

Austin, Jonathan Loring, carries news of Burgoyne's surrender to Europe, 364, 571; journals of his trip, 586.

Austin, Jona. W., 88.

Avery, Joseph, 521.

Avery, Rufus, 562.

Avery, Samuel, 662.

Babson, Gloucester, 568.

Bacon, Leonard W., on the invasion of Conn., 557; address on Groton Heights, 562.

Badeaux, J. B., Invasion du Canada, 223.

Bailey, J. T., Brooklyn, 329.

Baker, W. S., American Engravers, 81, 185; William Sharp, 492.

Balcarras, Earl, 366; with Burgoyne, 294.

Balch, Thomas, 101; Maryland Line, 202; edits Blanchard's Journal, 554; Les français en Amérique, 560.

Baldwin, C. C., on Vigo and G. R. Clark, 725.

Baldwin, Loammi, 187.

Baldwin, Samuel, Diary, 525.

Balfour, Capt., 118.

Balfour, Col., commands in Charleston, 517, 538, 541.

Ballston, N. Y., destroyed, 645.

Baltimore, Lord, 673.

Bancroft, Col. E., 189.

Bancroft, Geo., on the navigation acts, 64; on the siege of Boston, 173; his account of the Long Island battle criticised, 330; on Arnold's treason, 464; on Oriskany, 665; on Wyoming, 665.

Bangs, Lieut., 326.

Banker, Gerard, 409.

Banks, James, Hist. Address, 676.

Barber, Col. Francis, 668; order-book, 670.

Barber, Geo. C., 670.

Barber, J. W., Hist Coll. N. Y., 666.

Barber, New Haven, 185.

Barclay, S., Personal Recollections, 329.

Barlow, Aaron, 216.

Barlow, Joel, on Thomas Paine, 253; life by Burr, 253.

Barlow, S. L. M., owns Arnold's journal, 218.

Barnard, Hist. England, 461.

Barney, Joshua, Com. Acc. of, 575; autog., 575.

Barney, Mary, Com. Joshua Barney, 575.

Barras, autog., 500; succeeds Ternay, 499.

Barré, Isaac, accounts of, 72; his speeches on the Stamp Act, 29, 72; originates the phrase "Sons of Liberty", 72; his portrait ordered by Boston, 74; predicts loss of colonies, 85.

Barren Hill, Lafayette at, 396, 442; map, 443.

Barrett, Col., 124.

Barrette, Lieut., 545.

Barretts, Samuel, 109.

Barrow, Sir John, Lord Howe, 594.

Barry, Henry, Strictures Examined, 106.

Barry, Com. John, his autog., 581; on the "Raleigh", 581; accounts of, 581; in the "America", 583.

Bartlet, W. S., Frontier Missionary, 657.

Bartlett, Josiah, 186; on Bunker Hill, 194; autog., 263; life of, 265; on privateering, 591.

Bartlett, J. R., Hist. of destruction of the Gaspee, 90; dies, 90; account of, by Gammell, 90.

Bartlett, S. C., on Bennington, 356.

Barton, Col., place of capturing Gen. Prescott, 602; the capture, 403; accounts of, 404; his diary, 643.

Baton Rouge, 739.

Battle, K. P., 519.

Baum, Colonel, at Bennington, 300, 354; death of, 356; his instructions, 366.

Bauman, Sebastian, map of Yorktown, 551.

Baurmeister, Major, 333.

Bayley, Col., and the Indians, 614.

Bayley, Col. J., at Lake George, 346.

Beach, Allen C., Centennial Celebrations, 308.

Beach, W. W., Indian Miscellany, 657.

Beaman on Ticonderoga, 214.

Bean, T. W., Washington at Valley Forge, 416, 439.

Beardsley, Life of W. S. Johnson, 85.

Bears, Isaac, 178.

Beatson, Robert, Naval and Mil. Memoirs, 518, 589.

Beatty, Erkuries, 667; his journal, 671.

Beatty, Capt. William, 418.

Beaulieu, Georgia, 470.

Beaurain, Carte de la Guerre, 416; map of Boston and harbor, 213.

Becket, publishes Authentic Papers from America, 100.

Beckford, Alderman, 83.

Beckwith, H. W., Historic Notes, 718; on Vigo, 725.

Bedell, Col. Timothy, 216; at the Cedars, 616.

Bedford, Col. Gunning, 327.

Bedford, Duke of, 21.

Bedford (Long Island), 328.

Bedford (Mass.) men at Lexington, 184; their flag, 184.

Bedford, Pa., taken, 691.

Beers, Nathan, 464.

Belisle, Independence Hall, 259.

Belknap, Dr. Jeremy, note-books, 189; diary, 202; life, 202.

Belknap, Jeremy, uncle of historian, 85.

Belknap, Jos., 85.

Bell, Andrew, 445.

Bell, Charles H., on the privateer "Gen. Sullivan", 591.

Bell, Robt., publishes Paine's Common Sense, 269.

Bellefeuille, Mr., 729.

Bellomont, Lord, 564.

Bellows, Col., 350.

Bemis Heights, Gates occupies, 304; battle, 356. See Saratoga.

Benedict, E. C., Battle of Harlem, 334.

Bennett, C. P., 545.

Bennington, Vt., authorities on the battle, 354; loss at, 354; Indians at, 627; fight at, 300; maps of the fight, 356.

Benson, Egbert, Vindication of the Captors of André, 466.

Bentalou, Paul, Pulaski Vindicated, 522, 524; Reply to Johnson, 522.

Benton, N. S., Herkimer County, 351, 657.

Bergen Point, 343, 404.

Berkeley, Bishop, his house in Rhode Island, 602.

Bernard, Edward, view of Bunker Hill, 198; Hist. of England, 273.

Bernard, Francis, Gov. of Mass., 12, 22; his letters sent back to Boston, 83; Causes of the present distractions, 106; Select letters, 106; his rebukes of the legislature, 34; on the seizure of the "Liberty", 43; and the Stamp Act, 73; replies to him by the legislature, 73; leaves Mass., 47, 84; made baronet, 49; his Letters, 67; Letters to Hillsborough, etc., 84; Letters to the Ministry, 84; instructed to enforce the navigation laws, 32; Third extraordinary Budget of epistles, 84; Copies of letters, 84; enforces laws of trade, 84; his character, 84.

Bernard, John, Retrospections of America, 407.

Berniere. See Bernière.

Bernière, Henry de, 182; plan of Bunker Hill battle, 199, 202; criticised, 202.

Berthelot, Amable, 216.

Besom, Capt. Philip, narrative, 592.

Bethlehem, Pa., Moravian Sisters, 524.

Bickerstaff's Boston Almanac, 86.

Bickham, George, 372.

Bicknell, Barrington, R. I., 203.

Biddle, Chas. J., defends the execution of André, 468.

Biddle, James, 74.

Biddle, Capt. Nicholas, in the "Andrea Doria", 570; portrait, 570; in the "Randolph", 571; engages the "Yarmouth", 571.

Bigelow, Col. Timothy, orderly-books (1779, 1780), 359.

Big-Knives (Kentuckians), 722.

Bilbao, prizes taken to, 592.

Billingsport, N. J., 386, 425; attacked, 387.

Billon, Annals of St. Louis, 737.

Bishop, Hist. Amer. Manufactures, 108.

Bishops, their introduction opposed in N. E., 243.

Bisset, George III, 223.

Bixby, Samuel, 203.

Blackbird, Pa., 421.

Blackstocks, affair at, 480, 536.

Blanchard, Claude, Journal, 554.

Blanchard, Col., Map of N. Hampshire, 217.

Bland, Col. Theodoric, commands Convention troops in Virginia, 321; his papers, 321; Bland Papers, 321.

Bland, Richard, Enquiry, 85.

Blaskowitz, Charles, plan of Frog's Neck, 337; chart of Narragansett Bay, 593, 601; map of Newport, 597.

Bleecker, Capt. Leonard, order-book, 670.

Bliss, E. F., 736.

Blood, Thaddeus, 178.

Bloodgood, Sexagenary, 358.

Blowers, Sampson S., autog., 51.

Blue Licks, battle at, 730.

Board of War, 392, 437.

Boardman, S. W., Privateer Cromwell, 592.

Boardman, Timothy, Log-book, 591.

Bollan, William, Coloniæ Anglicanæ illustratæ, 70; transmits Gage's letters to Boston, 83.

Bolton, Dr. Thomas, 120.

Bond, Col., 227.

Bonner, map of Boston, 207.

Bonneville, picture of D'Estaing, 594.

Boone, Daniel, portrait, 707; his adventures, 708; his biographers, 708; in Kentucky, 710, 715; defends his fort (1778), 716.

Boonesborough, Ky., 715.

Bordenton, 408, 410.

Border life, literature of, 248.

Border warfare, 605; literature of, 248; in the South, scant material for accounts of, 678.

Boston inflamed by the Grenville Act, 27; arrival of troops (1766), 38; threats to take her patriots to England for trial, 46; troops sent to (1768), 43, 45; (1769), 47; Brazen Head, sign of, 47; non-importation agreements, 49, 78; Col. Dalrymple gets key of the Castle, 53; tea-ships at, 57, 91; Port Act meeting, 60; affected by navigation laws, 64; Observations of the merchants upon several Acts of Parliament, 64, 83; Records, 67; (1768) Revere's picture, 81; convention to consider the coming of troops, 81; agitation over the quartering of troops in Boston, 82; Appeal to the world, 84; petition to the king (1772), 89; The American Alarm, 90; the "Mohawks" and the tea-party, 91; Votes and Proceedings respecting the tea-ships, 91; warning broadside, 92; accounts reach London, 92; condition during the Port Bill, 95; title of Port Bill Act, 95; news arrives, 97; broadside, 97; records of this time in Boston City Hall, 95; gifts to, 95; effect of Port Bill, references, 96; newspapers of 1775, 110; blockade of, 113; Gage shut up in, 114; fortifies the Neck, 115; Gage's force (Jan., 1775), 118; meetings at the Green Dragon, 120; maps of roads about, 120, 121; after Lexington, families leaving the town, 125; conditions of leaving, 128; country Tories enter Boston, 128; army besieging, 134; British in, 134; reinforcements under Burgoyne, Clinton, and Howe, 134; Gates advises against an assault, 142; want of provisions during the siege, 144; contemporary views from Beacon Hill, 148-151; British encampments on the Common, 149; Howe advised by the ministry to abandon the town, 152; the siege pressed, 152; to be destroyed if necessary, 153; plays acted, 153; Boston Blockade, 153; songs from, 154; Tragedy of Zara, 155; view of (1776), 157; view of the Castle, 157; the town evacuated, 158; population, 158; authorities on the siege, 172; Washington proposed boat attack, 172; Antique views, 185; plan by Norman, 201; siege of, 202; account of the American camps, 202; diaries, 202; letters, 203; orderly-books, 204; the British camp, 204; Newsletter printed, 204; Liberty-tree cut down, 204; houses occupied by British generals, 204; British works, 204; selectmen correspond with Gen. Thomas, 204; diaries, letters, etc., during the siege, 204; American prisoners in the town, 204; evacuated, 205, 568; Evacuation Memorial, 205; property destroyed, 205; Ward left in command, 205; the Quakers of Philadelphia help the poor, 205; fears of an attack, 205; medal given to Washington to commemorate the siege, 206, 207; maps of the siege, 207; from Marshall's Washington, 206; maps of the town of the Rev. period, 207, 209; landmarks of the siege, 207; English plans, 207; that in Almon's Remembrancer, 208; one in the library of Congress, 209, 210; Pelham's map, 209; Rawdon map, 209; surveys of Wm. Page, 210; map of lines on the Neck, 211; Brown's house, 211; Trumbull's plan of the Neck lines, 211; plan indorsed by Mifflin, 212; other plans, 212; British plan of American lines, 212; plan of Boston and vicinity, 212; French maps of the siege, 212; Latin map, 213; German maps, 213; feared Howe in 1777 was coming there, 416; congress at, in 1780, 560; Proceedings ed. by F. B. Hough, 560; her privateers, 587; fleets of Howe and Byron off the harbor (1778), 603; D'Estaing in, 603; riot in, 603; fear of British advancing from Rhode Island, 603; siege of, Indians employed, 613; killing of sentries, 657; "Boston", frigate, given to Captain Tucker, 566; lost at Charleston, 583.

Boston Gazette, 110.

Boston harbor, forays in (1775), 131; plans of, 202, 207, 209, 212, 213.

Boston massacre, 49, 85; plan of the ground, 47, 48; picture of, 47; news of, in England, 52; causes, 85; authorities, 85; Short Narrative, 85; sent to England, 85; Additional Observations, 85; Letter to C. Lucas, 85; other accounts, 85; Kidder's Boston Massacre, 86; Preston's trial, 86; trial of soldiers, 49, 86; printed Report, 86; Fair Account, 86; did the soldiers fire before being assaulted? 88; its effect in producing the Rev., 88; its anniversary observed, 88; ovations, 88; commemorated (1775), 119; burlesqued, 120.

Boston Neck (R. I.), 600.

Boston Newsletter, 110, 204.

Boston Port Bill, 58. See Boston.

Botetourt, Gov., 46.

Boucher, Jona., Views of the Amer. Rev., 98.

Boudinot, Elias, Star in the West, 652.

Bound Brook, 408, 409.

Bounties offered to Indians, 674; for scalps, 681.

Bouquet, Col. Henry, his portrait, 692; his character, 692; account of, 692, 693; Hist. Acc. of Expedition, 651, 699; marches to relieve Fort Pitt, 694; fight at Bushy Run, 696; map of his campaign, 696; at Fort Pitt, 697; marches into the Ohio Valley, 698; returns, 699; dies, 699; captives retaken by him, 699; West's picture of them, 699; West's picture of his Council with the Indians, 694; Papers, 690, 693.

Bourgoin, Thèâtre de la Guerre, 416.

Bowdoin, James, 128; in Congress (1774), 59; taking the lead, 83; his autog., 83; his character, 83; Letter to Hillsborough, 84; on the desire for independence, 255.

Bowen, Ephraim, on the destruction of the "Gaspee", 90.

Bowen, Francis, his Otis, 70; Benj. Lincoln, 513; Steuben, 515.

Bowen, J. S., on Brandywine, 419.

Bowen, Nathan, 318.

Bowman, Capt. Joseph, 718.

Bowman, Capt. Josiah, 682.

Bowman, Major, fighting the Shawanese, 730.

Bowring, Jeremy Bentham, 95.

Bowyer, Adj., on Waxhaws, 527.

Boyd, Lieut. Thomas, 640, 671.

Boyle, Marylanders, 227.

Boylston, E. D., Hillsborough County Congress, 108.

Boynton, Edw. C., West Point, 464.

Boynton, Thomas, 188.

Brackenborough, Judge, life of Braxton, 265.

Brackenridge, H. H., drama on Bunker Hill, 198; Death of Montgomery, 216; on the Monmouth field, 446.

Brackenridge, H. M., Views of Louisiana, 652.

Brackinridge, H., on the Indians, 736.

Bradford, Alden, Jonathan Mayhew, 71; edits Mass. State Papers, 73; Bunker Hill, 191; life of R. T. Paine, 265.

Bradford, Job, 187.

Bradford Club, 219.

Bradford's Collection, 73.

Bradstreet, Col., goes up the lakes (1764), 698; at Detroit, 698; orderly-book, 698.

Brainerd, W. F., 562.

Brandywine, battle of, 381; map of battle, 414; view of the field, 419; Galloway's plan of, 415; sources, 418; Washington's map of the campaign, 420, 421; Hessian map, 422; other plans, 422, 423.

Brant, Joseph, at Montreal, 619; made Guy Johnson's secretary, 623; portraits, 623, 625; autograph, 625; at the Cedars, 625, 626; his early life, 625; invades New York (1777), 626; at siege of Fort Stanwix, 299, 628, 661; to operate in New York (1778), 633; his ravages, 633; burns Andrustown, 636; attacks German Flats, 636; at Cherry Valley, 636, 665; denied responsibility for massacre at Cherry Valley, 638; accounts of, 657; descendants, 657; letters, 657; meets Herkimer, 627; attacks the Minisink settlements, 639; his report, 672; at Canajoharie, 644; not at Wyoming, 663.

Brashear, Lieut., 729.

Brassier, Wm., surveyed Lake Champlain, 347.

Brattle, Gen., his letter to Gage in fac-simile, 98.

Braxton, Carter, life, 265; autog., 266; Address to the Convention, 272.

Breechloaders used at Brandywine, 419.

Brehm, Capt., 738.

Brent, Archbishop Carroll, 229.

Brevoort, J. C., has some of Paul Jones's papers, 590.

Breyman, Col., at Bennington, 300, 354.

Briar Creek, 520.

Bridgdens, of Boston, 47.

Bridgetown, Pa., 421.

Briggs, C. A., American Presbyterianism, 244.

Bristol (Pa.), 409, 410.

Bristol (R. I.), 600.

British army, brutality of, 372.

British Constitution, spirit of, 5.

British regiments, historical records of, 198.

Brock, R. A., on the Nelson house, 506.

Brodhead, Col., attacks the Indians of the Alleghany, 642, 671; his route, 642; at Fort Pitt, 731; acc. of his exped., 653.

Bromfield, John, 187.

Bronson, J., 464.

Bronx River, 337.

Brookline, Mass., fort at, 206, 210; view of, 150.

Brooklyn, maps of, 329; battle of, 277; risks of the British, 290; maps, 344, 404; accounts of, 344; roads of approach, 277; British plans, 278. See Long Island.

Brooklyn Heights, 275; defences of, 275.

Brooks, Chas., Medford, ed. by Usher, 202.

Brooks, Erastus, 665; on Indian history, 681.

Brooks, Col. John, at Bemis's Heights, 357; on Valley Forge, 436; on Monmouth, 446; autog., 136; portrait, 202; on Bunker Hill plans, 202.

Brooks, N. C., on the Burgoyne campaign, 361.

Broom, J., surveyor, 421.

Brotherhead, Signers, 259.

Brougham, Henry, 9, 10, 63.

Broughton, Capt. Nicholas, 565.

Brown, Capt. Abraham, 130.

Brown, Dr. Buckminster, 194.

Brown, Dr. Geo., 187.

Brown, H. A., Oration on the Congress of 1774, 99; Mem. and Orations, 439; on Monmouth, 446.

Brown, H. K., statue of Gen. Greene, 510.

Brown, Col. John, and Ticonderoga, 213; killed at Stone Arabia, 644; in Canada, 161, 613, 615, 674; his letters from Canada, 215.

Brown, Mrs. J. B., Stories of Warren, 194.

Brown, J. M., Schoharie County, 660.

Brown, Peter, 187.

Brown, Dr. Samuel, 710.

Brown, Thomas, 203.

Brunswick (N. C.), 542.

Brush, Crean, 205.

Bryan, Alexander, Gates's scout (1777), 358.

Bryan, Geo., 401.

Bryd, Col., 730, 731.

Brymner, Douglas, 693; edits Haldimand calendar, 653; Report on Canadian Archives, 733.

Buchanan, James, No. American Indians, 651; on removing André's remains, 461.

Buck, W. J., Washington on the Neshaminy, 418.

Buck Island, 661.

Buckingham, J. T., Specimens of newspaper lit., 110.

Buffalo, N. Y., history of, 648.

Buffenton's Ford, 418.

Buford, Col., defeated at Waxhaws, 475, 527.

Bugbee, J. M., Centennial of Bunker Hill, 172.

Bull, Col., 679.

Bull, Gen., 519.

Bull, surveys of Georgia, 538.

Bullard, E. F., address, 366.

Bullock, Alex. H., on the Constitution of Mass., 274.

Bull's Ferry, affair at, 560.

Bunker Hill, occupied, 135; order for it, 135; battle of, 136; forces engaged, 140; Howe criticised, 140; losses, 140; news of it spread, 140; authorities, 184; earliest accounts, 186; contemporary letters, diaries, and orderly-books, 187, 188; losses of property at Charlestown, 187; depositions of survivors, 189; early historians, 189; who commanded? 190; officers engaged, 191; monument, 194; anniversary discourses, 194; British accounts, 194; letters, 194; fac-simile of the Tory broadside account, 196; Rawdon drawing of the battle, 197; other pictures, 197; general histories, 198; ballads, 198; dramas, 198; British plan of the battle, 199; America invincible, 200; novels and poems, 200; plans, 200, 202; plan from the Impartial History, 201; plan of the redoubt, 212; of the works built by the British, 212.

Burch, 39.

Burdge, Franklin, 270.

Burgoyne, Gen. John, writes Gage's proclamations, 131; correspondence with Chas. Lee, 144; his opinion, 1775, on subduing the colonies, 145; feared the occupation of Dorchester Heights, 156; reaches Quebec (1776), 167, 225; follows Sullivan, 167; on Bunker Hill, 195; life by Fonblanque, 195; portraits of, 292, 293; autog., 292; suggests the use of mercenaries, 293; his army, 294; his character, 294; orders from Germain, 295; at St. Johns, 295; his bombastic proclamation, 295; at Crown Point, 296; at Ticonderoga, 299; refused troops by Carleton, 299; at Fort Edward, 299; losses at Stanwix and Bennington, 301; moved towards Saratoga, 304; at Freeman's Farm, 305; awaits succor from Clinton, 307; makes reconnoissance (Oct. 7), 307; his losses, 309; retreats to Saratoga, 309; surrounded, 309; sends flag of truce, 309; terms gained, 309, 317; fac-simile of letter to Gates about the British wounded, 310; at Gates's headquarters, 310; his losses in the campaign, 311; his army marched to Boston, 311, 318; the plan of his campaign criticised, 312; his difficulties of supply, 313; his slow movements, 313; authorities on his campaign, 315; charges against Henley, 318; examination of the observance of the convention, 318; breaks the provisions of the convention, 318; neither side scrupulous, 319; flags concealed, 319; plan for the campaign of 1777, 348; preparations, 348; issues a proclamation, 349; reprints, 349; burlesqued, 349; maps of the entire campaign, 349; captures Ticonderoga, 349; Hubbardton, 350; proclamation, 350; Campaign of, by W. L. Stone, 351; worsted at Bennington, 354; instructions to Baum, 354; his report to Germain, 354; discouraged, 356; Freeman's Farm, 356; battle of Oct. 7, 357; surrenders, 358; view of field, 358; view of camp, 358; his letter to Germain, 358; strength of his army, 358; authorities on the campaign in general, 358, 360, 361; orderly-books and journals, 359, 360; his own orders, 359; life by De Fonblanque, 361; maps of the final battles, 361; fac-simile of map in Analectic Mag., 362; view of the field of surrender, 361; signatures of the convention, 361; Gates's headquarters, 361; landmarks of the campaign, 361; effects of the surrender in Europe, 364; sails for England, 364; in Parliament, 364; his birth, 364; satires upon, 364; his defences in Parliament, 365; Substance of Speeches, 365; John Wilkes' comments, 365; resigns his commission, 365; Letter to his Constituents, 365; Reply, 365; Letter to Burgoyne, 366; A brief examination, 366; Enquiry into the conduct of Burgoyne, 366; Supplement to the State of the Expedition, 366; attacked in Remarks, 366; Letter to Lieut.-Gen. Burgoyne, 366; reply by Rev. Sam. Peters, 366; Essay on modern martyrs, 366; his State of the Expedition, 366; his documents laid before Parliament, 366; documents in the War Office, 366; his speech to the Indians, 366; his letter from Albany, 366; councils of war, 366; exchanged, 366; news of his surrender sent to Europe by Massachusetts, 571, 586; his opinion of the use of Indians, 621, 627; charged with buying scalps, 683; Washington visits the scene of his campaign, 746.

Burk, John, Virginia, 515.

Burke, Ardanus, Address, 527.

