Part II (part 1 of 2)

Part II (part 1 of 2)

He knew also that he must place little reliance on the cannon of the ships, for the high rocks and bluffs of the defences were above the elevation which could be given to the guns, and a broad stretch of mud-flats kept the vessels from a near approach to that portion of the French camp which was low and lay nearest the St. Charles. Cape Diamond, the promontory of Quebec, so jutted out that Wolfe could not inspect at present the banks of the river above the town.

Montcalm had determined on a policy of wearing out his assailants,—and he came very near doing it,—and when a gale sprang up he hoped that its power of devastation would be his best ally. When he saw that fail, he tried his fire-ships; but the British sailors grappled them and towed them aground, where they were harmless.

Wolfe’s next movement was to occupy Point Levi, opposite the city,[1171] whence he showered shot and shell into the town, and drove the non-combatants out. The French tried to dislodge him, but failed. The English army was now divided by the river, and ran some risk of attack in detail. Montcalm, however, was not tempted; nor was he later, when Wolfe next landed a force below him, beyond the Montmorenci, and began to entrench himself, though the English general was interrupted in the beginning of this movement by an attack of Canadians, who had crossed the Montmorenci by an upper ford. The attack was not persisted in, however, and Wolfe was soon well entrenched. The cannonading was incessant. Night after night the sky was streaked with the shells from the vessels, and from each of Wolfe’s three camps.

The dilatory policy of Montcalm soon began to tell on his force, and then weariness and ominous news from Bourlamaque and Pouchot hastened the desertion of his Canadians. Wolfe tried to affect the neighboring peasantry by proclamations more and more threatening, and felt himself obliged at last to enforce his authority by the destruction of crops and villages.

On the 18th of July, in the night, the “Sutherland” and some smaller vessels pushed up the river beyond the town, while a fleet of boats was dragged overland back of Point Levi and launched above, out of gun-shot from the town. A force was sent by a détour to operate with them. Thus Wolfe, in defiance of the French general, had made a fourth division of his troops, each liable to separate attack. The English vessels above the town made descents along the north shore, and took some prisoners, but did little else. The French made their final attempt with a huge fire-raft, but it was as unsuccessful as the earlier ones.

Wolfe now determined to provoke Montcalm to fight, and under cover of a cannonade from Point Levi and from some of his ships[1172] he landed a force from boats beneath the precipice at the lower end of the French camp. An additional body at the same time crossed by a ford, in front of the falls of Montmorenci, which was traversable at low tide. The impetuosity of the grenadiers, who were in advance, not waiting for support, and a tempest which at the moment broke over them, convinced the quick eye of Wolfe that the attempt was to fail, and he recalled his men. The French let them retire in good order, and began to think their Fabian policy was to be crowned with success. Wolfe was correspondingly shaken and rebuked the grenadiers. He began to think, even, that the season might wear away with no better results, and that he should have to abandon the campaign.

There was one plan yet, which might succeed, and he sought to push more ships and march more troops above the town. Murray, who now took command at that point, began to raid upon the shore, but with poor success. Montcalm sent Bougainville with 1,500 men to patrol the shore, and incessant marching they had, as the English by water flitted up and down the river with the tides, threatening to land. The English restlessness was too oppressive, however, for the French camp at Beaufort, which felt that its supplies from Three Rivers and Montreal might be cut off at any moment by an English descent. Desertions increased, and rapidly increased when in August the French got decisive and unfavorable news from Lake Champlain and Ontario. The French fearing an approach of Amherst down the St. Lawrence, Quebec was further weakened by the despatch of Lévis to confront the English in that direction. By the end of August there were no signs of immediate danger at Montreal, and the French took heart.

Wolfe was now ill,—not so prostrate, however, but he could propose various new plans to a council of his brigadiers, but his suggestions were all rejected as too hazardous. They recommended, in the end, an attempt to gain the heights somewhere above the town, and force Montcalm to fight for his communications. Wolfe was ready to try it; but it was the first of September before he was able to undertake it.[1173] He saw no other hope, slight as this one was. The letter which Amherst had sent to him by the Kennebec route had just reached him, and he felt there was to be no assistance from that quarter. On the 3d of September he evacuated the camp at Montmorenci, Montcalm being prevented from molesting him by a feint which was made by boats in front of his Beaufort lines. Other troops were now marched above Quebec, and when Wolfe himself joined Admiral Holmes, who commanded that portion of the fleet which was above the town, he found he had almost 3,600 men, beside what he might draw from Point Levi, for his adventurous exploit. The French were deceived, and thought that the English were to go down the river, as indeed, if the scheme to scale the banks failed on the first attempt, they were. Bougainville’s corps of observation was increased, and it was its duty to patrol a long stretch of the river shore.

Wolfe with a glass had discovered a ravine,[1174] up which it seemed possible for a forlorn hope to mount, and the number of tents at its top did not indicate that there was a numerous guard there to be overcome. Robert Stobo, who had been a prisoner in Quebec after the fall of Fort Necessity, had recently joined the camp, and his biographer says that his testimony confirmed Wolfe in the choice, or rather directed him to it.[1175] While the preparations were going on, the English ships perplexed Bougainville by threatening to land troops some distance up the river, near his headquarters; and by floating up and down with the tide, the English admiral kept the French on the constant march to be abreast of them.

The plan was now ripe. Wolfe was to drop down the river in boats with the turn of the tide, having with him his 3,600 men, and 1,200 were to join him by boat from Point Levi. As night came on, Admiral Saunders, who commanded the fleet in the basin below Quebec, made every disposition as if to attack the Beauport lines, and Montcalm thought the main force of the British was still before him.

As the ships opposite Bougainville began to swing downward with the tide, the French general took pity on his weary men, and failed to follow the moving vessels. This kept the main part of his troops well up the river. This French general had, as it happened, informed the shore guards and batteries towards the town that he should send down by water a convoy with provisions, that night, which was to creep along to Montcalm’s camp under the shadow of the precipice. Wolfe heard of this through some deserters, and he seized the opportunity to cast off his boats and get ahead of the convoy, in order that he might answer for it if hailed. He was hailed, and answered in the necessary deceitful French. This quieted the suspicion of the sentries as he rowed gently along in the gloom.

As it happened, the Canadian officer, Colonel de Vergor, who commanded the guard at the top of the ravine, where Wolfe’s advanced party clambered up, was asleep in his tent, and many of his men had gone home, by his permission, to hoe their gardens. The English forlorn hope made, therefore, quick work, when they reached the top, as they rushed on the tents. Their shots and huzzas told Wolfe, waiting below, that a foothold was gained, and he led his army up the steeps with as much haste as possible. While the line of battle was forming, detachments were sent to attack the batteries up the river, which, alarmed by the noise, were beginning to fire on the last of the procession of boats. The celerity of the movement accomplished its end, and the French were driven off and the batteries taken.

Sheer good luck, quite as much as skill and courage, had at last placed Wolfe in an open field, where Montcalm must fight him, if he would save his communications and prevent the guns of Quebec, in the event of its capture,[1176] being turned upon his camp.

Not a mile from Quebec, and fronting its walls, Wolfe had formed his final line, but he had turned its direction on the left, and there the line faced the St. Charles. In the early morning he saw the French form on a ridge in front of him, when some skirmishing ensued, as also in his rear, where a detachment sent by Bougainville began to harass him. With a foe before and behind, quick and decisive work was necessary.

Montcalm, whom Admiral Saunders had been deceiving all night, hurried over to Vaudreuil’s headquarters in the morning to learn what the firing above the town meant. From this position he saw the seriousness of the situation at once. The red coats of the British line were in full view beyond the St. Charles. He hastened across the bridge, and was soon on the ground, bringing the regiments into line as they came up. But all the help he had a right to expect did not come. Ramezay made excuses for not sending cannon. Vaudreuil kept back the left wing at Beaufort, for fear that Saunders meant something, after all.

Montcalm’s impetuosity, now that it was unshackled, could not brook delay. It would take time to concert with Bougainville an attack on the front and rear of the British simultaneously, and that time would give Wolfe the chance to entrench and bring up reinforcements, if he had any. So the decision in Montcalm’s council was for an instant onset.

It was ten o’clock when Wolfe saw it coming. He advanced his line to meet it, and when the French were close upon them the fire burst from the English ranks. Another volley followed; and as the smoke passed away, Wolfe saw the opportunity and gave the word to charge. As he led the Louisbourg grenadiers he was hit twice before a shot in the breast bore him to the ground. He was carried to the rear, and as he was sinking he heard those around him cry that the enemy was flying. He turned, praised God, and died.[1177]

Montcalm, mounted, borne on by the panic, was shot through the breast just before he entered the town, and was taken within to die.

Part of the fugitives got into Quebec with their wounded general; part fled down the declivity towards the St. Charles, and, under cover of a stand which some Canadian bushrangers made in a thicket, succeeded in getting across the river to the camp, where everything was in the confusion which so easily befalls an army without a head. It was necessary for the English to cease from the pursuit, for Townshend,[1178] who had come to the command (Monckton being wounded), feared Bougainville was upon his rear, as indeed he was. When that general, however, found that the English commander had recalled his troops, and was forming to receive him, he withdrew, for he had only 2,000 men,—probably all he could collect from their scattered posts,—and seeing the English were twice as many, he did not dare attack. So Townshend turned to entrenching, and working briskly he soon formed a line of protection, and had a battery in position confronting the horn-work beyond the St. Charles, which commanded the bridge.

Vaudreuil was trying to get some decision, meanwhile, out of a council of war at Beaufort. They sent to Quebec for Montcalm’s advice, and the dying man told them to fight, retreat, or surrender. The counsel was broad enough, and the choice was promptly made. It was retreat. That night it began. Guns, ammunition, provisions,—everything was left. The troops by a circuitous route flocked along like a rabble, and on the 15th they went into camp on the hill of Jacques Cartier, thirty miles up the St. Lawrence.

The morning after the fight, the tents still standing along the Beaufort lines were a mockery; for Ramezay knew that Vaudreuil had gone, since he had received word from him to surrender the town when his provisions failed.

Bougainville was still at Cap Rouge, and undertook to send provisions into Quebec. Lévis had joined Vaudreuil at Jacques Cartier,[1179] and inspired the governor with hope enough to order a return to his old camp. On the evening of the 18th the returning army had reached St. Augustine, when they learned that Ramezay had surrendered and the British flag waved over Quebec.

Preparations for the departure of the fleet were soon made, and munitions and provisions for the winter were landed for the garrison, which under Murray was to hold the town during the winter. The middle of October had passed, when Admiral Saunders, one of his ships bearing the embalmed body of Wolfe, sailed down the river. Montcalm lay in a grave, which, before the altar of the Ursulines, had been completed out of a cavity made by an English shell.[1180]

The winter passed with as much comfort as the severe climate and a shattered town would permit. There were sick and wounded to comfort, and the sisters of the hospitals devoted themselves to French and English alike. A certain rugged honesty in Murray won the citizens who remained, and the hours were beguiled in part by the spirits of the French ladies. There was an excitement in November, when a fleet of French ships from up the river tried to run the batteries, and seven or eight of them which did so carried the first despatches to France which Vaudreuil had succeeded in transmitting. There was rough work in December, in getting their winter’s wood from the forest of Sainte-Foy, for they had no horses, and the merriment of companionship, checkered with the danger of the skulking enemy, was the only lightening of the severities of the task. Deserters occasionally brought in word that Lévis was gathering and exercising his forces for an attack, so vigilance was incessant. Both sides preserved the wariness of war in onsets and repulses at the outposts, and the English usually got the better of their enemies. Captain Hazen and some New England rangers merited the applause which the regular officers gave them when they buffeted and outwitted the enemy in a series of skirmishes.

By April it became apparent that Lévis was only waiting for the ice in the river to break up, when he could get water carriage for his advance. Murray knew that the enemy could bring much greater numbers against him, for his 7,000 men of the autumn, by sickness and death, had been reduced to about 3,000 effectives, and the spies of Lévis kept the French general well informed of the constant weakening of the English forces.

The French placed their cannon and stores on the frigates and smaller vessels which had escaped up the river in the autumn, and with their army in bateaux they started on the 21st April for the descent from Montreal. With the accessions gained on the way, by picking up the scattered garrisons, Lévis landed between eight and nine thousand men at Cap Rouge, and advanced on Sainte-Foy. The English at the outposts fell back, and the delay on the part of the French was sufficient for Murray to learn of their approach. He resolved to meet them outside the walls. It must be an open-field fight for Murray, since the frozen soil still rendered entrenching impossible in the time which he had. He led out about three thousand men, and at first posted himself on the ridge, where Montcalm had drawn up his lines the year before. He pushed forward till he occupied Wolfe’s ground of the same morning, when, with his great superiority of cannon, he found a position that gave him additional advantage, which he ought to have kept. The fire of the English guns, however, induced Lévis to withdraw his men to the cover of a wood, a movement which Murray took for a retreat, and, emulous of Wolfe’s success in seizing an opportune moment, he ordered a general advance. His cannon were soon stuck in some low ground, and no longer helped him. The fight was fierce and stubborn; but after a two hours’ struggle, the greater length of the enemy’s line began to envelop the English, and Murray ordered a retreat. It was rapid, but not so disordered that Lévis dared long to follow.

The English had lost a third of their force; the French loss was probably less. Murray got safely again within the walls, and could muster about 2,400 men for their defence.[1181] There was sharp work, and little time left further to strengthen the walls and gates. Officer and man worked like cattle. A hundred and fifty cannon were soon belching upon the increasing trenches of Lévis, who finally dragged some artillery up the defile where Wolfe had mounted, and was thus enabled to return the fire.

Both sides were anxiously waiting expected reinforcements from the mother country. On the 9th of May a frigate beat up the basin, and to the red flag which was run up at Cape Diamond she responded with similar colors. It was ominous to Lévis, for he felt she was the advanced ship of a British squadron, as she proved to be. It was a week before others arrived, when some of the heavier vessels passed up the river and destroyed the French fleet. As soon as the naval result was certain, Lévis deserted his trenches, left his guns and much else, with his wounded, and hastily fled. This was in the night; in the morning the French were beyond Murray’s reach.

Their loss of cannon and munitions was a serious one, and the stores from France which might have replaced them were already intercepted by the English cruisers. Vaudreuil and Lévis made their dispositions to defend Montreal, their last hope; yet it was not a place in itself capable of successful defence, for its lines were too weak. It soon became evident that it was to be attacked on three sides; and the French had hopes that so dangerous a combination of armies, converging without intercommunication, would enable them to crush the enemy in detail.

Amherst was directing the general advance on the English side. He kept the largest force with him, and passed from Oswego, across Ontario, and down the St. Lawrence. If Lévis sought to escape westward and hold out at Detroit, Amherst intended to be sure to intercept him. He had about 11,000 men, including a body of Indians under Johnson. Near the head of the rapids he stopped long enough to capture Fort Lévis, now under Pouchot, and because they could not kill the prisoners, three fourths of Johnson’s Indians mutinied and went home. Amherst now shot the rapids with his flotilla, not without some loss, and on September 6th he reached Lachine, nine miles above Montreal.

Meanwhile, the other commanders had already approached the city so near as to open communication with each other. Murray had sailed up the river with about 2,500 men, but was soon reinforced by Lord Rollo with 1,300 others from Louisbourg. The English had some skirmishes along the banks, but Bourlamaque, who was opposing them, fell back with a constantly diminishing force, as the Canadians, despite all threats and blandishments, deserted him. Murray was ahead of the others, when he stopped just before reaching Montreal, and encamped on an island in the river. He was not without apprehension that he might have to bear the brunt of an attack alone.

Bougainville, meanwhile, was trying to resist Haviland’s advance at the Isle-aux-Noix, for this English general now commanded on the Champlain route. The two sides were not ill-matched as to numbers; but the English advance was skilfully conducted, and the French found themselves obliged to retreat down the river and unite with Bourlamaque. It was now that Haviland, pushing on, opened communication by his right with Murray, and both stood on the defensive, waiting to hear of Amherst’s approach above the town.

The delay was brief. Amherst, advancing from Lachine, encamped before Montreal, above it, while Murray ferried his men from the island and encamped below. What there was left of the force which opposed Haviland withdrew across the river into the town, and Haviland’s tents dotted the shore which the French had left. The combined French army now numbered scarce 2,500; Amherst held them easily with a force of 17,000.

Vaudreuil saw there was no time for delays, and at once submitted a plan of capitulation. A few notes were exchanged to induce less onerous conditions; but Amherst was not to be moved. On September 8th the paper was signed, and all Canada passed to the English king; the whole garrison to be sent as prisoners to France in British ships.

This stipulation was adhered to, and during the autumn the principal French officers were on their way to France. The season for good weather on the ocean was passed, and the transportation was not accomplished without some wrecks, accompanied by suffering and death. Vaudreuil, Bigot, Cadet, and others found a dubious welcome in France after they had weathered the November storms. The government was not disposed that the loss of Canada should be laid wholly to its account, and the ministry had heard stories enough of the peculations of its agents in the colony to give a chance of shifting a large part of the responsibility upon those whose bureaucratic thefts had sapped the vitals of the colony. Trials ensued, the records of which yield much to enable us to depict the rotten life of the time; and though Vaudreuil escaped, the hand of the law fell crushingly on Bigot and Cadet, and banishment, restitution, and confiscation showed them the shades of a stern retribution. They were not alone to suffer, but they were the chief ones.

The war was over, and a new life began in Canada. The surrender of the western posts was necessary to perfect the English occupancy, and to receive these Major Rogers was despatched by Amherst on the 13th of September. On the way, somewhere on the southern shore of Lake Erie,[1182] he met (November 7) Pontiac, and, informing him of the capitulation at Montreal, the politic chief was ready to smoke the calumet with him. Rogers pushed on towards Detroit.[1183] There was some apprehension that Belêtre, who commanded there, would rouse his Indians to resist, but the French leader only blustered, and when (November 29) the white flag came down and the red went up, his 700 Indians hailed the change of masters with a yell; and it was with open-eyed wonder that the savages saw so many succumb to so few, and submit to be taken down the lake as prisoners. An officer was sent along the route from Lake Erie to the Ohio to take possession of the forts at Miami and Ouatanon; but it was not till the next season that a detachment of the Royal Americans pushed still farther on to Michillimachinac and the extreme posts.[1184]

English power was now confirmed throughout all the region embraced in the surrender of Vaudreuil.

CRITICAL ESSAY ON THE SOURCES OF INFORMATION.

THE ninth volume of the N. Y. Col. Docs. richly illustrates the French movements near the beginning of the century to secure Indian alliances.[1185]

A number of papers from the archives of the Marine, respecting the founding of Detroit (1701), is given by Margry (Découvertes, etc.) in his fifth volume (pp. 135-250), as well as records of the conferences held by La Motte Cadillac with the neighboring Indians (p. 253, etc.). These papers come down to 1706.[1186]

The contracts made at Quebec in 1701 and later, respecting the right to trade at the straits, are given in Mrs. Sheldon’s Early Hist. of Michigan (N. Y., 1856, pp. 93, 138). In Shea’s Relation des affaires du Canada, 1696-1702 (N. Y., 1865), there is a “Relation du Destroit,” and other papers touching these Western parts.[1187]

Mrs. Sheldon’s Early History of Michigan contains various documents on the condition of the colony at Detroit and Michilimackinac.[1188]

On the attack on Detroit in 1712, made by the Foxes, in which, as confederates of the Iroquois, they acted in the English interest, we find documents in the N. Y. Col. Docs., ix. pp. 857, 866; and the Report of Du Buisson, the French commander, is in W. R. Smith’s Hist. of Wisconsin, iii. 316.[1189]

The report of Tonti, on affairs at Detroit in 1717, is given by Mrs. Sheldon (p. 316).

In Margry’s Découvertes et Établissements des Français dans l’Amérique Septentrionale (vol. v. p. 73) is a “Relation du Sieur de Lamothe Cadillac, capitaine en pied, ci-devant commandant de Missilimakinak et autres postes dans les pays élorgnés, où il a été pendant trois années” (dated July 31, 1718).

In the third volume of the Wisconsin Historical Collections there are other documents among the Cass papers.[1190]

* * * * *

There is in another chapter some account of preparations at Boston for the fatal expedition of 1711, under Admiral Sir Hovenden Walker, with its contingent of Marlborough’s veterans.[1191] An enumeration of the forces employed was printed in the Boston Newsletter, no. 379 (July 16-23, 1711), and is reprinted in what is the authoritative narrative, the Journal or full account of the late expedition to Canada, which Walker printed in London in 1720,[1192] partly in vindication of himself against charges of peculation and incompetency. The failure of the expedition was charged by constant reports in England to the dilatoriness of Massachusetts in preparing the outfit. Walker does not wholly share this conviction, it is just to him to say; but Jeremiah Dummer, then the agent of the province in London, thought it worth while to defend the provincial government by printing in London, 1712 (reprinted, Boston, 1746), a Letter to a noble lord concerning the late expedition to Canada,[1193] in which he contended that this expedition was wisely planned, and that its failure was not the fault of New England. There is another tract of Dummer’s to a similar purpose: A letter to a friend in the country, on the late expedition to Canada, London, 1712.[1194] Palfrey[1195] says that he found various letters and documents among the British Colonial Papers, including a “Journal of the expedition, by Col. Richard King.”[1196]

We have the French side in Charlevoix (Shea’s),[1197] with annotations and references by that editor. Walker, in his Journal, gives a rough draft in English of a manifesto intended to be distributed in Canada. Charlevoix gives the French into which it was translated for that use.[1198]

The recurrent interest taken, during Alexander Spotswood’s term of office (1710-1722) as governor of Virginia, in schemes for occupying the region beyond the mountains is traceable through his Official Letters, published by the Virginia Historical Society in 1882-5.[1199]

The journey of Spotswood over the mountains in 1716 is sometimes called the “Tramontane Expedition;” it was accomplished between Aug. 20 and Sept. 17.[1200]

At the time when Spotswood was urging, in 1718, that steps should be taken to seize upon the Ohio Valley,[1201] James Logan was furnishing to Gov. Keith, to be used as material for a memorial to the Board of Trade, a report on the French settlements in the valley (dated Dec., 1718).[1202]

Previous to 1700 the Iroquois had scoured bare of their enemies a portion, at least, of the Ohio country; but during the first half of the last century, the old hunting grounds were reoccupied in part by the Wyandots, while the Delawares centred upon the Muskingum River, and the Shawanoes, or Shawnees, coming from the south, scattered along the Scioto and Miami valleys,[1203] and allied themselves with the French. The Ottawas were grouped about the Sandusky and Maumee rivers in the north.[1204]

Respecting the Indians of the Ohio Valley we have records of the eighteenth century, in a Mémoire on those between Lake Erie and the Mississippi, made in 1718.[1205]

Among the Cass MSS. is a paper on the life and customs of the Indians of Canada[1206] in 1723, which has been translated by Col. Whittlesey.[1207]

A report (1736) supposed to be by Joncaire, dated at Missilimakinac, is called, as translated, “Enumeration of the Indian tribes connected with the government of Canada.”[1208]

Conrad Weiser’s notes on the Iroquois and the Delawares (Dec., 1746) have been also translated.[1209]

An account of the Miami confederacy makes part of a book published at Cincinnati in 1871, Journal of Capt. William Trent from Logstown to Pickawillany in 1752, edited by Alfred T. Goodman, secretary of the Western Reserve Hist. Soc. It includes papers from the English archives, secured by John Lothrop Motley.[1210] In 1759 Capt. George Croghan made “a list of the Indian nations, their places of abode and chief hunting.”[1211]

The subject of the dispersion and migrations of the Indians of the Ohio Valley has engaged the attention of several of the Western antiquaries.[1212] The most exhaustive collation of the older statements regarding these tribal movements is in Manning F. Force’s lecture before the Historical and Philosophical Soc. of Ohio, which was printed at Cincinnati in 1879 as Some Early Notices of the Indians of Ohio. “In the latter half of the seventeenth century, after the destruction of the Eries in 1656 by the Five Nations,” he says, “the great basin, bounded north by Lake Erie, the Miamis, and the Illinois, west by the Mississippi, east by the Alleghanies, and south by the headwaters of the streams that flow into the Gulf of Mexico, seems to have been uninhabited except by bands of Shawnees, and scarcely visited except by war parties of the Five Nations.” He then confines himself to tracing the history of the Eries and Shawnees. He tells the story of the destruction of the Eries, or “Nation du Chat,” in 1656; and examines various theories about remnants of the tribe surviving under other names. The Chaouanons of the French, or Shawanoes of the English (Shawnees), did not appear in Ohio till after 1750. Parkman[1213] says: “Their eccentric wanderings, their sudden appearances and disappearances, perplex the antiquary and defy research.” Mr. Force adds to the investigations of their history, but still leaves, as he says, the problem unsolved. The earliest certain knowledge places them in the second half of the seventeenth century on the upper waters of the Cumberland, whence they migrated northwest and northeast, as he points out in tracking different bands.