Burke, Edmund, 31; his first speech, 32; in Parliament (1770), 52; European Settlements, 64; on the debates of 1765, 72; Observations on Tickle's tract, 85; Thoughts on the Causes of the present Discontents, 88; on the Quebec Bill, 102; on American taxation, 112; his Works, 112; speeches on conciliation, 112; conversation with North, 112; his character, 112; lives of, 112; as a speaker, 112; on Bunker Hill, 195; ridicules Burgoyne's proclamations, 295; in the Annual Register, 687.

Burke, J. W., 258.

Burr, Aaron, on the Kennebec exped., 162; as a soldier, 163; in the assault on Quebec, 165; his house in N. York, 276.

Burton, Jonathan, 202, 227; his diary, 346.

Bury, Viscount, Exodus of the Western Nations, 232.

Bushnell, C. I., Crumbs for Antiquarians, 202, 219.

Bushnell, David, invents the "American Turtle", 567.

Bushy Run, battle of, 694; losses, 669; plan, 692; described by Burke, 697; by Wm. Smith, 697.

Bute, Earl of, 21; his ministry, 23.

Butler, James D., on Bennington, 356.

Butler, Col. John, at Niagara (Sept., 1776), 626; to invade the Susquehanna country (1778), 633; at Wyoming, 634, 636, 663; his report, 664.

Butler, Mann, 718.

Butler, Col. Richard, at Monmouth, 446; Diary of Yorktown, 554.

Butler, Walter N., at Cherry Valley, 636, 665; on the Mohawk (1781), 646; killed, 646.

Butler, Col. Wm., 346; burns Oquaga, 636; route of, in 1778, 681.

Butler, Zebulon, report on Wyoming, 634, 664; acc. of, 664; and the Tuscaroras, 619; escapes, 635.

Butler's Rangers, 661; their badge, 631.

Butterfield, C. W., edits Leith's Narrative, 682; Washington-Crawford letters, 714; Exped. against Sandusky, 737; Washington-Irvine Corresp., 737.

Butt's Hill (R. I.), 602.

Byrd, Capt., 739, 741.

Byron, Admiral, on the American coast, 580; off Boston harbor, 603.

Cadwalader, Col. Lambert, 288, 341; at Fort Washington, 338; and Gen. Prescott, 403.

Cahokia, 730; Indian council at, 719; surrenders, 722; raid upon, 737, 739.

Caldwell, Charles, Life of Gen. Greene, 510.

Caldwell, David, his life, 514.

Caldwell, Col. Henry, 222.

Caldwell on Ticonderoga, 214.

Calef, John, Siege of Penobscot, 604.

Callendar, George, 209.

Calvé, 739.

Calvert, Geo. H., play on André, 464.

Cambell, David, 535.

Cambridge (Mass.) fortified (1775), 130; Holmes House, 135; Tory Row, 142; Vassall or Craigie House, 142; Brattle House, 142; Riedesel House, 142; Oliver House, 142; Bishop's Palace, 142; Christ Church, 142; Centennial Memorial, 142; Washington Elm, 142; councils of war in, 142; accounts of the camp, 202, 203; letters from the camp, 203; orderly-books, 204; works at, 206; legislature at (1769), 47; men at Lexington, 184; roads near, 121, 122.

Camden, Lord, on the Decl. of Indep., 269; speeches, 112, 529.

Camden (Carolina), campaign of, 514; battle of (Gates), 477, 478, 529; and the militia, 478; number of forces, 529; losses, 530; Faden's plan, 531; other plans, 531; Senff's plan, 533. For the second battle at, see Hobkirk's Hill.

Campbell, Archibald, map of Georgia, 675; at Savannah, 469.

Campbell, Brigadier, at Pensacola, 739, 740.

Campbell, Col. Arthur, of Virginia, 677; raid on the Indians, 680.

Campbell, C., edits Lewis's Order-book, 168; edits Bland Papers, 321.

Campbell, C. A., on the Robinson House, 452; on the Odell House, 561.

Campbell, Donald, succeeds to the command before Quebec, 165; despatch about the siege of Quebec, 221.

Campbell, Douglass, on Cherry Valley, 666; on the Iroquois and N. Y.'s Indian policy, 681.

Campbell, J. W., Biog. Sketches, 219.

Campbell, Robert, on King's Mountain, 535.

Campbell, Thomas, his letter to Brant, 663; Gertrude of Wyoming, 665.

Campbell, Col. Wm., 478; on King's Mountain, 535.

Campbell, W. W., on Gen. James Clinton, 659, 670; Tryon County or Border Warfare, 351, 659; Border Warfare, 655; on Indians in the Rev. War, 655; on Cherry Valley, 666.

Campbell, Life of Loughborough, 112.

Campfield, Jabez, diary, 668.

Canada, campaign in (1775-1776), 162; authorities, 174, 215; Schuyler in command, 215; address of Congress to the inhabitants, 215; maps of the campaign, 215; maps of the region, 216; Arnold's share in it (see Kennebec expedition, Quebec); retreat from Canada, 226; local aspects, 227; commissioners of Congress in, 227; their instructions, 227; new commissioners sent, 227; their letters, 227, 229; D'Estaing's proclamation to the inhabitants, 603; Franklin's advocacy of its retention by England (1763), 686; Indians of, visited by Maj. Brown, 613; sought by Ethan Allen, 614; invasion from, threatened, 615; messengers sent to, by Adams and Warren, 119.

Canadea, N. Y., 669.

Canajoharie Castle, 608; destroyed, 644.

Canandaigua, 669.

Caner, Henry, Candid Examination, 70.

Canot, P., 331.

Cantwell's Bridge, 421.

Cape Fear River, 485; map, 542.

Cardinal, Nic., 726.

Carleton, General Guy, refuses troops to Burgoyne, 299; opposes the use of Indians, 613, 618, 655; thought to be intending an invasion, 615; charged with coercing the Indians to take sides, 615; uses them for defence, 618, 621; instructed by Germain (1777), 348; disappointed in not conducting the campaign (1777), 348; his commissions, 653, 654, 673; his orders (1776-1777), 359; correspondence from Quebec, 222; at Crown Point, 293; reaches Quebec (1776), 164; portrait, 164; autog., 164; arrives in N. Y. (1782), 745.

Carlisle, Pa., taken, 691.

Carmichael-Smyth, Sir James, Précis of the War in Canada, 223.

Carolinas, map of, by Henry Monson, 675.

Carpenter, J. C., 227.

Carr, Dabney, 56.

Carr, Lucien, on women's rights among the Indians, 607.

Carrington, Gen. H. B., Boston and New York, 173; plan of Bunker Hill, 189, 202; Strategic relations of New Jersey, 413; on Lafayette in Virginia, 547.

Carroll, Chas., autog., 227, 265; letters from Canada, 229; in Canada, 166, 227; last survivor of the signers of the Decl. of Indep., 264; his Journal, 227; references, 227; his wealth, 227; his house, 227; medal, 227; portrait, 227; life, 266.

Carroll, John, in Canada, 166, 227.

Carter, William, Genuine Detail, 195.

Carter's Valley, 678.

Cartwright, John, 244.

Caruthers, E. W., Interesting Rev. Incidents, 514, 539; Life of David Caldwell, 81, 514.

Carver, Jonathan, map of province of Quebec, 226.

Cary, Archibald, 259.

Case of Great Britain and America, 85.

Castiglione, Viaggio, 529.

Castine, 604; British at (1779), 603.

Castle William (Boston), view, 157; blown up, 158.

Castleton, Vt., 297; Burgoyne's orders to people of, 359.

Caswell and the North Carolina militia, 476.

Catawba Indians, 611; in the war, 525, 677; friendly to the Americans, 620.

Catawba River, 475.

Catharine's town, N. Y., 669.

Caughnawagas, 613, 655; at Montreal, 624; offer aid, 673.

Caulkins, F. M., New London, 591.

Cavendish, Lady Georgiana, Admiral Gambier, 230, 326, 436.

Cavendish Debates, 102.

Caverley, A. M., Pittsford, Vt., 355.

Cayugas, their country, 609.

Caziare, Lieut., his surveys of Yorktown, 553.

Cedars, affair at, 166, 225, 616; Authentic Narrative, 225.

Ceracchi, bust of Hamilton, 384.

Chad's Ford, 381, 421.

Chadwick, J. W., 331.

Chalmers, Geo., Polit. Annals, 64; Revolt of the Colonies, 64, 232, 255; Opinions of Eminent Lawyers, 255; Plain Truth, 270; on the growth of Amer. independence, 232.

Chamberlain, Mellen, "The Revolution impending", 1; edits Dearborn's journal, 219, 360; his John Adams, 261; Authentication of the Decl. of Indep., 269.

Chambers, Col., Chambersburg, 327.

Chambers, John, 219.

Chamblée on the Sorel, 215; Sullivan at, 167; fort captured, 162; its colors in Philad., 162.

Champe, Sergeant, and Arnold, 468; Champe's Adventures, 468.

Champlain, Lake, armed vessels on (1776), 346; Arnold on, 346; surveyed by Brassier, 347; maps, 348.

Champney, L. W., "Memories of New London", 562.

Chandler Ford, Pa., 421.

Chandler, P. W., Amer. Criminal Trials, 86, 463.

Chandler, Thomas B., his controversy with Chauncey, 71; What think ye of Congress now? 101; Strictures examined, 106.

Channing, Edw., "War in the Southern Dept.", 469.

Channing, Wm. H., edits J. H. Perkins' Memoirs, 648.

Chapin, C. W. E., 650.

Chapman, Isaac A., 199, 362; Wyoming, 664.

Chapman, T. J., on the siege of Fort Pitt, 697; on C. F. Post, 736.

Charleston, S. C., view, 171; (1776), 229; (1777), 471; defences (1776), 169; map of its harbor, 170, 471; news of Lexington in, 178; capitulation at, 322; evacuated, 507; Lincoln at, 474, 513; attacked by Prevost, 520; Address to Clinton, 527; tea-ships at, 57; siege (1780), 471, 524; forces engaged, 525; losses, 525; plans of the siege, 526, 528; American prisoners at, 534; plan of, 538; repossessed, 546; ships taken at (1780), 582, 583.

Charlestown, Mass., views of, 197; plan of, 198, 201, 202, 206, 210; survey of, 200; works made by the British (1775-1776), 202; deserted, 138; burned, 138.

Charters amended or revoked by the crown, 3; Franklin's opinion, 3.

Chartres, Fort, surrendered, 705; acc. of, 706; abandoned, 720. See Fort.

Chase, Samuel, in Canada, 166, 227; autog., 265; life, 266; letters, 341.

Chase, Thomas, Sketches of Paul Jones, 590.

Chastellux, autog., 500; on Cowpens, 538; Remarks on his Travels, 463, 560; sails from Baltimore, 745.

Chatham resigned, 46; Appeal, 109 (see Pitt); common popular portrait, 109; portrait for R. H. Lee, 110; Hoare's picture of, 110; bust by Wilton, 110; statue at Charleston, 110; medals, 110; lives of, 112; his speeches, 112; his speeches against using Indians, 617, 621.

Chatterton's Hill, 286.

Chaudiere River, 224.

Chauncey, Chas., his autog., 71; controversy with Chandler, 71; Discourse on Mayhew, 71; sermon, the Stamp Act repeal, 74; on the Penobscot exped., 603; Letter to a friend, 76, 95.

Chauvignerie, report on the Indians, 652.

Cheever, David, 187.

Chemung, 669; ambuscade at, 681; destroyed, 639.

Cheney, J. V., 138.

Cheraws, camp at, 483.

Cherokees, 611; in the war, 523, 675; their territory, 610; ready to fight, 620; map of campaign against, 675; country invaded, 676; treaties with, 677, 679; their houses, 678.

Cherry Valley, 609; accounts of massacre, 665; attacked, 636, 638; fortified (1778), 636.

Chesapeake Bay, charts of, 548; French map, 553; map of entrance, 550.

Chesney, Alex., acc. of war in So. Carolina, 535.

Chesney, Col., Essays in modern military biography, 536.

Chester, John, 187.

Chester, J. L., on André's lineage, 464.

Chester (Pa.), 429; Washington at, 382, 415.

Chestnut Hill (Pa.), 425, 428; skirmish at, 389.

Chevalier, M., La Marine Française, 598.

Chew, Benj., his house, 385, 426.

Chew, Joseph, 658.

Chickamaugas, 678.

Child, D. L., Inquiry into conduct of Gen. Putnam, 191.

Child, Sir Josiah, 63.

Chilicothe destroyed, 731.

Chipman, Life of Warner, 356.

Chittenden, L. E., Address, 214.

Choctaws, 611.

Choiseul, Duc de, 686; sends a messenger to the English colonies, 244; understood American affairs, 60; watching the colonies, 16.

Choisy, autog., 500.

Chotteau, Léon, Les Français en Amérique, 463, 560.

Chouteau, Col. P., 705.

Christian, Col. Wm., 676, 679, 714.

Christiana Bridge (Pa.), 421; creek, 381; river, 421.

Church, Dr. Benj., his traitorous correspondence, 118, 145; confined in Cambridge, 142; Elegy on Dr. Mayhew, 71; The Times, 73; oration on Boston Massacre, 88.

Churchill, Amos, Hubbardton, 350.

Cincinnati Society, 746.

Circular letter of Mass., 42; in England, 44, 46; responses, 44.

Cist, Lewis J., 264.

Clap, Ensign, 203.

Clapham, Mrs., 47.

Clapp, Dorchester, 173.

Clarence, C. W., Ralph Farnham, 192.

Clark, Abraham, 407; autog., 264; life, 265.

Clark, Geo. Rogers, on the origin of the Dunmore war, 710; on Cresap, 712; his tour in Kentucky, 716; sent to Va. Assembly, 716; plans the conquest of the Northwest, 716; made a colonel, 717; raises troops, 717; his own accounts of his Illinois campaign, 718; his papers owned by L. C. Draper, 718; his journal at Vincennes, 718; his despatches captured, 718; captures Kaskaskia, 719; captures Vincennes, 718, 722; his youth, 723; holds council with the Indians, 724; marches to retake Vincennes, 725; transactions with Vigo, 725; summons Hamilton, 726, 727; on Hamilton, 682; fac-simile of autog., 727; captures stores, 728; plans of capturing Detroit, 728; builds Fort Jefferson, 730; intercepted letters 730, 733; estimate of him by Washington, 731; fights Arnold in Va., 732; made brig.-general, 732; urged to capture B. Arnold in Va., 732; disappears from Western history, 733; on the Miami, 733; discharged, 733; social habits, 733; in French service (1793), 733; references, 734; death, 734; portrait, 734; at St. Louis, 737, 740.

Clark, Henry, on Hubbardton, 350.

Clark, John, Battle fought 17th June, 195.

Clark, John, diary, 436, 446.

Clark, Rev. Jonas, 122, 180.

Clark, Joseph, 445.

Clark, Gen. J. S., map of the Newtown battle, 681; on the Sullivan campaign (1779), 671.

Clark, Major, spy of Washington, 439.

Clark, Peter, on Bennington, 354.

Clark, Thomas, Naval Hist. of U. S., 589.

Claus, Col. Daniel, 247, 351, 661; has charge of St. Leger's Indians, 628; manuscript anecdotes of Brant, 663:

Cleveland, Col., and North Carolinians, 478.

Clinch Valley, 676.

Clinton, De Witt, life of Philip Livingston, 265.

Clinton, George, house in N. Y., 276; portraits, 197, 308; memoir by W. L. Stone, 308; opposes evacuation of N. Y., 333; autog., 364.

Clinton, Sir Henry, at Bunker Hill, 138; proclamations in S. Carolina, 229, 322, 513, 526; attacks Fort Moultrie, 153, 170, 230; in the battle of Brooklyn, 279; attack on Forts Clinton and Montgomery, 306; plan, 363; despatches, 364; in Philadelphia, 396; succeeds Howe, 443; on Monmouth, 446; on the Southern campaign (1778), 520; endeavors to save André, 461; his MS. Hist. of the War, 467; his accounts of Arnold and André, 467; in the South, 469; attacks Charlestown, S. C., 471, 526; captures it, 474; his report, 525; deceived by Washington's seeming intention of attacking New York, 498, 501, 561; Narrative, 516; Observations on Cornwallis's Answer, 516; his notes on the correspondence, 156; controversy with Arbuthnot, 517; Letter to Com. on Public Accounts, 517; Observations on Stedman, 517; Memorandum on plundering, 517; forged despatch about siege of Charleston, 527; his controversy with Cornwallis, 547; orders him to occupy Old Point Comfort, 548; ordered by Germain to continue the war in the South, 548; seeks to succor Cornwallis, 549; in New Jersey, 559; on the revolt of the Penn. line, 561; in Rhode Island (1776), 593; (1778), 603; sends naval force to Penobscot (1779), 603; portraits, 306, 307; relieved by Carleton, 745.

Clinton, Gen. James, his expedition against the Indians, 638; acc. of, 659; in the Sullivan exped. (1779), 667, 670; portraits, 670, 681; Revolutionary Relics, 457.

Clunes, John, 360.

Cluny, Alex., Amer. Traveller, 85.

Clymer, Geo., autog., 265; life, 265.

Cobb, David, diary at Yorktown, 554.

Cobbett, Wm., 359.

Cobleskill, Brant at, 633; confused accounts of, 633; destroyed, 660.

Coburn, F. W., Bennington, 356.

Cockings, Geo., The American War, 197, 200.

Coffin, Chas., Bunker Hill, 189; Mem. of Gen. Thomas, 167.

Coffin, C. C., Boscawen, 355; on Bunker Hill, 190.

Coffin, Shubael, 33.

Cohoes, 609.

Colden, lieut.-gov. of New York, 30.

Coleman, C. W., on Greene, 537.

Coleman, E. C., on Simon Kenton, 708.

Colerain, Lord, 517 (see Hanger, Geo.), Life of Hanger, 517.

Coles, Edward, 258.

Collet, O. W., 730, 740.

Collet, surveys of No. Carolina, 538.

Colleville, Vicomte de, Les missions secretes du Baron de Kalb, 244.

Collier, Sir Geo., 326; in N. Y. harbor, 330; relieves Penobscot, 582; in the "Rainbow", 589.

Colman, R. F., 734.

Colonies, English, their independence of England, 232; their relations to the crown, 3, 5.

Colonization, English idea of, 687.

Colucci, Giuseppe, Guerra per l'Independenza, 523.

Columbian Magazine, 510.

Combahee Ferry, 507.

Committees of correspondence, origin of, 89; of correspondence, inspection, and safety, 90.

Conanicut Island, map of, 596, 600, 602.

Concord (Mass.), fight at, 124; roads about, 121; visited by Brown and Bernière, 119; authorities on the fight, 175; depositions, 175; fac-simile of Col. James Barrett's, 177; plan of, 180; centennial celebration, 184; histories, 184; view of, 185 (see Lexington); military stores at, 123; Prov. Congress at, 120.

Cone, Mary, 729; Rufus Putnam, 158.

Conestogoes, massacred by Paxton Boys, 606, 682; their lands, 606.

"Confederacy", captured, 584.

Confederation of the United States (1776), 240, 274; articles, 174; debates on, 274; Franklin's proposed plan, 654.

Congaree River, 475.

Congress of 1754, 63, 65; various plans at, 66; Rhode Island and, 66, 67.

Congress of 1774, proposed, 59, 60; who originated?, 98; sessions, 99; legal aspects of, 99; the delegates, how chosen 99; feelings in N. Y. towards, 99; Delaware members, 99; Virginia members, 99; tracts about, 99; New England in, 99; Sunday sessions opposed, 99; Middle States in, 99; Virginia in, 99; Carolina in, 99; its Journal, 100; its device, 100; copy owned by Thomas Cushing, 100; The whole proceedings, 100; Extracts from its Journal, 100; documents in Force, 100; notes of the debates, 100; Declaration of Rights, 100; Petition to the King, 100; MS. copies in existence, 100; printed copies, 100; Address to the people of Great Britain, 100; a Letter in response, 100; Memorial to the Colonies, 100; Suffolk Resolves, read, 100; the approval of them drove out the loyalists, 101; effect in England, 101; Galloway's plan of adjustment, 101; relations of loyalists, 101; Articles of Association, 101; fac-similes of signatures, 102; address to inhabitants of Quebec, 104; every step known in London, 104; its views challenged in New York, 104; the Seabury-Wilkins tracts on, 104; letter to the king, 237; declaration, 237.

Congress of 1775, 107; Journal, 107; different eds., 107; debates, 107; its Declaration, 108; Address to the inhabitants of Great Britain, 108; Address to Ireland, 108; Address to New England, 108; Petition to the King, 108, 255; chooses Washington commander-in-chief, 108; articles of confederation, 108; approves the form of government adopted in Mass., 108; articles for the government of the troops, 108; plan for organizing militia, 108; proceedings, secret, 108; com. of secret correspondence, 108; general references, 108; lives of members, 108; effect in England, 109; Dr. Samuel Johnson's Taxation no Tyranny, 109; tender of Canada, 160; parties in, 255.

Congress, Continental, sends a commission to Canada, 166; Declaration of Independence, 228 (see Declaration); and independence, 231; its character, 233; New Hampshire in, 234; Massachusetts in, 234; Connecticut in, 234; Pennsylvania in, 234; journals, 252, 261, 268; leaves Philadelphia (1776), 373, 383; its lessening character, 391; distrust of Washington in, 391; inefficiency of, 556, 744; creates inspector-general, 556; seeks to regulate prices, 556; naval committee, 567; appoints Hopkins commander-in-chief of navy, 568; arranges the rank of captains, 570; gives commissioners in Europe power to commission naval officers, 573; authorizes privateers, 591; Extracts from Journals on prizes and privateers, 591; prize claims, 591; and the use of Indians, 615, 616, 622, 632, 654; creates Indian departments, 616; addresses the Six Nations, 616; plan of confederation, 616; address to Ireland, 617.

Connecticut claims the credit of capturing Ticonderoga (1775), 160, 213; claim to land in Pennsylvania, 605, 665, 680; creates a navy, 565; equips troops (1775), 122; her seamen, 587; invaded by Tryon, 557; men at Bunker Hill, 189; naval officers, 568; organizes a militia, 116; issues paper money, 116; privateers, 591; whale-boat warfare, 591; Queries and Answers as to her commerce, 64; retains her original charter, 274; sends a message to Gage (1775), 128; Mass. delegates in, 128; Stamp Act in, 73; troops in Long Island battle, 329; trouble with the Mohawks, 605.

Connecticut Valley invaded (1780), 645.

Conner, Timothy, journal, 575.

Connolly, Dr. John, 709.

Connolly's arrest, 653.

Conover, Geo. S., edits journals of Sullivan expedition, 681; Sayengueraghta, 663.

Conrad, R. T., edited Sanderson's Signers, 266.

Constitution Island in the Hudson, 323, 462, 465; plan, 325.

Constitutional Society in London, 175.

Constitutions of the several United States, 268, 272.

Continental army reorganized, 437; distresses of, 560; number of men in, year by year, 588; including militia, 588; not paid, 745; disbanded, 746.

Continental Congress. See Congress.

Continental navy, general accounts of, 589; forming of, 567; naval committee, 567; names of first-built ships, 567; officers commissioned in Europe, 573; its captures, 576, 589; losses, 576; force in 1780, 583; total number engaged in service, 584, 587; compared with land forces, 588; vessels sunk in the Delaware, 428; raised, 445. See Navy.

Convention troops (Burgoyne's army), 317; at Rutland, 321; in Virginia, 321.

Conway Cabal, 392; who shared in it?, 446; references, 446, 447.

Conway, Gen. H. S., 31, 238; his portrait ordered by Boston, 74; likenesses, 74.

Conway, Gen. Thomas, at Brandywine, 382; and the Conway Cabal, 392.

Conyngham, Gustavus, commands the "Surprise", 573; takes prizes into Dunkirk, 573; imprisoned in France, 573; demanded of France by England, 574; in the "Revenge", 574.

Cook, Frederick, 681.

Cook, James, map of So. Carolina, 537.

Cook, Col. John, 668.

Cook, Lemuel, 746.

Cook, Col. Thaddeus, orderly-book (1777), 359.

Cooke, Geo. W., Hist. of Party, 112.

Cooke, J. E., on Chas. Lee, Gates, etc., 144; on Jefferson, 259; on the Virginia Declaration of Independence, 259; on the Virginia Constitution, 272; "Historic houses in the Shenandoah", 407; on the British in Virginia, 546.

Cooke, Samuel, The Violent destroyed, 180.

Cooke, W. D., Rev. Hist. of N. Carolina, 256.

Coolidge, G. A., Brochure of Bunker Hill, 132.

Coolidge, T. Jefferson, 258.

Cooper, J. F., Lionel Lincoln, 185, 200; Travelling Bachelor, 466; Naval Hist. U. S., 589; editions, 589; Lives of Distinguished Naval Officers, 589; Pilot, 590.

Cooper, Dr. Myles, Friendly Address, 106; drew out other tracts, 106; American Querist, 106; What think ye of Congress now? 101.

Cooper, Dr. Samuel, defends D'Estaing, 580, 601; corresponding with Wm. Livingston, 83; on Preston's trial, 86; letters, 203.

Cooper, Samuel (Penna.), 436.

Cooper, Wm., 84; town clerk of Boston, autog., 87, 115.

Copley, J. S., paints Hancock, 270; John Adams, 36; Sam. Adams, 40; Chief Justice Oliver, 95.

Copp, J. J., 562.

Cornplanter, chief of the Senecas, 644.

Cornstalk, at battle of Point Pleasant, 714; accounts of, 714.

Cornwallis, Lord, attacks Fort Washington, 289; crosses the Hudson (1776), and occupies Fort Lee, 338, 367; in New Jersey, 376; at Brandywine, 381, 422; in Philadelphia, 384; at Germantown, 427; at Gloucester, 430; headquarters in Savannah, 471; at Charlestown, S. C. (1780), 473; portraits, 474, 475; contemp. acc. of, 474; in command in the South, 475; attacks Gates at Camden, 477; weakened by the loss at King's Mountain, 480; destroys his train, 483; pursues Greene, 484; at Hillsborough, 484; at Guilford, 485; pursued, 487; at Wilmington, N. C., 494; moves to Virginia, 495; in command, 496; tries to intercept Lafayette, 497; at Portsmouth, Va., 498; ordered to fortify a post, 498; seizes Yorktown, 498; surrenders, 504; autog., 505; his headquarters in Yorktown, 506; his cave, 506; his headquarters at Williamsburg, 506; Correspondence, 516; controversy with Clinton, 516; Reply to Clinton, 516; Answer to Clinton's Narrative, 516; and Arbuthnot, 517; on Tarleton, 518; at siege of Charleston (1780), 526; at Camden, 529; his proclamation, 532; his opinion of rebels, 534; affected by Ferguson's defeat, 536; maps of his Southern campaigns, 537, 538; map of his campaign with Lafayette, 538; on the Cowpens 538; his order-book, 539; pursuit of Greene to the Dan, 539; at Guilford, 539, 541; his order-book, 541; at Wilmington, N. C., 547; disagrees with Clinton about moving into Virginia, 547; Germain approved, 548; fortifies Yorktown, 549.

Correspondence, committees of, 54, 56. See Committees.

Cortelyou House, 329.

Cortland Manor, 340.

Cortlandt, Col. Philip, autobiography, 360; portrait, 681.

Coryell's Ferry, 369.

Courts of vice-admiralty, 71.

Coventry Forge, 415.

Cowan's Ford, 539.

Cowboys, 456.

Cowley, R., Harbor of Charleston, 529.

Cowpens, battle of, 481, 482, 538; its importance, 482; forces at, 539; losses, 539; plan of fight, 539; medals given, 539.

Cox, Daniel, 372.

Cox, S. S., 366.

Craft, Rev. David, on Sullivan's campaign, 670, 681.

Crafts, Wm., 230.

Craigie, Andrew, 142.

Cramahé commands in Quebec, 163.

Cranberry, N. J., 408, 410.

Crawford, Col. Wm., killed, 736.

Crawford, James, 684.

Creasy, Decisive Battles, 357.

Creek Indians, 611, 679.

Cresap, Capt. Michael, advises against a war with the Indians, 710; acc. of, 710; unjustly charged with killing Logan's family, 711, 712; accounts of, 712; dies, 713; grave, 713.

Cresap, Col. Thomas, 710, 712; treaty with the Indians, 607.

Cresap's War, 707.

Criminals enlisted by the British, 112, 705.

Croghan, Geo., on the Indian lands, 650; his estimate of Indian population, 650; sent among the Western Indians (1765), 702; at Vincennes, 703; meets Pontiac, 704; journals of his Western journey, 704.

Croghan, Major William, journal at Charleston, 525.

Cromot-Dubourg, Journal, 553, 554.

Crooked Billet (Pa.), 442.

Cross, Ralph, journal, 360.

Crosscup, B. S., Heart of the Alleghanies, 536.

Crosswicks, 408, 410.

Crown's right to unoccupied lands, 2, 6, 15; can administer justice, 4.

Crufts, Benj., 188.

Cruger, J. H., 522.

Cruger, Lewis, 74.

Cruvat, Don Francisco, 743.

Cullum, General G. W., on Richard Montgomery, 216; "The Struggle for the Hudson", 275; Defences of Narragansett Bay, 593.

Currietown, N. Y., destroyed, 645.

Curry, J. L. M., address on Yorktown, 555.

Curtis, G. W., Concord Oration, 184; on Burgoyne's surrender, 361.

Cushing, Caleb, on Brant at Wyoming, 663.

Cushing, John, autog., 50.

Cushing, Thomas, in Congress (1774), 59, 93; autog., 99; report on building of armed ships, 591.

Custis, G. W. P., on John Laurens, 545.

Cutler, Manasseh, diary in R. I. (1778), 601.

D'Abbadie, gov. at N. Orleans, 701.

Daggett, John, Jr., 85.

Dale, Richard, on the "Bon Homme Richard", 590; revised the acc. in Cooper's Naval Hist., 590.

Dallas, A. J., Laws of Penna., 649.

Dalrymple, Sir John, Reply to Burgoyne, 365; Rights of Great Britain asserted, 109, 269; Address, 109.

Dalton, Capt., 652.

Dalzell, Capt., at Detroit, 697; killed, 697.

Dalzell, J. M., 746.

Damer, G., his letters, 549.

Dana, Francis, 437; on independence, 256.

Dana, Richard, autog., 87.

Dana, R. H., Jr., edits diary of a British officer in Boston, 204; address at Lexington, 184.

Danbury (Conn.), 340, 348.

Danvers (Mass.) men at Lexington, 184.

Darke, Gen., 144.

Dartmouth, Earl of, autog., 111; orders the employment of Indians, 620; on the ministry, 53; Dartmouth Papers, 106.

Daughters of Liberty, 79, 80.

Davenant, Chas., 63.

Davie, Col., at Hobkirk's Hill, 543.

Davie, W. R., accounts of, 537.

Davis, A. McF., edits McKendry's journal, 666; "The Indians and the Border Warfare", 605.

Davis, Capt., of Acton, 184.

Davis, Capt. John (Penna.), journal, 546, 554.

Davis, Nathan, 668.

Davis, Thomas W., 202.

Davis, Wm., 439.

Davis, W. J., 219, 747.

Davis, W. W. H., John Lacey, 442; "Washington on the west bank of the Delaware", 407.

Dawes, Thomas, 88.

Dawes, Wm., sent to Concord, 123.

Dawson, H. B., "Sons of Liberty in N. Y.", 72; on Golden Hill, 172; Bunker Hill, 185, 189; controversy with "Selah", 191; Gleanings, 191; Major-Gen. Putnam, 191; edits How's journal, 202; on Ticonderoga (1775), 214; Decl. of Indep. by Mass., 257; Westchester County, 325; edits N. Y. City during the Rev., 346; edits Trial of J. H. Smith, 463; edits Yonkers Gazette, 464; Gazette Series, 464; Papers Concerning Major John André, 464; edits Conduct of Graves, 549; Assault on Stony Point, 558; on Jones's fight in the "Bon Homme Richard", 590.

Dawson, S. E., 225.

Dayton, Col., at Fort Stanwix, 626.

Dayton, Siege of Yorktown, 554.

De Berdt, Dennis, agent of Mass., 45; dies, 53; portrait, 88.

De Brahm, Journal of Siege of Charleston, 525.

De Costa, B. F., on Ethan Allen, 214; Fort George, 214; on Diamond Island, 357; Lake George, 129.

D'Estaing. See Estaing.

De Kalb, Baron, in America (1768), 244; joins the army, 380; in the South, 475; commands regulars, 476; killed, 477; lives, 530; monument, 530.

De Lancey, E. F., on Bennington, 354; on Demont's treason, 287, 341.

De la Touche, 500.

De Leyba, 730.

De Peyster, Col. A. S., Miscellanies, 733.

De Peyster, Gen. J. Watts, on Burgoyne's campaign, 313, 315; on Monmouth, 446; on Wayne, 385.

De Peyster, Major, 720.

Deane, Charles, on history of slave trade in Mass., 9; on John Russell Bartlett, 90; on R. Frothingham, 186; owns a MS. map of the siege of Boston, 209; on the Report of a Constitution (Mass.), 274; on the convention of Burgoyne and Gates, 319; owns Vaughan's journal, 506.

Deane, James, acc. of, 674.

Deane, Silas, letters, 99, 108; his instructions, 256; fits out the "Surprise", 573; and privateers, 592.

Dearborn, Gen. Henry, on plans of Bunker Hill, 202; his MS. journal, 467; on the Bunker Hill controversy, 190; journal of Quebec expedition (1775-1776), 219; journal of Saratoga campaign, 360; his journal, edited by Chamberlain, 360; diary at Valley Forge, 436; at Monmouth, 446; diary at Yorktown, 554; journal of Sullivan campaign (1779), 671.

Dearborn, H. A., 437.

Dearborn, Nath., Boston Notions, 200.

Debrett's Debates, 516.

Debt of Great Britain, 16.

Declaration of Amer. Independence, who drafted it, 239 (see Congress of 1776); its character, 239; fac-simile of original draft, 260; debates on, 261; paragraphs omitted from the paper as passed, 261; changes made in the wording, 261; early drafts, 261; essence in earlier tracts of Otis and Sam. Adams, 261; its literary character, 261; the original text, 261; Trumbull's picture, 261; medals, 261; autographs of signers, 263-266; sets of the autographs, 264; birthplaces of the signers, 264; their occupations, 264; college graduates, 264; their ages at death, 264; average age at signing, 264; their lives, 265; fac-similes of, 266; fac-simile of an early broadside edition, 267; other broadside editions, 268; contemporary reprints, 268; earliest authorized edition, 268; when signed by the members, 268; the authentication, 269; effect of, 269; comments on, at the time, 269; an Answer, 240, 269; read in Philadelphia, 273; in New York, 273; in Boston, 273; the day to be commemorated, 274; Strictures on, 240; relations to religious sects, 241; separated the patriots and the loyal, 247. See Independence.

Declaratory Act, 32; (1766), 74.

Dejean, 728, 729.

Delaplaine's Repository, 40.

Delaware, Stamp Act in, 73; effect of Boston Port Bill in, 96; non-importation, 79; northern bounds, 421; militia, 380; troops, 545.

Delaware Bay, map, 437.

"Delaware" frigate taken, 384.

Delaware Indians, 610, 674, 709; make treaty, 703; neutral, 734.

Delaware River, the struggle for, 367; its defences, 386; operations on (1777), 429; map by Faden, 429; maps, 437; obstructed (1777), 437; first naval conflict on, 565.

Deming, H. C., 191.

Demont, Wm., his treachery at Fort Washington, 287, 341.

Denison, J., 602.

Deniston, Col., surrenders to Major John Butler, 635; his report, 635.

Dennie, Portfolio, 222.

Dennison, Col., 664.

Denny, Major Ebenezer, Diary, 546, 554.

Depew, Chauncey M., on André's captors, 466.

Derby, E. H., 190; fits out privateers, 591.

Derby, Capt. John, carries news of Lexington to England, 175.

Des Barres, Siege of Charleston, 528; charts of Boston harbor, 209; Atlantic Neptune, 212, 315; Coasts and harbors of N. England, 212; map of the campaign around New York, 342; Port Royal in South Carolina, 519; Map of coasts of Georgia, 521; map of Narragansett Bay, 601.

Desaussure, W. G., 527; on General Moultrie, 172.

Deshler, C. D., 744.

Deshon, John, autog., 566.

Destouche's fleet beaten, 496.

Detroit, council at (1764), 698; its fort, 690; besieged, 690; headquarters of the British northwestern government, 690; Indians near, 610; reinforced, 697; raising of siege, 698; siege of, references, 701; G. R. Clark's scheme for capturing, 730, 731; papers about, 733; plan of the river, 733.

Deutsch-Amerikanisches Magazin, 360.

Deux-Ponts, Count, 504; his Campaign, 554.

Devens, Chas., Bunker Hill Oration, 191, 194.

Devens, Richard, 136; letters, 203; on Lexington, 174.

Dewitt, Simon, 744.

Dewitt's Corner, treaty at, 679.

Dexter, Dr. A., 202.

Dexter, George, 123.

Dexter, Henry, 194.

Dexter, Samuel, on com. on the Stamp Act, 73; his portrait, 73.

Diamond Island, fight at, 357.

Dickinson, John, 68, 238; Late Regulations respecting. Brit. Colonies, 64, 75; his Speech (1764), 68; Reply to Galloway, 68; Denunciation of the Stamp Act, 75; portrait, 268; rude portrait and autog., 82; Peale's portrait, 82; his character, 82; references, 82; Farmers' letters, 39, 67, 83; bibliog. of, 83; Polit. writings, 83; controverted in the _Controversy between Great Britain and her Colonies_, 83; on the Boston massacre, 85; Liberty Song, 86; wrote petition of Congress of 1774 to the king, 100; Essay on the constitutional power, 106; on Lexington, 178; and independence, 249, 257; Galloway on, 255; speech against the Declar. of Independence, 261; plan of confederation, 274; and the Penna. militia, 398.

Dickinson, John D., 464.

Dickson, Col., 739.

Digby, Lieut., 360.

Dillon, Indiana, 729.

Diman, Prof., on Prescott's capture, 404.

Dobbs Ferry, 336, 337.

Dodd, Robt., picture of the fight of the "Bon Homme Richard", 590.

Dodd, Stephen, Revolutionary Memorials, 627.

Doddridge, Jos., on Cresap, 712; Logan, Chief of the Cayuga Nation, 712; Notes on Settlements, etc., 248.

Dodge, John, captured, 683.

Döhla, J. K., 360.

Donkin's Military Collections, 183.

Donop, Count, 427; at Fort Mercer, 428, 430; killed at Red Bank, 387; at Bordentown, 374; at Brooklyn, 279; at Long Island, 329.

Doolittle, Amos, engraver, 185.

Doolittle, Eph., 204.

Dorchester Heights (near Boston), 148, 206, 210; occupied, 156.

Douglas, Col. Wm., 326.

Dowdswell, 21.

Downer, Silas, Discourse on dedicating Liberty Tree, 72.

Downing, Sir George, 7.

Downman, Col., 435.

Drake, F. S., Roxbury, 173; Tea-leaves, 91.

Drake, S. A., Bunker Hill, 194; Gen. Putnam, 191; Middlesex County, 175; Hist. Fields of Middlesex, 175; Old Landmarks of Middlesex, 175; New England Coast, 560.

Drake, S. G., Book of the Indians, 648; on Brant, 657.

Draper, L. C., acc. of, 535, 727; on battle of Point Pleasant, 714; his collections on Brant, 657; has the Geo. R. Clark papers, 718; King's Mountain, 535; on Montgomery's exped. (1780), 741.

Drayton, Judge W. H., 79; his famous charge, 119; Memoirs, 678.

Dreer, Ferdinand J., 217.

Drewe, Edw., Case, 198.

Drisko, G. W., Hannah Weston, 564, 657.

Drowne, H. T., 592.

Drowne, Solomon, Journal, 592.

Du Buysson, 530.

Ducharme, J. M., 739.

Du Chesnoy, Théâtre de la Guerre, 416.

Du Portail, autog., 500; on Brandywine, 419; on the siege of Charleston, 525.

Du Simitière, his portrait of Arnold, 447; Thirteen Portraits, 268, 405.

Duane, Wm., 554; Canada and the Continental Congress, 227; edits Marshall's diary, 273.

Duché, Jacob, his letter to Washington, 437; in Congress of 1774, 99.

Dufey, P. J. S., Histoire des Rev. de l'Amérique, 520.

Dufresne, M. M., 723.

Dulaney, Daniel, Considerations on the propriety of imposing taxes, 65, 75; The Right to the Tonnage, 65.

Dumas, Alex., Capitaine Paul, 590.

Dumas, C. G. F., acc. of Bouquet, 692, 699.

Dumas, C. W. F., letters, 108.

Dumas, autog., 500.

Dummer, Defence of the N. E. Charters, 255.

Duncan, E., Royal Artillery, 183, 198, 559.

Dunkirk, American cruisers at, 573; privateers at, 592.

Dunlap, John, printer, 372.

Dunlap, Wm., Tragedy of André, 460, 560.

Dunmore, Lord, 238; negotiates a peace, 611; incites the Indians, 618; leads exped. against Indians, 713; makes treaty with Ohio Indians, 714; his seal, 167; in Virginia (1776), 122, 167; his proclamation, 168; organizes an Indian regiment, 168.

Dunmore War, 708; causes of, 709; references, 714.

Dupuy, Ethan Allen, 214.

Durand, A. B., 227.

Durnford, Lieut., 356.

Durrett, R. T., John Filson, 708.

Dwight, Theodore, Connecticut, 663.

Dwight, T. F., on Washington's journal, 553.

Dwight, Timothy, 189; on fights near Fort Stanwix, 351.

Dyer, Eliphalet, 215.

Eager, Samuel W., Orange County, 662.

Earl, pictures of Lexington fight, 185.

Earle, J. E., English Premiers, 75.

East India Co. send tea to America, 57.

Eastburn, map of Philad., 442.

Eastern Indians, addressed by Washington 674; visit Cambridge, 674. See Indians.

Eaton, Amos, 679.

Ebeling on Steuben, 515.

Ebenezer (Georgia), 523.

Ecuyer, Simeon, 690, 691.

Eddy, Samuel, 464.

Edes, Peter, 204.

Edes and Gill, No. Amer. Almanac, 81.

Edisto inlet, 526.

Edson, Obed., on Brodhead's exped., 671.

Edwards, N. W., Illinois, 729.

Eelking, Max von, Die Deutschen Hülfstruppen, 361; Leben von Riedesel, 361; Generalin von Riedesel, 361.

Egle, Notes and Queries, 554.

Eld, Lieut., 517; his journal, 559.

Eliot, Andrew, 205; on Bunker Hill, 187.

Elizabethtown, N. J., 404.

Elk Ferry, 379, 414.

Ellery, Wm., 265; autog., 263; life, 266.

Ellet, Mrs. E. F., Domest. Hist. Am. Rev., 527, 665; Women of the Rev., 665.

Ellicott, Andrew, Map of the Mississippi River, 702.

Elliot, H. F., 72.

Elliott, Andrew, on Arnold's treason, 467.

Elliott, Matthew, 735.

Ellis, Arthur B., American patriotism on the sea, 591.

Ellis, E. S., Daniel Boone, 708.

Ellis, Geo. E., Address on siege of Boston, 173; on Bunker Hill, 189, 191, 194; on Burgoyne, 204; "Chronicles of the siege of Boston", 204; the Prescott statue, 194; "The sentiment of independence", 231.

Elmer, Eben, 221

Elmer, L. Q. C., Constitution of N. Jersey, 272.

Elmira, N. Y., 640.

Elonis, Henry, 385.

Elwyn, Alfred, on Brandywine, 418.

Emerson, Ralph Waldo, Hist. Discourse on Concord, 180.

Emerson, Rev. Wm., at Lexington, 180; fac-simile of his diary, 181.

Emmet, Dr. T. A., 197, 264, 467, 532; owns memorials of the siege of Boston, 212.

Emmons, G. F., Navy of the U. S., 589.

Endicott, C. M., Leslie's expedition, 172.

England, its constitution effected by the Amer. Revolution, 1; rights of the crown to lands, 2; parties in, on the American question, 112; her naval losses, 589; Rept. from Com. on the disturbances in Mass., 67; her trade with the colonies, 64; proceedings in Parliament (1774), 106; Hutchinson's diary, 106; war with Spain, 19.

English, T. D., 230; on Oriskany, 351.

Englishtown, N. J., 445.

Engraving, earliest, by a native artist in British America, 198, 199.

Enlistments, long, 333.

Enos, Col. Roger, deserts Arnold, 163, 217; court martial, 217.

Episcopacy for America urged on the ministry, 19, 38.

Episcopalians and the Declar. of Independence, 241.

Erskine, Robert, map of N. Y. harbor, 326; map of the Hudson, 459; topographical engineer of the Amer. army, 459; map of Newport, 560; map of country round N. Y., 561; his map of the New Jersey campaign, 409.

Escomaligo, 507.

Esopus burned, 307.

Essex Gazette, 110.

Estaing, Comte d', sails from France, 579; off New York harbor, 580; at Newport, 580; engages the English fleet, 580; sails for Boston, 580; off N. Y. harbor, 593; goes to Newport, 593; confronts Howe's fleet, 594; portraits, 594, 595; sails for Boston, 595; autog., 595; the French view of his conduct, 598; his journal, 598; defended by Dr. Cooper, 601; causes the destruction of English ships in Narragansett Bay, 601; in Boston (1778), 603; issues proclamation to Canadians, 603; sails to the West Indies, 603; at Savannah (1779), 470, 471, 524; on the siege of Savannah, 522.

Ethier, Marcel, 225.

Etting, Col. F. M., books on Independence Hall, 259.

Euchee Indians, 679.

Eustis, Dr. Wm., on Arnold's flight, 458.

Eutaw Springs, battle at, 493, 545; plans, 545.

Evans, A. W. W., on Kosciusko, 492, 557.

Evans, Chaplain, 554.

Evans, S., 734.

Everett, A. H., Bunker Hill address, 194; Jos. Warren, 194.

Everett, Edw., Bunker Hill oration, 194; Concord Oration, 184; on Lexington, 184; life of Roger Sherman, 265.

Ewald, Beyspiele grosser Helden, 419.

Ewing, Dr. John, 329; on the Lancaster massacre, 606.

Exmouth, Viscount, life by Osler, 347.

Faden, Wm., map of New Jersey, 409; Bay of Narragansett, 601; map of the campaigns of Cornwallis, 537; of So. Carolina, 538; map of Delaware River, 429; Map of Guildford, 540; Map of Newport, 547; map of the N. Y. Campaign (1776), 337, 338; his maps of N. Y. province, 349; of Philad., 442; of Quebec, 226; of Trenton and Princeton, 410; Northern Frontiers of Georgia, 519.

Fairfax County resolutions, 98.

Fairfield, Conn., burned, 557.

Falmouth (Portland) burned, 237; Norman's engraving, 146.

Family Compact, 19.

Fanning, Col. David, Narrative, 541.

Fanning, Capt. Nath., Memoir, 590.

Fantinekill, 639.

Farlow, R. L., 91.

Farmar, Major, at Mobile, 704.

Farmer, Robert, 705.

Farmer, Silas, Detroit, 733.

Farnham, Ralph, 192.