The claim of the English to the Ohio Valley and the “Illinois country,” as for a long series of years the region east of the upper Mississippi and north of the Ohio was called,[1214] was based on a supposed conquest of the tribes of that territory by the Iroquois in 1672 or thereabouts. No treaty exists by which the Iroquois transferred this conquered country to the English, but the transaction was claimed to have some sort of a registry,[1215] as expressed, for instance, in a legend on Evans’ map[1216] (1755), which reads: “The Confederates [Five Nations], July 19, 1701, at Albany surrendered their beaver-hunting country to the English, to be defended by them for the said Confederates, their heirs and successors forever, and the same was confirmed, Sept. 14, 1728 [1726], when the Senecas, Cayugaes, and Onondagoes surrendered their habitations from Cayahoga to Oswego and six miles inland to the same for the same use.” The same claim is made on Mitchell’s map[1217] of the same year (1755), referring to the treaty with the Iroquois at Albany, Sept., 1726, by which the region west of Lake Erie and north of Erie and Ontario, as well as the belt of land from Oswego westward, was confirmed to the English.[1218]

Not much is known of the Indian occupation of the Ohio Valley before 1750,[1219] and any right by conquest which the Iroquois might have obtained, though supported at the time of the struggle by Colden,[1220] Pownall,[1221] and others,[1222] was first seriously questioned, when Gen. W. H. Harrison delivered his address on the Aborigines of the Ohio Valley.[1223] He does not allow that the Iroquois pushed their conquests beyond the Scioto.

The uncertainty of the English pretensions is shown by their efforts for further confirmation, which was brought about as regards westerly and northwesterly indefinite extensions of Virginia and Pennsylvania by the treaty of Lancaster in 1744 (June 22-July 4).[1224]

In 1748 Bollan in a petition to the Duke of Bedford on the French encroachments, complains that recent English maps had prejudiced the claims of Great Britain.[1225] Since Popple’s map in 1732, of which there had been a later edition, maps defining the frontiers had appeared in Keith’s Virginia (1738), in Oldmixon’s British Empire (1741) by Moll, and in Bowen’s Geography (1747).

There is in the Penna. Archives (2d series, vi. 93) a paper dated Dec., 1750, on the English pretensions from the French point of view. On the English side the claims of the French are examined in the State of the British and French Colonies in North America, London, 1755.[1226]

J. H. Perkins, in the North American Review, July, 1839, gave an excellent sketch of the English effort at occupation in the Ohio Valley from 1744 to 1774, which later appeared in his Memoir and Writings (Boston, 1852, vol. ii.) as “English discoveries in the Ohio Valley.” His sketch is of course deficient in points, where the publication of original material since made would have helped him.

* * * * *

The rivalry in the possession of Oswego and Niagara, beginning in 1725, is traced in the N. Y. Col. Docs. (ix. 949, 954, 958, 974), and in a convenient form an abstract of the French despatches for 1725-27 is found in Ibid., ix. 976, with a French view (p. 982) of the respective rights of the rivals.[1227]

There had been a stockade at Niagara under De Nonville’s rule, and the fort bore his name; but it was soon abandoned.[1228] The place was reoccupied in 1725-26, and the fort rebuilt of stone.[1229]

* * * * *

In 1731 the French first occupied permanently the valley of Lake Champlain,[1230] but not till 1737 did they begin to control its water with an armed sloop, and to build Fort St. Frederick.[1231]

Beauharnois’ activity in seeking the Indian favor is shown in his conference with the Onondagas in 1734 and in his communications with the Western tribes in 1741.[1232] The condition of the French power at this time is set forth in a Mémoire sur le Canada, ascribed to the Intendant Gilles Hocquart (1736).[1233]

In 1737 Conrad Weiser was sent to the Six Nations to get them to agree to a truce with the Cherokees and Catawbas, and to arrange for a conference between them and these tribes.[1234]

The expedition to the northwest, which resulted in Vérendrye’s discovery of the Rocky Mountains in Jan., 1743, is followed with more or less detail in several papers by recent writers.[1235]

The first settlement in Wisconsin took place in 1744-46 under Charles de Langlade.[1236]

The Five Years’ War (1744-48) so far as it affected the respective positions of the combatants in the two great valleys was without result. The declaration of war was in March, 1744, on both sides.[1237]

In 1744 the Governor of Canada sent an embassy to the Six Nations, assuring them that the French would soon beat the English.[1238]

In 1744 Clinton proposed the erection of a fort near Crown Point, and of another near Irondequot “to secure the fidelity of the Senecas, the strongest and most wavering of all the six confederated tribes.”[1239]

The scalping parties of the French are tracked in the N. Y. Col. Docs., x. 32, etc., with the expedition against Fort Clinton in 1747 (p. 78) and a retaliating incursion upon Montreal Island by the English (p. 81).

In 1745 both sides tried by conferences to secure the Six Nations. In July, August, and September. Beauharnois met them.[1240] Delegates from Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Pennsylvania convened under the New York jurisdiction at Albany, in October, 1745, and did what they could by treaty to disabuse the Indian mind of an apprehension which the French are charged with having raised, that the English had proposed to them to dispossess the Iroquois of their lands.[1241]

Upon the abortive Crown Point expedition of 1746,[1242] as well as the other military events of the war, we have Memoirs of the Principal Transactions of the last War between the English and French in North America, London, 1757 (102 pp.).[1243] It is attributed sometimes to Shirley, who had a chief hand in instigating the preparations of the expedition. This will be seen in the letters of Shirley and Warren, in the R. I. Col. Rec., v. 183, etc.; and in Penna. Archives, i. 689, 711, as in an Account of the French settlements in North America ... and the two last unsuccessful expeditions against Canada and the present on foot. By a gentleman. Boston, 1746.[1244]

A letter of Col. John Stoddard, May 13, 1747, to Governor Shirley, showing how the Six Nations had been enlisted in the proposed expedition to Canada, and deprecating its abandonment, is in Penna. Archives, i. 740; as well as a letter of Shirley, June 1, 1747 (p. 746).

A letter of Governor Shirley (June 29, 1747) respecting a congress of the colonies to be held in New York in September is in Penna. Archives, i. 754; and a letter of Conrad Weiser, doubting any success in enlisting the Six Nations in the English favor, is in Ibid., p. 161.

Clinton (November 6, 1747) complains to the Duke of Bedford of De Lancey’s efforts to thwart the government’s aims to secure the assistance of the Six Nations for the invasion of Canada.[1245]

In February, 1749-50, a long report was made to the Lords Commissioners of the Treasury on the expenses incurred by the colonies during the war for the attempts to invade Canada. It is printed in the New Jersey Archives, 1st ser., vii. 383-400. The annual summaries on the French side, 1745-48, are in N. Y. Col. Docs., x. 38, 89, 137.

A stubborn fight in 1748 with some marauding Indians near Schenectady is chronicled in Pearson’s Schenectady Patent, p. 298.

In 1749 came Céloron’s expedition to forestall the English by burying his plates at the mouths of the streams flowing into the Ohio. A fac-simile of the inscription on one of these plates has been given already (ante, p. 9).[1246]

While Céloron was burying his plates, and La Galissonière was urging the home government to settle 10,000 French peasants on the Ohio, the kinsmen of Washington and others were forming in 1748 the Ohio Company, which received a royal grant of half a million acres between the Monongahela and the Kenawha rivers, on condition of settling the territory;[1247] “which lands,” wrote Dinwiddie,[1248] “are his Majesty’s undoubted right by the treaty of Lancaster and subsequent treaties at Logstown[1249] on the Ohio.” Colonel Thomas Cresap was employed to survey the road over the mountains,—the same later followed by Braddock.

Of the subsequent exploration by Christopher Gist, in behalf of the Ohio Company, and of George Croghan and Montour for the governor of Pennsylvania, note has been taken on an earlier page.[1250] A paper on Croghan’s transactions with the Indians previous to the outbreak of hostilities has been printed.[1251] Referring to the Ohio region in 1749, Croghan wrote: “No people carry on the Indian trade in so regular a manner as the French.”[1252]

Reference has already been made (ante, pp. 3, 4) to the movement in 1749 of Father Piquet to influence the Iroquois through a missionary station near the head of the rapids of the St. Lawrence, on the New York side, at the site of the present Ogdensburg. The author of the Mémoires sur le Canada, whence the plan of La Présentation (ante, p. 3)[1253] is taken, gives an unfavorable account of Piquet.[1254]

The new French governor, Jonquière, had arrived in Quebec in August, 1749. Kalm[1255] describes his reception, and it was not long before he was having a conference with the Cayugas,[1256] followed the next year (1751) by another meeting with the whole body of the Iroquois.[1257] His predecessor, La Galissonière,[1258] was busying himself on a memoir, dated December, 1750,[1259] in which he shows the great importance of endeavoring to sustain the posts connecting Canada with Louisiana, and the danger of English interference in case of a war.

William Johnson, meanwhile, was counteracting the French negotiation with the Indians as best he could;[1260] and both French and English were filing their remonstrances about reciprocal encroachments on the Ohio.[1261] Cadwallader Colden was telling Governor Clinton how to secure (1751) the Indian trade and fidelity,[1262] the Privy Council was reporting (April 2, 1751) on the condition of affairs in New York province,[1263] and the French government was registering ministerial minutes on the English encroachments on the Ohio.[1264]

What instructions Duquesne had for his treatment of the Indians on the Ohio and for driving out the English may be seen in the N. Y. Col. Docs., x. 242.

Edward Livingston, in 1754, writing of the French intrigues with the Indians, says, “They persuade these people that the Virgin Mary was born in Paris, and that our Saviour was crucified at London by the English.”[1265]

The English trading-post of Picktown, or Pickawillany, at the junction of the Great Miami River and Loramie’s Creek, was destroyed by the French in 1752.[1266] This English post and the condition of the country are described in the “Journal of Christopher Gist’s journey ... down the Ohio, 1750, ... thence to the Roanoke, 1751, undertaken on account of the Ohio Company,” which was published in Pownall’s Topographical Description of North America, app. (London, 1776). Gist explored the Great Miami River.[1267]

Parkman[1268] tells graphically the story of the incidents, in which Washington was a central figure, down to the retreat from Fort Necessity.[1269] The journal of Gist, who accompanied Washington to Le Bœuf,[1270] is printed in the Mass. Hist. Coll., xxv. 101.[1271]

The Dinwiddie Papers (vol. i. pp. 40-250) throw full light on the political purposes and other views during this interval. Parkman had copies of them, and partial use had been made of them by Chalmers. Sparks copied some of them in 1829, when they were in the possession of J. Hamilton, Cumberland Place, London, and these extracts appear among the Sparks MSS. in Harvard College library as “Operations in Virginia, 1754-57,” accompanied by other copies from the office of the Board of Trade, “Operations on the Frontier of Virginia, 1754-55.”[1272]

The Dinwiddie papers later passed into the hands of Henry Stevens, and are described at length in his Hist. Collections, i. no. 1,055; and when they were sold, in 1881, they were bought by Mr. W. W. Corcoran, of Washington, and were given by him to the Virginia Historical Society, under whose auspices they were printed in 1883-4, in two volumes, edited, with an introduction and notes, by R. A. Brock.[1273]

Very soon after Washington’s return to Williamsburgh from Le Bœuf, his journal of that mission was put to press under the following title: The Journal of Major George Washington, sent by the Hon. Robert Dinwiddie, Esq., his Majesty’s Lieutenant-Governor and Commander-in-Chief of Virginia, to the Commandant of the French forces in Ohio; to which are added the Governor’s letter and a translation of the French Officer’s answer, Williamsburgh, 1754. This original edition is so rare that I have noted but two copies.[1274] It has been used by all the historians,—Sparks, Irving, Parkman, and the rest.

Sparks[1275] says he found the original sworn statement of Ensign Ward, who surrendered to Contrecœur, in the Plantation Office in London, which had been sent to the government by Dinwiddie. The French officer’s summons is in De Hass’s West. Virginia, p. 60, etc.

There is another journal of Washington, of use in this study of what a contemporary synopsis of events, 1752-54, calls the “weak and small efforts” of the English.[1276] It no longer exists as Washington wrote it. It fell into the hands of the French at Braddock’s defeat the next year (1755), and, translated into French, it was included in a Mémoire contenant le précis des faits, avec leurs pièces justificatives pour servir de réponse aux Observations envoyées par les ministres d’Angleterre dans les cours de l’Europe.[1277] There were quarto and duodecimo editions of this book published at Paris in 1756;[1278] and the next year (1757) appeared a re-impression of the duodecimo edition[1279] and an English translation, which was called The Conduct of the late ministry, or memorial containing a summary of facts, with their vouchers, in answer to the observations sent by the English ministry to the Courts of Europe, London, 1757.[1280] Sparks says that the edition appearing with two different New York imprints (Gaine; Parker & Weyman), as Memorial, containing a summary of the facts, with their authorities, in answer to the observations sent by the English ministry to the Courts of Europe, was translated from a copy of the original French brought by a prize ship into New York. He calls the version “worthy of little credit, being equally uncouth in its style and faulty in its attempts to convey the sense of the original.”[1281] Two years later (1759) the English version again appeared in London, under the title of The Mystery revealed, or Truth brought to Light, being a discovery of some facts, in relation to the conduct of the late ministry.... By a patriot.[1282]

This missing journal of Washington, and other of these papers, are given in their re-Englished form in the second Dublin edition (1757) of a tract ascribed to William Livingston: Review of the military operations in North America from the commencement of the French hostilities on the frontiers of Virginia in 1753 to the surrender of Oswego, 1756 ... to which are added Col. Washington’s journal of his expedition to the Ohio in 1754, and several letters and other papers of consequence found in the cabinet of General Braddock after his defeat.[1283]

There is also in this same volume, Précis des Faits, a “Journal de compagne de M. de Villiers (en 1754),” which Parkman[1284] says is not complete, and that historian used a perfected copy taken from the original MS. in the Archives of the Marine.[1285] The summons which Jumonville was to use, together with his instructions, are in this same Précis des Faits. The French view of the skirmish, of the responsibility for it, and of the sequel, was industriously circulated.[1286] On the English side, the London Magazine (1754) has the current reports, and the contemporary chronicles of the war, like Dobson’s Chronological Annals of the War (1763) and Mante’s Hist. of the Late War (1772), give the common impressions then prevailing. Sparks, in his Washington (i. p. 46; ii. pp. 25-48, 447), was the first to work up the authorities. Irving, Life of Washington, follows the most available sources.[1287]

The Indian side of the story was given at a council held at Philadelphia in December, 1754.[1288] The transaction, in its international bearings, is considered as Case xxiv. by J. F. Maurice, in his Hostilities without Declaration of War, 1700-1870, London, 1883.

* * * * *

For the battle of Great Meadows and surrender at Fort Necessity,[1289] the same authorities suffice us in part, particularly Sparks;[1290] and Parkman points out the dependence he puts upon a letter of Colonel Innes in the Colonial Records of Pennsylvania, vi. 50, and a letter of Adam Stephen in the Pennsylvania Gazette (no. 1,339), 1754, part of which he prints in his Appendix C.[1291] The provincial interpreter,[1292] Conrad Weiser, kept a journal, which is printed in the Col. Rec. of Penna., vi. 150; and Parkman found in the Public Record Office in London a Journal of Thomas Forbes, lately a private soldier in the French service, who was with Villiers.[1293] That the French acted like cowards and the English like fools is given as the Half-King’s opinion, by Charles Thomson, then an usher in a Quaker grammar-school in Philadelphia, and later the secretary of Congress, in his Enquiry into the Causes of the Alienation of the Delaware and Shawanese Indians, London, 1759,—a volume of greater rarity than of value, in Sargent’s opinion.[1294]

A map of the most inhabited part of Virginia, drawn by Joshua Fry and Peter Jefferson in 1751, as published later by Jefferys, and included by him in his General Topography of North America and the West Indies, 1768 (no. 53), shows the route of Washington in this campaign of 1754.

In Pittsburgh, 1854, was published Memoirs of Major Robert Stobo of the Virginia Regiment,[1295] with an introduction by Neville B. Craig, following a copy of a MS., procured by James McHenry from the British Museum. The publication also included, from the Pennsylvania Archives, copies of letters (July 28, 1754), with a plan of Duquesne which Stobo sent to Washington while himself confined in that fort as a hostage, after the capitulation at Fort Necessity, as well as a copy of the articles of surrender.[1296] These letters of Stobo were published by the French government in their Précis des Faits, where his plan of the fort is called “exact.”

* * * * *

The most extensive account of the battle of Monongahela and of the events which led to it is contained in a volume published in 1855, by the Pennsylvania Historical Society, as no. 5 of their Memoirs, though some copies appeared independently. It is ordinarily quoted as Winthrop Sargent’s Braddock’s Expedition.[1297] The introductory memoir goes over the ground of the rival territorial claims of France and England, and the whole narrative, including that of the battle itself (p. 112, etc.), is given with care and judgment. Then follow some papers procured in England for the Penna. Historical Society by Mr. J. R. Ingersoll. The first of these is a journal of Robert Orme, one of Braddock’s aids, which is no. 212 of the King’s MSS., in the British Museum.[1298] It begins at Hampton on Braddock’s arrival, and ends with his death, July 13. It was not unknown before, for Bancroft quotes it. Parkman later uses it, and calls it “copious and excellent.” It is accompanied by plans, mentioned elsewhere. There is also a letter of Orme, which Parkman quotes from the Public Record Office, London, in a volume marked America and West Indies, lxxiv.[1299]

It will be remembered that Admiral Keppel,[1300] who commanded the fleet which brought Braddock over, had furnished four cannon and a party of sailors to drag them. An officer of this party seems to have been left at Fort Cumberland during the advance, and to have kept a journal, which begins April 10, 1755, when he was first under marching orders. What he says of the fight is given as “related by some of the principal officers that day in the field.” The diary ends August 18, when the writer reëmbarked at Hampton. It is this journal which is the second of the papers given by Sargent. The third is Braddock’s instructions.[1301]

The Duke of Cumberland, as commander-in-chief, directed through Colonel Napier a letter (November 25, 1754) to Braddock, of which we have fragments in the Gent. Mag., xxvi. 269, but the whole of it is to be found only in the French version, as published by the French government in the Précis des Faits. Sargent also gives a translation of this, collated with the fragments referred to.

Parkman had already told the story of the Braddock campaign in his Conspiracy of Pontiac,[1302] but, with the aid of some material not accessible to Sargent, he retold it with greater fulness in his Montcalm and Wolfe (vol. i. ch. 7), and his story must now stand as the ripest result of investigations in which Bancroft[1303] and Sparks[1304] had been, as well as Sargent, his most fortunate predecessors, for Irving[1305] has done scarcely more than to avail himself gracefully of previous labors. The story as it first reached England[1306] will be found in the Gentleman’s Mag., and, after it began to take historic proportions, is given in Mante’s Hist. of the Late War in North America, London, 1772, and in Entick’s General History of the Late War, London, 1772-79.[1307] Braddock himself was not a man of mark to be drawn by his contemporaries, yet we get glimpses of his rather unenviable town reputation through the gossipy pen of Horace Walpole[1308] and the confessions of the actress, George Anne Bellamy,[1309] which Parkman and Sargent have used to heighten the color of his portraiture. He did not, moreover, escape in his London notoriety the theatrical satire of Fielding.[1310] His rise in military rank can be traced in Daniel MacKinnon’s Origin and Hist. of the Coldstream Guards, London, 1833. His correspondence in America is preserved in the Public Record Office; and some of it is printed in the Colonial Records of Penna., vi., and in Olden Time, vol. ii.[1311] His plan of the campaign is illustrated in N. Y. Col. Docs., vi. 942, 954.[1312] Of the council which he held at Alexandria with Shirley and others, the minutes are given in the Doc. Hist. New York, ii. 648.[1313]

From Braddock’s officers we have letters and memoranda of use in the history of the movement. The Braddock orderly books in the library of Congress (Feb. 26-June 17, 1755) are printed in the App. of Lowdermilk’s Cumberland, p. 495. The originals are a part of the Peter Force Collection, and bear memoranda in Washington’s handwriting. His quartermaster-general, Sir John St. Clair, had arrived as early as January 10, 1755, to make preliminary arrangements for the march, and to inspect Fort Cumberland,[1314] which the provincials had been building as the base of operations.[1315]

From Braddock’s secretary, Shirley the younger, we have a letter dated May 23, 1755, which, with others, is in the Col. Rec. of Penna., vi. 404, etc. Of Washington, there is a letter used by Parkman in the Public Record Office.[1316] Of Gage, there is a letter to Albemarle in Keppel’s Life of Keppel, i. 213, and in the Mass. Hist. Soc. Coll., xxxiv., p. 367, is a statement which Gage prepared for the use of Chalmers. A letter of William Johnston, commissary, dated Philadelphia, Sept. 23, 1755, is in the Eng. Hist. Review (Jan., 1886), vol. i. p. 150. A letter of Leslie (July 30, 1755), a lieutenant in the 44th regiment, is printed in Hazard’s Penna. Reg., v. 191; and Ibid., vi. 104, is Dr. Walker’s account of Braddock’s advance in the field. Livingston, in his Rev. of Military Operations, 1753-56, gives a contemporary estimate.[1317] Other letters and traditions are noted in Ibid., iv. pp. 389, 390, 416.[1318] The depositions of some of the wagoners, who led in the flight from the field, are given in Col. Rec. of Penna., vi. 482.[1319]

The progress of events during the preparation for the march and the final retreat can be gleaned from the Dinwiddie Papers. Sargent found of use the Shippen MSS., in the cabinet of the Penna. Hist. Society. A somewhat famous sermon, preached by Samuel Davies, Aug. 17, 1755, before an independent troop in Hanover County, Va., prophesying the future career of “that heroic youth Col. Washington,”[1320] shows what an impression the stories of Washington’s intrepidity on the field were making upon observers. The list of the officers present, killed, and wounded, upon which Parkman depends, is in the Public Record Office.[1321]

The news of the defeat, with such particulars as were first transmitted north, will be found in the New Hampshire Provincial Papers, vi. 413, and in Akins’ Pub. Doc. of Nova Scotia, 409, etc. The shock was unexpected. Seth Pomeroy, at Albany, July 15, 1755, had written that the latest news from Braddock had come in twenty-five days, by an Indian a few days before, and it was such that, in the judgment of Shirley and Johnson, Braddock was at that time in the possession of Duquesne. (Israel Williams MSS., i. p. 154.) Governor Belcher announced Braddock’s defeat July 19, 1755. New Jersey Archives, viii., Part 2d, 117. In a letter to his assembly, Aug. 1 (Ibid., p. 119), he says: “The accounts of this matter have been very various, but the most authentic is a letter from Mr. Orme wrote to Gov. Morris, of Pennsylvania.”