Farrier, Geo. H., Cent. Paulus Hook, 559.

Farwell, Josiah, 681.

Fassoux, Dr. P., 533.

Featherstonhaugh, G. W., 704; Monthly Amer. Journ. of Geology, 704.

Febiger, Col. Christian, 547; acc. of, 220; at Stony Point, 558.

Fellows, John, Veil Removed, 191.

Feltman, Lieut. Wm., Journal, 554.

Fergus, Henry, United States, 665.

Fergusson, Adam, Memoir of Patrick Fergusson, 535.

Fergusson, Col. Patrick, 473; defeated at King's Mountain, 478; killed, 479, 535; his headquarters at King's Mountain, 535; sketch of, 535.

Fermois, Gen. de, 297, 326.

Fersen, Count, letters, 554; at Newport, 560.

Few, James, 81.

Field, T. W., Battle of Long Island, 329.

Filson, John, Kentucky, 708.

Filson Club, 708.

Finch on the remains of the Boston lines, 207.

Finlay, Hugh, 222.

Finotti, J. M., 227.

Fish, Capt. J., journal, 591.

Fish, Nicholas, 333, 346.

Fishdam Ford, 518, 532, 536.

Fisher, George H., on Bouquet, 693.

Fisher, J. B., 85.

Fisher, Joshua, 437.

Fisheries, as a school for the navy, 568, 587; value to Massachusetts, 25.

Fishkill, 340.

Fiske, John, on the political consequences of Yorktown, 549.

Fitch, Asa, 203, 627.

Fitch, gov. of Conn., 73.

Fitzpatrick, Gen., on Brandywine, 419.

Flag, the federal flag (1776), 153; with Liberty Tree, 570; with serpent, "Don't Tread on Me", 570; that displayed by Paul Jones, 571; by Johnston, 575; pine-tree, 213; of the United States, first fought under at Fort Stanwix, 300.

Flanders, Life of Rutledge, 73.

Flatbush, 328.

Flathe, Theodor, Geschichte der neuesten Zeit, 492.

Flatland, 328.

Flaxman, his statue of Lord Howe, 380.

Fleet's Evening Post, 110.

Fletcher, Ebenezer, Narrative, 350.

Fleury, Major Louis, at Germantown, 385; his diary, 431; his plan of Fort Mifflin, 433; his plan of the attack, 435; wounded at Fort Mifflin, 389.

Flint, West. Mo. Review, 92.

Florida, acquired by Great Britain (1763), 686; bounds of (1763), 687.

Floyd, Augustus, life of Wm. Floyd, 265.

Floyd, Wm., autog., 264; life, 265.

Flucker, Thomas, 59.

Flying Camp in New Jersey, 326, 403.

Fogg, Jeremiah, 204.

Folsom, Gen. M., 187.

Fonblanque, E. B. de, Burgoyne, 204, 361.

Fontleroy in America, 244.

Foote, W. H., 714.

Forbes, Major (1777), 366.

Force, Col. Peter, Amer. Archives, 653; their bad indexes, 567; on the signing of the Decl. of Indep., 269.

Ford, Paul L., Hamiltoniana, 104.

Forman and the Penna. militia, 398.

Forrest, Capt. Thomas, 375.

Fort Anne burned, 297.

Fort Arnold (West Point), 462, 463.

Fort Bedford, 694.

Fort Box (Brooklyn), 329.

Fort Brewerton, 609.

Fort Chartres, map of its vicinity, 700; ruins of magazine, 703. See Chartres.

Fort Clark, 720.

Fort Clinton, 324; attached plan, 363. See Forts.

Fort Clinton (West Point), 465.

Fort Constitution (Hudson River), 455.

Fort Cornwallis (Augusta), 490.

Fort Dayton (German Flats), 630.

Fort Defiance (Long Island), 328.

Fort Edward, 609; Burgoyne at, 299; Schuyler at, 297, 298.

Fort Erie, 609.

Fort Frederick, Convention troops at, 321.

Fort Gage, 719.

Fort Galphin, 544.

Fort George (N. Y.), 333, 609.

Fort Granby, 490, 544.

Fort Grierson, 490.

Fort Griswold (Conn.), 562.

Fort Hardy, ruins of, 362.

Fort Henry (Wheeling, Va.), 716.

Fort Hunter, 609.

Fort Independence (Hudson River), 456.

Fort Independence (N. Y.), 287.

Fort Jefferson (Mississippi River), 730.

Fort Johnson, 609.

Fort Johnson (James Island), 528.

Fort Johnson (N. C.), 542.

Fort Knyphausen, formerly Fort Washington, 338.

Fort Le Bœuf, 691.

Fort Lee, 288, 339; evacuated, 338, 341, 367.

Fort Ligonier, 694.

Fort Logan attacked (1777), 716.

Fort Massac, 718.

Fort Mercer, 429; (Red Bank), 386; attacked, 387.

Fort Michillimackinac, 691.

Fort Mifflin, 386, 429; attacked, 388; Plans, 431, 432, 435.

Fort Miller, 298.

Fort Montgomery, 323; attacked, 363; plan, 324; chain, 324. See Forts.

Fort Motte, 489, 544; captured, 490.

Fort Moultrie surrendered (1780), 526.

Fort Niagara, 609.

Fort Ontario, 609.

Fort Ouatanon taken, 691.

Fort Pitt, 690, 733; attacked, 691; Bouquet at, 697.

Fort Presqu' Isle taken, 691.

Fort Putnam (West Point), 462, 465.

Fort Rutledge, 675, 676.

Fort Sandusky taken, 691.

Fort Schlosser, 609.

Fort St. Joseph taken, 691.

Fort Stanwix (Schuyler) built, 299; under Gansevoort, 299, 628; attacked by St. Leger, 299, 628; siege raised, 632; conference at, for establishing bounds, 605, 610; maps of bounds, 608, 609; abandoned, 645; map by Fleury, 351, 354, 355; other maps, 351; occupied (1775), 624; its site, 626; called Fort Schuyler, 626.

Fort Stirling (Long Island), 328, 335.

Fort Sullivan (Tioga River), 641.

Fort Trumbull (Conn.), 562.

Fort Tryon, 287.

Fort Venango, 691.

Fort Washington, attacked, 287; commanded by Magaw, 287; plans of it carried to Percy, 287; its position, 287; its armament, 287; discretionary orders to Greene, 288; surrendered, 289; map of, 339; fall of, 338; named Fort Knyphausen, 338; garrisoned, 285; treachery of Demont, 341.

Fort Watson, 544.

Fort. See names of forts.

Forts Clinton and Montgomery, 455, 456, 465; plan of attack, 365; captured by Gen. H. Clinton, 306. See Fort.

Forton, prison at, 575.

Foster, W. E., Stephen Hopkins, 70, 567.

Foucher, Antoine, Fort St. Jean, 223.

Fowler, R. L., 91.

Fox, C. J., on the battle of Guilford, 487; on the side of the opposition, 112; lives of, 112.

Fox, Ebenezer, Revolutionary Adventures, 582.

France driven from North America, 686; her No. American possessions before 1763, 685; her treaty obligations with England, 272.

Francis, J. W., Old New York, 269.

Frankland, Lady, 128.

Frankland, Sir Henry, 12.

Franklin, B., "Rules for reducing a Great Empire", 11; examination as to the Stamp Act, 32, 74; agent of Massachusetts, 53, 89; agent of Penna., 74; on the Stamp Act, 74; correspondence with Dean Tucker, 74; Familiar Letters, 85; defamed for his connection with the Hutchinson letters, 56, 93; blamed by Mahon, 93; vindicates himself, 93; acknowledged his agency in the Hutchinson letters to prevent a duel, 93; attacked by Wedderburn, 95; Franklin before the Privy Council, 93, 95; his clothes then worn, 95; Appeal, 109; in Canada, 166, 227; on com. to draft Decla. of Indep., 239; and the Revolution, 252; views of independence, 255; autog., 264; the oldest signer of the Decl. of Independence, 264; proposes a confederation, 274, 654; Narrative of Massacre in Lancaster County, 606; proposes an alliance with the Six Nations, 616; his interest in Western lands, 649; Political Pieces, etc., 653; and the Vandalia Company, 708; goes to Europe with Lambert Wickes, 571; replies to Hillsborough's report, 688; and the Wilkes turmoils, 28; removed as postmaster of the colonies, 56; on the union of the colonies, 65; his plan of union (1754), 65; Proceedings in Mass., 67; Some special Transactions in London, 68; letters on the feelings in England during the Stamp Act times, 75; his annotations on pamphlets (1769), 84; in London (1769), 85; correspondence with Wm. Strahan, 85; writes preface to Sam. Adams's Rights of the Colonies, 90; corresponds with Cushing about a congress (1773), 99; in London watched by Quincy, 105; A true State of the Proceedings, 106; his conferences with Chatham, 112; with the Howes, 112; writing in the Public Advertiser (London), 112; returns (1775) from England, 122; in Cambridge (1775), 146; urging a resort to bows and arrows, 156; and Paul Jones, 590; and privateers, 592; his Supplement to the Boston Independent Chronicle a hoax, 659, 684; advocates the retention of Canada (1763), 686.

Franklin, Gov. W., seized, 325; on Galloway's plan, 101.

Franklin, Wm., letter, 73.

Franklin Club, 219.

Franks, Maj. D. S., aide to Arnold, 460.

Fraser, Gen., with Burgoyne, 294; wounded, 308; at Hubbardton, 350; death, 357; removal of remains, 357.

Fraser, Lt. Andrew, 702; at Fort Chartres, 702; escapes, 702.

Frazer, Capt., at Fort Chartres, 706.

Frazer, Persifer, 325; on Monmouth, 446; his papers, 346, 417.

Frederic, H., on the Mohawk Valley 672.

Free trade, 6.

Freehold, N. J., 400, 408.

Freeland's Fort, 639.

Freeman's Farm, battle, 305, 336.

Fremont, J. C., Memoirs, 258.

French, their treatment of the Indian, 688; their army moves from Va., 745; near King's Ferry, 745; march to Boston, 745.

Friedenshütten, 734.

Frisbie and Ruggles, Poultney, Vt., 355.

Frog's Neck (N. Y.), 337; English works at, 561.

Frontiers, 248; literature of, 248; lawlessness on the, 608, 611; bands of rangers, 608. See Border life and warfare.

Frost, John, Pict.-book of the Commodores, 592.

Frothingham, R., Rise of the Republic, 3, 252; "Sam. Adams' Regiments", 78; Alarm on the night of Apr. 18, 1775, 174; Siege of Boston, 184; Joseph Warren, 184, 194; Battlefield of Bunker Hill, 184; The Centennial, 184; portrait, 186; notices of, 186; on Bunker Hill, 189; on the command at Bunker Hill, 191.

Fry and Jefferson, map of Virginia, 538.

Fuller, O. P., Warwick, R. I., 90.

Funerals, use of gloves, 77.

Fur trade disturbed by colonization, 687.

Futhey, J. S., on Brandywine, 419; on Paoli, 419.

Futhey and Cope, Chester County, 385.

Gadsden, Christopher, 79, 238, 269; in the Congress of 1774, 99; favors the Articles of Association, 101.

Gage, Gen. Thomas, his letters sent back to Boston, 83; Letters to the ministry, 84; in Boston, 95, 113; removes from Danvers, 114; his wife, 123; his report of Lexington, etc., 178; instructions to Brown and Bernière, 182; on Bunker Hill, 195; his papers stolen, 204; his letters, 204; sends troops to Philad. to protect Indians, 606; proclamation against intrusions on the Indian lands, 611; complains of the Indians in the rebel army, 656; succeeds Amherst in command in America, 702; commands in N. Y., 30; succeeds Hutchinson, 57; caricature of, 59; portrait, 114; his spies make plans of the roads around Boston, 120; autog., 145; obstructed by Com. of Correspondence, 115; awake to the magnitude of the revolt, 116; his military reputation ruined at Bunker Hill, 136; goes to England, 146; loyalists address him, 146; dissatisfied with Boston as a military post, 152.

Gaine, N. Y. Pocket Almanac, 331.

Gale, George, Upper Mississippi, 648.

Gallatin, Albert, Synopsis of Indian tribes, 651.

Galloway, Jos., 68; his plan of adjustment, 101; Candid Examination, etc., 101; a reply in an Address, 101; and in response, A Reply, 101; Hist. and Polit. Reflections, 101; Examination before the House of Commons, 101; Lecky's opinion of him, 101; his character, 235; in Cont. Congress, 235; and the patriot leaders, 247; Hist. and Polit. Reflections, 254; joins the British, 370; made superintendent of police in Philad., 395; on Indian lands, 650; his Speech in answer to Dickinson, 68; conveyed information to Dartmouth through W. Franklin, 101, 104, 111; Arguments on both sides, 101; his map of the 1777 campaign, 415; Letters to a Nobleman, 415; and the campaign of 1777, 416.

Galvez, Gov., at New Orleans, 739; captures British posts on the Mississippi, 739; takes Mobile, 739.

Gambier, Admiral, 436; life by Cavendish, 326.

Gambrall, Church life in Colonial Maryland, 71.

Gammell, Wm., on John Russell Bartlett, 90; Samuel Ward, 565.

Gansevoort, Col., holds Fort Stanwix, 299, 628; portrait, 629, 681; refuses to surrender, 632; in Sullivan's expedition, 641; papers, 350, 670.

Gardiner, Asa Bird, 156, 744.

Gardiner, D., engraving of Cornwallis, 474.

Gardiner and Mullinger, Eng. Hist. for Students, 75.

Garth on the Stamp Act debates, 74.

"Gaspee" burned, 46, 53, 90; references, 90.

Gates, Gen. Horatio, advises against an assault on Boston, 142; paper on, by J. E. Cooke, 144; letters from Cambridge, 203; his character, 291; at Ticonderoga, 291; portraits, 302, 303, 310, 476; autog., 303; supersedes Schuyler, 303; his estate in the Shenandoah Valley, 303; in N. Y., 303; headquarters at Saratoga, 303, 356, 361; on the surrender of Burgoyne, 358; medal given to him, 358; strength of his army, 358; joins Washington in the Jerseys, 378; refuses to reinforce Washington (1777), 447; sent South, 476; deceived as to the size of his army, 476; defeated at Camden, 477, 529; at Charlotte, 477; at Hillsborough, 477; superseded by Greene, 480; never tried, 480; his papers, 532; letters after Camden, 532; defended by Greene and others, 532; map of his Southern campaign, 537; declines command of exped. against the Indians, 638; commands in Canada (1776), 346; differences with Schuyler, 346; remonstrates at Schuyler's being confirmed, 349; supersedes Schuyler, 356; adj.-general at Cambridge, 655; and the Board of War, 392; quarrels with Arnold, 306, 315; not on the field in the battles about Saratoga, 309; agrees to Burgoyne's terms, 309; aspires to supplant Washington, 312; his military character, 314.

Gates, Capt. Wm., orderly-book (1777), 359.

Gay, S. H., on Cornwallis in Virginia, 549.

Gee, Joshua, 63.

Gee, Thomas, order-book, 670.

General officers, first of the war, 143.

General View of the Amer. navy, 589.

General warrants, 11.

Genet and the Western exped., 733.

George II. died, 12.

George III., portrait, 20, 76; by Walpole, 75; supported by his people, 111; his determination to crush the revolt, 111; his proclamation, 111; his responsibility for the Amer. Rev., 244, 245; justification by Mahon, 244; his hatred of Chatham, 246; his statue in N. Y., 325; his proclamation of 1763, 687.

George, Capt. Robert, 729.

George, Fort (N. Y.), 275. See Fort.

George, Lake, surveys of, 348.

George's Cambridge Almanac, 178.

Georgia, address to the king (1769), 83; not represented in the Congress of 1774, 99; movements (1775), 131; in the Cont. Congress, 238; Constitution of, 274; occupied by the British (1779), 470; war in, 513; map of northern frontiers, 519; map of A. Campbell, 675; Indian war in, 676.

Gérard in Philadelphia, 101.

Gerlach, P., 350.

Germain, Lord Geo., his orders to Burgoyne, 295; portrait, 295; fails to instruct Howe, 295; and Gen. Howe, 329; Reply to Burgoyne, 365; Correspondance avec Clinton, etc., 516; his instructions to reduce South Carolina, 526, 527; family papers, 719; to Clinton on Arnold and André, 467; The Rights of Great Britain, 269; scheme to conquer the West, 742.

German Flats, 350.

Germantown, battle of, sources, 385, 421; map of approaches, 424; Montresor's map, 426, 427; other maps, 414, 426, 428; Chew House, 426; British camp at, 442.

Gerry, Elbridge, 238; on Washington as commander-in-chief, 131; book of contracts, 203; autog., 263; life, 266; draws law for admiralty cases in Mass., 591.

Getty, Gen. G. W., his plan of Yorktown, 553.

Gibault, a priest, 722.

Gibbes, W. R., Doc. Hist. Amer. Rev., 512.

Gibbs, Major, diary, 601.

Gibson, Gen. John, 711, 712.

Gibson, Thomas, 421.

Gillett, E. H., 71.

Gilman, Arthur, Cambridge of 1776, 142.

Gilman, Caroline, edits Wilkinson Letters, 520.

Gilmor Papers, 73.

Gilmore, Jas. R., on the Cherokee wars, 679; Rear Guard of the Revolution, 536.

Gilpin, H. D., life of Jefferson, 265; of Thomas Nelson, 266; of Elbridge Gerry, 266; of Cæsar Rodney, 266; of Benj. Harrison, 266; of Geo. Ross, 266; life of Geo. Taylor, 266; of William Ellery, 266; of Sam. Adams, 266.

Gilpin, Rev. Wm., Memoirs of Josias Rogers, 527.

Giradin, L. H., Virginia, 515.

Gist, Gen. Mordecai, 477, 533, 534.

Gist, Col. Nath., and Indian recruits, 633, 677.

Gladwin, Maj. Henry, at Detroit, 690; acc. of, 690.

Gleig, G. R., British Commanders, 516; on Burgoyne's surrender, 358.

Glick, on Bennington, 354.

Gloucester, N. J., 425; British at, 442; map of Lafayette's victory at, 430.

Glover, C. Appeal, 109.

Glover, John, orderly-books, 204, 601; conducts Convention troops to Boston, 317; life, by Upham, 325; his letters, etc., on the Saratoga campaign 356.

Gnadenhütten, 606, 734, 736.

Goddard, D. A., on Mass. men in Bennington fight, 355.

Goddard, May Katharine, 268.

Godefroy, Fr., Recueil, 185.

Golden Hill, N. Y. city, 172.

Goldsborough, Chas. W., U. S. Naval Chronicle, 589.

Gooch, John, on Harlem, 334.

Good Literature, 218.

Goodell, A. C., Jr., 96, 108.

Goodhue, Shoreham, l't., 214.

Goodrich, Chas. A., Lives of the Signers, 266.

Goodrich, Chauncy, 557.

Goodrich, Capt. Wm., 613.

Goodwin, Daniel, Jr., on Dearborn, 190; Provincial Pictures, 73.

Goodwin, H. C., Cortland County, 351, 666.

Gookin, Daniel, 668.

Goold, Wm., Portland in the Past, 146, 603.

Gordon, Col Cosmo, his court-martial, 560.

Gordon, Capt. Harry, 709.

Gordon, Wm., Acc. of the Commencement of Hostilities, 178; Amer. Rev., 518; map of siege of Boston, 207, 212; on battle of Camden, 532; his maps of the Southern campaigns, 547; on Sullivan's exped., 666.

Goshen, Pa., skirmish, 416.

Goss, E. H., on Revere, 47, 175.

Gould, E. T., 175.

Gould, Jay, Delaware County, 670.

Goussencourt, Chev. de, 502.

Gowanus Creek, 328.

Grafton, Duke of, 21; ministry, 46.

Graham, James, Life of Morgan, 511, 539.

Graham, Gen. Joseph, 514, 529; on King's Mountain, 535; on the Carolina campaign, 539.

Graham, J. J., on Gen. Graham, 518.

Graham, Gen. Samuel, Memoir, 518, 744.

Graham, W. A., British Invasion of N. Carolina, 514, 539; Mecklenburg Centennial, 257.

Grant, Col., attacked by the Cherokees (1761), 675.

Grant, Gen., 153, 427; in command in New Jersey (1776), 374; at Barren Hill, 443.

Grant, George, 668; his journal, 671.

Grant, Thomas, his journal, 671.

Grant, Picturesque Canada, 216.

Grantham, Lord, 592.

Grape Island, 131.

Grasse, Comte de, sails for America, 499; on the Chesapeake, 501; engages Graves, 501; plans of fight, 548; portraits, 502, 503; autog., 502; accounts of, 502.

Grasshoppers, so called, 482.

Graves, Adm. Samuel, relieved by Shuldham, 114, 152; engages De Grasse near the Chesapeake, 501, 548; succeeds Arbuthnot, 517; autog., 114.

Graves, Wm., Two letters, 549.

Gravesend, 326, 327.

Gray, Horace, on the writs of assistance question, 13.

Gray, John, 746.

Gray, Col. Robt., 514.

Gray, Samuel, 187.

Gray, Capt. Wm., map of Butler's route (1778), 681.

Greathouse, murderer of Logan's family, 711.

Greely, Mary W., 142.

Green, Ashbel, life of Witherspoon, 265.

Green, Dr. Ezra, Journal, 119, 590.

Green, S. A., prints the records of the Tea-ships Meeting, 91; owns map of the siege of Savannah, 521; edits Deuxpont's journal, 554; on Paulus Hook, 559.

Green Mountain Boys, 161.

Greene, Colonel Christopher, defends Fort Mercer, 387.

Greene, Gardiner, 205.

Greene, G. W., Life of N. Greene, 511; Biog. Discourse, 511; German Element, 530; on battle of Long Island, 330.

Greene, Gen. Nathanael, at Roxbury, 134; on Bunker Hill, 187; in Brooklyn, 275; too ill to command, 278; builds the Brooklyn lines, 326; his conduct at Brooklyn criticised, 330; his mistake at Fort Washington, 341; evacuates Fort Lee, 367; at Trenton, 375; at Brandywine, 381, 419; at Germantown, 385; quartermaster of the army, 391, 436; at Monmouth, 400, 444; interview with Gen. Robertson about André, 461; supersedes Gates in the South, 480; as a soldier, 481; confronts Cornwallis, 483; crosses the Dan, 484; at Guilford, 485; at Ramsey's Mill, 487; on Hobkirk's Hill, 487; at Rugeley's Mill, 488; relations with Sumter and Marion, 490; besieges Ninety-Six, 491; at High Hills of Santee, 493; at Eutaw Springs, 493; at Round O, 506; engraved portraits, 508, 509, 512, 513; accounts of them, 509; notice of his life, 510; lives of, 510, 511; his statue, 510; medal, 510; his monument, 510, 511; dies, 510; lives of, by Geo. W. Greene, 511; eulogy by Hamilton, 511; grant for his services, 511; burial-place, 511; autog., 514; on Gates's defeat at Camden, 532; defends Gates, 532; and the case of Isaac Hayne, 534; his Southern campaign, 537; his influence over his officers, 537; letters, 537; instructions, 537; maps of his campaigns, 537, 538; corrects maps for Gordon, 537; at Cowpens, 538; his letters, 538; acc. of his retreat to the Dan, 539; at Guilford, 539; at Hobkirk's Hill, 541; at Ninety-Six, 544; his medal for Eutaw, 545; at Morristown, 559; at Springfield, 559; under Sullivan in Rhode Island, 593; makes treaty with Cherokees, 677.

Greene, Jos., 178.

Greenleaf, B., 156.

Greenleaf, Moses, MSS., 437; in the Northern campaign (1776), 346; orderly-book, 557.

Greg, Percy, United States, 456.

Gregg, Alexander, Old Cheraws, 676.

Greive, George, 560.

Grenadier Guards at Cowan's Ford, 539.

Grenell, John, 323.

Grenville, George, in power, 21, 23, 49; and the Hutchinson letters, 56; Regulations lately made, 75; Controversy between Great Britain and her Colonies, 83; speech on the Tea-ship's commotions, 92; Stamp Act, 29.

Grenville Act (1764), 7, 27, 63; characterized by Bancroft, 27; in Boston, 27.

Grey, Gen., 426, 427; at Fairhaven, 603; at Paoli, 383, 423; portrait, 383.

Gridlestone, Thomas, on Chas. Lee as Junius, 406.

Gridley, A. D., Town of Kirkland, 659.

Gridley, Jeremy, 13, 83.

Gridley, Richard, made chief engineer (1775), 134; marks out redoubt on Bunker Hill, 135; Washington's opinion of, 159; letters, 203.

Grierson, Col., shot, 534.

Griffin, Col., 374.

Grigsby, H. B., Virginia Convention of 1776, 107, 257.

Grimke, Cpl., 520.

Grindall's Ford, 481.

Griswold, A. C., 191.

Grosvenor, L., 191.

Groton, Conn., attacked (1781), 562.

Grout, Lieut. David, orderly-book (1779), 359.

Groveland, ambuscade at, 642, 681; map of ambuscade, 671.

Guadaloupe, 686.

Guernsey, A. H., 665.

Guess, Col. Nath., 677.

Guild, R. A., Chaplin Smith and the Baptists, 354, 357.

Guilford, battle of, 485, 540; losses, 487; Faden's map, 540.

Gummersall, Thomas, 683.

Gunby, at Hobkirk's Hill, 488.

Gunpowder, making of, 108, 118.

Gwinnett, Button, 264; life of, 265; autog., 266.

Habersham, Major John, 677.

Hackensack, 340, 343, 367.

Hadden, James Murray, Journal, 359.

Haddonfield, 430, 442.

Hageman, J. F., Princeton, 412.

Haldane, Lieut., 545.

Haldimand, Gen., deceived as to Sullivan's purpose (1779), 642, 667; his relations with the Indians, 653; Papers, calendar of, 653, 690; ordered to attack New Orleans, 738.

Hale, Benj., 326.

Hale, E. E., on siege of Boston, 173; Hundred years ago, 173; on Bunker Hill, 189; Faden maps, 210; edits Howe's Orderly Book, 415; on Cornwallis, 516; on Yorktown, 555; "Naval History of the American Revolution", 563; on Paul Jones, 590; Franklin in France, 591.

Hale, J. P., Trans-Alleghany Pioneers, 714.

Hale, Capt. Nathan, hanged, 333.

Half-King, a Huron, 735.

Halifax, refugees from Boston at, 206.

Hall, Capt., Civil war in America, 342.

Hall, Hiland, Ticonderoga, 214; on Bennington, 356; on Warner at Bennington, 356.

Hall, Lyman, 264; life by H. McCall, 265; autog., 266.

Hall, The Dutch and the Iroquois, 689.

Hallet,. Capt. J. A., 582; in the "Tyrannicide", 582; his log, 582.

Hallowell, Robt., 80.

Halsey, E. D., Morris County, 407.

Hamilton, Alex. his appeal (1774), 98; A full vindication, 104; The Farmer refuted, 104; at Chatterton Hill, 286; his house, 331, 384; portraits of, 384; bust of, 384; aid to Washington, 416; at Monmouth, 445; his letters about Arnold and André, 466; receives the news of Arnold's treason, 459; at Yorktown, 504, 555; Eulogy on Gen. Greene, 511; his plan of operations with Rochambeau, 561.

Hamilton, E., Reynolds, 517.

Hamilton, F. W., Grenadier Guards, 518.

Hamilton, Gov., his case, 653; charged with paying for scalps, 682, 726; his report on the capture of Vincennes, 719; defends his character, 719; invades the Illinois country, 724; recaptures Vincennes, 724; letters from Detroit, 733; his report of his surrender to Clark, 726; sent to Virginia, 728; sent to N. Y., 729.

Hamilton, Jas., Life of Thomas Heyward, 265; Thomas Lynch, 265.

Hamilton, Engraved Works of Reynolds, 474.

Hammond, Col. Samuel, portrait, 535; on Blackstocks, 536; on Cowpens, 538; his plan, 539.

Hancock, John, his brig "Harrison", 33; and S. Adams' portrait, 40; in the legislature, 42; his sloop "Liberty" seized, 43, 80; his "Rising Liberty", 80; his letters, 107; presides over Provincial Congress, 116; at Lexington (1775), 122, 179; excepted from pardon, 132; letter to Ward, in fac-simile, 143; his house, 207; in Congress, 236; autog., 263, 450; life by John Adams, 265; portraits, 270, 271; his character, 107, 271; estimate of him by John Adams, 271; sketch by C. F. Adams, 271; by G. Mountfort, 271; other accounts, 271; naval instructions, 565; commands Mass. militia in R. I., 603; entertains D'Estaing in Boston, 603; oration on Boston Massacre, 88; suggests a Congress (1774), 99; President of Congress, 107; on his way to Congress, received with enthusiasm in N. Y., 125; his house, 149; abused, 204.

Hancock's Bridge (Pa.), 442.

Hand, Col., 278.

Hanger, Geo., Address to the Army, 517 (see Colerain).

Hanging Rock, 475.

Harcourt, Lt.-Col., 369.

Hardenburgh, John L., in Sullivan's campaign (1779), 671.

Harding, Chester, 227, 707.

Harding, Seth, 568; in the "Confederacy", 583.

Harlem Heights, 335; Americans occupy, 284; Washington's headquarters, 284; fight at, 285; evacuated, 285; lines at, 334, 339; Washington at, 334; maps of, 334; references, 334; view, 334.

Harpersfield, N. Y., 643.

Harriman, Walter, 129.

Harrington, Daniel, 179.

Harrington, Jona., 179, 185.

Harris, Capt. (Lord), 183; wounded at Bunker Hill, 195.

Harris, Moses, the spy of Schuyler, 356.

Harris, Samuel, Jr., journal of Saratoga campaign, 360.

Harris, W. W., Groton Heights, 562.

Harris and Allyn, Groton Heights, 448.

Harrison, Benj., 259; his house, 259; autog., 266; life, 266.

Harrison, R. H., aide to Washington, 327, 390, 418.

Harrod, James, in Kentucky, 715.

Harrodsburg, Ky., 715.

Hart, John, autog., 264.

Hart, Thomas, 570.

Hartford, convention at (1780), 560; Washington meets Rochambeau at, 561.

Hartley, Cecil B., Heroes and patriots, 680.

Hartley, Col., attacks Tioga, 636.

Hartley, Thomas, 346.

Hartley, Heroes of the South, 508.

Haskell, Caleb, 203; diary, 219.

Hass, Wells de, Indian Wars, 649.

Hastings, Marquis of, 197.

Haswell, Anthony, Memoirs and Adventures, 709.

Hatfield, Hist. of Elizabeth, 407, 560.

Hathorn, Col., defeated by Brant, 639.

Hatton, Lieut., 534, 544.

Hawthorne, Nath., his "Old Manse" house, 180; Septimius Felton, 185.

Haven, C. C., Washington in N. Jersey, 407; Thirty days in N. Jersey, 407; Annals of Trenton, 407; Hist. Manual, 407.

Haw River, 485.

Hawkins, Benj., 651.

Hawks, F. L., on the Regulators, 81.

Hawley, James, 42.

Hawley, Gen. Jos., on Stony Point, 558.

Hawley, Joseph, 34; urges fighting, 117; "Broken Hints", 118; autog., 118; tries to assuage passions, 118; on independence, 258.

Hay, Major, 728.

Hay, P. D., The Swamp Fox, 512.

Hayden, H. E., bibliog. of Wyoming, 665; General Enos, 217.

Hayes, W. A., 746.

Hayne, Isaac, his career and execution, 534.

Hayne, Paul H., poem on King's Mountain, 536.

Hayward, E. L., 522.

Haywood, John, Hist. Tennessee, 676, 678.

Hazard, Eben, on the Penobscot exped., 604.

Hazard, Samuel, Penna. Register, 650.

Hazlewood, Com. John, 386; on the Delaware, 430, 431.

Head of Elk, 379.

Headley, J. T., on Burgoyne's campaign, 359; on the camp at Newburgh, 744; Miscellanies, 590; on Bouquet, 693.

Heath, Gen., account of the fight at Menotomy, 126; portraits, 127, 128; autog., 127; his service, 128; his papers, 128; at Lexington, 125, 180; Memoirs, 180; commands Eastern department, 318; at Peekskill, 403; on the Hudson, 500, 557; plan of Stony Point, 557; in Boston (1778), 603; made general, 119; autog., 203.

Heckewelder, John, the missionary, 651, 734.

Heister, Gen. de, 277, 345; at Brooklyn, 279, 327.

Hele, Lieut., 449.

Hellwald, Von, America, 129.

Helm, Capt., at Vincennes, 723, 728, 729.

Hempstead, Stephen, 562.

Hendricks, Capt. Wm., 219.

Henley, Capt. David, 318.

Hennequin, Biographie Maritime, 595.

Henry, Capt. John, 520, 522.

Henry, J. J., Campaign against Quebec, 219.

Henry, Moses, 724.

Henry, Patrick, 238; questions the prerogative, 24; and the Stamp Act, 29, 73; supports com. of corresp., 56; character, 107; memoir by W. W. Henry, 107; by M. C. Tyler, 107, 723; portraits, 107, 259; prepared (1774) to fight, 117; "We must fight", 121; commands Virginia militia, 167; on independence, 257; his house, 259; and Western lands, 649; gov. of Va., 716; corresponds with Spanish governor of New Orleans, 738; his letter on Clark's conquests, 723.

Henry, W. W., memoir on Patrick Henry, 107; on G. R. Clark, 734.

Henshaw, Joshua, 73.

Henshaw, Col. Wm., 204.

Herbert, Chas., Relics of Amer. Prisoners, 575; The Prisoners of 1776, 575.

Hering, J. H., 348.

Herkimer, Gen. Nicholas, at Oriskany, 299, 630; goes to Unadilla, 626; conference with Brant, 627; his force, 630; wounded, 631; dies, 300, 632; suspicious portrait, 351; view of house, 351; his name, 351.

Herrick, H. W., on Stark and Bennington, 354.

Hesperian, The, 710.

Hesse, Mr., 738.

Hesse-Cassel, Prince of, his letter to Baron Hohendorf a forgery, 411.

Hessians in the Long Island battle, 329; their maps, 327, 345, 409; at Oriskany, 351; their jealousy of the English, 354; taken at Trenton, marched through Philadelphia, 376; at Brandywine, 419; in the South, 482; at Savannah (1779), 524; at Guilford, 541; in the R. I. campaign (1778), 595, 601.

Heth, Lieut. Wm., 219, 421.

Hewes, G. R. T., Traits of the Tea Party, 91; Retrospect of the Tea Party, 91.

Hewes, Joseph, life and autog., 266.

Heyward, Thomas, life, 265; autog., 266.

Hichborn, Benj., 88.

Hickey, Thomas, 326.

Hickey Plot, 326.

Hide, Elijah, 186.

Higginson, T. W., on Paul Revere, 175; on Salem privateers, 591.

Hildreth, S. P., Pioneer Settlers of Ohio, 219, 567, 708.

Hill, Geo. C., Arnold, 461; Daniel Boone, 708.

Hill, J. B., Old Dunstable, 189.

Hill, John, his plan of N. York, 331; map of Philad., 442.

Hill, N. N., Jr., 736.

Hillard, E. B., Last Men of the Rev., 746.

Hills, John, 426; Map of Springfield, N. J., 560; map of Stony Point, 558; plan of attack on Forts Clinton and Montgomery, 363.

Hillsborough, Earl of, 21, 43; leaves the ministry, 53; requires Massachusetts to rescind its circular letter, 44; she refuses, 45.

Hinman, Connecticut during the Rev., 663.

Hite, Col. John, 718.

Hobkirk's Hill (second battle of Camden), battle of, 488, 541; plans of battle, 543, 544; forces and losses, 544.

Hodge, Wm., 573, 574, 575.

Hodgkin, Col. Joseph, 325.

Hodgkinson, Samuel, 222, 225.

Hodgson, John, 86.

Hoffman, F. S., 451.

Holden, Queensbury, 214.

Holland, E. G., "Highland Treason", 466.

Holland, Sam., chart of Boston harbor, 209; his plan of N. Y., 333; his maps of the English colonies, 341; surveys of Fort Clinton, etc., 364.

Hollis, Thomas, 68; prints The True Sentiments of America, 83.

Hollister, H., Lackawanna Valley, 665.

Holmes, O. W., Grandmother's Story, 200.

Holmes, Missions, 736.

Holyoke, Dr., 187.

Home, John, 269.

Hood, Admiral, 83; Letters, 84; on the American coast, 501.

Hooper, Archibald M., acc. of Robert Howe, 519.

Hooper, J. C., life of Wm. Hooper, 265.

Hooper, "King", 114.

Hooper, Wm., life, 265; autog., 266.

Hopkins, Esek, made chief naval officer, 568; portraits, 569; attacks New Providence, 570; attacks the "Glasgow", 570; court-martial, 570; accounts of, 570; retires, 570.

Hopkins, John B., capt. in the navy, 570.

Hopkins, Stephen, 53; answered in a Letter from a gentleman at Halifax, 70; and in Defence of a Letter, 70; and Brief Remarks, 70; Rights of the Colonies, 70; Grievances of the American Colonies, 70; autog., 263; life, 265; and the Congress of 1754, 66.

Hopkinson, Francis, autog., 264; life, by R. P. Smith, 265; letter to Duché, 438; Battle of the Kegs, 442.

Hoppin, J. M., 439; edits H. A. Brown's Orations, 446.

Hoppin, Nicholas, 142.

Horry, P., Life of Marion, 512.

Horry, quarrels with Mahem, 545.

Hosack, David, 464.

Hosmer, Rufus, 189.

Hotham, Com., 364.

Houdon, his bust of Paul Jones, 592.

Hough, F. B., Order-book of Captain Bleecker, 670; edits the Cow-Chace, 560; Proc. of Congress at Boston, 560; Northern Invasions, 452, 672; Savannah, 522; Siege of Charleston, 525; edits Siege of Detroit, 701.

Houghton, G. F., on Colonel Warner, 356.

How, David, 202.

How, Henry K., Trenton, 407.

Howard, Col. J. E., 421, 481.

Howe, Henry, Hist. Coll. N. Y., 666.

Howe, John, Journal, 119.

Howe, Richard, Admiral Lord, 380; portrait, 277, 380; confronts D'Estaing off Newport, 594; Candid and Impartial Narrative, 594; arrives at New York, 326; statue, 380; attempts to force the Delaware defences, 387; cruised off Boston to lure out D'Estaing, 603.

Howe, Gen. Robt., on defences of Charleston, 230; at West Point, 456; at Savannah, 469; his Court-Martial Proceedings, 519; acc. of, 519.

Howe, Gen. Wm., autog., 136; his army on Staten Island (1776), 275; lands on Long Island, 276; his portrait, 197, 278, 383, 417, 418; his blunders in the N. Y. campaign (1776), 291; his lineage, 291, 415; in Philadelphia, 384; his army attacked at Germantown, 385; criticised in Letters to a nobleman, 415; his Observations, 415; Reply to Observations, 415; Letters from Agricolas, 415; generally criticised, 415; connection with Mrs. Loring, 415; leaves Philadelphia, 396; Mischianza, 396; attacks Lafayette at Barren Hill, 396; his reputation ruined by the campaign of 1777, 414; tracts on his incompetency, 414; his Narrative, 329, 414; his Orderly-book, 1775-1776, 194, 415; his H. Q. at Brandywine, 415; sails from N. Y., 417; at Head of Elk, 418; his character, 418; enters Philad., 419; his proclamations, 419; his acc. of Germantown, 426; tries to lure Washington to battle, 439; H. Q. at Stenton, 429; orders in Philadelphia, 436; H. Q. in Philad., 436; relieved by Clinton, 443; hopes to use the Indians, 621; criticised for his attack at Bunker Hill, 140; his fleet, 158; evacuates Boston, 158, 205; his conduct of the siege criticised in A View of the Evidence, etc., 205; knighted, 281; occupies N. Y., 283; dallies at Mrs. Murray's, 284; attacks to outflank Washington by way of Throg's Neck, 285; at White Plains, 286; at Dobbs's Ferry, 287; attacks Fort Washington, 287, 288; crosses into Jersey, 290; his letters during the Long Island campaign, 329; criticised by Mauduit, 329, 337; his quarters in N. Y., 331; his movements above New York (1776), 337; going to Philadelphia, defeated Germain's plans, 348; sends expedition to Danbury, 348; takes Philadelphia, 367; invades the Jerseys, 368; evacuates New Jersey, 379; sails south, and lands at Head of Elk, 379; at Brandywine, 381; criticised (1776), 331.

Howells, W. D., Three Villages, 184; on Gnadenhütten, 736.

Howland, John, of Rhode Island, 405.

Hoyt, A. H., 95.

Hoyt, Epaphras, 627.

Hoyt, Gen., on the Saratoga battlefield, 357.

Hubbard, Frances M., Wm. Richardson Davie, 537.

Hubbard, John, Maj. Moses Van Campen, 669.

Hubbard, J. N., Sa-go-ye-wat-ha, 625, 662; Red Jacket, 351, 625; Life of Van Campen, 665.

Hubbardton, affair at, 297, 350; map, 350.

Huberton. See Hubbardton.

Hubley, Col. Adam, 668; American Revolution, 650.

Huddy, Capt. Joshua, case of, 744.

Hudson, Chas., 184; Lexington, 180; on Pitcairn, 183; Doubts concerning Bunker Hill, 189.

Hudson, C., and Porter, E. E., Centennial of Lexington, 184.

Hudson, F., Amer. Journalism, 110; on Lexington, 184.

Hudson River, the campaigns about, 275; maps of, 323, 340, 364, 455, 456, 465, 556, 557; the British to secure its line, 323; British ships in (1776), 326; obstructions in, 364; frozen at New York, 559; highlands of, 340.

Huger, Gen., 483; the Virginia brigade, 485.

Hughes, Major, aide to Gen. Gates, 360.

Hull, Capt. Wm., on Trenton, 407.

Hulton, Henry, 39, 194.

Humphreys, Life of Putnam, 190.

Hunnewell, J. F., Bibliog. of Charlestown, 185.

Hunt, Louise L., on Gen. Montgomery, 216.

Hunter, C. L., Western No. Carolina, 256, 536, 678.

Huntington, Jed., letters during siege of Boston, 203; on Valley Forge, 436.

Huntington, Samuel, autog., 263; life, 265.

Hurd, John, 227.

Husband, Herman, 81; A Fan for Fanning, 81; Impartial Relation, 82.

Huske, Present State, etc., 650.

Husted, N. C., Centennial Souvenir, 466.

Hutcheson, Maj. Francis, his diary, 205, 346.

Hutchins, Thomas, 693, 699; Louisiana, 651; his maps of Bouquet's exped., 699; map of Illinois country, 700; Louisiana and West Florida, 700; Virginia, etc., 700.

Hutchinson, Col. Israel, 204.

Hutchinson, Gov. Thomas, 89; on Boston Massacre, 85; his Strictures on the Declaration of Congress, 240; chief justice of Mass., 12; his house sacked, 19, 30, 72; lieut.-gov. of Mass., 22; on feelings in England, 111; his coach used by Washington, 146; his character, 26; draws up petition to the Commons, 28; succeeds Bernard (1769), 49; made gov. of Mass. (1771), 53; his letters returned to Boston by Franklin, 56, 93; sails for England, 57; death, 58; plan of union in 1754, 66; disapproval of the Stamp Act, 72; his speech after the mob, 73; his controversy with his Assembly, 88; threatened, 88; Copies of letters, etc., 93; Letters of Gov. Hutchinson, etc., 93; The Representations of Gov. Hutchinson, 93; R. C. Winthrop's views of the return of his letters, 93; George Bancroft's, 93; Grenville's connection, 94; interview with the king (1774), 97; opposes the Boston Port Bill, 97; addressed on leaving Boston, 113.

Hyrne, W. A., 169.

Hyslop, Robt., has Paul Jones's papers, 589.

ILLINOIS, county of Va., 729.

Illinois country, 708; map of, by Hutchins, 700; Clark's campaign in, 718; to be invaded by the British (1780), 737; attacked, 739, 741.

Illman, Thomas, 194.

Imlay, Gilbert, Western Territory, 652, 708.

Importers in Boston proscribed, 79, 80; list of them, 79.

Indeberg (N. Y. city), 284.

Independence, of the United States, growth of the sentiment, 231, 256.

Indians, taken prisoners and made slaves, 676; threaten the Southern colonies (1763), 17; Indian Treaties, etc., 247; their part in the Rev. War, 605; their grants of lands, 607; rights of their women, 607; private persons forbidden to buy their lands, 608; spare woman's chastity, 610, 652; their numbers, 610, 611, 650; proportion of warriors, 611; names of tribes, 699; enlisted as minute-men at Cambridge, 612; of more use to the British, 612; counter-movements to employ them, 613, 614, 615, 616, 618; in battle of Long Island, 613; used as scouts, 613; at White Plains, 613; on the Kennebec exped., 614; commissions given to them, 617; and the British ministry, 617; the British government announce their intention of using them, 621; entice them by gifts, 621; books about, 648; as allies in war, 649; their lands encroached upon, 649; number in the British service, 652; with St. Leger, 661; commissioned by Congress, 672; employment of, in war, opinions as regards, 673; counter-statements of English and French, 688, 689; bounties offered to engage in the war, 674; enlisted, 677; join the Americans in the South, 679; Laws relating to Indians, 682; civilized by the Moravians, 736.

Ingersoll, E., life of L. Morris, 266; of Thomas Stone, 266; of Samuel Chase, 266; of James Smith, 266; of Jos. Hewes, 266; of Wm. Paca, 266; of John Adams, 266.

Ingersoll, Jared., to be stamp distributor, 72; his Letters, 73.

Inglis, Chas., Plain Truth, 270; on the Iroquois, 608.

Inman, George, on Princeton, 412.

Innes, Col. Jas., 718.

Insurance, maritime, rates of, during the Rev. War, 563, 573.

Ipswich dreads a raid from Boston (1775), 128.

Iredell, James, 532.

Ireland, address of Congress to, 617.

Irenæus, Father, 710.

Iroquois, histories of, 247; Inglis' memorial about, 608.

Irvine, Col., attack at Three Rivers, 225.

Irvine, Gen., diary, 222.

Irvine, Gen. James, wounded at Chestnut Hill, 389.

Irvine, William, at Monmouth, 446; at Fort Pitt, 732; letters and papers, 737.

JACK, MAJOR, in Georgia, 676, 678, 679.

Jackson, Helen Hunt, Century of Dishonor, 681,

Jackson, Wm., 80, 268.

Jackson, survey of Lake George, 348.

Jacob, John J., Life of Cresap, 712.

Jacobs, Francis, 419.

Jamaica Bay, 327.

James, John, Life of Marion, 512.

James, Thomas, 170, 228.

James, Wm. D., Life of Marion, 512.

James Island (near Charleston, S. C.), 526.

Jameson, Col., receives André, 458.

Jameson, Constitutional Conventions, 72.

Jarvis, J. W., 734.

Jasper, Sergeant William, 172, 230; killed, 524.

Jay, John, address to the people of Great Britain, 100; an Episcopalian, 241; on Harlem fight, 334; on the desire for independence, 255.