Governor Sharp’s letters to Lord Baltimore and Charles Calvert are in Scharf’s Maryland (i. pp. 465, 466).

The Rev. Charles Chauncy, of Boston, embodied the reports as they reached him (and he might have had excellent opportunity of learning from the executive office of Governor Shirley) in a pamphlet printed at Boston shortly after (1755), Letter to a friend, giving a concise but just account, according to the advices hitherto received, of the Ohio defeat.[1322]

Two other printed brochures are of less value. One is The life, adventures, and surprising deliverances of Duncan Cameron, private soldier in the regiment of foot, late Sir Peter Halket’s. 3d ed., Phila., 1756 (16 pp.).[1323] The other is what Sargent calls “a mere catch-penny production, made up perhaps of the reports of some ignorant camp follower.” The Monthly Review at the time exposed its untrustworthiness. It is called The expedition of Maj.-Gen’l Braddock to Virginia, ... being extracts of letters from an officer, ... describing the march and engagement in the woods. London, 1755.[1324]

Walpole[1325] chronicles the current English view of the time.

There was a young Pennsylvanian, who was a captive in the fort, and became a witness of the preparation for Beaujeu’s going out and of the jubilation over the return of the victors. What he saw and heard is told in An Account of the Remarkable Occurrences in the life and travels of Col. James Smith during his captivity with the Indians, 1755-59.[1326]

Let us turn now to the French accounts. The reports which Sparks used, and which are among his MSS. in Harvard College library, were first printed by Sargent in his fourth appendix.[1327] These and other French documents relating to the campaign have been edited by Dr. Shea in a collection[1328] called Relations diverses sur la bataille du Malangueulé [Monangahela] gagné le 9 juillet 1755, par les François sous M. de Beaujeu, sur les Anglois sous M. Braddock. Recueillies par Jean Marie Shea. Nouvelle York, 1860 (xv. 51 pp.).[1329]

Pouchot[1330] makes it clear that the French had no expectation of doing more than check the advance of Braddock.

* * * * *

The peculiar difficulties which beset the politics of Pennsylvania and Virginia at this time are concisely set forth by Sargent in the introduction of his Braddock’s Expedition (p. 61), and by Parkman in his Montcalm and Wolfe (vol. i. p. 329). Dulany’s letter gives a contemporary view of these dissensions.[1331]

The apathy of New Jersey drew forth rebuke from the Lords of Trade.[1332] Scharf[1333] describes the futile attempts of the governor of Maryland to induce his assembly to furnish supplies to the army.

The belief was not altogether unpopular in Pennsylvania, as well as in Virginia, that the story of French encroachments was simply circulated to make the government support the Ohio Company in their settlement of the country, and Washington complains that his report of the 1753 expedition failed to eradicate this notion in some quarters.[1334] In Pennsylvania there were among the Quaker population unreconcilable views of Indian management and French trespassing, and similar beliefs obtained among the German and Scotch-Irish settlers on the frontiers of the province, while the English churchmen and the Catholic Irish added not a little to the incongruousness of sentiment. The rum of the traders among the Indians further complicated matters.[1335] This contrariety of views, as well as a dispute with the proprietary governor over questions of taxation, paralyzed the power of Pennsylvania to protect its own frontiers, when, following upon the defeat of Braddock, the French commander thrust upon the settlements all along the exposed western limits party after party of French and Indian depredators.[1336] Dumas, now in command, issued orders enough to restrain the barbarities of his packs, but the injunctions availed nothing.[1337] Washington, who was put in command of a regiment of borderers at Winchester, found it impossible to exercise much control in directing them to the defence of the frontiers thereabouts.[1338] Fears of slave insurrection and a hesitating house of burgesses were quite as paralyzing in Virginia as other conditions were in Pennsylvania, and the Dinwiddie Papers explain the gloom of the hour.

For the Pennsylvania confusion, the views of the anti-proprietary party found expression in the Historical Review of the Constitution and Government of Pennsylvania, a “hotly partisan and sometimes sophistical and unfair”[1339] statement, inspired and partly written by Franklin, the leader in the assembly against the Penns.[1340] While the quarrel went on, and the assembly was neglecting the petitions of the borderers for the organization of a militia to protect them, the two parties indulged in crimination and recrimination, and launched various party pamphlets at each other.[1341] The Col. Records of Penna. (vol. vi.) chronicle the progress of this conflict. We get the current comment in Franklin’s letters,[1342] in the histories of Pennsylvania, and in such monographs as Edmund de Schweinitz’s Life and Times of David Zeisberger (Philad., 1870),—for the massacre at Gnadenhütten brought the Moravians within the vortex, while the histories[1343] of the missions of that sect reiterate the stories of rapine and murder.

Patience ceased to be a virtue, and a “Representation”[1344] to the House was finally couched in the language of a demand for protection. The assembly mocked and shirked; but the end came. A compromise was reached by the proprietaries furnishing as a free gift the money which they denied as a tax on their estates, and Franklin undertook to manage the defence of the frontiers, with such force and munitions as were now under command.[1345]

Any history of the acquisition of lands by the English, particularly by Pennsylvania, shows why the Indians of the Ohio were induced at this time to side with the French.[1346]

Pownall, in his treatise[1347] on the colonies, classified the Indian tribes by their allegiance respectively to the English and French interests.[1348] It is claimed that the Iroquois were first allured by the Dutch, through the latter’s policy of strict compensation for lands, and that the retention of the Iroquois to the English interests arose from the inheritance of that policy by their successors at Albany and New York.[1349]

* * * * *

Braddock’s instructions to Shirley for the conduct of the Niagara expedition are printed in A. H. Hoyt’s Pepperrell Papers (1874), p. 20. This abortive campaign does not occupy much space in the general histories, and Parkman offers the best account. The Massachusetts Archives and the legislative Journal of that province, as well as Shirley’s letters, give the best traces of the governor’s efforts to organize the campaign.[1350] Some descriptive letters of the general’s son, John Shirley, will be found in the Penna. Archives, vol. ii.[1351] The best contemporary narratives in print are found in The Conduct of Shirley briefly stated, and in Livingston’s Review of Military Operations.[1352]

* * * * *

The main dependence in the giving of the story of the Lake George campaign of 1755 is, on the English side, upon the papers of Johnson himself, and they are the basis of the Life and Times of Sir William Johnson,[1353] which, being begun by William L. Stone, was completed by a son of the same name, and published in Albany in 1865, in two volumes.[1354] The preface states that Sir William’s papers, as consulted by the elder Stone, consist of more than 7,000 letters and documents, which were collected from various sources, but are in good part made up of documents procured from the Johnson family in England, and of the Johnson MSS. presented to the N. Y. State library by Gen. John T. Cooper.[1355] An account of Johnson’s preparatory conferences with the Indians (June to Aug., 1755) is printed in N. Y. Col. Docs., vi. 964, etc., and in Penna. Archives, 2d ser., vi. 267-99.[1356] On the 22d of August Johnson held a council of war at the great carrying place,[1357] whence on the 24th he wrote a letter,[1358] while Col. Blanchard, of the New Hampshire regiment, a few days later (Aug. 28-30) chronicled the progress of events.[1359]

The account of the fight (Sept. 8), which Johnson addressed to the governors of the assisting colonies, was printed in the Lond. Mag., 1755, p. 544.[1360]

The sixth volume of the New York Col. Docs. (London documents, 1734-1755) contains the great mass of papers preserved in the archives of the State;[1361] but reference may also be made to vols. ii. 402, and x. 355. The Mass. Archives supplement them, and show many letters of Shirley and Johnson about the campaign.[1362] In the Provincial Papers of New Hampshire, vol. vi., there are various papers indicating the progress of the campaign, particularly (p. 439) a descriptive letter by Secretary Atkinson, dated Portsmouth, December 9, 1755, and addressed to the colony’s agent in London. It embodies the current reports, and is copied from a draft in the Belknap papers.[1363]

The jealousy between Massachusetts and New York is explained in part by Hutchinson.[1364] The Massachusetts assembly complained that Johnson’s chief communication was with New York, and, as was most convenient, he sent his chief prisoners to the seaport of that province, while they should have been sent, as the assembly said, to Boston, since Massachusetts bore the chief burden of the expedition.[1365] It was also complained that the £5,000 given by Parliament to Johnson was simply deducted from the appropriation for the colonies.[1366]

The jealousy of the two provinces was largely intensified in their chief men. Shirley did not hide his official eminence, and had a feeling that by naming Johnson to the command of the Crown Point expedition he had been the making of him. Johnson was not very grateful, and gained over the sympathy of De Lancey, the lieutenant-governor of New York.[1367]

Parkman received copies of the journal of Seth Pomeroy from a descendant, and Bancroft had also made use of it. A letter of Pomeroy, written to headquarters in Boston, is preserved in the Massachusetts Archives, “Letters,” iv. 109. He supposed himself at that time the only field-officer of his regiment left alive. The papers of Col. Israel Williams are in the Mass. Hist. Soc. library,[1368] and give considerable help. The campaign letters of Surgeon Thomas Williams, of Deerfield, addressed chiefly to his wife (1755 and 1756), are in the possession of William L. Stone, and are printed in the Historical Magazine, xvii. 209, etc. (Apr., 1870).[1369] The French found in the pocket of a captured English officer a diary of the campaign, of which Parkman discovered a French version in the Archives of the Marine.

The Rev. Samuel Chandler, who joined the camp at Lake George in October as chaplain of a Massachusetts regiment, kept a diary, in which he records some details of the previous fights, as he picked them up in camp, giving a little diagram of the ambush into which Williams was led.[1370] In it are enumerated (p. 354) the various reasons, as he understood them, on account of which the further pursuit of the campaign was abandoned. Johnson’s chief of ordnance, William Eyre, advised him that his cannon were not sufficient to attack Ticonderoga.[1371] Parkman speaks of the text accompanying Blodget’s print[1372] and the Second Letter to a Friend as “excellent for information as to the condition of the ground and the position of the combatants.” Some months later, and making use of Blodget, Timothy Clement also published in Boston another print, which likewise shows the positions of the regiments after the battle and during the building of Fort William Henry.[1373]

There are three contemporary printed comments on the campaign. The first is a sequel to the letter written by Charles Chauncy on Braddock’s defeat, which was printed at Boston, signed T. W., dated Sept. 29, 1755, and called A second Letter to a Friend; giving a more particular narrative of the defeat of the French army at Lake George by the New England troops, than has yet been published, ... to which is added an account of what the New England governments have done to carry into effect the design against Crown Point, as will show the necessity of their being helped by Great Britain, in point of money.[1374] This and the previous letter were also published together under the title Two letters to a friend on the present critical conjuncture of affairs in North America; with an account of the action at Lake George, Boston, 1755.[1375]

The second is William Livingston’s Review of the military operations in North America from ... 1753 to ... 1756, interspersed with various observations, characters, and anecdotes, necessary to give light into the conduct of American transactions in general, and more especially into the political management of affairs in New York. In a letter to a nobleman, London, 1757.[1376]

The third is, like the tract last named, a defence of the commanding general of all the British forces in America, and is said to have been written by Shirley himself, and is called The Conduct of Major-General Shirley, late General and Commander-in-Chief of his Majesty’s forces in North America, briefly stated, London, 1758.[1377]

Dwight, in his Travels in New England and New York (vol. iii. 361), and Hoyt, in his Antiquarian Researches on the Indian Wars (p. 279), wrote when some of the combatants were still living. Dwight was the earliest to do General Lyman justice. Stone claims that the official accounts discredit the story told by Dwight, that Dieskau was finally shot, after his army’s flight, by a soldier, who thought the wounded general was feeling for a pistol, when he was searching for his watch.[1378]

Daniel Dulany, in a MS. Newsletter after the fashion of the day, gives the current accounts of the fight.[1379]

The story of the fight had been early told (1851) by Parkman in his Pontiac, revised in his second edition;[1380] and was again recast by him in the Atlantic Monthly (Oct., 1884), before the narrative finally appeared in ch. ix. of the first volume of his Montcalm and Wolfe.[1381]

On the French side, the official report of Dieskau[1382] was used by Parkman in a copy belonging to Sparks, obtained from the French war archives, and this with other letters of Dieskau—one to D’Argenson, Sept. 14; another to Vaudreuil, Sept. 15—can be found in the N. Y. Col. Docs., vol. x. pp. 316, 318 (Paris Documents, 1745-78),[1383] as can the reports of Dieskau’s adjutant, Montreuil (p. 335), particularly those of Aug. 31 and Oct. 1, which, with other papers, are also preserved in the Mass. Archives, documents collected in France (MSS.), ix. 241, 265.[1384] The report made by Vaudreuil,[1385] as well as his strictures on Dieskau, is preserved in the Archives de la Marine, as is a long account by Bigot (Oct. 4, 1755),—both of which are used by Parkman. Cf. also the French narratives in the Penna. Archives, 2d ser., vi. 320, 324, 330. There is also in this same collection (p. 316) a Journal of occurrences, July 23 to Sept. 30, 1755, which is also in the N. Y. Col. Docs., x. p. 337, where are other contemporary accounts, like the letter of Doreil to D’Argenson (p. 360) and those of Lotbinière (pp. 365, 369). The Mémoires of Pouchot is the main early printed French source; though there was a contemporary Gazette, printed in Paris, which will be found in the N. Y. Col. Docs., x. p. 383.

A paper in the Archives de la Guerre is thought by Parkman to have been inspired by Dieskau himself, and, in spite of its fanciful form, to be a sober statement of the events of the campaign. It is called Dialogue entre le Maréchal de Saxe et le Baron de Dieskau aux Champs Elysées.[1386] Some of the events subsequently related by Dieskau to Diderot are noticed in the latter’s Mémoires (1830 ed.), i. 402.

Henry Stevens, of London, offered for sale in 1872, in his Bibliotheca Geographica, no. 553, a manuscript record of events between 1755 and 1760, which came from the family of the Chevalier de Lévis. It purports to be the annual record of the French commanders in the field, beginning with Dieskau, for six successive campaigns. Stevens, comparing this record of Dieskau with such of the papers as are printed in the N. Y. Col. Docs., where they were copied from the documents as they reached the government in France, says that the latter are shown by the collection to have been “cooked up for the home eye in France,” and that “we lose all sympathy for the unfortunate Dieskau.” Stevens refers particularly to two long letters of Dieskau, Sept. 1 and 4, sent to Vaudreuil.[1387]

* * * * *

The feeling was rapidly growing that the next campaign should be a vigorous one. Gov. Belcher (Sept. 3, 1755) enforces his opinion to Sir John St. Clair, that “Canada must be rooted out.”[1388] The Gentleman’s Magazine printed papers of similar import.

In November, 1755, Belcher had written to Shirley, “Things look to me as if the coming year will be the criterion whereby we shall be able to conclude whether the French shall drive us into the sea, or whether King George shall be emperour of North America.”[1389] In December, Shirley assembled a congress of governors at New York, and laid his plans before them.[1390] When Shirley returned to Boston in Jan., 1756, the Journal of the Mass. House of Representatives discloses how active he was in preparing for his projects.[1391] Stone[1392] portrays the arrangements.

To Stone,[1393] too, we must turn to learn the efforts of Johnson to propitiate the Indians,[1394] in which he was perplexed by the movements in Pennsylvania and Virginia against the tribes in that region.[1395] The printed contemporary source, showing Johnson’s endeavors with the Indians, is the Account of Conferences, London, 1756, which may be complemented by much in the Doc. Hist. N. Y., vols. i. and iv. Thomas Pownall published in New York, in 1756, Proposals for securing the friendship of the Five Nations. As the campaign went on, Johnson held conferences at Fort Johnson, July 21 (of which, under date of Aug. 12, he prepared a journal), and attended later meetings at German Flats, Aug. 24-Sept. 3, and again at Fort Johnson. These will be found in the Penna. Archives, 2d ser., vi. 461-496;[1396] and in the same volume, pp. 365-376, will be found the conference of deputies of the Five Nations, July 28, 1756, with Vaudreuil, at Montreal.[1397]

The early events of the year, like the capture of Fort Bull,[1398] find illustrations in various papers in the Doc. Hist. N. Y., vol. i. 509, and N. Y. Col. Docs. x. 403, with some local associations in Benton’s Herkimer County.

The centre of preparation for the campaign during the winter was in Boston, and Parkman[1399] shows the methods of military organization which the New England colonies, with some detriment to efficiency employed. He finds his material for the sketch in the manuscripts of the Mass. Archives (“Military”), vols. lxxv. and lxxvi., and in equivalent printed papers in R. I. Colonial Records, v., and N. H. Provincial Papers, vi. The latter colony issued bills this year, as they had the previous season, called Crown Point currency, in aid of the expedition, a fac-simile of one of which is annexed.[1400]

Another main source for these preliminaries, as well as for the routine of the campaign later in Albany and at Lake George is the Journal of General John Winslow, who, after some coquetting with Pepperrell on Shirley’s part, was finally selected for the command of the expedition against Crown Point.[1401] The second volume of this journal, which is in the library of the Mass. Hist. Society, covers Feb.-Aug., and the third, Aug.-Dec., 1756. They consist of transcripts of letters, orders, etc., chronologically arranged.

The volumes labelled “Letters” in the Massachusetts Archives (MSS.) contain various letters, which depict the condition of the camps and the progress of the campaign. Parkman[1402] refers to them, as well as to a report of Lieut.-Col. Burton to Loudon on the condition of the camps,[1403] and to the journal of John Graham, a chaplain in Lyman’s Connecticut regiment.[1404]

* * * * *

Shirley rightfully understood the value of Oswego to the colonies. As Parkman[1405] says, “No English settlement on the continent was of such ill omen to the French. It not only robbed them of the fur-trade, but threatened them with military and political, no less than commercial ruin.” The previous French governor, Jonquière, had been particularly instructed to compass its destruction, above all by inciting the Iroquois to do it, if possible, for the post was a menace in the eyes of the Indians. Shirley hoped to redeem the failure of last year, and he had the satisfaction of hearing of Bradstreet’s success in the midst of the personal detraction which assailed him.[1406] The military interest of the year, however, centres in the siege and fall of Oswego (Aug. 14), introducing Montcalm on the scene.[1407] Capt. John Vicars, a British officer who was with Bradstreet, gives an account of the fortifications, which Parkman[1408] uses. The correspondence of Loudon and Shirley in the English archives marks the progress of events.[1409] Respecting the siege itself there is a letter, from an officer present, in the Boston Evening Post, May 16, 1757. Stone[1410] uses MS. depositions of two of the English prisoners who escaped from the French.[1411] A declaration by soldiers of Shirley’s regiment is printed in the N. Y. Col. Docs., vii. 126.

Of the contemporary printed sources, note must be made of the “State of facts” in the Lond. Mag., 1757, p. 14; of the Conduct of General Shirley, etc., p. 110; of Livingston’s Review; of The military history of Great Britain for 1756-57. Containing a letter from an English officer at Canada, taken prisoner at Oswego, exhibiting the cruelty of the French. Also a journal of the Siege of Oswego, London, 1757.[1412]

Of somewhat less authority is a popular book, French and Indian cruelty exemplified in the life of Peter Wilkinson, with “accurate detail of the operations of the French and English forces at the siege of Oswego.”[1413] Of a more general character are the accounts in Mante,[1414] Smith,[1415] and Hutchinson.[1416]

Parkman, who sketches the early career of Montcalm,[1417] surveys the chief French authorities on the siege, as gathered mainly from the Archives of the Marine and those of War, at Paris;[1418] the Livre des Ordres; Vaudreuil’s instructions to Montcalm, July 21; the journal of Bougainville; the letters of Vaudreuil, Bigot, and Montcalm. The N. Y. Col. Docs. (vol. x.) contain various translations of these,[1419] including (p. 440) a journal of the siege transmitted by Montcalm; other versions are in the Doc. Hist. N. Y., vol. i.

There was printed at Grenoble, in 1756, a Relation de la prise des forts de Choueguen, ou Oswego, & de ce qui s’est passée cette année en Canada. A small edition was privately reprinted in 1882, from a copy belonging to Mr. S. L. M. Barlow, of New York.[1420] Martin, in his De Montcalm en Canada, ch. iii., presents the modern French view, as also does Garneau, Hist. du Canada, 4th ed., vol. ii. 251. Maurault, in his Hist. des Abénakis (1866), tells the part of the Indians in the siege.

Of the partisan warfare conducted by Rogers and Putnam, we have the best accounts in the reports which the former made to his commanding officer.[1421] These various reports constitute the volume which was published in London in 1765 “for the author,” called Journals of Major Robert Rogers, containing an account of the several excursions he made under the generals who commanded, during the late war.[1422] Rogers’ Journals are written in a direct way, apparently without exaggeration, but sometimes veil the atrocities which he had not screened in the original reports.[1423] Parkman points out that the account of his scout of Jan. 19, 1756, is much abridged in the composite Journals.

The exploits of Rogers are frequently chronicled in Winslow’s Journal, and there are other notes in the Mass. Archives, vol. lxxvi. Parkman cites Bougainville’s Journal as giving the French record.[1424] There is a contemporary account of one of Rogers’ principal actions, in what Trumbull[1425] calls “perhaps the rarest of all narratives of Indian captivities.” The edition which is mentioned is a second one, published at Boston in 1760, and Sabin[1426] does not record the first. It is called A plain narrative of the uncommon sufferings and remarkable deliverance of Thomas Brown, of Charlestown in New England, who returned to his father’s house the beginning of Jan., 1760, after having been absent three years and about eight months; containing an account of the engagement, Jan., 1757, in which Captain Spikeman was killed and the author left for dead.

Of Putnam’s exploits there is a report (Oct. 9, 1755) in the Doc. Hist. N. Y., iv. p. 172. The Life of Putnam by Humphreys chronicles his partisan career, while that by Tarbox passes it over hurriedly. Hollister’s and other histories of Connecticut give it in outline.

* * * * *

The circulars of Pitt to the colonies, asking that assistance be rendered to Loudon, and (Feb. 4, 1757) urging the raising of additional troops, is in New Jersey Archives, viii. Pt. ii. pp. 209, 241. There are in the Israel Williams MSS. (Mass. Hist. Soc.) letters of Loudon, dated Boston, Jan. 29 and Feb., 1757, respecting the organization of the next campaign.

For the attack on Fort William Henry (1757) conducted by Rigaud, Parkman[1427] cites, as usual, his MS. French documents,[1428] but gives for the English side a letter from the fort (Mar. 26, 1757), in the Boston Gazette, no. 106, and in the Boston Evening Post, no. 1,128; with notes of other letters in the Boston News-Letter, no. 2,860.