Jefferson, Thomas, Summary View, 98, 99; the Decl. of Indep., 239; Stuart's profile likeness of, 258; portraits of, 258; his house, Monticello, 259; fac-simile of his orig. draft of the Decl. of Independence, 260; why at the head of the com. for drafting the Decl. of Indep., 261; his autog., 261, 266; the house where he wrote the Decl. of Indep. 261; the desk, 261; life of George Wythe, 265; life by Gilpin, 265; escapes from Tarleton, 497; during the invasion of Va., 515, 547; controversy with H. Lee, 515; Notes on Virginia, 650, 711, 712; on Cresap, 711.

Jefferys, Gen. Topog. of No. Amer., 696; plan of Boston, 209; Province of Quebec, 215; charts of the St. Lawrence, river and gulf, 215.

Jeffries, Dr. John, on Gen. Warren's death, 194.

Jemison, Mary, 648, 662.

Jening, Levi, 47.

Jenkins, Howard, Gwynedd, 436.

Jenkins, H. M., on Brandywine, 419.

Jenkins, Steuben, on Wyoming, 665.

Jenkinson, C., 76.

Jennings, Edmund, 109.

Jennings, Isaac, Memorials of a Century, 355.

Jennys, Richard, 71.

Jenyns, Soame, his Objections to Taxation, 75.

Jephson, Mrs., 276.

Jesse, Etonians, 516.

Jesuits in Kaskaskia, 717, 720.

Johnson, Crisfield, Erie County, 670.

Johnson, Col. Guy, 142; succeeds Sir Wm. Johnson, 612; favors use of Indians, 613; the object of suspicion, 618; fortified his house, 619; confers with the Indians at Fort Stanwix and Oswego, 619; at Ontario, 619; at Montreal, 619, 624; instructed to have the Indians prepared for service, 620; his war-belt, 624; goes to Connecticut, 605; his map of the country of the Six Nations (1771), 609; correspondence with Haldimand, 654; persuading Indians to join the British, 655.

Johnson, Jeremiah, 329.

Johnson, Sir John, urging the Indians to take sides, 615; his position, 624; arrested, 625; flies to Canada, 625; Life of, 625; Orderly-book, 351, 625, 660; at Oriskany, 630; raids in the Mohawk Valley, 634, 644; in the Schoharie Valley, 644; exped. into N. Y. 672; in St. Leger's campaign, 299; life of, by J. W. de Peyster, 351.

Johnson, Jos., Traditions of Amer. Rev., 514.

Johnson, R. M., 707.

Johnson, Dr. Samuel, his appearance, 109; Taxation no Tyranny, 109; Hypocrisy unmasked, 102.

Johnson, Stephen, 203.

Johnson, Wesley, 665.

Johnson, Sir Wm., life by Stone, 247; his tact, 605; labors to prevent outbreaks, 607, 608; dies, 612; acc. of, 648; his estimate of Indian warriors, 651; makes a treaty (1764) at Niagara, 698; letters to Lords of Trade, 704; the Western Indians, 706, 707.

Johnson, Wm., Sketches of life of Gen. Greene, 510, 511; reviews of, 511.

Johnson, W. S., and the Wilkes turmoils, 28; in the Congress of 1765, 74; on feelings in England during the Stamp Act times, 75; describes debates in Parliament, 85; predicts independence, 85; a patriot, 241.

Johnston, Alexander, Representative Amer. Orations, 107; on the Cincinnati, 746.

Johnston, Capt., in the navy, 575; in the "Lexington", 575; surrenders to the "Alert", 575.

Johnston, Henry P., "Yale in the Revolution", 189; on R. J. Meigs, 219; his map of Long Island, 328; Campaign of 1776, 331; plan of New York Island, 331, 335; on Nathan Hale, 334; on Col. Varick, 460; on De Kalb, 530; his plan of battle of Camden, 531; on De Kalb, Gates, and the Camden campaign, 532; Yorktown Campaign, 555; on Stony Point, 558.

Johnston, Bristol and Bremen, 567.

Johnstown, Gen. Schuyler at, 624; fight at, 646.

Jones, Brig.-Gen., 194.

Jones, C. C., Georgia, 679; Last Days of Lee, 509, 510; Serg. Wm. Jasper, 230, 524; Sepulture of Greene and Pulaski, 510, 524; Siege of Savannah in 1779, 522.

Jones, Ch. H., Campaign for the Conquest of Canada, 174.

Jones, Dr., of Boston, 47.

Jones, Gabriel, 716.

Jones, J. S., Defence of No. Carolina, 257.

Jones, John Paul, made lieutenant, 568; cruising in the "Providence", 570; made captain, 570, 571; in the "Alfred", 571; captures the "Mellish", 571; in the "Ranger", 571, 576; displays the national flag, 571; acc. of him, 576; takes the "Drake", 577; descent on the Scotch coast, 577; his letter-books, 577; in the "Bon Homme Richard", 577, 590; her log-book, 590; her flag, 590; engages the "Serapis", 578, 590; goes into the Texel, 578; effect in England, 590; seeks the French service, 579; in the "Alliance", 583; life by J. F. Cooper, 589; other lives, 589; his papers, 589, 590; life purporting to be by himself, issued in French, 590; figures in Cooper's Pilot and Dumas' Capitaine Paul, 590; in the "Ranger", 590; her log, 590; his letters, 590; claims on the U. S., 591; causes diplomatic embarrassments, 591; portraits, 592; medals, 592; Houdon's bust, 592.

Jones, Lieut., 627.

Jones, M. M., on Cornstalk, 714.

Jones, Pearson, 146.

Jones, Pomroy, Oneida County, 351.

Jones, Skelton, Virginia, 515.

Jones, Thomas, the loyalist, his cynical character, 467.

Jordan, S., 227.

Joy, Arad, of Ovid, N. Y., 467.

Judges paid by the king, 54; tenure of office in England, 4; in America, 4.

Judson, L. C., on the signers of Decl. of Indep., 266.

Jumel, Madam, 284.

Kalb. See De Kalb.

Kalm predicts the Amer. revolt, 686.

Kanadalauga, 669.

Kapp, Frederick, Die Deutschen im Staate New York, 351; Life of John Kalb, 530; Leben des Generals Kalb, 530; Life of Steuben, 515.

Kaskaskia 730, 738; Jesuits at, 720; captured, 720; references, 722; maps, 700, 702, 717.

Kaye, G. W., Indian Officers, 516.

Kearney, Maj., surveys of Yorktown, 553.

Kemble, Peter, 123.

Kennebec expedition (1775), led by Arnold, 217; used surveys by Montresor, 217; Indians join, 655; maps of the route, 217; references, 217; letters, 218; Arnold's journal, 218; other journals, 219; orderly-books, 220; list of officers, 220; lists of men and of the losses, 220. See Quebec, siege of (1755).

Kennedy, Patrick, Journal, 701.

Kennedy, Samuel, surgeon, 325, 359.

Kennett Square, Pa., 381, 415.

Kent, Benj., 47.

Kenton, Simon, 708.

Kentucky, explored, 710, 715; first log cabin, 715; made a county of Virginia, 716; forts in, 739.

Ketchum, Silas, edits Mrs. Walker's Events in Canada, 222.

Ketchum, Wm., Buffalo, 648.

Kettell, John, at Bunker Hill, 202.

Kettle Creek, 520.

Kickapoos, 703,

Kidder, Frederick, Military operations in Eastern Maine, 564, 657; acc. of him, 657.

Kimball, James, orderly-book (1777-1778), 360.

King, C., on Monmouth, 446.

King, David, 219.

King, D. P., 184.

King, Gen. Joshua, on André's captors, 466.

King's Bridge, 336, 337; affair at (1781), 561.

King's Ferry (Hudson River), 456.

King's Mountain, battle, 479, 535, 536, 677; forces and losses, 535; no good plan, 536; view, 536; diagrams, 536.

Kingsley, J. L., Hist. address, 93; on Ezra Stiles, 187.

Kingston, Duchess of, 112.

Kingston, Fort, 664.

Kingston, Lt. Col. (1777), 366.

Kingston, N. Y., senate house, 274; burned (1777), 364.

Kingstown, N. J., 408, 410.

Kinnison, David, 91.

Kip's Bay, 283, 333, 335.

Kirke, Edmund, pseud. for J. R. Gilmore.

Kirkland, J. T., 672; sketch of Gen. Lincoln, 513.

Kirkland, Samuel, 612, 659; acc. of, 674; life by S. K. Lothrop, 274, 659; his account of siege of Fort Stanwix, 351.

Kirkwood, Capt., his journal, 545.

Kitanning, 609.

Kitchin, Thomas, map of N. Y., 333, 349; map of Philad., 442.

Kloster-Zeven, convention of, 322.

Knight, Dr. (with Slover), Narrative, 736.

Knight, Lieut. John, 364.

Knower, Daniel, 466.

Knowlton, Col., 135, 191; attacks at Harlem, 285; his scouts in Charlestown Mass. (1776), 153.

Knox, Gen. Henry, his acc. of Brandywine, 419; his report on the Continental army, 588; misconceived later, 588; brings cannon from Ticonderoga, 156; his letters, 156; autog., 156; on Germantown, 421; headquarters in N. Y., 276; last general officer of the army, 746; suggests the Cincinnati Soc., 746.

Knox, Wm., Claim of the Colonies, 75; Controversy between Great Britain and her Colonies, 83; The justice and policy of the late act, 104.

Knyphausen, Gen., at Fort Washington, 289, 338, 345; autog., 289; at Brandywine, 381; in command in N. Y., 559; at Germantown, 385, 428; on the Delaware, 430; at Haddenfield, 442; at New Rochelle, 286; at King's Bridge, 286; his quarters in N. Y., 331; at Trenton, 411.

Kosciusko, Thaddeus, fortifies Bemis Heights, 304; at Ninety-six, 491; portraits, 492; memoir by Evans, 492; his claims, 492.

Kriegstheater in Amerika, 341.

Kulp, Geo. B., Families of the Wyoming Valley, 664.

L'Amoreaux, J. S., address, 366.

La Chesnais, edits Blanchard's journal, 554.

La Corne, St. Luc, with Burgoyne, 294.

La Mothe, Capt., 729.

La Tour, Brionde, Théâtre de la Guerre, 416.

Lacy, Gen. John, 393; Papers, 216; at Valley Forge, 436.

Lafayette, his view of the English observance of the Saratoga convention, 321; joins the army, 380; wounded at Brandywine, 382, 418; headquarters, 419; his attack at Gloucester, N. Jersey 389, 430; proposed for command of an expedition to Canada, 392, 447; at Barren Hill, 396, 442; first sits at council of war, 417; at Monmouth, 444, 445; account of Arnold and André, 466; marches south, 496; in Richmond, 496; map of his fight with Cornwallis, 538; in Virginia, 547; his Mèmoires, 547; at Yorktown, 555; plans an invasion of England, 577; in R. I. campaign (1778), 593, 601; his letters, 593; visits Boston, 595; his plan of Narragansett Bay, 600; his plan of Rhode Island, 602.

Lake Pontchartrain, map, 702.

Lake. See names of lakes.

Lally, Thomas, 227.

Lamb, Col. John, 670; at West Point, 460; his artillery company at Quebec, 220.

Lamb, Roger, Journal of Occurrences, 198, 360, 518, 532; Memoirs, 360.

Lambdin, A. C., 423.

Lamoth, Capt., 728. See La Mothe.

Lancaster, Pa., Congress at, 383.

Lancaster County, Pa., massacre in, 606.

Land companies, 649, 650.

Land grants, fraudulently obtained from the Indians, 607, 608.

Landaff, Bishop, his sermon (1767), 76; answered by Livingston, 76; a Vindication, 76.

Landais, Capt., in the "Alliance", 577, 578; insane, 579; his Memorial, 590; Charges and Proofs, 591; acc. by E. E. Hale, 591; his claims, 591.

Lane, Capt. John, 614.

Lane, S. E., 714.

Langdon, John, in Canada, 227.

Langdon, Rev. John, sermon on Lexington, 180.

Langdon, Samuel, election sermon, 131; Map of N. Hampshire, 217.

Langworthy, Edward, Chas. Lee, 407.

Lanman, James, 464, 597.

Lareau, Litt. Canadienne, 216.

Larned, Miss, Windham County, 193.

Lathrop, John, sermon on Boston Massacre, 88.

Latrobe, H. B., life of Chas. Carroll, 266.

Laurens, John, Lt.-Col., at Germantown, 385; on the Delaware, 431; killed, 507, 545; at Monmouth, 446; challenges Lee, 446; at Charleston (1780), 525.

Lauzun, Duc de, Mémoires, 560.

Lawrence, Eugene, 559.

Leach, John, 204.

Learned, Gen., at Bemis Heights, 304; at Freeman's Farm, 316.

Leboucher, La Guerre de l'Indépendance, 560.

Lecky, on Bunker Hill, 198; on siege of Boston, 173; England, etc., 68.

Ledyard, Col., his career, etc., 562; killed, 562.

Lee, Andrew, diary, 417.

Lee, Arthur, A True State of the Proceedings, 106; An Appeal to the People of Great Britain, 106, 109; on the news of Lexington, 175; helps in writing the Liberty Song, 86; Political Detection, 88; trying to secure powder for Virginia, 168.

Lee, Chas., Strictures on a Friendly Address, 106; at Cambridge, 144; correspondence with Burgoyne, 144; his headquarters in Medford, 144; sent to New York (1776), 156; goes south, 156, 168; his letters at this time, 156; in Virginia, 168; in South Carolina, 168; letters during siege of Boston, 203; report on defence of Sullivan's Island, 229; in New York, 275; on the fortifications of New York, 325; refuses to follow Washington into the Jerseys, 368, 403; captured, 369, 403; likenesses, 369, 406; autograph, 370; following Clinton, 398; at Monmouth, 399, 444; court-martial of, 400, 446; dismissed from the army, 400; exchanged, 403; his criticism of Washington, 403, 446; his conduct suspicious, 403; as "Junius", 406; his house in Virginia, 407; lives of, 407; Papers, 407; the campaign of 1777, 416; his treason, 416; his vindication, 446; corresponds with Washington, 446; duel with Col. Laurens, 446.

Lee, C. C., 515.

Lee, F. D., Hist. Rec. of Savannah, 519.

Lee, Francis Lightfoot, autog., 266; life, 266.

Lee, Capt. John, 592.

Lee, Gen. Henry, 222, 509; and his legion, 484; on Rawdon's communications, 487; joins Marion, 487; at Augusta, 490; at Ninety-Six, 491; at the Eutaws, 545; retires, 545; War in the Southern Dept., 509; edited by H. Lee, 509; by R. E. Lee, 509; called "Legion Harry", and "Light Horse Harry", 509; portraits, 509; severe on Jefferson, 515; controversy, 515; at Yorktown, 555; (son of "Legion Harry") his Campaign of 1781, 511; Observations on Jefferson, 515; on the capture of André, 466; attacks Paulus Hook, 559.

Lee, R. H., 236, 259; and the Stamp Act, 29; supports com. of correspondence, 56; address to people of Great Britain, 100; drafts address of Congress of 1775, 108; moves for independence, 238; not on the committee to draft the Declar. of Independence, 239; his resolutions of June 7th preserved, 261; references, 261; autog., 265; life, 266; on Trenton, 407.

Lee, Major Wm., 204; Legal adviser, 729.

Leiste, C., on the British colonies, 341.

Leitch, Col. Thomas, 171, 285.

Leith, John, Narrative, 682.

Le Marchant, Walpole's George III., 75.

Lemoine, Maple leaves, 223; Picturesque Quebec, 223.

Leney, W. S., 107.

Leonard, Daniel, The present political state, etc., 110; The Origin of the Amer. Contest, 110; Massachusettensis, or a series of letters, 110; references, 112.

Leslie, Col., at Salem, 119, 172.

Leslie, Gen., attacks Chatterton Hill, 286; at Charleston, S. C., 507; proposes a truce, 545; marches to the Carolinas, 536; at Princeton, 378; in Virginia, 495, 546.

Lesperance, J., Bastonnais, 223.

Levasseur, A., Lafayette en Amérique, 194.

Levinge, R. G. A., Monmouthshire Light Infantry, 198.

Lewis, Gen. Andrew, leads exped. against Indians, 713; at Point Pleasant, 713; in Virginia, 168; his Order-book, 168.

Lewis, Col., of Virginia, 679.

Lewis, Francis, autog., 264; life, 265.

Lewis, Morgan, life of Francis Lewis, 265.

Lewis, S., 338.

Lewis, Chester Co., 419.

Lexington, Ky., 708; named in commemoration of the fight in 1775, 178.

Lexington, Mass., march to, 123; Percy's reinforcements, 123; effect of the news in England, 125; authorities, 174; depositions, 175; fac-simile of John Parker's, 176; which fired first? 175, 183; news of the fight in London, 175; its effect, 178; the news sent South, 178; Bloody Butchery, 178; plan of Lexington, 179; Clarke house, 179; British accounts, 180; Circumstantial Account, 180; losses, 182; alarm rolls, 182; loss of property, 182; disputes with Concord, 183; depositions of survivors, 184; Centennial Souvenir, 184; view of Lexington Green, 185; the fight in fiction, 185; relics, 185. See Concord.

"Liberty" sloop seized, 43.

Liberty Song, 86; Tree in Boston, 72; in other places, 72.

Lincoln, Benjamin, at Charleston (1779), 469; his order-books, 469, 522, 554; at Savannah, 470, 519, 522, 523; withdraws, 471; autograph, 473; portrait, 473; lives, 513; his papers, 359, 513; his letters, 513; coöperates with D'Estaing, 513; surrenders Charleston, 474, 513; defends his conduct, 524; drove off the last ship from Boston, 160; in Burgoyne's campaign, 299, 359; acting on Burgoyne's communications, 304; on New York Island (1781), 499; account of Bennington, 354; attack on Stono, 520; with Gates (1777), 307.

Lincoln, Wm., ed. Journals of Mass. Prov. Cong., 180.

Lind, John, Answer to the Decl. of Indep., 269.

Lindsay, Lord, on Germantown, 423.

Lindsay, W., Invasion of Canada, 223.

Linn, Buffalo Valley, 446.

Linquet, 366.

Lippincott, Capt. Richard, 744.

Litchfield, Paul, 203.

Little, Moses, 326.

Livermore, Daniel, 668.

Livermore, Geo., Hist. Research, 85.

Liverpool, Eng., 563.

Livesey, R., 575.

Livingston, Col., at Freeman's Farm, 316.

Livingston, Henry B., 359; orderly-book (1777), 359.

Livingston, Col. James, before Quebec, 165.

Livingston, Philip, The other side of the question, 106, 108; autog., 264; life of, 265.

Livingston, R. R., intercedes for Arnold, 452; in Canada, 227; on com. to draft Declar. of Indep., 239; on Stamp Act, 73.

Livingston, Gov. Wm., his papers, 359; Collection of Tracts, 83; corresponding with Sam Cooper, 83; Letter to Bishop of Landaff, 76; his silhouette, 84.

Lloyd, Charles, 49; sec. to Grenville, 75; Conduct of the late administration examined, 76.

Locke, Col., 475.

Lockwood, David, 472.

Lockwood, James, 178.

Lodge, Lieut. Benj., map of Sullivan's route (1779), 681.

Lodge, John, 212.

Loftus, Maj. Arthur, on the Mississippi, 701.

Logan, Col., at Blue Licks, 730.

Logan, James, his house, 429.

Logan, J. H. Upper country of So. Carolina, 536.

Logan Historical Soc., 713; American Pioneer, 713.

Logan (Indian), his speech, 711, 712.

Logtown, N. C., 543.

London Gazette, 516.

Long, J., Indian interpreter, 649.

Long, Voyages, 741.

Long Island, battle of, 326; sources, 328, 329; movements of, 329; British strength at, 330; bibliography of, 329; the British land on, 326; Hessian map of battle, 327; other maps, 327, 328, 340. See Brooklyn.

Long Island Sound, whale boat warfare in, 591.

Longchamps. Histoire impartiale, 555.

Longfellow, H. W., occupies Craigie House, 142; Paul Revere's Ride, 173.

Longfellow, Samuel, Life of H. W. Longfellow, 142.

Lord, W. W., play on André, 464.

Loring, Geo. B., on Leslie's expedition, 172.

Loring, J. S., Hundred Boston Orators, 107.

Lossing, B. J., 197; on Arnold, 220; on Daniel Boone, 708; Field-book of the Rev., 659; edits Lyon's Mil. Journal, 178; on the signers of the Decl. of Indep., 266; on Putnam, 193; on the Revolutionary navy, 589; Two Spies, 464; on Arnold's treason, 464; United States, 659; Seventeen hundred and seventy-six, 659; on Quebec, 223.

Lothrop, Isaac, 187.

Lothrop, S. K., Samuel Kirkland, 659, 674.

Louisiana, ceded (1762) to Spain, 686; Ulloa in, 737; a republic tried, 737; French forts in, 699.

Lovell, James, 88; imprisoned, 204; on Burgoyne's advance, 348; the Conway Cabal, 392; on Howe's movements, 416; on Washington, 421.

Lovell, Gen. Solomon, in Penobscot expedition, 582; autog., 603; quarrels with Saltonstall, 603; his Journal, 603; life by Nash, 603; acquitted court of inquiry, 604.

Lovewell, John, 681.

Low, Nath., Astron. Diary, 178; map from, 342.

Lowell, E. J., 411; introduction to Pausch's journal, 360.

Lowell, Jas. Russell, Concord Ode, 184; his house, 115.

Lowell, John, on the Bunker Hill controversy, 191.

Lowell, Robert, "Burgoyne's last march", 357.

Lownes, C., 207.

Loyalists in Boston, organized into battalions, 153; leave Boston with Howe, 158; leave Charleston and Savannah, 546; discouraged by Trenton, 407; military organizations in Philad., 395. See Tories.

Lunt, Paul, 203.

Lushington, S. R., Lord Harris, 183.

Lynch, Thomas, 264; life, 265; autog., 266.

Lynch's Creek, 476.

Lynde, Judge Benj., portrait, 86; Diary, 86; autog., 50.

Lyons, L., Mil. Journals, 178.

Lyttelton, Lord, A letter to Chatham, 104.

M'Gauran, Major Edward, 360.

Macaulay, Catharine, Observations, 88; on Chatham, 685.

Macdonald, Flora, 168.

Machias, Me., affair of the "Margaretta", 564.

Machigwawish, 738.

Machin, Thomas, map of the Hudson River, 455.

Mackay, Capt. Samuel, Narrative, 360.

Mackenzie, Alex. S., Life of Paul Jones, 590.

Mackenzie, John, 79.

Mackenzie, Roderick, Strictures on Tarleton, 517; answered, 517; on Cowpens, 538; wounded at Cowpens, 541.

Macpherson, James, Rights of Great Britain Asserted, 109, 269.

Madison, James, 259.

Magaw, Robert, on Fort Washington, 341; letter (Cambridge), 203.

Magnolia, a Georgia periodical, 519.

Mahem, Marion's lieutenant, 545.

Mahem towers, 491.

Mahon, Lord (Earl Stanhope), on Bunker Hill, 198; condemns André's execution, 467; on the Decl. of Indep., 269.

Mahoning, 643.

Maidenhead, N. J., 409, 410.

Maine, H. C., Burgoyne's Campaign, 366.

Maine created as the province of New Ireland, 604.

Maisonville, Francis, 729.

Maitland, Col., at Savannah, 470, 520; dies, 524.

Majabigwaduce, 604.

Malcolm, Daniel, his house assailed, 68.

Malmedy, autog., 500; fortifies Narragansett Bay, 593.

Mamaroneck, 337.

Manchac, 739.

Manchester, N. H., 190.

Manly, Capt. John, captures Crean Brush, 205; takes prizes, 565; the first to show a Continental flag, 565; driven into Plymouth, 565; second captain in rank, 570; captures the "Fox", 579; loses the "Hancock", 579; cruises in the West Indies in "The Hague", 584.