The best account yet published of Montcalm’s later campaign against Fort William Henry (the Fort George of the French) is contained in the last chapter of the first volume of Parkman’s Montcalm and Wolfe.[1429]

On the French side there is the work of Pouchot, and Dr. Hough’s translation of it (i. 101). The Rough List of Mr. Barlow’s library (no. 941) shows, as the only copy known, a Relation de la prise du Fort Georges, ou Guillaume Henry, situé sur le lac Saint-Sacrement, et de ce qui s’est passé cette année en Canada (12 pp.), Paris, 1757.

Of the documentary evidence of the time Parkman makes full use. He secured from the Public Record Office in London the correspondence of Webb and a letter and journal of Colonel Frye, who commanded the Massachusetts troops, and from these he gives extracts in his Appendix F.[1430]

In the Paris documents as gathered (copies) in the archives at Albany,[1431] and in the copies of other documents from France, supplementing these, and contained in the series of MSS. given by Mr. Parkman to the Mass. Historical Society, there are the Journal of Bougainville, “a document,” says Parkman, “hardly to be commended too much,” the diary of Malartic, the correspondence of Montcalm, Lévis, Vaudreuil, and Bigot. In adding to the graphic details of the theme, there is a long letter of the Jesuit Roubaud, which is printed in the Lettres Edifiantes et Curieuses.[1432]

Jonathan Carver, who was a looker-on, has given an account in his Travels, which Parkman thinks is trustworthy so far as events came under Carver’s eye.[1433]

The journals of the Montresors, father and son, Colonels James and John, during their stay in 1757-59 in the neighborhood of Forts William Henry and Edward, throw light upon the spirit of the time.[1434] They are preserved in the family in England, and, edited by G. D. Scull, have been printed in the N. Y. Hist. Coll., 1881, accompanied by heliotypes of portraits of the two engineers.[1435]

Living at the time, and enjoying good advantages for acquiring knowledge, Hutchinson, in his Massachusetts (vol. iii. p. 60), might have given us more than he does, but his purpose was mainly to show the effect of the campaign upon that colony. It is noticeable, however, that he says the victims of the massacre were not many in number. Most later writers on the English side add little or nothing not elsewhere obtainable.[1436]

Bancroft[1437] made use of a considerable part of the material available to Parkman; but his latest revision does not add to his earlier account.

Dwight, in his Travels in New England and New York,[1438] who remembered the event as a child, expresses the view which long prevailed in New England, that Montcalm made no reasonable effort to check the Indians, and emphasizes the timidity and imbecility of Webb, who lay at Fort Edward with 6,000 men, doing nothing. Dwight narrates as from Captain Noble, who was present, that when Sir William Johnson would gather volunteers from Webb’s garrison to proceed to Munro’s assistance Webb forbade it.[1439]

Respecting the attack in the autumn (Nov. 28, 1757) on German Flats, there are the despatches of Vaudreuil, the Journal of Bougainville, and papers in Doc. Hist. N. Y., i. 520, and N. Y. Col. Docs., x. 672, the latter being a French summary of M. de Belêtre’s campaign. Loudon’s despatch to Pitt, Feb. 14, 1758, is the main English source.[1440]

* * * * *

While Webb held the chief command at Albany, Stanwix was organizing, with the help of Washington, the defence along the Pennsylvania and Virginia borders, and Bouquet further south.[1441] The lives of Washington and the histories of those provinces trace out the events of the summer in that direction. The main thread of this history is the precarious relation of the provinces with the Indians, and much illustrative of this connection is found in the Penna. Col. Rec., vol. vii. Dr. Schweinitz’s Life of Zeisberger and the various Moravian chronicles show how that people strove to act as intermediaries.

The Delawares had not forgotten the deceit practised upon them at Albany in 1754, in inveigling them into giving a deed of lands, and Sir William Johnson was known to be in favor of revoking that fraudulent purchase. Conferences with the Indians were numerous, even after the spring opened.[1442] Johnson received the deputies of the Shawanese and Delawares at Fort Johnson in April, and concluded a treaty with them.[1443]

It boded no good that the Six Nations also, in April, had sent deputies to Vaudreuil, and all through the spring the region north of the Mohawk was the scene of rapine.[1444] The truth was, the successes of the French had driven the westerly tribes of the Six Nations into a neutrality, which might turn easily into enmity, and to confirm them in their passiveness, and to incite the Mohawks and the easterly tribes into active alliance, Johnson, who knew his life to be in danger, summoned the deputies of the confederacy to meet him at Johnson Hall on the 10th of June. His journal for some time previous to the meeting is printed by Stone.[1445] Johnson accomplished all he could hope for. His answer to the Senecas of June 16 is in the Penna. Archives, vi. 511. Under his counsel, the final conclusion with the Indians farther south was reached in a conference at Easton, in Pennsylvania, in July and August.[1446]

* * * * *

Of the defeat of Rogers in March, which opened the campaign of 1758, his own report after he got into Fort Edward, printed at the time in the newspapers, is mainly given in his Journals, together with a long letter of two British regular officers who accompanied him, and who in the fight escaped capture, but wandered off in the woods, till hunger compelled them to seek the French fort, whence by a flag of truce they despatched (Mar. 28) their narrative. The French accounts are derived from the usual documentary sources as indicated by Parkman (ii. p. 16).

* * * * *

The English historians of the war in Europe all describe the change in political feeling which brought Pitt once more into power, with popular sympathy to sustain him.[1447] The public had aroused to the incompetency of the English military rule in America, and upon the importance of making head there against the French, as a vantage for any satisfactory peace in Europe.[1448] This revulsion is best described in Parkman[1449] and in Bancroft.[1450] The letter of Pitt recalling Loudon (who was not without his defenders[1451]), as addressed to the governor of Connecticut, is in the Trumbull MSS., vol. i. p. 127.

The condition of the camp at Lake George in the spring and early summer is to be studied in the official papers, as well as in letters printed in the Boston News-Letter and in the Boston Evening Post.[1452] Parkman describes from the best sources the fort and the outer entrenchments.[1453]

* * * * *

The official reports on the English side of the fight on July 8th are in the Public Record Office. The letter which Abercrombie addressed to Pitt from Lake George, July 12, as it appeared in the London Gazette Extraordinary, Aug. 22, is printed in the N.Y. Col. Docs., x. 728. Dwight represents the opinions of Abercrombie’s generalship as current in the colonies,[1454] and we read in Smith’s New York, vol. ii. p. 264, that the difficulty “appeared to be more in the head than the body.” The diary of William Parkman, a youth of seventeen, who was in a Massachusetts regiment, reflects the charitable criticism of his troops, when the diarist calls their commander “an aged gentleman, infirm in body and mind.”[1455] We have various other descriptions and diaries from officers engaged.[1456]

Parkman[1457] collates the different authorities as respects the losses on the two sides,[1458] and his details are the best of all the later historians.[1459] Of the French contemporary accounts, which are numerous, there are several from the Paris Archives in the Parkman MSS., which have been used for the first time in his Montcalm and Wolfe. Some of the more important ones are printed in the N. Y. Col. Docs. x.[1460]

There is an account in Pouchot, and Chevalier Johnstone’s “Dialogue in Hades” is in the Transactions of the Lit. and Hist. Soc. of Quebec, and summarized accounts in Martin’s De Montcalm en Canada, ch. vii., and in Garneau’s Canada, p. 279.[1461] For the life of the camp later established at the head of Lake George, there are items to be drawn, not only from the official reports, but from the Israel Williams MSS. Parkman (ii. 117) uses a diary of Chaplain Cleaveland. An orderly book of Col. Jonathan Bagley, of a Connecticut regiment, covering Aug. 20-Sept. 11, 1758, is in the library of the American Antiq. Society.[1462] It indicates that the celebration at Lake George of the victory at Louisbourg took place Aug. 28, as does an orderly book of Rogers’ Rangers, covering Aug.-Nov., 1758, at Lake George and Fort Edward.[1463]

Of the autumn scouting, there are letters in the Boston Weekly Advertiser, the centre of interest being the fight between Rogers and Morin.[1464]

Of the Frontenac expedition, Bradstreet’s own report to Abercrombie is in the Public Record Office. Parkman uses it, as well as letters in the Boston Gazette, no. 182; Boston Evening Post, no. 1,203; Boston News-Letter, no. 2,932; N. H. Gazette, no. 104. The articles of capitulation are in the N. Y. Col. Docs., x. 826. Smith (New York, ii. 266), speaking of Bradstreet’s expedition, says he “rather flew than marched.”[1465]

On the French side, there are the official documents, the Mémoire sur la Canada, 1749-60 (published by the Lit. and Hist. Soc. of Quebec), and Pouchot, i. 162.

The loss of Frontenac gave rise to a disagreement between Vaudreuil and Montcalm as to the dispositions to be made upon Lake Ontario, and the papers which passed between them are in the N. Y. Col. Docs., x. 866, etc., as well as others on the conflict of their opinions respecting the defence of Ticonderoga (Ibid., p. 873, etc.).

* * * * *

The main sources for the Duquesne expedition of 1758 are in the Public Record Office, America and West Indies, including the correspondence of Forbes.[1466] There are also papers in the Col. Records of Penna. and Pennsylvania Archives. The letters of Washington in Sparks’ Washington (vol. ii.) may be supplemented by the fuller text of the same, and by others, in Bouquet and Haldimand Papers, in the British Museum. Washington’s letters to Bouquet are in Additional MSS., vol. 21, 641, of the British Museum, and there is a copy of them among the Parkman MSS.[1467] There is a letter of a British officer in the Gent. Mag., xxix. 171. For the new route made by Forbes, see Lowdermilk’s Cumberland, p. 238. The routes of Braddock and Forbes are marked on the map given in Sparks’ Washington, ii. 38, and Washington’s opinion of their respective advantages is in Ibid., ii. 302.

Of Grant’s defeat, the principal fight of the campaign, there are contemporary accounts in the Penna. Gazette,[1468] Boston Evening Post, Boston Weekly Advertiser, Boston News-Letter, etc.; in Hazard’s Penna. Reg., viii. 141; in Olden Time, i. p. 179. Grant’s imprudence met with little consideration in England. (Grenville Correspondence, i. 274.)

The account of Post’s embassy, July 15 to Sept., 1758, appeared in London in 1759, as the Second Journal of Christian Frederick Post.[1469]

Parkman,[1470] Bancroft,[1471] and Irving,[1472] of course, tell the story of Forbes’s campaign,—the first with the best help to sources.[1473]

* * * * *

The concomitants of the winter of 1758-59 in Canada must be studied in order to comprehend the inequality of the two sides in the signal campaign which was to follow. Parkman finds the material of this study in the documents of the Archives de la Marine et de la Guerre in Paris; in the correspondence of Montcalm, of which he procured copies from the present representative of his family, including the letters of Bougainville[1474] and Doreil[1475] on their Paris mission; and in the letters of Vaudreuil, in the Archives Nationales.[1476] Much throwing light on the strained relations between the general and the governor will be found in the N. Y. Col. Docs., vol. x.[1477] French representations of the situation in Canada are given in the Considérations sur l’État présent du Canada, published by the Literary and Historical Society of Quebec in 1840, sometimes cited as Faribault’s Collection de Mémoires, no. 3. Further use may be made of Mémoire sur le Canada, 1749-1760, en trois parties, Quebec, 1838.[1478]

The comparative inequality of the two combatants was a fruitful subject of inquiry then, especially upon the French side. There is in the Penna. Archives, 2d series, vi. 554, a French Mémoire, setting forth their respective positions, needs, and resources, dated January, 1759, and similar documents are given in the N. Y. Col. Docs., x. 897, 925, 930.

Later writers, with the advantage of remoteness, have found much for comment in the several characteristics, experiences, aims, and abilities of the two warring forces. These are contrasted in Warburton’s Conquest of Canada.[1479] Judge Haliburton[1480] points out the great military advantages of the paternal and despotic government of Canada. Viscount Bury, in his Exodus of the Western Nations,[1481] compares the outcome of their opposing systems. Parkman gives the last chapter of his Old Régime in Canada to a vigorous exposition of the subject. The institutional character of the English colonists, developed from the circumstances of their life, is compared with the purpose of the French colonists to reproduce France, in E. G. Scott’s Development of Constitutional Liberty in the English Colonies of America.[1482]

Among the later French authors, Rameau, in his France aux Colonies (Paris, 1859), writes in full consciousness of the limitations and errors of policy which deprived France of her American colonies.[1483] The efforts which were made to propitiate the Indians before the campaign opened are explained in Stone’s Life of Johnson, ii. ch. v., and in the N. Y. Col. Docs., vii. 378.

Upon the movement to render secure the new fort at Pittsburgh, Parkman found in the Public Record Office, in London, letters of Col. Hugh Mercer (who commanded), January-June, 1759; letters of Brigadier Stanwix, May-July;[1484] and a narrative of John Ormsby, beside a letter in the Boston News-Letter, no. 3,023. In the Wilkes Papers, in the Historical MSS. Commission Report, No. IV., p. 400, are long and interesting accounts of affairs at this time in Pennsylvania, written from Philadelphia to Wilkes by Thomas Barrow (May 1, 1759).

The Niagara expedition was a mistake, in the judgment of some military critics, since the troops diverted to accomplish it had been used more effectually in Amherst’s direct march to Montreal. More expedition on that general’s part in completing his direct march would have rendered the fall of Niagara a necessity without attack. Perhaps the risk of leaving French forces still west of Niagara, ready for a siege of Fort Pitt, is not sufficiently considered in this view.[1485]

The Public Record Office yields Amherst’s instructions and letters to Prideaux, and the letters of Johnson to Amherst. Stone[1486] prints Johnson’s diary of the expedition, and the Haldimand Papers in the British Museum throw much light.[1487] Letters of Amherst are in the N. Y. State Library at Albany.

On the French side, the account in Pouchot’s Mémoires sur la dernière guerre[1488] is that of the builder and defender of the fort.[1489] His narrative is given in English in N. Y. Col. Docs., x. 977, etc., as well as in Hough’s ed. of Pouchot. The letters of Vaudreuil from the French Archives are in the Parkman MSS. The English found in the fort a French journal (July 6-July 24, 1759), of which an English version was printed in the N. Y. Mercury, Aug. 20, 1759. It is also given in English in the Hist. Mag. (March, 1869), xv. p. 199.

For the Oswego episode, beside Pouchot,[1490] see Mémoire sur le Canada, 1749-60, and a letter in the Boston Evening Post, no. 1,248.

The best recent accounts are in Parkman’s Montcalm and Wolfe, ii. ch. 26; Warburton’s Conquest of Canada, ii. ch. 9, and Stone’s Life of Johnson, vol. ii.

Johnson’s diary, as given by Stone,[1491] shows how undecided, under Amherst’s instructions, Gage was about attacking the French at La Galette, on the St. Lawrence.

Gage, who, in August and September, 1759, was at Oswego, was much perplexed with the commissary and transportation service, but got relief when Bradstreet undertook to regulate matters at Albany.[1492]

* * * * *

While the expeditions of Stanwix and Prideaux constituted the left wing of the grand forward movement, that conducted by Amherst himself was the centre.

The letters of Amherst to Pitt and Wolfe are in the Public Record Office in London,[1493] as well as a journal of Colonel Amherst, a brother of the general. Mante and Knox afford good contemporary narratives.[1494]

The best general historians are Parkman (ii. 235, etc.), Bancroft (orig. ed., iv. 322; final revision, ii. 498); Warburton’s Conquest of Canada, ii. ch. 8. For local associations, see Holden’s Hist. of Queensbury, p. 343.[1495]

Bourlamaque’s account of his retreat is in N. Y. Col. Docs., x. 1,054. Pitt’s letter, when he learned that Amherst had abandoned the pursuit, is in Ibid., vii. 417.

Rogers sent to Amherst a letter about his raid upon the St. Francis village, which was written the day after he reached the settlements on the Upper Connecticut, and it makes part of his Journals. The story was the subject of recitals at the time in the provincial newspapers, like the New Hampshire Gazette and the Boston Evening Post. Hoyt, in his Antiquarian Researches (p. 302), adds a few particulars from the recollections of survivors.[1496]

In coming to the great victory which virtually closed the war on the Heights of Abraham, we can but be conscious of the domination which the character of Wolfe holds over all the recitals of its events, and the best source of that influence is in the letters which Wright has introduced into his life of Wolfe.[1497]

To the store of letters in Wright, Parkman sought to add others from the Public Record Office, beside the secret instructions given by the king to Wolfe and Saunders. The despatches of Wolfe, as well as those of Saunders, Monckton, and Townshend, are found, of course, in the contemporary magazines. A few letters of Wolfe, not before known, preserved among the Sackville Papers, have recently been printed in the Ninth Report of the Hist. MSS. Commission, Part iii. pp. 74-78. (Brit. Doc. Reports, 1883, vol. xxxvii.)[1498]

There is a printed volume which is known as Wolfe’s instructions to young officers (2d ed., London, 1780), which contains his orders during the time of his service in Canada. Manuscript copies of it, seemingly of contemporary date, are occasionally met with, and usually begin with orders in Scotland in 1748, and close with his last order on the “Sutherland,” Sept. 12, 1759.[1499] The general orders of the Quebec campaign, given at greater length than in these Instructions, have been printed in the Hist. Docs., 4th ser., published by the Lit. and Hist. Soc. of Quebec. Various orders are given in the Address of Lorenzo Sabine, on the centennial of the battle.[1500]

A large number of contemporary journals and narratives of the siege of Quebec, both on the English and French sides, have been preserved, most of which have now been printed.[1501]

The letters of Montcalm in the Archives de la Marine mostly pertain to events antecedent to the investment of Quebec. The letters of Vaudreuil are in the Archives Nationales,[1502] while those of Bigot, Lévis, and Montreuil are in the Archives de la Marine et de la Guerre.[1503]

Parkman has a note[1504] on the contemporary accounts of Montcalm’s death[1505] and burial, and in the Mercure Français is an éloge on the French general, which is attributed to Doreil. Some recollections of Montcalm in his last hours are given in a story credited to Joseph Trahan, as told in the Revue Canadienne, vol. iv. (1867, p. 850) by J. M. Lemoine, in a paper called “Le régiment des montagnards écossais devant Quebec, en 1759,” which in an English form, as “Fraser’s Highlanders before Quebec,” is given in Lemoine’s Maple Leaves, new series, p. 141.

There is a story, told with some contradictions, that Montcalm entrusted some of his letters to the Jesuit Roubaud. Parkman, in referring to the matter, cites[1506] Verreau’s report on the Canadian Archives (1874, p. 183), and the “Deplorable Case of M. Roubaud,” in Hist. Mag., xviii. 283.[1507]

Referring to the principal English contemporary printed sources, Parkman (ii. 194) says that Knox, Mante, and Entick are the best. Knox’s account is reprinted by Sabine in an appendix. Using these and other sources then made public, Smollett has told the story very intelligently in his History of England, giving a commensurate narrative in a general way, and has indicated the military risks which the plan of the campaign implied. The summary of the Annual Register[1508] is well digested.

In the Public Documents of Nova Scotia there are papers useful to the understanding of the fitting out of the expedition.

Jefferys intercalated in 1760, in his French Dominions in North America, sundry pages, to include such a story of the siege as he could make at that time.[1509]

Of the later English writers on the siege, it is enough barely to mention some of them.[1510]

Parkman first told the story in his Pontiac (vol. i. 126), erring in some minor details, which he later corrected when he gave it more elaborate form in the Atlantic Monthly (1884), and engrafted it (1885) in final shape in his Montcalm and Wolfe (vol. ii.).

The recent histories of Canada, like Miles’, etc., and such general works as Beatson’s Naval and Mil. Memoirs (ii. 300-308), necessarily cover the story; and there is an essay on Montcalm by E. S. Creasy, which originally appeared in Bentley’s Magazine (vol. xxxii. 133).[1511] Carlyle repeats the tale briefly, but with characteristic touches, in his Friedrich II. (vol. v. p. 555).

On the French side the later writers of most significance, beside the general historian of Canada, Garneau,[1512] are Felix Martin in his_ De Montcalm en Canada_ (1867), ch. 10, which was called, in a second edition, Le Marquis de Montcalm et les dernières années de la colonie Française au Canada, 1756-1760 (3d ed., Paris, 1879); and Charles de Bonnechose in his Montcalm et le Canada Français, which appeared in a fifth edition in 1882.[1513]

As to the forces in the opposing armies, and the numbers which the respective generals brought into opposition on the Heights of Abraham, there are conflicting opinions. Parkman[1514] collates the varying sources. Cf. also Martin’s De Montcalm en Canada, p. 196; Miles’ Hist. of Canada, app., etc.; Collection de Manuscrits (Quebec), iv. 229, 230.

The record of the council of war (Sept. 15) which Ramezay held after he found he had been left to his fate by Vaudreuil is given in Martin’s De Montcalm en Canada (p. 317), and in the N. Y. Col. Docs., x. 1007. Ramezay prepared a defence against charges of too easily succumbing to the enemy, and this was printed in 1861 by the Lit. and Hist. Soc. of Quebec, as Mémoire du Sieur de Ramezay, Commandant à Quebec, au sujet de la reddition de cette ville, le 18 septembre, 1759, d’après un manuscrit aux Archives du Bureau de la Marine à Paris. The paper is accompanied by an appendix of documentary proofs, including the articles of capitulation, which are also to be found in the appendix of Warburton’s Conquest of Canada (vol. ii. p. 362), N. Y. Col. Docs., x. 1011, and in Martin (p. 317).

It has been kept in controversy whether Vaudreuil really directed Ramezay to surrender,[1515] but the note sent by Vaudreuil to Ramezay at nine in the evening, Sept. 13, instructing him to hoist the white flag when his provisions failed, is in N. Y. Col. Docs., x. 1004.

General Townshend returned to England, and when he claimed more than his share of the honors[1516] a Letter to an Honourable Brigadier General (London, 1760) took him sharply to task for it, and rehearsed the story of the fight.[1517] This tract was charged by some upon Charles Lee, but when it was edited by N. W. Simons, in 1841, an attempt by parallelisms of language, etc., was made to prove the authorship of Junius in it. It was answered by A refutation of a letter to an Hon. Brigadier by an officer.[1518] Parkman calls it “angry, but not conclusive.” There were other replies in the Imperial Magazine, 1760. Sabine, in his address, epitomizes the statements of both sides.

On the 17th of January, 1760, Pitt addressed Amherst respecting the campaign of the following season,[1519] and on April 27th Amherst addressed the Indians in a paper dated Fort George, N. Y., April 27.[1520] Letters had passed between Amherst and Johnson in March, about the efforts which were making by a conference at Fort Pitt to quiet the Indians in that direction.[1521] Later there were movements to scour the country lying between Fort Pitt and Presqu’isle, as shown in the Aspinwall Papers,[1522] where[1523] there is a fac-simile of a sketch of the route from Fort Pitt, passing Venango and Le Bœuf, which Bouquet sent to Monckton in August, 1760.

The earliest description of this country after it came into English hands is in a journal (July 7-17, 1760) by Capt. Thomas Hutchins, of the Sixtieth Regiment, describing a march from Fort Pitt to Venango, and from thence to Presqu’isle, which is printed in the Penna. Mag. of Hist. (ii. 849).

Bourlamaque, in a Mémoire sur Canada, which he wrote in 1762, presents Quebec as the key to the military strength of the province.[1524]

The interest of the winter and spring lies in the vigorous efforts of Lévis to recover Quebec. The English commander, Murray, kept a journal from the 18th of September till the 25th of May. The original was in the London War Office, and Miles used a copy from that source. Parkman records it as now being in the Public Record Office,[1525] and says it ends May 17; and the reprint of the Lit. and Hist. Soc. of Quebec credits it to the same source, in their third series (1871).

Parkman[1526] refers to a plan among the King’s Maps (Brit. Mus.) of the battle and situation of the British and French on the Heights of Abraham, 28 April, 1760.

This engagement is sometimes called the battle of Sillery, though the more common designation is the battle of Ste. Foy.

Murray’s despatch to Amherst, April 30, is among the Parkman Papers, and that to Pitt, dated May 25, 1760, is in Hawkins’ Picture of Quebec, and in W. J. Anderson’s Military Operations at Quebec from Sept. 18, 1759, to May 18, 1760, published by the Lit. and Hist. Soc. of Quebec (1869-70), and also separately. It is a critical examination of the sources of information respecting the battle, particularly as to the forces engaged. Parkman (ii., app., p. 442) examines this aspect also.

We have on the English side the recitals of several eye-witnesses. Knox[1527] was such. So were Mante, Fraser, and Johnson; the journals of the last two are those mentioned on a preceding page. Parkman, who gives a list of authorities,[1528] refers to a letter of an officer of the Royal Americans at Quebec, May 24, 1760, printed in the London Magazine, and other contemporary accounts are in the Gentleman’s and English Magazine (1760). There is also a letter in the N. Y. Geneal. and Biog. Record, April, 1872, p. 94.

The principal French contemporary account is that of Lévis, Guerre du Canada, Relation de la seconde Bataille de Québec et du Siége de cette ville,—a manuscript which, according to Parkman, has different titles in different copies, and some variations in text. Vaudreuil’s instructions to Lévis are in the N. Y. Col. Docs., x. 1069. There is a journal of the battle annexed to Vaudreuil’s letter to Berryer, May 3, 1760, in N. Y. Col. Docs., x. 1075, 1077. The Parkman MSS. have also letters of Bourlamaque and Lévis, and there is something to be gleaned from Chevalier Johnston and the Relation of the hospital nun, already referred to.

Of the modern accounts by the Canadian historians, Lemoine[1529] calls that of Garneau[1530] the best, and speaks of it as collated from documents, many of which had never then (1876) seen the light. Smith takes a view quite opposite to Garneau’s, and Lemoine[1531] charges him with glossing over the subject “with striking levity.”[1532]

Col. John Montresor was in the force which Murray led up the river to Montreal, and we have his journal, July 14-Sept. 8, 1760, in the N. Y. Hist. Soc. Coll., 1881, p. 236.

For the progress of the converging armies of Amherst and Haviland, there are the histories of Mante and Knox and the journals of Rogers. Parkman adds a tract printed in Boston (1760), All Canada in the hands of the English. Beside the official documents of the Parkman MSS., he also cites a Diary of a sergeant in the army of Haviland, and a Journal of Colonel Nathaniel Woodhull.[1533] There is a glimpse of the condition of the country to be got from the Travels and Adventures of Alexander Henry in Canada and the Indian territory, 1760-1776 (New York, 1809).

Amherst’s letter to Monckton on the capture of Fort Lévis is in the Aspinwall Papers (Mass. Hist. Soc. Coll., xxxix. 307), and reference may be made to Pouchot (ii. 264), Mante (303), and Knox (ii. 405).[1534]

Parkman uses the Procès verbal of the council of war which Vaudreuil held in Montreal; and the terms of the capitulation (Sept. 8, 1760) can be found in N. Y. Col. Docs., x. 1107; Miles’ Canada, 502; Bonnechose’s Montcalm et le Canada (app.); and Martin’s De Montcalm en Canada (p. 327), and his Marquis de Montcalm (p. 321).

The protest which Lévis uttered against the terms of the capitulation is in the N. Y. Col. Docs., x. 1106, with his reasons for it (p. 1123).

The circular letter about the capitulation which Amherst sent to the governors of the colonies is in the Aspinwall Papers.[1535]

Parkman’s[1536] is the best recent account of this campaign, though it is dwelt upon at some length by Smith and Warburton.

Gage was left in command at Montreal; Murray returned to Quebec with 4,000 men; while Amherst, by the last of September, was in New York.[1537]

Rogers’s own Journals make the best account of his expeditions westward[1538] to receive the surrender of Detroit and the extremer posts. Parkman, who tells the story in his Pontiac (ch. 6), speaks of the journals as showing “the incidents of each day, minuted down in a dry, unambitious style, bearing the clear impress of truth.” Rogers also describes the interview with Pontiac in his Concise Account of North America, Lond., 1765. Cf. Aspinwall Papers (Mass. Hist. Soc. Coll., xxxix. 362) for Croghan’s journal[1539] and (Ibid., pp. 357, 387) for letters on the surrender of Detroit.[1540]

Later Lieutenant Brehm was sent as a scout from Montreal to Lake Huron, thence to Fort Pitt, and his report to Amherst, dated Feb. 23, 1761, is in the N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg., 1883, p. 22.

Philippe Aubert de Gaspé, in Les Anciens Canadiens (1863), attempts, as he says, to portray the misfortunes which the conquest brought on the greater portion of the Canadian noblesse.[1541] There is a sad story of the shipwreck on Cape Breton of the “Auguste,” which in 1761 was bearing a company of these expatriated Canadians to France, and one of them, M. de la Corne Saint-Luc, has left a Journal du Naufrage de l’Auguste, which has been printed in Quebec.[1542]

The trials of Bigot and the others in Paris elicited a large amount of details respecting the enormities which had characterized the commissary affairs of Canada during the war. Cf. “Observations on certain peculations in New France,” in N. Y. Col. Docs., x. 1129. There is in Harvard College library a series of the printed reports and judgments in the matter.[1543]

Mr. Parkman has published in The Nation (Apr. 15, 1886) an account of a MS. lately acquired by the national library at Paris, Voyage au Canada dans le Nord de l’Amérique Septentrionale fait depuis l’an 1751 à 1761 par T. C. B., who participated in some of the battles of the war; but the account seems to add little of consequence to existing knowledge, having been written (as he says, from notes) thirty or forty years after his return. It shows, however, how the army store-keepers of the French made large fortunes and lost them in the depreciation of the Canadian paper money.

NOTES.

=A.= INTERCOLONIAL CONGRESSES AND PLANS OF UNION.—The confederacy which had been formed among the New England colonies in 1643 had lasted, with more or less effect, during the continuance of the colonial charter of Massachusetts.[1544] As early as 1682 Culpepper, of Virginia, had proposed that no colony should make war without the concurrence of Virginia, and Nicholson, eight or ten years later, had advocated a federation. In 1684 there had been a convention at Albany, at which representatives of Massachusetts, New York, Maryland, and Virginia had met the sachems of the Five Nations.[1545] In 1693 Governor Fletcher, by order of the king, had called at New York a meeting of commissioners of the colonies, which proved abortive. Those who came would not act, because others did not come. In 1694 commissioners met at Albany to frame a treaty with the Five Nations, and Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, and New Jersey were represented. A journal of Benjamin Wadsworth, who accompanied the Massachusetts delegates, is printed in the Mass. Hist. Collections, xxii. 102. This journal was used by Holmes in his Amer. Annals, 2d ed., i. p. 451.

Such were the practical efforts at consolidating power for the common defence, which the colonies had taken part in up to the end of the seventeenth century. We now begin to encounter various theoretical plans for more permanent unions.[1546] In 1698 William Penn devised a scheme which is printed in the New York Colonial Documents, iv. 296. In the same year Charles Davenant prepared a plan which is found in Davenant’s Political and Commercial Works, vol. ii. p. 11.[1547] In 1701 we find a plan, by a Virginian, set forth in an Essay upon the government of the English plantations;[1548] and one of the same year (May 13, 1701) by Robert Livingston, suggesting three different unions, is noted in the N. Y. Col. Docs., iv. 874.

In 1709 another temporary emergency revived the subject. Colonel Vetch convened the governors of New England at New London (Oct. 14) for a concert of action in a proposed expedition against Canada, but the failure of the fleet to arrive from England cut short all effort.[1549] Again in 1711 (June 21) the governors of New England assembled at the same place, to determine the quotas of their respective colonies for the Canada expedition, planned by Nicholson; and later in the year, the same New England governments invited New York to another conference, but it came to naught.

In 1721 there was a plan to place a captain-general over the colonies. (Cf. a Representation of the Lords of Trade to the King, in _N. Y. Col. Docs._, v. p. 591.)

On Sept. 10, 1722, Albany was the scene of another congress, at which Pennsylvania and New York joined to renew a league with the Five Nations; and a few days later (Sept. 14), Virginia having joined them, they renewed the conference. (Cf. N. Y. Col. Docs., v. 567.)

The same year, 1722, Daniel Coxe,[1550] in his Carolana, offered another theory of union.

In June, 1744, George Clinton, of New York, submitted to a convocation of deputies from Massachusetts a plan of union something like the early New England confederacy. The Six Nations sent their sachems.

On July 23, 1748, there was another conference for mutual support at Albany, at which the Six Nations met the deputies of New York and Massachusetts.

In 1751, Clinton, of New York, invited representatives of all the colonies from New Hampshire to South Carolina to meet the Six Nations for compacting a league. The journal of the commissioners is in the Mass. Archives, xxxviii. 160.[1551]

In 1751, Archibald Kennedy, in his tract The importance of gaining and preserving the friendship of the Indians to the British interest considered, N. Y., 1751, and London, 1752 (Carter-Brown, iii. 955, 975), developed a plan of his own.[1552]

In 1752 Governor Dinwiddie advocated distinct northern and southern confederacies.

In June, 1754, the most important of all these congresses convened at Albany,[1553] under an order from the home government. The chief instigator of a union was Shirley,[1554] and the most important personage in the congress was Benjamin Franklin, who was chiefly instrumental in framing the plan finally adopted, though it failed in the end of the royal sanction as too subversive of the royal prerogative, while it lost the support of the several assemblies in the colonies because too careful of the same prerogative. Franklin himself later thought it must have hit a happy and practicable mean, from this diversity of view in the crown and in the subject.

This plan, as it originally lay in Franklin’s mind, is embodied in his “Short Hints towards a Scheme for uniting the Northern Colonies,” which is printed in Franklin’s Works.[1555] This draft Franklin submitted to James Alexander and Cadwallader Colden, and their comments are given in Ibid., pp. 28, 30, as well as Franklin’s own incomplete paper (p. 32) in explanation.

It was Franklin’s plan, amended a little, which finally met with the approval of all the commissioners except those from Connecticut.

This final plan is printed, accompanied by “reasons and motives for each article,” in Sparks’s ed. of Franklin’s Works, i. 36.[1556]

An original MS. journal of the congress is noted in the Carter-Brown Catalogue, iii. no. 1,067. The proceedings have been printed in O’Callaghan’s Doc. Hist. N. Y., ii. 545; in the N. Y. Col. Docs., vi. 853; in Pennsylvania Col. Records, vi. 57; and in the Mass. Hist. Soc. Collections, xxv. p. 5, but this last lacks the last day’s proceedings. Cf. rough drafts of plans in Mass. Hist. Coll., vii. 203, and Penna. Archives, ii. 197; also see Penna. Col. Rec., v. 30-97. There are some contemporary extracts from the proceedings of the congress of 1754 in a volume of Letters and Papers, iv. (1721-1760), in Mass. Hist. Soc. Library.

We have four accounts of the congress from those who were members.[1557]

Pownall read (July 11, 1754) at the congress a paper embracing “Considerations towards a general plan of measures for the colonies,” which is printed in N. Y. Col. Docs., vi. 893, and in Penna. Archives, 2d ser., vi. 197.

At the same time William Johnson brought forward a paper suggesting “Measures necessary to be taken with the Six Nations for defeating the designs of the French.” It is printed in N. Y. Col. Docs., vi. 897; Penna. Archives, 2d ser., vi. 203.

Shirley (Oct. 21, 1754) wrote to Morris, of Pennsylvania, urging him to press acquiescence in the plan of union. (Penna. Archives, ii. 181.)

Shirley’s own comments on the Albany plan are found in his letter, dated Boston, Dec. 24, 1754, and directed to Sir Thos. Robinson, which is printed in the Penna. Archives, 2d ser., vi. 213, and in N. Y. Col. Docs., vi. 930. During this December Franklin was in Boston, and Shirley showed to him the plan, which the government had proposed, looking to taxing the colonies for the expense of maintaining the proposed union. Franklin met the scheme with some letters, afterwards brought into prominence when taxation without representation was practically enforced. These Franklin letters were printed in a London periodical in 1766, and again in Almon’s Remembrancer in 1776. They can best be found in Sparks’s ed. of Franklin’s Works, vol. iii. p. 56.[1558]

Livingston’s references to the congress are in his Review of Military Operations (Mass. Hist. Soc. Coll., vii. 76, 77).

A list of the delegates to the congress is given in Franklin’s Works, iii. 28, in Foster’s Stephen Hopkins, ii. 226, and elsewhere.

The report of the commissioners on the part of Rhode Island is printed in the R. I. Col. Records, v. 393. The report of the commissioners of Connecticut, with the reasons for rejecting the plan of the congress, is in Mass. Hist. Soc. Coll., vii. 207, 210.

There is much about the congress in the Doc. Hist. New York, i. 553-54; ii. 545, 564, 570-71, 589-91, 605, 611-15, 672.

Of the later accounts, that given by Richard Frothingham in his Rise of the Republic is the most extensive and most satisfactory.[1559]

After the Albany plan had been rejected by the Massachusetts assembly, another plan, the MS. of which in Hutchinson’s hand exists in the Mass. Archives, vi. 171,[1560] was brought forward in the legislature. It was intended to include all the colonies except Nova Scotia and Georgia. It failed of acceptance. It is printed in the appendix of Frothingham’s Rise of the Republic.

Pownall suggested, in his Administration of the Colonies, a plan for establishing barrier colonies beyond the Alleghanies, settling them with a population inured to danger, so that they could serve as protectors of the older colonies, in averting the enemy’s attacks. Franklin shared his views in this respect. (Cf. Franklin’s Works, iii. 69, and also Pennsylvania Archives, ii. 301, vi. 197.)

Among the Shelburne Papers (Hist. MSS. Commissioners’ Report, no. 5, p. 218) is a paper dated at Whitehall, Oct. 29, 1754, commenting upon the Albany congress, and called “A Representation[1561] to the King of the State of the Colonies,” and “A Plan for the Union of the Colonies,” signed August 9, 1754, by Halifax and others.[1562] This was the plan already referred to, presented by the ministry in lieu of the one proposed at Albany, which had been denied. Bancroft (United States, orig. ed., iv. 166) calls it “despotic, complicated, and impracticable.” It is named in the draft printed in the New Jersey Archives, 1st ser., viii., Part 2d, p. 1, as a “Plan by the Lords of Trade of general concert and mutual defence to be entered into by the colonies in America.”

In the interval before it became a serious question of combining against the mother country, two other plans for union were urged. John Mitchell (Contest in America) in 1757 proposed triple confederacies, and in 1760 a plan was brought forward by Samuel Johnson. (N. Y. Col. Docs., vii. 438.)

=B.= CARTOGRAPHY OF THE ST. LAWRENCE AND THE LAKES IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY.—Various extensive maps of the St. Lawrence River were made in the eighteenth century. Chief among them may be named the following:—

There is noted in the Catal. of the Lib. of Parliament (Toronto, 1858, p. 1619, no. 65) a MS. map of the St. Lawrence from below Montreal to Lake Erie, which is called “excellent à consulter,” and dated 1728.

Popple’s, in 1730, of which a reduction is given in Cassell’s United States, i. 420.

A “Carte des lacs du Canada, par N. Bellin, 1744,” is in Charlevoix, iii. 276.

A map of Lake Ontario by Labroguerie (1757) is noted in the Catal. of the King’s Maps (Brit. Mus.), ii. 112.

General Amherst caused sectional maps to be made by Captain Holland and others, which are noted in the Catal. of the King’s Maps (Brit. Mus.), i. 608.

Subsequent to the conquest of 1760, General Murray directed Montresor to make a map of the St. Lawrence from Montreal to St. Barnaby Island. This is preserved. (Trans. Lit. and Hist. Soc. of Quebec, 1872-73, p. 99.)

Maps in Bellin’s Petit Atlas Maritime, 1764 (nos. 4 to 8).

Jefferys’ map of the river from Quebec down, added to a section above Quebec, based on D’Anville’s map of 1755, is in Jefferys’ Gen. Topog. of North America, etc., 1768, nos. 16, 17.

The edition of 1775 is called An exact Chart of the River St. Lawrence from Fort Frontenac to Anticosti (and Part of the Western Coast of the Gulf of St. Lawrence), showing the Soundings, Rocks, and Shoals, with all necessary Instructions for navigating the River, with Views of the Land, etc., by T. Jefferys. It measures 24 × 37 inches, and has particular Charts of the Seven Islands; St. Nicholas, or English Harbor; the Road of Tadoussac; Traverse, or Passage from Cape Torment.

A map engraved by T. Kitchen, in Mante’s Hist. of the Late War, London, 1772, p. 30, shows the river from Lake Ontario to its mouth, defining on the lake the positions of Forts Niagara, Oswego, and Frontenac; and (p. 333) is one giving the course of the river below Montreal.

In the Atlantic Neptune of Des Barres, 1781, Part ii. no. 1, is the St. Lawrence in three sheets, from Quebec to the gulf; Part ii., no. 16, has the same extent, on a larger scale, in four sheets; Part ii., Additional Charts, no. 8, gives the river from the Chaudière to Lake St. Francis, in six sheets, as surveyed by Samuel Holland.

Moll made a survey of the Gulf of St. Lawrence in 1729. The most elaborate map is that of Jefferys (1775), which measures 20 × 24 inches, and is called Chart of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, composed from a great number of Actual Surveys and other Materials, regulated and connected by Astronomical Observations.

There is a chart of Chaleur Bay in the North American Pilot (1760), nos. 14, 15; and of the Saguenay River, by N. Bellin, in Charlevoix, iii. 64.

=C.= THE PEACE OF 1763.—The events in Europe which led to the downfall of Pitt and to the negotiations for peace are best portrayed among American historians in Parkman[1563] and Bancroft.[1564]

The leading English historians (Stanhope, etc.) can be supplemented by the Bedford Correspondence, vol. iii. Various claims and concessions, made respectively by the English and French governments, are printed from the official records in Mills’ Boundaries of Ontario (App., p. 209, etc.). See also the Mémoire historique sur la négociation de la France et de l’Angleterre depuis le 26 Mars, 1761, jusqu’au 20 septembre de la même année, avec les pièces justificatives, Paris, 1761.[1565]

As soon as Quebec had surrendered there grew a party in England who put Canada as a light weight in the scales, in comparison with Guadaloupe, in balancing the territorial claims to be settled in defining the terms of a peace. The controversy which followed produced numerous pamphlets, some of which may be mentioned.[1566]

The surrender of Canada was insisted upon in 1760 in a Letter addressed to two great men on the prospect of peace, and on the terms necessary to be insisted upon in the negotiation (London); and the arguments were largely sustained in William Burke’s Remarks on the Letter addressed to two great men (London, 1760), both of which pamphlets passed to later editions.[1567]

Franklin, then in London, complimented the writers of these tracts on the unusual “decency and politeness” which they exhibited amid the party rancor of the time. This was in a voluminous tract, which he then issued, called Interest of Great Britain considered with regard to her colonies and the acquisition of Canada and Guadaloupe, London, 1760.[1568] In this he repelled the intimation that there was any disposition on the part of the Americans to combine to throw off their allegiance to the crown, though such views were not wholly unrife in England or in the colonies.[1569] He also advocated, in a way that Burke called “the ablest, the most ingenious, the most dexterous on that side,” for the retention of Canada, insisting that peace in North America, if not in Europe, could only be made secure by British occupancy of that region.[1570]

The preliminaries of peace having been agreed upon in November, 1762, and laid before Parliament, the discussion was revived.[1571] The ratification, however, came in due course,[1572] and the royal proclamation was made Oct. 7, 1763.[1573]

=D.= THE GENERAL CONTEMPORARY SOURCES OF THE WAR, 1754-1760.—During the war and immediately following it, there were a number of English reviews of its progress and estimates of its effects, which either reflect the current opinions or give contemporary record of its events.

Such are the following:—

John Mitchell’s Contest in America between Great Britain and France, with its consequences and importance, London, 1757.[1574] It was published as by “an impartial hand.”

W. H. Dilworth’s History of the present War to the conclusion of the year 1759, London, 1760.[1575]

Peter Williamson’s Brief account of the War in North America, containing several very remarkable particulars relative to the natural dispositions, tempers, and inclinations of the unpolished savages, not taken notice of in any other history, Edinburgh, 1760,[1576]—a book of no value, except as incidentally illustrating the dangers of partisan warfare.

A review of Mr. Pitt’s Administration, second edition, with alterations and additions, London, 1763. This particularly concerns that minister’s policy in America.

John Dobson’s Chronological Annals of the War (Apr. 2, 1755, to the signing of the preliminaries of peace), Oxford, 1763.[1577]

John Entick’s General History of the late War ... in Europe, Asia, Africa, and America, London, 1764, 5 vols.[1578] The author was a schoolmaster and maker of books. Some contemporary critics speak disparagingly of the book. It includes numerous portraits and maps.

History of the late War from 1749 to 1763. Glasgow, 1765.

J. Wright’s Complete History of the late War, or Annual Register of its rise, progress, and events in Europe, Asia, Africa, and America. Illustrated with heads, plans, maps, and charts. London, 1765.[1579]

Capt. John Knox’s Historical Journal of the campaigns in North America for the years 1757, 1758, 1759, and 1760, containing the most remarkable occurrences, the orders of the admirals and general officers, descriptions of the country, diaries of the weather, manifestos, the French orders and disposition for the defence of the colony, London, 1769, 2 vols.[1580]

The beginning, progress, and conclusion of the late War, London, 1770.[1581]

Thomas Mante’s History of the late War in North America, including the campaign of 1763 and 1764 against his Majesty’s Indian enemies, London, 1772. Mante was an engineer officer in the service, but he did not share in the war till the last year of it.[1582] The book has eighteen large maps and plates. It has been praised by Bancroft and Sparks.

As a supplement to the accounts of the war, we may place Major Robert Rogers’s Concise account of North America, London, 1765;[1583] a description of the country, particularly of use as regards the region beyond the Alleghanies, with accounts of the Indians.

The best contemporary English monthly record before 1758 is to be found in the Gentleman’s Mag., but occasional references should be made to other magazines.[1584] After 1758 the monthly accounts yield in value to the yearly summary of Dodsley’s Annual Register.

Respecting the French territory of North America, the readiest English account is Thomas Jefferys’ Natural and Civil History of the French Dominions in North and South America, London, 1760.[1585] Charlevoix is largely used in the compilation of this work, without acknowledgment.