Mann, Herman, Female Review, or Life of Deborah Sampson, 191.

Manors in N. Y., 340.

Mansfield, his speeches, 112; Plea of the Colonies on the charges of Mansfield and others, 112.

Manufactures prohibited in the colonies, 6; encouraged, 77, 78.

Manwaring, Edw., 86.

Marblehead (Mass.), Glover's regiment, 375, 565.

Marbois, Complot d'Arnold et Clinton, 463; translated in American Register, 463.

Marbury, Col. Leonard, 676.

Marcus Hook, 415.

"Margaretta", affair of, 564.

Marion, Francis, 511; lives, 512; portraits, 512; his relations with Greene, 490; at Fort Watson, 544; discouraged, 544; pursued by Tarleton, 480.

"Marion's men", 490.

Marsh, Luther R., Gen. Woodhull, 330.

Marshall, Christopher, diary, 260, 273, 404, 436, 447; his acc. of the reading of the Decl. of Indep. in Philad., 273.

Marshall, Col., of Boston, 47.

Marshall, John, at Brandywine, 418; at Germantown, 422; his account of Wyoming, 663.

Marshall, O. H., Niagara Frontier, 658.

Marshfield, Mass., garrisoned, 118.

Martin, D., engraved the earliest American plan of Bunker Hill, 200.

Martin, gov. of No. Carolina, 168.

Martin, Joseph, 677.

Martin, J. S., Revolutionary Soldier, 329.

Martin, Luther, 712.

Martin, Gazetteer of Va., 554.

Martin, No. Carolina, 678.

Martler's Rock, 323.

Maryland, in the Continental Congress, 234; effect of Boston Port Bill in, 96; militia in (1774), 117; movements (1774), 98; Stamp Act in, 73; troops, 485; at Hobkirk's Hill, 488; at Camden, 533; at Guildford, 541.

Mascoutins, 703, 741.

Masères, Francis, Essays, 90; Account of the proceedings, 104; Additional Papers, 104; Canadian Freeholder, 104.

Mason, Col. David, 119.

Mason, Edw. G., Todd's Record Book, 730; Spaniards in Illinois, 743; Kaskaskia, 723; on Fort Chartres, 706.

Mason, Geo., 259, 716; his house, 259; Virginia Decl. of Rights, 272; references, 272.

Mason, G. C., on the English fleet in Newport, 593; on war vessels in Narragansett Bay, 90.

Mason, Jonathan, 88.

Mason, Thaddeus, 187.

Massachusetts, circular letter (1768), 2, 42, 79; causes of the Revolution in, 18; character of her governors, 22; its fisheries, 25; trade with the West Indies, 26; the Stamp Act, 29; refuses to rescind the circular letter, 44; calls a convention (1768), 45; protests against the military occupation of Boston (1769), 47; legislature moved to Cambridge, 47; adopts intercolonial com. of correspondence, 56; bill for regulating the government, 58; legislature at Salem, 58; Answer of the major part of the Council, 67; _Speeches of the governors, 1765-1775, and the answers of the House of Rep._, 67; Journals of the House, 67; State Papers, 67, 73; her letter to Rockingham, 83; Song of Liberty, 86, 87; Reply to Hutchinson (1773), 90; petition to the king for the removal of Hutchinson, 95; Americans in London oppose the Regulating Act, 97; debate in Parliament, 97; Bill for the impartial administration of justice, 97; Solemn League and Covenant, 97, 98; action taken for a Congress (1774), 99; her assembly becomes a provincial congress, 116; Journals of the Provincial Congress, 106; articles of war, 108; form of her government (1775) approved by Congress, 108; ceases to be called province, 108; provincial congress chooses general officers, 116, 243; militia, 116; second provincial congress, 118; empowers Com. of Safety to gather the militia, 119; provincial congress, 120; meets (May, 1775), 131; warns (June 17, 1775) the militia, 133; the doings of the provincial congress, approved by the Continental Congress, 134; Com. of Safety send acc. of Bunker Hill to England and elsewhere, 187; in the Cont. Congress, 234; sets up its autonomy, 237, 257; Centennial of the Constitution, 274; frames a constitution, 274; Report on a Constitution, 274; other publications, 274; sends mast timber to Charles II, 564; ships owned in, 564; commissions a naval force (1775), 565; their captures, 568, 582; her force in 1779, 579; sends expedition against Penobscot, 582; privateers of, 585, 587, 591; commissioned in France, 587; her navy, 585, 586; her losses at Penobscot, 586; her number of men at sea, 587; her legislation about privateers, 591; their captures, 591; troops in R. I. (1778), 601; issues bills to defray cost of Penobscot expedition, 603; military rolls of the exped., 603; Stockbridge Indians enlisted by, 612; their plea of justification, 612, 613; seek to enlist the Nova Scotia Indians, 614; treaty with them, 614; Journals of its provincial congresses, 656.

Massachusetts Gazette, 110.

Massachusetts Spy, 110, 122.

Massey, England, 112.

Masts, timber for, 564.

Mathew, Geo., 560.

Matson's Ford, 425.

Matthewman, Luke, 581.

Matthews, David, 326.

Matthews, Gen., invades New Jersey, 559; in Virginia, 546.

Matthis, Samuel, Hobkirk's Hill, 542.

Mattoon, Gen. Ebenezer, on Burgoyne's surrender, 358.

Mauduit, Israel, 83; Short View, etc., 85; edits the Hutchinson letters, 93; on Bunker Hill, 195; on Gen. Howe, 329; Howe at White Plains, 337; Three Letters to Howe, 195, 337, 344; on the Mischianza, 436; agent of Mass., 28.

Maverick, Peter, 266.

Mawhood, Col., 378.

Maxwell, Gen., 380; at Morristown, 373; his brigade, 670.

Maxwell, Major Thompson, 190.

Maxwell, Thomas, 663.

Maxwell on Arnold's fight on Lake Champlain, 346.

May, Thomas E., Const. Hist. England, 75.

Mayer, Brantz, edits Carroll's journal, 227; Logan and Cresap, 712; Tah-Gah-Jute, 712.

Mayhew, Jonathan, his controversy with Apthorpe, 70; his Unlimited submission to the higher powers, 70; Observations, in reply to Apthorpe, 70; Defence of Observations, 70; Remarks, 70; his portraits, 71; references on his career, 71; suggests union of colonies, 89; view of his meeting-house, 151, 197; controversy with Secker, 243; sermon on the Stamp Act, 77.

Maynard, Needham, 189.

McAlpine, Memoirs, 360.

McBury, Col. Leonard, 676, 678.

McCall, Hugh, lives of Lyman Hall, Button Gwinnett, 265; George Walton, 265; Hist. of Georgia, 513, 570.

McCall, Capt. James, 679.

McClean, Capt., 443.

McClellan, Capt. Jos., journal, 561.

McClure, diary, 180.

McConkey, Mrs., Hero of Cowpens, 511.

McCoy, John F., publishes ed. of proceedings of the André examination, 461.

McCoy, Sergeant, 219.

McCrea, Miss Jane, murder of, 627; her Life, 627.

McCurlin, David, 202.

McDonald, Capt. Angus, goes against the Indians, 713.

McDougall, Gen., at Chatterton Hill, 286; at Germantown, 385; at West Point, 557.

McDowell, Col. Chas., 478.

McDowell, Jos., portrait, 535.

McGill, Maj., on Camden, 530.

McGowan's Pass (N. Y.), 338, 339.

McHenry, James, 446.

McKean, Thomas, on the Congress of 1765, 74; life, 265; signed the Decl. of Indep., 168; autog., 265.

McKendry, Wm., Journal, 666.

McKenney and Hall, Indian Tribes, 625.

McKenzie, Alex., on Cambridge, 142; on Lexington, 184.

McLane, Capt. Allen, 385, 393, 398.

McNiel, Capt., in the navy, 570.

McNeill, Gen., commands at Penobscot, 603.

McRae, Sherwin, 515.

McRae, Life of James Iredell, 532, 537.

McReath, Dr., 729.

McVeagh, Wayne, on Paoli, 419.

Mecklenburg Declaration of Independence, 256; autographs of the committee, 256; disputed questions, 256.

Medcalfe, map of Burgoyne's campaign, 349.

Meigs, Return J., Expedition against Quebec, 219; accounts of, 219; expedition to Sag Harbor, 591; his character, 591.

Mein, John, Boston, 83; proscribed, 78; State of the importation, etc., 78.

Mellish and Tanner, Seat of War, 416.

Melville, Herman, Israel Potter, 590.

Melvin, J., Expedition to Quebec, 219.

Mendon (Mass.), resolves of independence, 257.

Ménonville, M. de, journal at Yorktown, 554.

Mercantile system, 5, 7.

Mercer, Charles Fenton, 707.

Mercer, Gen. Hugh, commands Flying Camp, 326, 403; death of, 378, 412; action of Congress, 412; portraits, 412.

Merchants in England, and navigation laws, 64; monopolies of, 7.

Meredith, Sir Wm., A letter to Chatham, 104.

Metcalfe, S. L., Indian Warfare, 708.

Meyer, E. L., Map of Elizabethport, 560.

Meyrick, Surgeon, 358.

Meyrick, S. J., 227.

Miamis, 610.

Micmacs, 614.

Middle colonies, maps of, 341.

Middlebrook, camp at, 556; Washington at, 579.

Middleton, Arthur, life, 265; life of Rutledge, 265; autog., 266.

Mifflin, Gen. Thomas, 117, 203; the Conway Cabal, 392; leads militia into New Jersey, 376; on the British lines at Boston Neck, 212.

Mifflin, Fort, abandoned, 447. See Fort.

Miles, Samuel, 327.

Militia, in battle, 541; organized, 108; in Mass., 116; in the Rev. War, 588.

Miller, Thomas, at Bunker Hill, 202.

Miller, W. T., 203.

Miller House, 338.

Mills, W. H., on the Kennebec route, 217.

Mills, Statistics of So. Carolina, 527.

Milltown, Pa., 381.

Miner, Charles, Wyoming, 664.

Mingo Bottom, 736.

Mingo Indians, 610, 671.

Minisink massacre, 639, 653, 662; loss, 662.

Minomines, 738.

Minot, Geo. R., 88.

Mischianza, 396, 436.

Misère (Ste. Geneviève), 738.

Mississippi River as western boundary of the U. S., 730; plan by Pittman, 702.

Mobile, Pittman's plan, 702; captured, 739.

Moffat, of R. I., on Stamp Act debates, 74.

Mohawk River, 609; map of the neighborhood, 351; valley, 610; Indian incursion, 672; warfare in, 657.

Mohawks in Canada, 656; irritated by the Conn. Co., 605; their lands east of the boundary line, 610; solicited, 120; would protect Guy Johnson, 624.

Mohegans, 622.

Molasses Act, 25, 26, 72.

Monckton, Lt.-Col., at Monmouth, 400.

Moncrieff, Col., 521; at Savannah (1779), 524.

Monette, Valley of the Mississippi, 686.

Monk's Corner, 473.

Monmouth, battle, 399; plans of, 408, 444, 445; accounts of, 445, 446.

Monotomy, roads about, 121.

Monroe, James, at Trenton, 376.

Monson, Henry, map of Carolina, 675.

Montague, Admiral, 90.

Montague, Lord, letter to Moultrie, 534.

Montgar (Armstrong), 746.

Montgomery, Col. John, attacked by the Cherokees (1760), 675; at Kaskaskia, 740.

Montgomery, Gen. Richard, urges advance into Canada, 161; made brigadier, 161; advances on St. Johns, 161; before St. Johns, 162; captures Fort Chamblée, 162; takes St. Johns, 162; has Indians, 656; takes Montreal, 163; at Pont-aux-Trembles, 164; attacks Quebec, 165; in the Canada campaign, authorities, 216; despatches, 216; lives, 216; his sword, 216; his house, 216; ancestry, 216; death and burial, 165, 216, 226; remains removed to New York, 216; tributes of Congress, 216; his monument, 216; tragedy by H. H. Brackenridge, 216; autograph note on capitulation of St. Johns, 217; signatures of his will, 218; portraits, 220, 221; Trumbull's "Death of Montgomery", 220.

Monthly Military Repository, 510.

Montreal, Guy Johnson's conference at, 624; position of, 215; taken by Montgomery, 163, 216.

Montresor, Capt. John, plan of Boston, 210; maps of the English colonies, 341; account of, 341; plan of Charlestown, Mass., 198; survey of Bunker Hill field, 200; plans of New York, 326, 331, 333, 561; map of the northern region of N. Y., 349; his journal ed. by Scull, 413, 419; map of defences of Philad. (1777), 441; accounts of his family, 217; map of Kennebec route, 217, 224; journal on the Kennebec, 217; Map of N. Y. and Penna., 416; map of Newport, 560.

Moore, F., Diary of the Amer. Rev., 654.

Moore, Geo. H., Treason of Chas. Lee, 407, 416.

Moore, Hugh, Ethan Allen, 214.

Moore, Sir Henry, 38.

Moore, Thomas, Life of Sheridan, 109.

Moore, T. W., aide to Prevost, 522.

Moore's Creek Bridge, action at, 168; references, 168.

Moorsom, Fifty-second Reg., 198.

Moravian Indians, 606; sent to New York, 607; protected by Gen. Gage, 607; missions among, 734; attacked by British, 734; removed to Sandusky, 735; at Detroit, 735; lands in Michigan, 735; general references, 736. See Indians.

Morgan, Gen. Daniel, on the Kennebec exped., 162; captured at Quebec, 165; his account of the attack, 222; at Freeman's Farm, 305; headquarters at Saratoga, 358, 360; threatens Cornwallis' flank in Carolina, 481; pursued by Tarleton, 481; at Cowpens, 481, 538; his differences with Sumter, 537; his correspondence, 538; The Hero of Cowpens, 360; medal, 539; in New Jersey, 398; his lives, 511; his grave, 511; portraits, 511; statue, 511; his house, 511.

Morgan, Col. George, 704.

Morgan, Dr. John, 203.

Morgan, L. H., League of the Iroquois, 659.

Morgann, Life of Price, 110.

Morley, Henry, edits Burke's Speeches, 112; Edmund Burke, 269.

Morris, Gouverneur, Observations on the Amer. Rev., 556.

Morris, Jacob, 169.

Morris, Lewis, letters from Cambridge, 203; autog., 264; life, 266; on Greene, 537.

Morris, Margaret, diary, 436.

Morris, Robert, autog., 264; life, 265; on the campaign of 1776, 344; (in 1776), 376; on Charles Lee's capture, 403; letters, 404; his privateers, 591.

Morris, Col. Roger, his house, 288, 339.

Morris, Capt. Thomas, sent to Pontiac, 698; his Miscellanies, 698; his journal, 698.

Morrisania, 344; English works at, 561.

Morristown, orderly-books, 559; Washington at, 417.

Morsman, Oliver, Bunker Hill, 189.

Mortier House in N. Y., 276, 335.

Morton, John, autog., 264; life, 265.

Morton, Perez, on Gen. Warren, 194.

Morton, Robt., his diary, 431, 436.

Mott, Edw., journal, 213.

Mott, Samuel, letters, 216.

Moultrie, Gen. Wm., his acc. of the defence of Fort Moultrie, 229; at Sullivan Island, 168; portrait, 171, 172; Memoirs, 171; references, 172; defends Charleston (1779), 470; his campaign (1778), 520; fac-simile of his order to Tucker, 471; his affair near Beaufort, 519; his career, 508; sketches of, 508; Memoirs of Amer. Rev., 508; on the siege of Charleston, 525; refused command of a Tory regiment, 534; correspondence with Lord Montague, 534.

Moultrie, Fort (1776), plans, 169, 170; abandoned (1780), 472. See Fort, Sullivan's Island.

Mountfort, G., on John Hancock, 271.

Mouzon, H., map. of Carolinas, 538.

Mowatt, Capt., with British vessels at Penobscot, 603.

Mud Island in the Delaware, 432, 435; plans, 437, 438.

Mugford, Capt., 567; killed, 160.

Muhheakunuks, 613.

Muhlenberg, Gen. Peter, 376; at Brandywine, 382; his life, 546; at Yorktown, 555.

Muhlenberg, Rev. Dr., his journal, 404.

Muhlenberg, H. A., General Muhlenberg, 546.

Mukerck, Capt. Chas., journal, 681.

Mulgrave, Col., 426.

Mun, Thomas, 63.

Munroe, Nathan, 179.

Munsee towns, 606.

Munsell, Hezekiah, 329.

Munsey Indians, 671.

Mure, Capt. Wm., at Yorktown, 555.

Murray, James, Impartial History of the present war, much the same, in parts as The Impartial History of the War in America, 663.

Murray, Lindley, 284.

Murray House (N. Y.), 335.

Musgrave, Col., at Germantown, 385.

Musgrove Mills, 475, 529.

Muskingum, forks of, 699.

Mutiny Act, 20, 38; practically annulled in Mass., 46.

Muzzey, A. B., Lexington, 184; Reminiscences, 173.

Myers, Col. T. B., 264, 538; on the Tories, 351.

Naaman's Creek, Pa., 421.

Napier, Geo., 590.

Narragansett Bay, fortified, 593, 596; chart by Blaskowitz, 593; Lafayette's plan, 600; English maps, 601.

Nash, Gen., of N. C., killed, 386.

Nash, Gilbert, Life of Gen. Lovell, 603.

Nash, Gov., on Camden, 532.

Nash, Samuel, diary of, 346.

Nash, Solomon, 202.

Natchez, captured, 738, 740.

National Portrait Gallery, 510.

Naval Hist. of the American Revolution, 563. See Navy.

Navigation laws, 2, 4, 6, 63; aimed at the Dutch, 6; history of, 7; authorities, 64; and writs of assistance, 19; enforced by the Bute ministry, 23; influence in producing the Revolution, 64; and the Revolution of 1689 in N. E., 65.

Navy of United States, commissioned by Washington, 152; vessels destroyed in the Delaware, 389. See Naval.

Navy of England, men engaged in 1776, 588; in 1777, 585; in 1779, 587.

Nazro, John, 47.

Nederlandsche Mercurius, 570.

Neilson, Charles, Burgoyne's Campaign, 357, 360.

Nelson, Thomas, life, 266; autog., 266.

Nelson, Thomas, Jr., 259; Letters, 575.

Nelson, gov. of Va., on Yorktown, 544.

Neshaminy, 418.

Neutral Ground (Hudson River), 456.

Neversink, 340.

New Bedford, naval exploits of her people, 564.

New Brunswick, N. J., 408, 409.

New Castle, Del., 421.

New Dominion Monthly, 216.

New England, her great staples, 8; her export trade, 9; grows rich, 10; trade with West Indies broken up, 25; staples, 25; imports molasses, 25; jealousy of, in the Congress of 1774, 99; population (1775), 117; armed alliance (1775), 122; Sam. Adams proposed her independence, 231; Puritanism and the Am. Rev., 242; opposition to bishop, 243; a maritime country, 563; her cruisers, 563; ship-building, 563; enriched by privateering, 584; large numbers in the business, 584.

New Hampshire, Stamp Act in, 73; change in its government (1775), 108; people of the Grants aroused, 108, 121; men at Bunker Hill, 190; troops in the Canada exped., 220; in the Continental Congress, 234; constitution of, 272; furnishes masts to England, 564; her seamen, 587; privateers of, 591; "General Sullivan", 591; troops in R. I. (1778), 601.

New Haven attacked, 557.

New Ireland (Maine), 604.

New Jersey, Stamp Act in, 73; address to king (1769), 83; her constitution, 272; invaded (Jan., 1776), 323; surveys by Sauthier and Ratzer, 341; invaded and evacuated by Howe, 368, 379; campaign in (1776), authorities, 405; maps of, 409; revolt of her soldiers, 561; troops in Sullivan's campaign, 670.

New London, Conn., attacked by Arnold, 562; privateers in, 585.

New Orleans, Pittman's plan, 702; to be captured, 737; letters from, 738.

New Providence attacked, 570.

New Rochelle, the British at, 286.

New Salem, N. Y., 458.

New Windsor, N. Y., 556; camp, 744.

New York city, Stamp Act in, 73; coffee-houses in, 73; Burn's Coffee-House, 73; "Sons of Liberty" in, 73; old City Hall, 74; com. of correspondence, 90; effect of Boston Port Bill in, 96; apathy in (1774), 98; British navy at (1776), 153; Lee sent to possess the town, 156; artillery company formed, 156; news of Lexington in, 178; Lee in (1775), 275; Washington arrives, 275; Putnam in command, 275; defences of (1776), 275; army in, 275; Washington's headquarters, 276; spared by Howe, 283; Americans leave it, 283; Howe occupies it, 283; partly burned, 285; campaign round N. Y. (1776), criticism on, 290; campaign about, 323; condition of the town (1775), 323; plans in the Revolution, 331; appearance of the town, 331; Johnston's map, 331, 335; Randall's, 331; descriptions of the town, 331; views, 331; localities, 331; Beekman House, 331; Rutger's mansion, 331; Ratzer's smaller map, 332; evacuated by Washington, 333; occupied by Howe, 333; various maps, 333; extent of the armies about (1776), 333; fire in, 334; Johnston's map, 335, 338; Mortier House, 335; map of city and bay, 342; maps of the campaign near (1776), 342, 343, 345; accounts of, 341-346; N. Y. City during the Amer. Rev., 346; map of campaign about, 404; Knyphausen in command, 559; Washington's feint of attacking (1781), 501; British in, 556; British cantonments near, 745; entered by Washington at the close of the war, 746; evacuated, 746; Fraunce's Tavern, 747; its appearance at the end of the war, 747; commerce of, 747.

New York harbor, maps of, in the Revolutionary time, 326.

New York province, maps of, 349; Indians of, 611.

New York State, Assembly (1775), 106; its character, 106; proceedings, 106; provincial congress, 106; its records, 106; constitutional convention, 272; debates of, 272; centennial of its constitution, 274; Centennial Addresses, 366; privateers of, 591; Centennial Celebrations, 666; Continental line organized, 220; documentary publications, 247; Journals of Provincial Congress, 247.

New York Magazine, 510.

Newark, Pa., 421.

Newburgh, N. Y., 340, 465; addresses, 745; Washington at, 744; his headquarters, 744.

Newburgh Bay Historical Soc., 744.

Newell, Thomas, 95.

Newell, Timothy, 95.

Newman, Robert, 175.

Newport, R. I., blockaded by the English (1780), 560; the French in, 560; maps, 560; diaries in (1778), 601; maps of, and surroundings, 596, 597, 598, 600, 602; memorial to Congress (1775), 108; occupied by the British (Dec., 1776), 403; occupied by Sir Henry Clinton (1776), 593; seamen in the Revolutionary navy, 591.

Newport, Pa., 421.

Newspapers in the Revolution, 110.

Newton, Panhandle, 716.

Newtown (Elmira, N. Y.), battle at, 640, 668, 670; accounts, 653; Butler's report, 672; map of battlefield, 642, 671, 681.

Newtown, Pa., 410.

Neyon, M., in Illinois, 700.

Niagara, not to be attacked by Sullivan, 669; Indians at (1779-80), 643.

Nicholas, P. H., Royal Marine Forces, 194.

Nichols, Isaac, 204.

Nicholson, James, capt. in navy, 570; in the "Trumbull", 583; surrenders, 584.

Nicholson, Samuel, in the "Deane", 583.

Nicola, Col. Lewis, 440; his letter to Washington, 745.

Nicoll, Isaac, 323.

Nicollet, J. N., 705.

Ninety-six, 478; besieged, 491, 544; plans of, 545.

Ninham, Capt. Daniel, 613.

Noailles, autog., 500.

Noddle's Island, 206, 210; fight, 131.

Non-importation agreements, 23, 29, 31, 47, 49, 50, 51, 76, 77, 78, 79, 99, 106.