Foremost among the special histories of the war, which were contemporary on the French side, is the Mémoires sur la dernière guerre de l’Amérique Septentrionale, written by Pouchot, of the regiment of Bearn, who twice surrendered his post, at Niagara and Lévis. The book bears the imprint of Yverdon, 1781,[1586] is in three volumes, and has been published in an English version with the following title:—

Memoir upon the late war in North America, between the French and English, 1755-60, followed by observations upon the theatre of actual war, and by new details concerning the manners and customs of the Indians, with topographical maps, by M. Pouchot, translated by Franklin B. Hough, with additional notes and illustrations. Roxbury, Massachusetts. 1866.[1587] 2 vols.

The Literary and Historical Society of Quebec[1588] published in 1838 contemporary Mémoires sur le Canada, 1749-1760, avec cartes et plans. It was reprinted in 1876. The original MS. has a secondary title, “Mémoires du S—— de C——, contenant l’histoire du Canada durant la guerre et sous le gouvernement anglais.” The introduction to it as printed suggests that its author was M. de Vauclain, an officer of marine in 1759.

Concerning the Histoire de la guerre contre les Anglois, Geneva, 1759-60, two volumes, Rich[1589] says it relates almost entirely to the war in America, and cites Barbier as giving the authorship to Poullin de Lumina.[1590]

There is a contemporary account of the campaigns, 1754-58, preserved in the Archives de la Guerre at Paris, which is ascribed to the Chevalier de Montreuil, and is given in English in the N. Y. Col. Docs., x. 912. In the Penna. Archives, 2d ser., vi. 439, it is made a part of an extensive series of documents relating to the period of the French occupation of western Pennsylvania.

Among the Parkman MSS. is a series called New France, 1748-1763, in twelve volumes, mainly transcripts from the French Archives, with copies of some private papers, all supplementing the selection which Dr. O’Callaghan printed in his N. Y. Col. Docs., vol. x.

The papers of this period make a part of the review given by Edmond Lareau in his “Nos Archives,” in the Revue Canadienne, xii. 208, 295, 347. A paper on the “Archives of Canada,” by a former president of the Lit. and Hist. Society of Quebec, Dr. W. J. Anderson, describes the labors of that society, which have been aided by an appropriation from the government to collect and arrange the historical records.[1591] Of a collection made by Papineau from the Paris Archives, in ten volumes, six were burned in the destruction of the Parliament House in 1849. The transcripts of Paris documents in the Mass. Archives, having been copied for the Province of Quebec, have been included in the publication, issued in four quarto volumes, under the auspices of that province, and called Collection de manuscrits contenant lettres, mémoires, et autres documents historiques relatifs à la Novvelle-France, recueillis aux archives de la province de Québec, ou copiés à l’étranger. Mis en ordre et édités sous les auspices de la législature de Québec. [Edited by J. Blanchet.] (Quebec. 1883-85.)[1592]

It was a stipulation of the capitulation at Montreal in 1760 that all papers held by the French which were necessary for the prosecution of the government should be handed over by the French officials to the victors. These are now supposed to be at Ottawa.[1593]

The papers from the Public Record Office (London) from 1748 to 1763, and referring to Canada, occupy five volumes of the Parkman MSS., in the cabinet of the Mass. Historical Society.[1594]

The State of New York, in its Documentary Hist. of New York and its New York Col. Docs.; New Jersey, in its New Jersey Archives; and Pennsylvania in its Colonial Records and Pennsylvania Archives, have done much to help the student by printing their important documents of the eighteenth century.

In New England, Massachusetts has done nothing in printing; but a large part of her important papers are arranged and indexed, and a commission has been appointed, with an appropriation of $5,000 a year,[1595] to complete the arrangement, and render her documents accessible to the student, and carry out the plan recommended by the same commission,[1596] whose report (Jan., 1885) was printed by the legislature. It gives a synopsis of the mass of papers constituting the archives of Massachusetts. Dr. Geo. H. Moore, in Appendix 5 of his Final Notes on Witchcraft, details what legislative action has taken place in the past respecting the care of these archives.

The other New England States have better cared for their records of the provincial period; New Hampshire having printed her Provincial Papers, Rhode Island and Connecticut their Colonial Records.[1597]

* * * * *

Certain historical summaries—contemporary or nearly so—of the English colonies are necessary to the study of their conditions at the outbreak and during the progress of the war.

First, we have an early French view in George Marie Butel-Dumont’s Histoire et Commerce des Colonies Angloises dans l’Amérique Septentrionale, 1755. A portion of it was issued in London in a translation, as The Present State of North America, Part i.[1598]

The Summary of Douglass has been mentioned elsewhere,[1599] and it ends at too early a date to include the later years of the wars now under consideration.

The work of Edmund Burke, An Account of the European Settlements in America, though published in 1757, was not able to chronicle much of the effects of the war. It has passed through many editions.[1600]

M. Wynne’s General History of the British Empire in America, London, 1770,[1601] 2 vols., is in some parts a compilation not always skilfully done.

Smith’s History of the British Dominions in America was issued anonymously, and Grahame (ii. 253) says of it that it “contains more ample and precise information than the composition of Wynne, and, like it, brings down the history and state of the colonies to the middle of the eighteenth century. It is more of a statistical than a historical work.”

A History of the British Dominions in North America (London, 1773, 2 vols. in quarto) was a bookseller’s speculation, of no great authority, as Rich determined.[1602]

William Russell, the author of a History of America from its discovery to the conclusion of the late war [1763], London, 1778, 2 vols. in quarto, was of Gray’s Inn,[1603]—the same who wrote the History of Modern Europe, which, despite grave defects, has had a long lease of life at the hand of continuators. His America has had a trade success, and has passed through later editions.

A New and Complete History of the British Empire in America (London) is the running-title of a work issued in numbers in London about 1756. It was never completed, and has no title-page.[1604]

Jefferys’ General Topography of North America and the West Indies, London, 1768, has a double title, French and English. It is the earliest publication of what came later to be known as Jefferys’ Atlas, in the issues of which the plates are inferior to the impression in this book.[1605]

The special histories of two of the colonies deserve mention, because their authors lived during the war, and they wrote with authority on some of its aspects. These are Thomas Hutchinson’s Hist. of Massachusetts Bay,[1606] and William Smith’s History of the Province of New York.[1607] The latter book, as published by its author, came down only to 1736, though, being written during the war, he anticipated in his narrative some of its events. He, however, prepared a continuation to 1762, and this was for the first time printed as the second volume of an edition of the work published by the New York Hist. Society in 1829-30. In editing this second volume, the son of the author says that his father was “a prominent actor in the scenes described,” which are in large part, however, the endless quarrels of the executive part of the government of the province with its assembly. Parkman characterizes Smith as a partisan in his views. Smith acknowledges his obligations to Colden for “affairs with the French and Indians, antecedent to the Peace of Ryswick;” and while he follows Colden in matters relating to the English, he appeals to Charlevoix for the French transactions.[1608]

Two special eclectic maps of the campaigns of the war may be mentioned:—

Bonnechose, in his Montcalm et le Canada Français, 5th ed., Paris, 1882, gives a “Carte au théâtre des opérations militaires du M^{r.} de Montcalm, d’après les documents de l’époque.”

In L. Dussieux’s Le Canada sous la domination française (Paris, 1855) is a general map “pour servir a l’histoire de la Nouvelle France, ou du Canada, jusqu’en 1763, dressées principalement d’après des matériaux inédits conservés dans les Archives du ministère de la Marine, par L. Dussieux, 1851.”

As an instance of the curious, perverse error which could be made to do duty for cartographical aids, reference may be made to a publication of Georg Cristoph Kilian, of Augsburg, in 1760, entitled Americanische Urquelle derer innerlichen Kriege des bedrängten Teutschlands ... historisch verfasset durch L. F. v. d. H.

=E.= THE GENERAL HISTORIANS OF THE FRENCH AND ENGLISH COLONIES.—The bibliography of the general histories of Canada has been already attempted,[1609] and to the sources of such bibliography then given may be added M. Edmond Lareau’s Histoire de la Littérature Canadienne (Montreal, 1874), for its chapter (4th) on Canadian historians; and Mr. J. C. Dent’s Last forty years of Canada (1881), for its review of the historians in its chapter on “Literature and Journalism.” New France and her New England historians is the subject of a paper in the Southern Review (new series, xviii. 337).

It is not necessary here to repeat in detail the enumeration of the historians, both French and English, which have been thus referred to.

The leading historian of Canada in the French interests is, without question, François Xavier Garneau, the earlier editions of whose Histoire du Canada depuis sa découverte jusqu’à nos jours have been mentioned elsewhere;[1610] the final revision of which, however, has since appeared at Montreal (1882-83) in a fourth edition in four volumes, accompanied by a “notice biographique” by Chauveau.[1611] English writers question his clearness of vision, when his national sympathies are evoked by his story, and there are some instances in which they accuse him of garbling his authorities. It must be confessed, however, that the disasters of the French do not always elicit Garneau’s sympathy, and his own compatriots have not all approved his reflections upon Montcalm for his last campaign.

Among the later of the French writers on the closing years of the French domination, Mr. J. M. Lemoine, of Quebec, is conspicuous. Such of his writings as are in English have been gathered in part from periodicals, and principal among them are his Quebec Past and Present, and its sequel, Picturesque Quebec, beside his collection of Maple Leaves, in two series (Quebec, 1863, 1873).[1612]

Jean Langevin delivered at the Canadian Institute, in Quebec, a series of lectures on “Canada sous la domination française” (1659-1759), which have appeared in the Journal de Québec.

The latest of the French chronicles are Eugène Réveillaud’s Histoire du Canada et des Canadiens français de la découverte jusqu’à nos jours, Paris, 1884 (pp. 551, with map), and Benjamin Sulte’s Histoire des Canadiens français, 1608-1880 (Montreal, 1882-1884), in eight thin quarto volumes, with illustrations, including portraits of the Canadian historians and antiquaries, Pierre Boucher, Jacques Viger, Garneau, L. J. Papineau, Michel Bibaud, Aubert de Gaspé, Ferland, Abbé Casgrain, and E. Rameau.

The Abbé J. A. Maurault’s Histoire des Abénakis depuis 1605 jusqu’à nos jours, Quebec, 1866, covers portions of the wars of Canada in which those Indians took part.

* * * * *

The American Annals of Dr. Abiel Holmes was published in Cambridge (Mass.) in 1805. It is a book still to inspire confidence, and “the first authoritative work from an American pen which covered the whole field of American history.”[1613] Libraries in America were then scant, but the annalist traced where he could his facts to original sources, and when he issued his second edition, in 1829, its revision and continuation showed how he had availed himself of the stores of the Ebeling and other collections which in the interval had enriched the libraries of Harvard College and Boston. Grahame[1614] gives the book no more than just praise when he calls it perhaps “the most excellent chronological digest that any nation has ever possessed.”

The history of the colonies, which formed an introduction to Marshall’s Life of Washington, was republished in Philadelphia in 1824, as History of the Colonies planted by the English on the Continent of North America to the commencement of that war which terminated in their independence.

James Grahame was a Scotchman, born in 1790, an advocate at the Scottish bar, and a writer for the reviews. By his religious and political training he had the spirit of the Covenanters and the ideas of a republican. In 1824 he began to think of writing the history of the United States, and soon after entered upon the work, the progress of which a journal kept by him, and now in the library of Harvard College, records. In Feb., 1827, the first two volumes, bringing the story down to the period of the English revolution, were published,[1615] and met with neglect from the chief English reviews. As he went on he had access to the material which George Chalmers had collected. He finished the work in Dec., 1829; but before he published these closing sections a considerate notice of the earlier two volumes appeared in January, 1831, in the North American Review, the first considerable recognition which he had received. It encouraged him in the more careful revision of the later volumes, which he was now engaged upon, and in Jan., 1836, they were published.[1616] His health prevented his continuing his studies into the period of the American Revolution. In 1837 Mr. Bancroft had in his History (ii. 64) animadverted on the term “baseness,” which Grahame in his earliest volumes had applied to John Clarke, who had procured for Rhode Island its charter of 1663, charging Grahame with having invented the allegations which induced him to be so severe on Clarke. Mr. Robert Walsh and Mr. Grahame himself repelled the insinuation in The New York American, and a later edition of Mr. Bancroft’s volume changed the expression from “invention” to “unwarranted misapprehension,” and Mr. Grahame subsequently withdrew the term “baseness,” which had offended the local pride of the Rhode Islanders, and wrote “with a suppleness of adroit servility.” It is not apparent that either historian sacrificed much of his original intention. Josiah Quincy defends Grahame’s view in a note to his memoir of the historian prefixed to the Boston edition of his History, in which Grahame had said he was incapable of such dishonesty as Bancroft had charged upon him. Bancroft wrote in March, 1846, a letter to the Boston Courier, calling the retort of Grahame a “groundless attack,” and charging Quincy, who had edited the new edition of Grahame, with giving publicity to Grahame’s personal criminations. Quincy replied in a pamphlet, The Memory of the late James Grahame, Historian, vindicated from the charges of Detraction and Calumny, preferred against him by Mr. George Bancroft, and the Conduct of Mr. Bancroft towards that Historian stated and exposed, in which use was also made of material furnished by the Grahame family, and thought to implicate Mr. Bancroft in literary jealousy of his rival.[1617] Grahame was not better satisfied with the view which Mr. Quincy had taken of the character of the Mathers in his History of Harvard University. “The Mathers are very dear to me,” Grahame wrote to Quincy, “and you attack them with a severity the more painful to me that I am unable to demur to its justice. I would fain think that you do not make sufficient allowance for the spirit of their times.” This difference, however, did not disturb the literary amenities of their relations; and Grahame, in 1839, demurred against Walsh’s proposition to republish his History in Philadelphia, for fear he might be seeming to seek a rivalry with Mr. Bancroft on his own soil. Three years later, July 3, 1842, Mr. Grahame died, leaving behind him a corrected and enlarged copy of his History. Subsequently this copy was sent by his family for deposit in the library of Harvard College, and from it, under the main supervision of Josiah Quincy, but with the friendly countenance of Judge Story and of Messrs. James Savage, Jared Sparks, and William H. Prescott, an American edition of The History of the United States of North America, from the Plantation of the British Colonies till their Assumption of National Independence, in four volumes, was published in Boston in 1845, accompanied by an engraved portrait after Healy.

Excluding Parkman’s series of histories, upon which it is not necessary to enlarge here after the constant use made of them in the critical parts of the present volume, the most considerable English work to be compared with his is Major George Warburton’s Conquest of Canada, edited by Eliot Warburton, and published in London in two volumes in 1849, and reprinted in New York in 1850. He surveys the whole course of Canadian history, but was content with its printed sources, as they were accessible forty years ago.

Among the other general American historians it is enough to mention in addition Bancroft,[1618] Hildreth,[1619] and Gay;[1620] and among the English, Smollett,[1621] who had little but the published despatches, as they reached England at the time, and Mahon (Stanhope), who availed himself of more deliberate research, but his field did not admit of great enlargement.[1622] The Exodus of the Western Nations, by Viscount Bury, is not wholly satisfactory in its treatment of authorities.[1623]

Henry Cabot Lodge’s Short History of the English Colonies (N. Y., 1881) has for its main purpose a presentation of the social and institutional condition of the English colonies at the period of the Stamp Act Congress in 1765; and the condensed sketches of the earlier history of each colony, which he has introduced, were imposed on the general plan, rather unadvisedly, to fill the requirements of the title. He says of these chapters: “They make no pretence to original research, but are merely my own presentation of facts, which ought to be familiar to every one.”

=F.= BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE NORTHWEST.—Concerning the historical literature of the States of the upper lake region and the upper Mississippi, a statement is made in Vol. IV. p. 198, etc. Since that was written some additions of importance have been made. The Northwest Review, a biographical and historical monthly, was begun at Minneapolis in March, 1883; but it ceased after the second number. In Nov., 1884, there appeared the first number of the Magazine of Western History, at Cleveland.

The two most important monographs to be added to the list are:—

S. Breese’s Early history of Illinois, from 1673 to 1763, including the narrative of Marquette’s discovery of the Mississippi. With a biographical memoir by M. W. Fuller. Edited by T. Hoyne. Chicago, 1884; and Silas Farmer’s History of Detroit and Michigan: a chronological cyclopædia of the past and present, including a record of the territorial days in Michigan and the annals of Wayne county. Detroit, 1884,—the latter the most important local history yet produced in the West. The first volume of the Final Report of the Geological Survey of Minnesota, by Winchell, adds something to the early cartography of the region, and gives an historical chart of Minnesota, showing the geographical names and their dates, since 1841. The Historical Society of Minnesota has added a fifth volume (1885) to the Collections, which is largely given to the history of the Ojibways.

The Historical Society of Iowa having ceased to publish the Annals of Iowa in 1874 (1863-1874, in 12 vols.), a new series was begun in 1882 by S. S. Howe, but the society declined to make it an official publication, and began the issue of a quarterly Iowa Historical Record in 1885.

On the Canada side the Historical and Scientific Society of Manitoba have been issuing since 1882, at Winnipeg, its Reports, Publications, and Transactions.

INDEX.

[Reference is commonly made but once to a book, if repeatedly mentioned in the text; but other references are made when additional information about the book is conveyed.]

Abbott, J. S. C., Maine, 163.

Abenakis, 421; memoir on, 430.

Abercorn (Georgia), 372, 373, 379, 401.

Abercrombie, General, 154; to succeed Webb, 508; autog., 521; to attack Crown Point, 521; blunders in his attack on Ticonderoga, 522; does not bring up his cannon, 523; retreats, 523 (see Ticonderoga); his letters, 597; authorities on his defeat, 597.

Abington (Mass.), history of, 461; Acadians in, 461.

Acadia, power of England nominal, 407; in French hands, 407; harassed by Benj. Church, 407; restored to France, 407; ceded to England by treaty of Utrecht (1713), 408; wars in, 407; the English settlers ask to be set up as the province of Georgia, 474; Anburey’s view of bounds, 474; maps of the eighteenth century, 474; Geographical History of Nova Scotia, 475; sessions of commissioners in Paris (1755) to define bounds, 475; earliest grant to De Monts, 475; the French constantly shifted their ground, 475; French policy in, under Jonquière, 9; under Galissonière, 11; French population, 409; critical essay on sources of its history, 418; authorities on its wars, 420; contemporary French Mémoires on the French claim, 473; correspondence of Albemarle with Newcastle, 475; Mémoires des Commissaires du Roi, etc., 475; two editions of it, 475; the French view in A Summary View of Facts, 475; Memorials of the English and French Commissaries, 476; memorial of Shirley and Mildmay (1750), 476; Mémoires of the French (1750), 476; maps and bounds of, 472; map by Lahontan, 473; Memorial (1751), 476; Mémoire (1751), 476; Memorial (1753) signed by Mildmay and Ruvigny de Cosne, 476; concession to Thomas Gates (1606), 476; to Sir Wm. Alexander (1621), 476; other early papers, 476; act ceding Acadia to France (1667-68), 476; reports of the French and English commissioners (1755) compared, 477; reprints of the French edition at Copenhagen, 477; papers (1632-1748) from French archives, 459; papers in library at Ottawa, 459; manuscripts quoted in the French report, 477; Répliques des Commissaires anglois, 477; map of French claim, 478; of English claim, 479; early grants mapped out, 478, 479; Conduct of the French with regard to Nova Scotia, 482; A fair representative, 482; French readiness to yield the Kennebec if pressed, 482.

Acadian coast (Mississippi River), 463.

Acadians in Canada, 57; captured at Beauséjour, 452; were they neutral? 455; their qualified loyalty, 455; unqualified submission required by Lawrence, 455; the French depend on their assistance, 455; could hostages have been taken? 455; deportation resolved upon, 455; their lands coveted, 455; necessity in war, 455; guilelessness claimed for them, 456; Raynal and other sympathizers, 456; their mixed blood, 457; migrations of families, 457; their houses, 457; their habits, 457; religious training, 457; influenced by Le Loutre, 457; mutations of opinion respecting them, 457, etc.; “Evangeline and the Archives of Nova Scotia”, 459; diverse views of the number deported, 460, 461; method of their transportation, 461; families separated, 461; ports where they were landed, 461; the colonies which received them, 461, etc.; refused in Boston to sign petition to the king, 461; signed one in Philadelphia, 462; not received (1762) in Boston, 462; Governor Bernard’s estimate of them, 462; Galerm’s Relation, 462; became widely scattered, 463; erroneous views of their fate, 463; many returned to Nova Scotia, 463; the Madawaska settlements, 463; intercepted in endeavoring to return, 463. See French Neutrals, Nova Scotia.

Acquia Creek, 277.

Acta Upsaliensia, 241.

Adaes, missions, 39, 40.

Adair, Jas., History American Indians, 68.

Adams, Amos, Concise History of New England, 435.

Adams, C. K., 354.

Adams, Hannah, New England, 159; portrait, 160.

Adams, Herbert B., Germanic Origin of New England Towns, 169; edits _Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical and Political Science_, 271; Maryland’s Influence upon Land Sessions to the United States, 271; Maryland’s Influence in founding a National Commonwealth, 271.

Adams, John, Novanglus, 613; in Rhode Island, 153; on Shirley, 144.

Adams, Sam., his Commencement part, 139.

Addington, Isaac, 92; autog., 425.

Addison, Jas., Spectator, 107.

Admiralty, Court of, 96.

Aigrement, Sieur d’, 560.

Ainsworth, John Law, 77.

Aix-la-Chapelle, treaty of, 10, 11, 148, 449, 476, 490; Bedford correspondence, 476.

Akins, Thomas B., arranges records of Nova Scotia, 458; edits Public Documents of Nova Scotia, 418, 459; on the first council at Halifax, 450.

Alatamaha river, 359, 375.

Albach, James R., Annals of the West, 53.

Albany, 236; bibliog. of, 249; history by Weise, 249; congress at in 1748, 612; congress of 1754, 150, 205, 495; its plan rejected, 150; congress of 1754, authorities on, 612; instigated by Shirley, 612; journal, 612; proceedings printed, 612; accounts of by members, 612; Shirley urged acquiescence, 613; list of delegates, 613; reports of the commissioners of the colonies, 613; the minister’s plan proposed in lieu, 613; the society pictured in Mrs. Grant’s American Lady, 509; in Kalm’s Travels, 509; officers billeted on the people, 510; plans of the town, 508, 509; other maps, 508; Fort Frederick at, 509; Schuyler house at, 252; Van Rensselaer house, 252; trade with Montreal, 567; treaty at (1701) surrendering Iroquois country to the English, 564; treaty (Sept., 1722), 245, 485, 563, 611.

Albee, John, Newcastle (N. H.), 140.

Albemarle, Duke of, 286; autog., 287.

Alden, Capt. John, 420.

Aldrich, P. E., 169.

Alexander, James, on the congress of 1754, 612.

Alexander, N., map of frontier posts, 85.

Alexander, S. D., 247.

Alexander, W., letters to Shirley on the Niagara campaign, 583.

Alexander, Sir Wm., Earl of Sterling, 587; claims in Acadia (1621), 476, 479; his grant in Acadia as defined by English and French, 478, 479.

Alexandria (Acadia), 479.

Alexandria (Virginia), Braddock’s conference at, 495; his headquarters, 495.

Alibamons, 42, 66, 70, 86.

All Canada in the hands of the English, 609.

All the Year Round, 394.

Allard, Minor Atlas, 234.

Alleghany Mountains, spelling of the name, 8.

Allegheny city, 8.

Allen, Ethan (Maryland), 271.

Allen, Ethan (Vermont), Concise Refutation, etc., 179; Present State of the Controversy, 179; Proceedings of the Government of New York, 178; Animadversary Address, 178; Vindication, etc., 178, 179.

Allen, Ira, History of Vermont, 178, 179.

Allen, J. A., Bibliog. of Cetacea, 345.

Allen, Samuel, 110.

Allen, Wm., Norridgewock, 431.

Allsop, Geo., 603.

Almon, John, Anecdotes, 613.

Amelia Sound, 375.

America, maps of, 234.

American Architect, 169.

American Commonwealths, a series of histories, 271.

American Magazine (Boston), 158.

American Magazine (Philadelphia) (published 1741), 248; (1757-58), 248.

American Military Pocket Atlas, 527.

American Weekly Mercury, 248.

Ames, Ellis, edits Massachusetts Province Laws, 167; on the Vernon expedition, 135.

Ames’s Almanac, 455.

Amherst, General Jeffrey, 154; autog., 527; portraits, 531; as a soldier, 533; siege of Louisbourg, 464; at Lake George (1759), 536; builds Fort George, 536; occupies and repairs Ticonderoga, 536; his army sick, 537; occupies and strengthens Crown Point, 537; communicates with Wolfe by way of the Kennebec, 538; advances on the lake, but returns to Crown Point for winter quarters, 540; advances on Montreal, 556; surrounds it, 558; captures it, 558; his campaign of 1759, 601; letters, 233, 601; his family, 601; his campaign of 1760, 608; on the capture of Fort Lévis, 609; causes maps of the St. Lawrence to be made, 614; correspondence with Johnson on the campaign of 1760, 608; made Knight of the Bath, 610; his instructions to Prideaux, 601; orders to Rogers (1760), 610; reasons for taking the St. Lawrence route (1760), 610; his correspondence with the Nova Scotia authorities, 610.

Amory, M. B., Copley, 141.

Anastase, Father, 17.

Anburey, T., Travels, 284.

Anbury, Père, on bounds of Acadia (1720), 474.

Ancram, 224.

Andastes, 484.

Anderson, Adam, 364.

Anderson, Hugh, 399.

Anderson, John, 219.

Anderson, W. J., on the Acadians, 459; “Archives of Canada”, 617; Military Operations at Quebec, 1759-1760, 608.

Anderson, W. T., 574.

Anderson, American Colonial Church, 272, 282.

Andover (Mass.), histories of, 184, 461; Acadians in, 461.

Andros, Sir Edmund, imprisoned, 87; sent to England, 87; in Virginia, 91, 265, 278; papers on his period in Massachusetts, 165.

Andros, Fort, 181.

Anger, Sieur, 238.

Anger, map of Lake Champlain, 485.

Angerville, Mouffle d’, Vie privée de Louis XV., 75.

Annapolis Basin, map by Bellin, 429; other maps, 429.

Annapolis Royal (see Port Royal), garrison at, 165; under Samuel Vetch, 408; threatened by the French, 410, 413; journal of capture (1710) 419; view of, 423; map of vicinity, 428; view of Annapolis Gut, 429; old block house at, 429; papers concerning, 429; governor at (1714-1748), 459.

Annapolis (Md.), 260.

Anne Arundel (Annapolis), 260.

Anne, Queen, dies, 103, 113.

Annual Register, 606. See Dodsley.

Anson, Fort, 187.

Anthony’s Nose (Hudson), 237.

Apalache (Palachees) Bay, 70.

Apalatchees, 319.

Appleton, William S., 186; medals on Siege of Quebec, 603; on the medals of Louisbourg, 471.

Apthorp and Hancock (Boston), 461.

Archdale, John, autog., 344; Carolina, 344; sent to pacify Carolina, 316.

Argoud, 14, 16.

Arkansas (Arcanças), 82.

Armor, W. C., Governors of Pennsylvania, 249.

Armstrong, Edw., 242.

Armstrong, John, 581.

Armstrong, Lawrence, 409.

Arnold, R. D., 401.

Arnold, S. G., Rhode Island, 163.

Arnold, Theodore, 344.

Arrowsick Island, 118; Indian conference at (1717), 424.

Arthur, T. S. (with W. H. Carpenter), History of Georgia, 406.

Arthur, W., on Wesley, 403.

Arundel, Earl of, 335.

Ash, Thomas, Carolina, 340.

Ashley Lake, 340, 341.

Ashmead, H. G., Chester, 249.

Ashurst, Sir Henry, dies, 107, 111.

Ashurst, Sir Wm., 107.

Aspinwall Papers, 608.

Atkins’s America’s Messenger, 248.

Atkinson, Sec., letter on Lake George battle (1755), 584.

Atkinson, Theo., 139, 180.

Atkinson, T. C., on Braddock’s march, 500.

Atlantic Souvenir, 431.

Atlas Amériquain, 83.

Atlas Maritimus, 239.

Atwood, William, case of, 241.

Aubry, 535.

Auchmuty, Robt., autog., 434; Importance of Cape Breton to the British Nation, 434; letters, 436.

Azilia, margravate of, 360.

Babson, J. J., Gloucester, 169.

Backus, Isaac, New England, 159; his life by Hovey, 159.

Bacon’s rebellion in Virginia, authorities on the penal proceedings, 263.

Bagley, Colonel Jonathan, 508, 585; orderly book, 598.

Baie Verte, 9, 451

Bailey, S. L., Andover, 184, 461.

Bailly, Histoire Financière de la France, 77.

Baird, C. W., Huguenots’ Emigration to America, 98, 247.

Baird, R., Religions in America, 246.

Baker, Margaret, 186.

Baker, Captain Thomas, 186.

Balch, Thomas, Les Français en Amérique, 574; Paper on Provincial History of Pennsylvania, 243.

Baldwin, C. C., Indian Migrations in Ohio, 564.

Baldwin, S. E., 177.

Balise, 66.

Baltimore, Charles, third lord, dies, 260; fourth lord, Benedict, 260; fifth lord, Charles, 260; sixth lord, Frederick, 261; his portrait, 262; notes on the family, 271.

Baltimore (city), commemoration of its founding, 261, 271; Memorial Volume, 271; plans, 272; the earliest directory, 272; earliest view, 272.

Bancroft, Geo., controversy with Grahame, 620; owns Chalmers’s paper on Carolina, 352, 354; on the relations of European politics, 166; on Carolina history, 355; gives plan of siege of Louisbourg (1745), 444; used by Parsons, 444.

Bancroft, H. H., on Moncacht Apé, 78.

Bangor Centennial, 430.

Banks, projects to found, in Mass., 170.

Banque Royale of Law, 34.

Banyar, Goldsbrow, his diary, 594.

Baptists in New England, 159; in Pennsylvania, 246; In Virginia, 282.

Barbadoes, explorers from, on the Carolina coast, 288; map in Ogilby, 472; relations with Carolina, 306.

Barbé Marbois, Louisiane, 68.

Barber, John, 182.

Barlow, S. L. M., 592.

Barnes, Albert, Life and Times of Davies, 578.

Barnwell, Colonel, 322; his march (1711), 345; defeats Tuscaroras, 298.

Barré, Isaac, at Quebec, 543.

Barrington, Geo., governor of Carolina, 300, 301; account of North Carolina, 356.

Barrow, Thomas, 600.

Barry, John S., Massachusetts, 162.

Barry, Wm., 424.

Bartlett, J. R., “Naval History of Rhode Island”, 410.

Barton, Ira M., 98.

Bartram, John, Observations, 244.

Bartram, William, 244; describes Whitefield’s Orphan House (1765), 404.

Basire, Jas., 337.

Bass, Benj., Journal of Expedition against Fort Frontenac, 599.

Basse, Jeremiah, 219.

Bassett, Wm., Richmond, N. H., 179.

Bastide, J. F., Mémoire Historique, 614; views and plans of Louisbourg, 448.

Bateman, Edmund, 400.

Bathurst, Sir Francis, 377.

Baton Rouge, 82.

Battles, K. P., History of Raleigh (N. C.), 355.

Baxter, Rev. Jos., journal, 424.

Bay of Fundy, earliest shown in maps, 472.

Bay State Monthly, 432.

Bay Verte. See Baie.

Bayagoulas, 18, 19, 66, 70.

Bayard, Nicholas, Account of his trial, 241.

Bayley, Jos., Jr., 464.

Beaford, Arthur, 364.

Bearcroft, Philip, 400.

Beardsley, E. E., 120; on Yale College, 102; on the Mohegan land controversy, 111; his Wm. Sam. Johnson, 111, 601; on Dean Berkeley, 142.

Beatson, The Plains of Abraham, 606.

Beatty, Charles, Journal, 246.

Beaubois, 44.

Beaufort (S. C.), fort at, 332.

Beauharnois, Governor, 7; autog., 7; confers with the Onondagas, 567; letter (1726), 561; meets the Six Nations (1745), 568; on Oswego, 567.

Beauharnois, Fort, 7.

Beaujeu at Duquesne, 497; sent against Braddock, 497; notice of by Shea, 498, 580; pictures of, 498; his family, 498; killed, 498.

Beaumont, J. B. J. E. de, 610.

Beaurain, 36.

Beaurain, Jean de, Journal Historique, 63; MS. copies of it, 63, 64.

Beauséjour, Fort, map of, 451; built, 452; attacked, 452; taken, 415, 452; renamed Fort Cumberland, 452; French neutrals captured at, 452; plan of, 453; papers on the capture, 459.

Beauvilliers, De, his map, 81.

Beaver Creek (Ohio), 497.

Beck, L. C., Gazetteer of Illinois, 54.

Beckford, Wm., 601.

Beckwith, Bishop, 404.

Beckwith, H. W., Illinois and Indiana Indians, 564.

Bédard, T. P., 560.

Bedford, Duke of, on the reduction of Canada, 568.

Beekman, Henry, his lands, 237.

Beginning, Progress, and Conclusion of the Late War, 616.

Belcher, Andrew, autog., 425.

Belcher, Governor, 589; on Braddock’s defeat, 579; letter-books, 166; letters to Larrabee, 432.

Belcher, Jona., 109, 116; sent by Massachusetts to England, 131; made governor of Massachusetts, 131; governor of New Jersey, 221; dies, 222; and the Indians, 139; his character, 139.

Beletha, Wm., 364.

Belêtre at Detroit, 559; attacks German Flats, 520.

Belknap, Jeremy, his account of the Louisbourg expedition, 436; his papers, 166, 436; New Hampshire, 163; portraits, 163; forms Massachusetts Historical Society, 163; his life, 163; Belknap Papers, 163; correspondence with Hazard, 163.

Bellamy, George Anne, Apology, 577.

Bellin, J. N., and his maps, 429; his maps in Charlevoix, 81, 474; favors the French claims, 82, 83; maps of Cape Breton, 440; of Lake Champlain, 485; of Louisbourg, 439; of Montreal, 556; of Saguenay River, 614; of the St. Lawrence, 614; of Quebec, 549; Neptune Français, 429; Hydrographie Française, 429; Petit Atlas Maritime, 429; Mémoires, 429; Remarques, 83.

Bellingham, Governor, his widow dies, 103.

Bellomont, governor of New York, 194; his negative, 194; portrait, 97; governor of Massachusetts, etc., 97; in Boston, 98; character, 98; life by De Peyster, 98; dies, 102, 195; and the Iroquois, 483; Propositions by the Five Nations, 483, 560; correspondence with the French governor, 560.

Belmont, grand vicaire, 6.

Benezet, Huguenot in Philadelphia, 462.

Bennett, D. K., Chronology of North Carolina, 355.

Bennett, James, 404.

Bennett, account of New England (MS.), 168.

Bennington (Vt.), 178.

Benson, Eugene, 179.

Bentley, Rev. Wm., 89, 128.

Bentley’s Magazine, 603.

Benton, N. S., Herkimer County, 587.

Beresford, 76, 80.

Berkeley, George (Dean), 140, 141; portrait, 140; autog., 140; in Newport, 141; favors Yale College, 141; returns to England, 141; authorities on, 141; his letters, 141.

Berkeley, John, Lord, 286; autog., 287.

Berkely, Sir Wm., 286, 287; autog., 287.

Berkshire County (Mass.), histories, 188.

Bermuda, colony of Presbyterians at, 307; proposed college at, 141.

Bernard, Francis, governor of Massachusetts, 155; governor of New Jersey, 222; on the Indian conference, (1758), 245.

Bernetz on Montcalm’s death, 605.

Bernheim, G. D., German Settlements in Carolina, 345, 348.

Berniers, letters, 608.

Berriman, Wm., 400.

Berwick, Me., 105.

Best, Wm., 400.

Beverley, Robt., History of Virginia, 279.

Beverley family, 280; their mansion, 275.

Bexar archives, 69.

Bibaud, M., portrait, 619.

Bidwell, A., chaplain of the fleet at Louisbourg, 438.

Bienville, midshipman, 17, 18, 20; meets the English on the Mississippi, 20; at Biloxi, 21; on the Red River, 23; portrait and autog., 26, 73; would enslave Indians, 27; attacks the Natchez, 30; quarrels with Lamothe, 30; made commandant, 35; his titles, 35; arrives at New Orleans, 43; his downfall, 44; defended by La Harpe, 45; his memorial, 45; returns to Louisiana, 49; attacks the Chickasaws, 49; resigns, 50; correspondence, 72.

Bigot, J., 561; account of the Lake George battle (1755), 588; in France, 559; intendant, 57; his corruption, 10; at siege of Quebec (1759), 605.

Biloxi, deserted, 27; again deserted, 41, 43; fortified by Iberville, 19; position of, 22; sites of the two, 82. See New Biloxi.

Biloxi bay, 66.

Binneteau, J., 561.

Bishop, J. L., American Manufactures, 118.

Black, Wm., journal, 247, 268, 566.

Blackbeard. See Teach.

Blackburn, 150.

Blackman, E. C., Susquehanna County, 249.

Blackmoe, Nath., map of Annapolis Basin, 429.

Blackmore, 80.

Blackwell, John, 170; governor of Pennsylvania, 207.

Blagg, Benj., 257.

Blaikie, Presbyterianism in New England, 98, 132.

Blair, James, character of, 278; Present State of Virginia, 278; autog., 279; correspondence, 279; gets charter for William and Mary College, 264; character, 265.

Blake, Jos., in Carolina, 316; dies, 316.

Blakiston, Nathaniel, governor of Maryland, 260.

Blanc, Louis, Révolution Française, 77.

Blanchard, Jos., Map of New Hampshire, 485; his New Hampshire regiment at Lake George (1755), 584.

Blanchet, J., 459, 617.

Blodgett, Saml., Prospective plan of the battle near Lake George, 586; Account of the Engagement, 586; reëngraved in London, 586.

Blome, Richard, Jamaica and Other Isles, 341; L’Amérique, 88; Present State, 340.

Bloody Pond (Lake George), fight at, 504.

Board of Trade and Plantations, papers, 164.

Boardman, G. B., on printing in the middle colonies, 248.

Bobin, Isaac, Letters, 243.

Bogart, W. S., 361.

Bogue, David (with James Bennett), History of Dissenters, 404.

Bohé, on Acadia’s limits, 474.

Boimore, 68.

Boisbriant, 35, 52.

Boishebert, 610.

Boismare, MSS., 72.

Boismont, 55.

Bollan, Wm., 149; goes to England, 176; Importance and Advantage of Cape Breton, 434, 475; on the value of Cape Breton, 438.

Bolton, improves D’Anville’s maps, 235.

Boltwood, L. M., 187.

Bolzius, J. M., 374; portrait, 396.

Bombazeen, 106; killed, 127.

Bond, Rev. S., 308.

Bonnecamps, accompanies Céloron, 8; map of Céloron’s route, 570.

Bonnechose, C. de, Montcalm et le Canada Français, 607.

Bonnet, the pirate, 323.

Bonrepos, Chevalier de, 39. See Vallette Laudun.

Book Auctions, early, in Boston, 121.

Boone, Thomas, 333; governor of New Jersey, 222.

Borgue, lake, 41.

Borland, John, 423.

Boscawen, Admiral Edward, sent to intercept Dieskau, 495; portrait and autog., 464.

Bossu, Nouveaux Voyages, 67; English translation, 67.

Boston, in 1692, 92; described by Bellomont, 99; by Ned Ward, 99; Acadians in, 461, 462; its centenary, 132; conferences with Indians at (1723, 1727), 430, 432; corn panic at, 110; fire in (1711), 109; fortified (1709), 122; picture of the light-house, 123; French plans for attacking, 420; printing in, 120; social life, (1730), 137; corps of Cadets, 137; town rates, 139; cost of maintaining the town’s affairs (1735), 139; importance of in Shirley’s time, 144; fear of D’Anville’s fleet, 147, 413; drama introduced, 150; Amherst’s army in, 154; town house burned (1747), 165; Memorial History of Boston, 169; Distressed State of the Town of Boston, 171; News from Robinson Crusoe’s Castle, 171; specie for the cost of the Louisbourg siege received, 176; views of, 108.

Boston Gazette, 121.

Boston Harbor, in Popple’s map, 134; on a larger scale, 143.

Boston News Letter, 106.

Bostwick, David, 579.

Boucher, Pierre, 619.

Boudinot, Elias, 225.

Bougainville, comes over with Montcalm, 505; sent to France, 532; above Quebec, 545, 546, 547; harasses Wolfe’s rear, 548; retires, 550; at Cap Rouge, 550; at Isle-aux-Noix, 556; unites with Bourlamaque, 556; letters, 599, 608; letter on attack on Fort William Henry, 594; his journal, 592, 594; on Montcalm’s death, 605.

Boulaix, fort, 41.

Bouquet, Colonel Henry, 595; with Forbes, 529; his map, 608.

Bourdonnais, 610.

Bourgmont, 55.

Bourinot, J. G., “Old Forts of Acadia”, 439.

Bourlamaque, comes over, 505; at Ticonderoga (1759), 536; evacuates, 536; abandons Crown Point, 537; at Isle-aux-Noix, 538; falls back before Murray, 555; on the battle of Ste. Foy, 609; his retreat before Amherst, 602; Mémoire sur Canada, 608; his letters, 608; papers, 605.

Bourmont, 55.

Bourne, E. E., Garrison Houses, 183.

Bournion, 55.

Bouton, Nath., The Original Account of Lovewell’s Great Fight, 431.

Bowen, Clarence W., Boundary Disputes of Connecticut, 177, 181.

Bowen, Daniel, History of Philadelphia, 252.

Bowen, Emanuel, Geography, 234, 352; Map of Carolina, 352.

Bowles, Carrington, 85.

Bownas, Samuel, 186.

Boylston, Dr. Zabdiel, and inoculation, 120.

Bradbury, Jabez, autog., 183.

Braddock, General, sent to Virginia, 494; landed, 495; holds conference at Alexandria, 495, 578; his mistake in moving by the Potomac, 495; finds the Pennsylvanians apathetic, 495; alienates the Indians, 496; his march, 496; plans of his march, 500; ambushed, 498; MS. plan of the battle, 498, 499; other plans, 498; Braddock’s horses shot, 500; views of the battle-field, 500; wounded, 500; dies, 500; his remains discovered, 501; his sash, 501; view of his grave, 501; his papers captured by the French, 501; his instructions, 575, 576; story of his defeat in England, 577; his early character, 577; his plan of campaign, 578; used Evans’s map, 84, 578; letters of his officers, 578; his orderly books, 578; contemporary accounts, 578; court of inquiry, 578; list of his officers, 579; his loss, 579; news of the defeat as sent north, 579; The Expedition of Maj.-Gen. Braddock, 579; French accounts of his defeat (see Monongahela), 580; list of captured munitions, 580.

Bradford, Alden, 164.

Bradford, Andrew, printer, 248; authorities on, 248.

Bradford, Wm., father of printing in the middle colonies, 248; his publications, 248; his genealogy, 248; prints New York Laws, 232.

Bradford, Colonel Wm., life by Wallace, 248.

Bradley, S. R., Vermont’s Appeal, 179.

Bradstreet, Colonel John, 436, 591; his report on his capture of Fort Frontenac, 527, 598; with Abercrombie, 522; letters, 233; commissary at Albany, 601; head of transportation service, 510; beats a French party, 510.

Bradstreet, Simon, restored to power, 87; dies, 96.

Brainerd, David, 246; life, by Jonathan Edwards, 246.

Brandon house, 275.

Brassier, Wm., survey of Lake Champlain, 485.

Brattleboro’ (Vt.), 127, 183.

Bray, Thomas, Apostolic Charity, 282; fac-simile of title, 283.

Breard, 610.

Breda, treaty at (1667), 476; part of Acadia restored to France, 478.

Breese, S., Early History of Illinois, 71, 622.

Brehm, Lieutenant, describes Ticonderoga, 537; sent to Lake Huron, 610; report to Amherst, 610.

Brevoort, J. C., 68.

Brewster, Portsmouth, N. H., 169.

Brickell, John, 301; Natural History of North Carolina, 344.

Bricks, imported, 226; made in America, 226.

Bridger, 116.

Briggs, C. A., American Presbyterianism, 132, 247.

Brinley, Francis, 176.

Brissot de Warville, Nouveau Voyage, 284.

British footguard (1745), 489.

British Museum, Catalogue of prints, etc., 114; Catalogue of printed maps, 233; MSS. in, 164, 617.

British soldier, 485; (1701-14), picture of, 109; of Wolfe’s time, 547.

Brock, R. A., edits Spotswood’s letters, 281; edits Dinwiddie’s letters, 281, 572; on Black’s journal, 566.

Brockland (Brooklyn), 254.

Brodhead, J. R., on Cornbury, 241.

Bromfield, Edw., autog., 425.

Bronson, Henry, Connecticut Currency, 170.

Brooker, Wm., 121.

Brookfield (Mass.), 184.

Brooklyn. See Brockland.

Brooks, Noah, 424.

Broughton, Sampson, 237.

Broughton, Thomas, 332.

Brown, Andrew, on the Acadians, 458; intending a history of Nova Scotia, 458.

Brown, James, 208.

Brown, Richard, Cape Breton, 44; maps from, 441, 445.

Brown, Thomas, Plain Narrative, 186; Sufferings and Deliverances, 593.

Browne, Fox, Life of John Locke, 336.

Browne, Wm. Hand, edits Maryland records, 270; his Maryland, 271.

Bruce, Lewis, 400.

Brunswick (Me.), 181; Remarks on the plan (1753), 474.

Bryan, Hugh, 352.

Bryan, Jona., 391.

Bryent, Walter, journal, 180; his regiment, 183.

Buache, 67, 82.

Buchanan, Geo., 353.

Buchanan, John, 603; Glasgow, 603.

Buckingham, Rev. Mr., journal of siege of Port Royal (1710), 423.

Buffalo Historical Society, 249.

Buffaloes, to be propagated, 21.

Buissonière, 50.

Bulkely, Secretary, 458.

Bull, Wm., 332, 352, 367, 370.

Bullard, H. A., 72.

Bundy, Richard, 364.

Burd, Colonel James, journal, 270.

Burgess, Colonel Elisha, 115.

Burgis, W., 123.

Burgiss, Wm., engraver, 252.

Burk, John, 593; Virginia, 280.

Burke, Edmund, on the Acadians, 457; European Settlements in America, 618; Works, 618; Comparative Importance of the Commercial Principles, 615.

Burke, Wm., Remarks on the Letter addressed to Two Great Men, 615.

Burling, Jas., 257.

Burling, Jno., 257.

Burlington (N. J.), 228.