Nook's Hill (near Boston), 158.

Norfolk, Va., destroyed, 168.

Norman, J., engraver, 40, 41; engraving of Montgomery, 221; engraving of Gates, 302; engraving of burning of Falmouth, 146; engraves Gen. Greene, 509; Gen. Lincoln, 473; Death of Montgomery, 217; Death of Warren, 198; plan of Bunker Hill, 201, 202; plan of Boston, 201.

North, Lord, premier, 21; portrait, 21, 107; autog., 21; Chancellor of the Exchequer, 46; conversations with Burke, 112.

North, S. W. D., "Story of a Monument", 351; on Oriskany, 351.

North, Wm., acc. of Steuben, 515.

North, Augusta, Me., 217.

North American Pilot, 212.

North Carolina, in the Cont. Congress, 235; defended by Iredell, 537; effect of Boston Port Bill, 96; the English fleet on the coast (1776), 168; maps, 537, 538; militia at Camden, 533; militia fled at Guildford, 541; movements (1774), 98; (1776), 168; non-importation, 47; Stamp Act in, 73; war of the Regulators, 80; disputes about, 81.

North Carolina University Magazine, 514, 519.

North Castle, N. Y., 458.

Northwest territory reserved as crown lands (1763), 687; government of, 730. See Ohio country.

Norton, A. T., Sullivan's Campaign, 670.

Norton, J. N., Pioneer Missionaries, 657.

Norwalk, Conn., 340; burnt, 557.

Nova Scotia Indians, 614.

Nunn, Lieut., 175.

O'Brien, Jeremiah, naval officer, 564.

O'Callaghan, E. B., edits Burgoyne's Order-book, 358, 359; on George Croghan, 705; on Stirling, 706; on Cresap, 712.

O'Dane, 523.

O'Hara, Gen., follows the march of Greene, 484.

O'Key, Samuel, 40.

O'Reilly, Henry, Sullivan's Campaign, 671.

Ochs, Baron von, Betrachtungen über die neuere Kriegskunst, 446.

Ogeechee, attack at, 653.

Ogletown, Pa., 421.

Ohio Company, 707.

Ohio country, effect of the Quebec Bill, 715. See Northwest Territory.

Ohio Indians, 610; their towns, 699.

Ohio River, early settlers on, 708; plan of rapids, 701.

Oliver, Andrew, deposition on Boston Massacre, 88; his letters, 56; hanged in effigy, 30, 72; stamp distributor, 72; resigns, 73, 115; makes oath, 73; portrait, 73.

Oliver, Peter, autog., 50; letter from Boston, 205; impeachment, 57, 95; portrait, 95; account of, 95; diary, 205.

Ollier, Edmund, Cassell's United States, 665.

Olney, Stephen, 404.

Onderdonk, Henry, Jr., on the battle of Long Island, 330; Woodhull's capture, 330.

Oneidas, their country, 609; their lands, 610; at White Plains, 613; mostly took the American side, 623, 624, 659; offer to become scouts, 626; convey warning of St. Leger's coming, 628; join Herkimer, 630; their village burnt, 632, 658; threatened by Haldimand, 639; at Schenectady, 643; failed to help Sullivan (1779), 667; removed from their castles, 672; proposed attack on, by Sir John Johnson, 672. See Six Nations, Iroquois.

Onondagas, destruction of their villages, 639, 653; their country, 609.

Ontario identified with Oswego, 619, 658.

Oquaga burned, 636.

Orangetown, 404.

Orcutt, coll. of newspaper scraps, 522.

Orion, a Georgia periodical, 519.

Oriskany, battle of, 631; authorities, 351; the first accounts, 660; view of field, 354; Indian loss at, 662.

Osborn, Sir Danvers, 673.

Osborn, J. H., 437.

Osgood, Samuel, 191; address at Fairfield, 55.

Osler, Life of Exmouth, 347.

Ossabaw Sound, 470.

Oswego, attempted surprise by Col. Willett, 646; known sometimes as Ontario, 658.

Otis, James, 84; on writs of assistance, 9, 13, 68; John Adams on, 68; made member of the General Court, 13; assumed the right to independence, 24; in Stamp Act Congress, 30; in the legislature, 42; praises Oliver Cromwell, 44; Vindication of the British Colonies, 70; Considerations on behalf of the Eng. Colonies, 75; speaking in the legislature (1768), 83; at Bunker Hill, 137; Rights of the British Colonies, 28, 68; his passionate appeals, 35; probably draws address to Bernard, 43; presides at meeting (1768), 45; Vindication of the conduct of the Ho. of Rep., 68; Crawford's statue, 69; likeness by Blackburn, 70; his house, 70; killed by lightning, 70; Tudor's Life of Otis, 70; Bowen's Life, 70; his character, 70; assaulted, 70.

Otsego Lake, Clinton at, 639.

Ottawa confederacy, 610.

Ouabache. See Wabash.

Ouatanon, 703.

Paca, Wm., autog., 265; life, 266.

Packard, G. T., 218.

Page, Capt., journal, 557.

Page, Edw., map of Rhode Island, 601.

Page, Wm., surveys of Boston, 210, 211; plans of Bunker Hill, 200.

Paige, Cambridge, 173.

Paine, Robt. Treat, autog., 51, 263; in Congress (1774), 59; in Canada, 227; life by Alden Bradford, 265.

Paine, Samuel, 187, 205.

Paine, Thomas, 419, Liberty Tree Ballad, 72; Dialogue with Montgomery, 217; Common Sense, 252, 269; American Crisis, 744; Barlow on, 253; portrait, 269; bibliog. of, 269; references on him, 269; Writings, 269; French ed., 269; "The times that try men's souls", 367.

Palfrey, J. G., on the navigation acts, 64.

Palfrey, Wm., 85.

"Pallas" takes the "Countess of Scarborough", 578.

Palmer, Wm. P., Calendar of Va. State Papers, 515.

Palmer, Lake Champlain, 214, 347.

Pamphlet literature of the Revolution, 110.

Paoli, fight at, 383; sources, 419; Hessian map of attack, 423; Faden's map, 424; other maps, 425; monument, 425.

Paper money, first, of the war, 116.

Paris, treaty of (1763), 14, 685; printed, 685.

Parker, Capt. Hyde, his report on Savannah, 519; portrait, 519.

Parker, Capt. John, at Lexington, 176.

Parker, Com. F. H., 564.

Parker, Francis J., Col. Wm. Prescott, 191.

Parker, J. M. Rochester, N. Y., 670.

Parker, Sir Peter, 279; on the coast with a fleet, 168; attacks Fort Moultrie, 170, 229; in Narragansett Bay, 593.

Parker, Theodore, 185.

Parkman, Francis, Conspiracy of Pontiac, 690; his MS. collections, 690; prefaces Smith's Acc. of Bouquet's exped., 699.

Parliament, invades the royal prerogative, 15; colonial representation in, 28; of 1766, 32.

Parliamentary Register, or Debates, 516, 653.

Parsons, Gen. S. H., on the capture of Fort Clinton, etc., 364; a spy for the British, 460; on the board examining André, 460; his letters, 557; in Long Island battle, 279, 328.

Parsons, Theophilus, life of, by T. Parsons, 274.

Parsons Case, in Virginia, 24.

Parton, James, Jefferson, 515.

Partridge, Oliver, 30.

Paterson, Col. John, 613.

Patison, T. H., 106.

Patterson, D. W., 665.

Patterson, W. A., 364.

Pattison, Gen., on N. Y., 557; on Paulus Hook, 559.

Patton, J. H., Yorktown, 555.

Patty, Sir Wm., 63.

Paulding, John, 456; petitions for increase of pension, 466; his son defends him, 466; his portrait, 466.

Paulus Hook, 326, 335, 343, 403; plans, 559; attacked, 559; medal, 559.

Pausch, Capt., Journal, 360; at Valcour Island, 346.

Pawling, Col., 667.

Paxton, Charles, 10, 12.

Paxton, Pa., 606; its "Boys", 606; Narrative of the late Massacre, 606; threaten the Moravian Indians, 607.

Payson, Philip, 180.

Peabody, Stephen, 350.

Peabody, S. H., Amer. Patriotism, 70.

Peabody Museum of Archæology, 607.

Peale, C. W., portrait of Dickinson, 82; of Thomas Paine, 269; of St. Clair, 297; of Gen. Greene, 510; of Morgan, 511; of Sumter, 532; of Paul Jones, 592; of Chatham, 110; of Joseph Reed, 405.

Peale, R., painted portrait of Gen. Greene, 510.

Pearce, Stuart, Luzerne County, 665.

Pearson, Capt. Richard, his acc. of the loss of the "Serapis", 577, 590; portrait, 593.

Pearson, Schenectady Patent, 608.

Peck, Geo., Wyoming, 664.

Peck, J. M., 649; Daniel Boone, 708.

Peck, L. W., 665.

Peekskill, 455, 465.

Peet, S. D., on the Delawares, 708.

Peirce, John, 219.

Pelham, Henry, map of Boston, 209.

Pell, Joshua, Jr., 227, 350.

Pell's Point, 285, 337.

Pellew, Viscount Exmouth, 358. See Exmouth.

Pencour (St. Louis), 737, 738.

Pendleton, Edmund, 259; writes resolutions of Va., 261.

Penn, John, life, 265; autog., 266.

Penn, Richard, 237.

Pennington, N. J., 410.

Pennsylvania, controversy over its form of government, 68; Stamp Act in, 73; Muhlenberg's journal, 73; com. of corresp., 90; effect of Boston Port Bill in, 96; feeling in 1774, 98; Thomas Mifflin advocating non-intercourse, 117; its share in the Canada campaign (1776), 174; in the Continental Congress, 234, 235; her Assembly (1776) still loyal, 245; records of, 247; timidity in, respecting independence, 257; constitutional agitation, 272; convention of 1776, 272; anarchical state of, in 1776, 373; navy of, 386, 565; new constitution of, 401, 405; Council of Safety, 405; Hist. of First Troop of Cavalry, 407; revolt of her troops, 561; forts in, 643; prohibits settlements on land not bought of Indians, 649; Laws (1797), 649; Register, 650; Connecticut settlers in, 680; controversies, 680; embarrass Bouquet, 698; controversy with Va. over Ohio lands, 709.

Pennsylvania Evening Post, 436.

Pennytown, 372.

Penobscot, expedition against (1779), 582, 603, 604; the troops retreat through the woods, 604; maps of, 604; court of inquiry, 604; Eben Hazard questions its decision, 604.

Penobscot Indians, 617, 656; enlistment of, 674.

Pensacola captured, 739.

Pensioner, last, of the Rev., 746.

Pequaket Indians, 614, 655.

Percy, Earl, marches out of Boston, 121; to Lexington, 123; joins Smith, 124; his train captured, 124; his report on Lexington, 178; reported killed, 178; portraits, 182, 183; his family, 182; papers, 183; at Brooklyn, 279, 330; attacks the Harlem lines, 285, 289; at N. Y., 337, 338; at Fort Washington, 345.

Perkins' Jas. Handasyd, 657; Memoir and Writings, 648; "Pioneers of Kentucky", 708.

Perley, Bedford, Mass., 184.

Perrault, Abbé, 216.

Perrin du Lac, Voyage, 652.

Perry, W. S., Amer. Episc. Church, 242.

Perth Amboy, 409.

Peters, Richard, on Steuben, 515; on the massacre of Conestogoes, 606.

Peters, Rev. Samuel, reply to Burgoyne, 366.

Peyster, J. Watts de, on Sir John Johnson, 351, 660; on Oriskany, 351; on Schuyler's campaign (1777), 356; on the Burgoyne campaign, 361; on Brandywine, 419; on Paoli, 419; on the siege of Savannah, 523; on King's Mountain, 536; on Eutaw, 45; on Stony Point, 558; on the Penobscot exped., 603; Sir John Johnson, 625; edits Johnson's Orderly-book, 660; on Sullivan's campaign, 670.

Peyton, J. L., Adventures of my Grandfather, 714.

Phelippeaux, his map, 416.

Phelps, Matthew, journal, 709.

Phelps, Rights of the Colonies, 85.

Philadelphia, non-importation in, 79; corresp. of merchants (1769), 83; feeling in, during the Congress of, 1774, 99; Carpenters' Hall, 99; news of Lexington in, 178; life in, during the American Rev., 259; Old State House, view of, 259; Independence Hall, 259; trepidation in, 370, 380; Washington's army marches through, 380; guns of Brandywine heard in, 383; occupied by Cornwallis and Howe, 384; fortified by the British, 384; the British fleet reaches the town, 389; the winter of 1777-78, 393; the Quakers, 393; theatre in, during British occupancy, 394, 395; Clinton arrives, 396; "Mischianza", 396, 436; evacuated, 397, 445; Arnold in command, 400; condition of the town, 401; Congress reassembled, 401; Tories executed, 401; Quaker element, 405; map of the campaign of 1777, 414, 416; seaward defences, 423; map of vicinity (1777), 425; life in, during the British occupation, 436; map of defences (1777-78), 440, 441; Hessian map of the vicinity, 442; maps of, during the Rev., 442; Hist. First Troop City Cavalry, 561.

Philbrook, Thomas, 603.

Philipsbourg Patent, 340.

Phillips, G. C., 47.

Phillips, Gen., with Burgoyne, 294; in command of convention troops, 318; at siege of Ticonderoga (1777), 354; his orders, 359; in Virginia, 496, 546; dies, 496, 546.

Phillipse Patent, 340.

Phillopson, Col., 319. Phinney, Elias, Battle of Lexington, 183.

Pickens, Gen. Andrew, 513, 677; with Carolina militia, 485; letters, 513; his raid on the Indians, 680.

Pickering, Col., writes the report of Brandywine, 418; of Germantown, 421; charged with dilatoriness on Lexington day, 124; papers, 467; Rules for the militia, 108.

Pierce, Maj. Wm., at Hobkirk's Hill, 542.

Pigot, Gen., his account of the campaign in Rhode Island, 598; in Newport, 593; at Bunker Hill, 137; autog., 137.

Pinckney, C. C., on Washington's staff, 418; on Germantown, 421; deserts Fort Moultrie, 472.

Pinckney, Maj. Thos., Siege of Savannah, 522; on Camden, 530.

Pine, Robt., paints Burgoyne, 293.

Pinto, Isaac, Lettre and Seconde Lettre, 109; Letters, 109; Nouvelles Observations, 109; Rèponse, 109.

Pirtle, Henry, on G. R. Clark, 718.

Pitcairn, Maj., at Lexington, 123; killed at Bunker Hill, 139; his remains, 139; on the firing at Lexington, 183; paper on, 183; likeness by Trumbull, 197.

Pitcher, Moll, at Monmouth, 446.

Pitt, William, his influence in English affairs, 18, 19; would seize Spanish bullion ships, 19; in ministry, 20; his speeches, 32; made Earl of Chatham, 35; in power, 35; his character, 35; thanked by Mass. for the repeal of the Stamp Act, 74.

Pittman, Capt. Philip, 702; European Settlements, 702; Present State, 717.

Plain Truth, 270.

Plessis, Mauduit du, his battery at Monmouth, 444.

Plumb, J. B., 663.

Point Pleasant, Va., affair at, 611, 714.

Pollock, Oliver, at New Orleans, 738.

Pomeroy, Seth, made general, 116; at Bunker Hill, 137.

Pontiac, his ability, 689; besieges Detroit, 690; still at large, 700; sends messengers to New Orleans, 701; meets Croghan, 704; agrees to a peace, 704; his submission, 705; murdered, 705.

Pontiac War, 688; references, 701.

Poole, Wm. F., "The West", 685.

Poor, Gen. Enoch, 357; headquarters at Saratoga, 358; with Gates (1777), 308; at Newtown, 640.

Porcher, address, 230.

Port Royal, S. C., map, 519.

Porter, E. G., 182; Four Drawings, 185; Rambles in Old Boston, 175.

Porter, L. H., Outlines Const. Hist. U. S., 108, 274.

Portraits of Revolutionary characters engraved in England and Germany, 270.

Portsmouth, N. H., Fort William and Mary taken, 117.

Portsmouth, Va., maps, 553.

Post, C. F., 736.

Post, L. M., Recol. of Am. Rev., 418.

Post, Vincent, 703.

Potsgrove, Washington at, 419.

Potter, Col. Asa, 346.

Potter, Israel R., Adventures, 189.

Potter, Manchester, 190.

Potter, Gen., 393.

Potts Grove, 383.

Pouchet, War in N. America, 660.

Poundridge, affair at, 557.

Pourré, Eugenio, 743.

Powder, scarce during siege of Boston, 203; seized at Bermuda, 567.

Pownall, Gov. Thomas, 22; in Parliament, 51, 52, 90; on the union of the colonies, 66; his Administration of the Colonies, 66, 90; his character, 90; corresp. with James Bowdoin, 90; furnishes materials to Holland for his maps, 341; Memorials to the Sovereigns of Europe, 91; Memorials to the Sovereigns of America, 91; portrait, 91; talk on the American question, 112.

Poyntz, L., 191.

Prairie du Chien, 738.

Pratt, G. W., 364.

Prattent, T., 474.

Preble, Admiral Geo. H., American flag, 80; "Ships in the 18th Century", 564; acc. of Hopkins, 570; on Com. Barry, 581; on the flag of the "Bon Homme Richard", 590; edits Ezra Greene's journal, 590; privateers of Mass., 591.

Preble, Jedediah, autog., 116; made general, 116.

Prerogative of the king, 2, 3; opposed, 3, 4; and the Long Parliament, 4; detected by Franklin, 4; a cause of the Revolution, 5; questioned by Patrick Henry, 24.

Presbyterians and the Amer. Rev., 244.

Prescott, Gen. Richard, captured, 403; autog., 403.

Prescott, Col. Wm., commands the detachment sent to Bunker Hill, 135; autog., 135; letter on Bunker Hill, 186; at Bunker Hill, 190; his monument and statue, 191, 194.

Prescott, Judge, 191.

Present State of Liberty, 85.

Preston, Capt., trial of, 49, 86; autographs of court and counsel, 50, 51.

Preston, H. W., Documents, etc., 268.

Preston, John C., Address on King's Mountain, 535.

"Preston", ship at Boston, 205.

Prevost, Gen. Augustine, 519, 699; on the siege of Savannah (1779), 469, 522; attacks Charleston, 520; dies, 524.

Price, Ezekiel, 188, 203; diary, 318.

Price, Dr. Richard, Letter to, 109; Observations, etc., 110; portrait and autog., 111.

Price publishes ed. of Bonner's map of Boston, 207.

Prime, Temple, Temple Family, 93.

Primm, Wilson, Hist. Address, 737.

Prince, Ezekiel, 47.

Princeton, attacked, 377; maps of the attack, 408, 409, 410, 413.

Pringle, Capt., 292; on the fight at Valcour Island, 346.

Prisoners of war, the first taken, 123; treatment of, 145; disputes over those taken at the Cedars, 225; captured at sea, 568; naval, in England, 575; exchanged, 575.

Privateers, before the Revolution, 19; commissioned, 567, 579; the service preferred by seamen, 568; under the Treaty of Utrecht, 572; their captures, 581, 584; history of, 583, 584; enrich New England, 584; of Salem, 585; in New London, 585; commissioned in Massachusetts, 585, 586, 591; total number in all the States, 585; of Salem, 586, 587, 591; of Boston, 587; commissioned in France, 587; their prize crews, 587; bibliography, 591; legislation on, in Mass., 591; captures by those of Mass., 591; of New Hampshire, 591; of Rhode Island, 591; of Connecticut, 591; of New York, 591; great losses inflicted on the British, 591; narratives of their cruises, 591; diplomatic complications, 592.

Proctor, Gen., at Brandywine, 382.

Property-line, so called, 650.

Prospect Hill, 206; camp near Boston, 203.

Protective system, 5, 7.

"Protector", a Massachusetts frigate, 586.

Providence, R. I., Providence Plantations, 90; tea burned at, 121; defences, 593.

Province Island, Pa., 438.

Provoost, Bishop, 242.

Pulaski joins the army, 380; his monument, 510; defended by Bentalou, 522; killed, 524; acc. of, 524; burial, 524; his banner, 524; portrait, 524; recompense of the government, 524.

Pulling, John, 175.

Puplopens Kill, 324.

Pulsifer, David, 195.

Puritanism and the Declaration of Indep., 241, 242.

Purkitt, Henry, 91.

Putnam, Col. Daniel, in the Bunker Hill controversy, 190.

Putnam, Gen. Israel, 271; at Bunker Hill, 137, 190; lives of, 190, 193; his sword, 191; portraits, 192, 193; autog., 192; in New York, 275, 325; in command on Long Island, 278; a bad general, 314; accused of treachery, 314; opposes Clinton on the Hudson (1777), 361, 362; drives sheep into Boston, 114; reaches Cambridge, 134; likeness by Trumbull, 197.

Putnam, Col. Rufus, builds Fort Washington, 287; in campaign of 1776, 346; plans of the Saratoga battles, 361; diary on the Mississippi, 709.

Putnam, Lt.-Col., 601.

Quaker Hill (R. I.), 596, 602; view of the fight, 600.

Quakers, arming in Philadelphia, 131; in Philadelphia during the Revolutionary War, 393; implicated in hostile movements, 417.

Quebec, besieged (1775-76), 163; plan by Jefferys, 215; Lit. and Hist. Soc. bibliography, 222; siege of (1775-1776), authorities, 220; diaries, etc., 221; American contemporary accounts, 221; general accounts, 222; accounts as received in Cambridge and N. Y., 222; British official accounts, 222; journals, etc., 222; Wooster in command before the town, 222; local associations, 223; French accounts, 223; Centenaire de l'Assault de Québec, 223; Arnold's map of the siege, 226; engraved maps of the town, 226; views of, 226; plains of Abraham, 226.

Quebec, province, maps of (1776), 226.

Quebec Bill, 58, 101, 714, 715; debates in Parliament, 102; "virtual representation", 103; Doctor Marriot, 102; Hypocrisy Unmasked, 102; Letter to Lord Chatham, 102; other tracts, 104.

Queen's Rangers, 395, 518.

Quibbletown, 379.

Quincy, Dorothy, 123.

Quincy, Eliza Susan, 96.

Quincy, Edmund, on the evacuation of Boston, 205.

Quincy, Josiah (senior, 1775), 152.

Quincy, Josiah (junior), his report of Otis's argument, 13; defends Capt. Preston, 49; dies, 125; portrait, 96, 126; autog., 51; speech on the tea ships, 57, 91; Reports of Cases, 68; drafts instructions (1770), 87; Observations on the Boston Port Bill, 67, 94; fac-simile of his dedication, 94; autog., 94; fac-simile of diary in London, 105; interview with Lord North, 105; goes to Europe, 105; his report, 106; his notes of debates in Parliament, 112.

Quincy, Josiah (President), Life of Josiah Quincy, Jr., 94.

Quincy, Samuel, autog., 51.

Quincy, Samuel M., edits Reports of Cases, by Josiah Quincy, Jr., 68.

Quincy mansion at Quincy, Mass., 96.

Quinton's Bridge, 442.

Rahl, Col., at Trenton, 374; killed, 375; attacks Fort Washington, 289, 338.

Rainer, G. S., 330.

"Raleigh", Continental vessel, 576.

Rall. See Rahl.

Ramapo, 379.

Ramsay, Allen, Hist. Essay on the English Constitution, 89; Thoughts on the Origin of Government, 85.

Ramsay, David, a prisoner, 533; map of Southern campaigns, 537; Revolution in South Carolina, 507; his career, 508; Amer. Revolution, 67; his acc. of Wyoming, 663.

Ramsey, J. G. M., Annals of Tennessee, 536, 678, 708.

Ramsour's Mill, fight at, 475, 510, 529.

Randall, O. E., Chesterfield, N. H., 355.

Randolph, Edmund, 259.