Burnaby, Andrew, Travels, 168, 245, 284; various editions, 245.

Burnet, Governor Wm., Answer to a Romish Priest, 186; governor of New Jersey, 220; transferred to Massachusetts, 129, 220; governor of New York, 197; quarrels with the Massachusetts Assembly, 131; as a literary man, 131; dies, 131.

Burnwell, John, Settlement on the Golden Islands, 392.

Burrows, Life of Lord Hawke, 438.

Burton, General, 57.

Burton, John, 364, 400.

Burton, Lieutenant-Colonel, 591.

Bury, Viscount, on Braddock’s defea, 577; Exodus of the Western Nations, 138, 439, 621.

Bushrangers, 4.

Busk, H. W., New England Company, 169.

Butel-Dumont, G. M., Histoire et Commerce des Colonies Angloises, 617; Present State of North America, 617; notes on Jeffrey’s Conduct of the French, 482.

Butler, Kentucky, 265.

Byfield, Colonel, 113.

Byles, Mather, portrait, 128; poem on George II., 129; on Burnet, 130; and the Great Awakening, 135.

Bynner, E. L., 169.

Byrd, Wm., helps Stith in his Virginia, 280; on quit-rents of Virginia, 280; Progress to the Mines, 281; his character, 276; his library, 276; History of Dividing Line, 275; portrait, 275; Westover Papers, 275; letters, 282; runs line of Northern Neck, 276; Byrd Manuscripts, 276. See Burd.

Cadet, Joseph, 57; in France, 559.

Cadillac, accounts of, 560; statue, 560; letters, 561.

Cadodaquais, 40.

Cadogan, George, The Spanish Hireling, 397.

Caffey Inlet, 338.

Cahokia, 80, 566.

Cajeans, 463. See Acadians.

Calamy, Edmund, his Increase Mather, 125.

Caledonia (Acadia), 479.

Callender, Elisha, 119.

Callender, John, Rhode Island Century Sermon, 137.

Callières, 4; autog., 4.

Calvert, Benedict Leonard, 267.

Calvert, Charles, 261; on the boundary dispute of Maryland, 239.

Calvert, Sir George, 271.

Cameron, Baron, 276.

Cameron, Duncan, Life and Adventures, 579.

Campbell, Alex., letter from Quebec, 604.

Campbell, C., Spotswood Family, 281.

Campbell, D., Nova Scotia, 419.

Campbell, Major Duncan, 597.

Campbell, G. L., Journal of Expedition by Oglethorpe, 398.

Campbell, Lord Wm., 333.

Campbell, Tryon County, 587.

Camuse, Jacques, 387.

Canada in the eighteenth century, 5; population, 5, 7; commerce, 7, 60; postal service, 7; military posts (1752), 11; dual government, 57; controlled in France, 60; errors of historians, 64; attack on ordered (1709), 422; expedition (1710), 107; (1711), 108; military routes to, 557; surrendered, 558; cost of the invasion, 569; French summaries of events, 569; resources in 1759 failed, 600; paternal government, 600; compared with the English colonies, 600; her plunderers tried in France, 610; their trials, 610; her importance in settling the terms of peace (1763), 614; tracts cited, 615; Acadians in, 463; archives, 617; papers in public record office, 617; copies at Quebec, 459; list of them in Réponse à un Ordre, 459; Collection de Manuscrits, etc., 617; Chalmers’s papers, 354; Mémoire (1682, etc.), 561; Warburton’s Conquest of Canada, 621; Picturesque Canada, 549; Royal Society Transactions, 452.

Canadian Antiquarian, 279.

Canadian Monthly, 439.

Canso, fort at, plan, 467; surprised by the French, 145, 410, 434.

Canzes, 55.

Cap Rouge (near Quebec), 550, 552.

Cape Baptist, view of, 449.

Cape Breton, Importance and Advantage of Cape Breton truly stated, 422, 438; The Great Importance of Cape Breton, 439; Accurate Description of Cape Breton, 439; Memoir of the Principal Transactions, 439; map of, 481; by Bellin, 440; by Des Barres, 440; by Kitchin, 440; map of coast (1753), 475; tracts for and against retaining it at the peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, 438; Importance and Advantage of Cape Breton considered, 438; Two Letters, 438; wars in, 407.

Cape Carteret, 288.

Cape Cod, in Popple’s map, 134.

Cape Diamond (Quebec), 544.

Cape Fear River, 288; settlement at, 288; fort at, 303; English at, 338; on early map, 338.

Cape Hatterash (Hatteras), 338.

Cape Hope (N. C.), 338.

Cape Romano, 288, 338.

Cape Sable Indians, 103, 434.

Cape Tourmente, 542.

Cape. See names of capes.

Capefigue, J. B. H. R., Opérations Financières, 77.

Captivities (class of books), 186, 590.

Capuchins in Louisiana, 43, 44.

Carew, Bampfylde Moore, 252.

Carey, Thomas, 297.

Carillon. See Ticonderoga.

Carleton, Guy, 603; at Quebec, 543.

Carlisle, Pa., treaty at (1753), 245.

Carlyle, Frederick the Great, 606; on Wolfe’s victory, 607.

Carmelites in Louisiana, 43.

Carmichael, Sir James, 608.

Carmichael-Smyth, Sir James, Précis of the Wars in Canada, 608.

Carolinas, history of, 285; proprietary government, 285; grants (1663-1729), shown in a map, 285; Comberford’s map (1657), 285; this region variously called, 286; origin of name “Carolina” or “Carolana”, 286; names of proprietors, 286, 287; Clarendon County, 288; it disappears, 293; Craven County, 289; Albemarle County, 289; Chowan Colony, 289; purposes of the proprietors, 290; their charters, 290, 477; they oppose democratic tendencies, 291; fundamental constitutions, 291; their provisions, 291; titles, 291; Church of England established, 292; land tenure in, 292; surrendered to the crown, 361; Acadians in, 463. See North and South Carolina.

Carolines (coin), 230.

Carpenter, Geo., 364.

Carpenter, J. C., “Old Maryland”, 272.

Carpenter, W. H., 405.

Carr, Lucian, on the mounds of the Mississippi and on women among the Iroquois, 23.

Carr’s Fort, 375.

Carroll, B. R., Historical Collections of South Carolina, 355, 404.

Carroll, Chas., Journal to Canada, 594; his mansion, 272.

Carter, C. W., York County, Pa., 249.

Carter, Robert, 267.

Carteret, Lord, his share of Carolina not sold to the crown, 301.

Carteret, Sir George, 286; autog., 287.

Carteret, conveys land to the trustees of Georgia, 361.

Carthagena, taken, 69.

Caruthers, W. A., Knights of the Horseshoe, 563.

Carver, Jona., Travels, 594.

Casco Bay, Indian treaty at, 432.

Casgrain, Abbé, portrait, 619.

Cass papers, 561.

Cassell, United States, 239.

Cassiques, in Carolina, 291.

Castin, the younger, 122.

Castle William (Boston), plan of, 108.

Catawbas, 490, 567; language, 356.

Catesby, Mark, Natural History of Carolina, 350.

Cathcart papers, 604.

Catholics excluded from Georgia, 364; in Maryland, 259, 260, 262; and the treaty of 1763, 615.

Caton family mansion, 272.

Catskill Creek, 237.

Caughnawaga, 4, 186, 487.

Causton, Thomas, 380.

Cayuga Historical Society, 249.

Céloron de Bienville, his expedition, 8, 490, 569; authorities, 8; inscription on his plates, 9; his plates found, 9, 570; map showing where they were buried, 569, 570.

Cerisier, A. M., Remarques sur les Erreurs de Raynal, 457.

Cevallos, Pedro, 69.

Chabert, Joncaire, 610.

Chabert, J. B., Voyage, 475.

Chaigneau, L., 561.

Chaleur Bay, map, 614.

Chalmers, Geo., Opinions of Eminent Lawyers, 261; Political Annals, 352, 354; refuses aid to Williamson, 352; Grahame’s use of his papers, 352, 353, 354, 620; his papers, 352; Introduction to the History of the Colonies, 353; edited by Sparks, 353; autog., 353; on Virginia, 278; on Maryland, 271, 278.

Chamberlain, Mellen, on the Massachusetts Records, 165.

Chambers, G., Irish and Scotch in Pennsylvania, 249.

Chambers, Eminent Scotsmen, 76.

Champigny, Chev. de, 73; Etat Présent de la Louisiane, 67.

Champlain, his notion of bounds of Acadia, 479.

Champlain, Lake, misplaced in the Dutch maps, 88, 234; French grants on, 238; first occupied by the French, 567; maps of, 485; surveys, 485; Popple’s map, 486.

Chandler, P. W., American Criminal Trials, 241.

Chandler, Rev. Sam., diary at Lake George, 586.

Channing, Edw., Town and County Government, 169, 281.

Chaouanons, 564. See Shawnees.

Chaouchas, 41.

Chapais, Thomas, Montcalm et le Canada, 607.

Chapman, T. J., 563, 572; on Connecticut claims in Pennsylvania, 180.

Charlestown (N. H.), 183.

Charlestown (S. C.), later Charleston, plan by Crisp, 343; “South Carolina Society”, 349; map of vicinity, 351; of harbor, 351; founded, 290, 307; first site, 308; threatened by the Spaniards, 308; Albemarle Point, 308; town removed to Oyster Point, 308, 309; map of vicinity, 315; other early maps, 315; descriptions, 315; plantations on the rivers, 317; commerce, 317, 332; population, 317; slaves, 317; religion in, 317; attacked by the Spanish, 319; Popple’s plan of the town (1732), 330; view of town (1742), 331; name changed to “Charleston” (1783), 331; Oglethorpe at, 367; Spanish attack on, 342.

Charlevoix, on the bounds of Acadia, 473, 479; used by Jefferys, 616; his historical journal, 72; used in Smith’s New York, 618; Nouv. France, 63; editions and translations, 63, 474; at New Orleans, 63; annotated by Dr. Shea, 63; portrait, 64; autog., 64; his maps (by Bellin), 474.

Charnock, Biographia Navalis, 437.

Chartres, Fort, 52, 69; visited by Charlevoix, 52; plan, 54; position, 55; described, 71.

Chase, E. B., Over the Border, 429.

Chase, G. W., Haverhill, 184.

Chasse, Father de la, 431.

Chasteaumorand, 16.

Chateauguay, 23.

Chatham, Lord, Correspondence, 467.

Chatkas, 66.

Chauncey, Chas., sermon on Louisbourg victory, 435, 438; and the Great Awakening, 135; Seasonable Thoughts, 135; Letter to Whitefield, 135; Letter to a Friend, 579; S_econd Letter to a Friend_, 586; Two Letters to a Friend, 587.

Chauncey, Isaac, 185.

Chaussegros de Léry, 556.

Chautauqua, 570.

Chauveau, on Garneau, 619.

Chebucto harbor. See Halifax.

Chebuctou. See Halifax. 450.

Checkley, John, 126; prints Leslie’s Method, 126; Discourse concerning Episcopacy, 126; in Providence, 126.

Chequins (coin), 230.

Cherokees, 25, 86, 345, 350, 359, 484, 567; Sir Alex, Cuming’s visit to, 392; maps of their country, 393, 484; depredating (1756), 333; make war, 333; forts built among, 332; Some Observations on Campaigns, 350; treaty with, 329.

Chesapeake Bay, maps of, 273, 472.

Chiaha River, 70.

Chickasaws, 25; (Chicazas), 70; (Chicachas), 82; attacked, 49, 50, 51, 52; Journal de la Guerre contre les Chicachas, 68.

Chignectou, plans, 452.

Child, Josiah, New Discourse of Trade, 119.

Chimera, 76.

Choate, John, 450, 591.

Choctaws, 25, 47; (Chactas), 83; (Chatkas), 86.

Chogage, 559.

Chouaguen, 511.

Chowan, river, 287.

Christ Church (Cambridge) chimes, 145.

Christie’s Surveys of New York, 238.

Christmas Day, 101; observance in New England, 118.

Chubb, surrenders Pemaquid, 96.

Church, Benj., Entertaining Passages, 420, 427; fac-simile of title, 427; his eastward expedition (1704), 420; divers estimates of his conduct, 421; at the eastward again, 106, 407, 408; sources on his career, 420.

Church, Thomas, prepares his father’s narrative, 427; edited by H. M. Dexter, 427.

Church of England in the colonies, 230.

Claiborne, J. F. H., Mississippi, 48, 71.

Clap, Roger, Memoirs, 137.

Clap, Thomas, Yale College, 102.

Clarendon, Earl of, 286; autog., 287.

Clarendon Historical Society, Reprints, 135.

Clark, H. A., 278.

Clarke, George, Voyage to America, 243.

Clarke, John, and the Rhode Island charter, 620.

Clarke, R. H., 271.

Clarke, Wm. (Boston), 490.

Clarke, Wm., Observations on the Conduct of the French, 430, 475.

Clarke, lieutenant-governor of New York, 200; suggests attack on Louisbourg, 434.

Clarke, Wesley family, 404.

Clavarack Creek, 237.

Clayton, John, Observables in Virginia, 278.

Cleaveland, Chaplain, 598.

Cleland, Tombo-chi-qui, 399.

Clement, J. P., Portraits Historiques, 77.

Clement, Thomas, plan of the Lake George battle (1755), reduced fac-simile, 586a, 586b.

Clérac, 44.

Cleveland, 559.

Clifton, Wm., 390, 391.

Clinton, Admiral Geo., 201; governor of New York, 201; autog. and seal, 202; retires, 203, 204; and the Six Nations, 147; his plan of union (1744), 611; invites (1751) a conference of the colonies, 612.

Clinton, De Witt, 570.

Clos, 610.

Coal mines, 225.

Cobb, Sylvanus, 146; projects a raid, 149.

Cochrane, J., 238.

Cochut, John, Law, son système, 77.

Cod-fish, emblem of Massachusetts, 177.

Cœur, Jean, 490.

Cohen, J. B., 356.

Cohoes fall, 236.

Coin, in use, 229; Spanish, 229; clipped, 229; counterfeit, 230.

Coke and Moore, John Wesley, 403.

Colburn, Jere., Bibliography of Massachusetts, 181.

Colden, Cadwallader, account of Lancaster treaty (1744), 566; on the congress of 1754, 612; on the Indian trade, 571; letters, 107; map of the Lakes and the Iroquois country, 83, 235, 238, 491; on Smith’s New York, 618; governor of New York, 206; autog. and seal, 206; Papers on the Encouragement of the Indian Trade, 235; his Five Nations, 235; his surveys of the Hudson river lands, 235-237; papers on New York, 241; a botanist, 241; his likeness, 241; his papers, 241; printed, 241; on the capture of Fort Lévis, 609.

Coleman, Lyman Family, 585.

Colleton, Sir John, 286; autog., 287.

Colleton, Sir Peter, 288, 306.

Colleton, Thos., 306.

Collins, Kentucky, 565.

Colman, Benj., 101, 126, 396; and the Great Awakening, 135; on Governor Burnet, 131; on the Indian wars, 432; on C. Mather, 157; letters, 168, 436; papers, 436; sermon before Shirley, 144; life by Turell, 168.

Colman, John, 124, 171; Distressed State of Boston, etc., 171.

Colonies, as understood by France and England, 59, 600; French method described, 61; English method, 61.

Columbia College, 248.

Comberford, Nicholas, his map of North Carolina coast (1657), 285.

Commerce, 118; in the colonies, 227; MS. sources, 232.

Common law, carried by English emigrants, 261.

Company of the Indies, 33 (see Company of the West); surrenders its right, 49.

Company of the West, 31; absorbs other companies, 33 (see Law, John; and “Company of the Indies”); Recueil d’arrests, etc., 65, 76.

Conant, H. C., New England Theocracy, 159.

Condon, F. F., 65.

Conestoga, 484; council at, 212.

Coney Island, 226, 254.

Congress of 1754, Georgia not represented, 391. See Albany.

Connecticut, Chalmers papers on, 354; Colonial Record, 166, 617; legislative history, 166; financial history, 170; New London Society for trade, etc., 171; conservative in finances, 176; boundary controversies, 177; claims in Pennsylvania, 180; bounds on Massachusetts, 180; names of her towns, 181; local histories, 188; report of her commissioners on the Albany congress, 612, 613; defends her borders, 129; quiet career, 90; the Great Awakening in, 135; Governor Saltonstall dies, 143; Joseph Talcott succeeds, 143; her first press, 151; condition (1755), 151; authorities on her history, 163; her appeal in 1705, 164; map of, 88; sends troops to Massachusetts, 94; refuses Fletcher of New Jersey command of her militia, 94; her orthodoxy, 102; on Port Royal expedition, 107; her militia, 111; Fitz-John Winthrop, governor, 111; Mohegan case, 111; Gurdon Saltonstall, governor, 111; the Saybrook platform, 111.

Connecticut River, in Popple’s map, 134; the bounds of New York, 178; the Versche River of the Dutch, 234.

Connecticut Valley in the Indian wars, 184; plan, 184.

Continental Monthly, 268.

Contrecœur, autog., 493; commanding at Duquesne, 493; his official report on Braddock’s defeat, 580; letter, 574.

Convicts in Louisiana, 36.

Conyngham, Redmond, Dunkers at Ephrata, 246.

Coode, his quarrel with Nicholson, 260.

Cook, Eben, Sot-weed Factor, 272; Sot-weed Redivivus, 272.

Cook, Fort, 134.

Cook, the navigator, at Quebec, 543; Life of Cook, 545.

Cooke, Elisha, the elder, popular tribune, 87; in England, 87; his likeness, 89; champion of old conditions, 92; returns to Boston, 93; devises grants to the governors, 94; and Bellomont, 98; opposes Jos. Dudley, 103; who is finally reconciled, 113; dies, 113; his papers, 162.

Cooke, Elisha, the younger, 116; his portrait, 117; his Just and Reasonable Vindication, 117; sent to England, 124; loses favor, 133.

Cooke, J. E., History of Virginia, 280; Stories of the Old Dominion, 563; on the Westover mansion, 275.

Cooper, Sir Anthony Ashley, 286; autog., 287.

Cooper, J. F., Mohicans, 595.

Cooper, General J. T., 232, 584.

Cooper, Peter, his view of Philadelphia, 258.

Cooper, Samuel, 586; The Crisis, 177.

Cooper, Wm., 135.

Coosa River, 359.

Coote, Richard. See Bellomont.

Cope, Alfred, edits Penn and Logan letters, 242.

Copley, J. S., 169; life and works by Perkins, 141; by Martha B. Amory, 141.

Copley, Sir Lionel, 259.

Copper, in New Jersey, 225.

Coram, Thos., 364.

Corcoran, W. W., buys the Dinwiddie Papers, 572.

Cornbury, Lord, 111; autog., 192; in New Jersey, 192, 218; in New York, 195; his grant of land to Rip Van Dam, 236; in women’s clothes, 241; portrayed by Brodhead, 241; a profligate, 195; in prison, 196; recalled, 196; made Earl of Clarendon, 196.

Cornwallis, Edw., 410, 450; settles Halifax (N. S.), 414.

Coronelli and Tillemon’s map, 79, 473.

Corter’s Kill, 237.

Corvettes, 136.

Cosa, province of, 359.

Cosby, governor of New York, 193, 198; governor of New Jersey, 220; dies, 198.

Costebelle, Pastour de, 421.

Costume, preserved in portraits, 141.

Cotton Papers, 166.

Counties, origin of, 281.

County histories, 249.

Courtenay, W. A., 306; Charleston Year Books, 340.

Courtois, Alphonse, Banques en France, 75.

Coventry forge (Pennsylvania), 224.

Cox, W. W., 253.

Cox, Bibliotheca Curiosa, 137.

Coxe, Daniel, 335; Carolana, 13, 69, 72, 81, 611; his portrait, 611; plan of union for the colonies, 611; Collection of Voyages, 69; his map of Carolana, 69, 70; in New Jersey, 219, 220; his ship on the Mississippi, 20.

Cozas, 70.

Crafford, John, Carolina, 340.

Craft, journal of siege of Louisbourg, 438.

Craig, N. B., edits Stobo’s Memoirs, 575; Olden Time, 576; on Braddock’s defeat, 576; Pittsburg, 249; plan of Braddock’s march, 500.

Craven, Sir Anthony, dies, 322.

Craven, Colonel Chas., 320.

Craven, William, Lord, 286; autog., 287; palatine, 320.

Creasy, E. S., Essay on Montcalm, 607.

Creek Indians, 321; cede lands to Oglethorpe, 370; upper and lower, 370, 371; their country, 401.

Creigh, Alfred, Washington County, Pennsylvania, 249.

Cresap, Thomas, 261, 490; surveys a road over the mountains, 570; lives of, 272.

Cresap war, 272.

Crèvecœur, French at, 566.

Crisp, Edw., plan of Charlestown (S. C.), 343.

Croatoan, 338.

Croghan, Geo., explorer, 10, 490, 570; his journals, 10, 596, 610; list of Indian nations, 564; his statement, 575; transactions with the Indians, 570; his letter on Duquesne, 498.

Cromwell, his grant in Acadia according to English and French view, 478, 479.

Crown Point expeditions, 165; Massachusetts troops in, 585; French fort at, 7; occupied by the French (1731), 487; strengthened by Amherst, 537; fort built in 1731, plan of, 537; view of ruins at, 538; other plans and views, 538.

Crowne, Memoirs, 476.

Cross, An Answer, 582.

Crozat, Antony, permitted to trade, 28; his character, 28; his plans fail, 31.

Cullum, Geo. W., Defences of Narragansett Bay, 142.

Culpepper, John, 295; his rebellion, 311; tried, 295.

Culpepper, Lord Thomas, in Virginia, 263; portrait, 263; his financial schemes, 263; receives the northern neck, 276; his daughter marries Fairfax, 276; his letters, 282; proposes federation, 611.

Cumberland (Maryland), 493.

Cumberland, Fort (Acadia), 452; Des Barres’s map, 453.

Cumberland Island, 358.

Cuming, Sir Alexander, 329; aimed to establish trade with the Cherokees (1730), 392.

Cummings, C. A., 169.

Curren, Benj., 418.

Curteis, Bampton Lectures, 403.

Curwen, diary of siege of Louisbourg, 438.

Cusick, David, 233.

Custis family, 276.

Cutler, Timothy, 102; becomes Episcopalian, 120; in Boston, 120; and Harvard College, 126.

Cutter, A. R., 436.

Dabney, W. P., 282.

Daine, on Abercrombie’s defeat, 598.

Daire, Eugène, Économistes Financiers, 75, 77.

Dalcho, F. D., Episcopal Church in South Carolina, 341.

Dale, James W., Presbyterians on the Delaware, 247.

Dalhousie, Earl, 616; governor of Canada, 551.

Dallas, Geo. M., 258.

Dalton, Jos., 307.

Damariscotta River, 181.

Dame, Luther, 437.

Danforth, Samuel, 420.

Danforth, Thomas, 92, 131.

Daniel, Geo. F., Huguenots in the Nipmuck Country, 98, 184.

Daniel, Major, 317, 318.

Daniel, Colonel Robt., 296, 322.

Daniel, Nos Gloires, 14, 106.

Daniels, R. L., 463.

D’Anville, Admiral, sent to attack Boston, 147, 413, 487.

D’Anville, J. B., as geographer, 81; his map of Louisiana, 81; his Œuvres Géog., 81; Amérique Septentrionale, 81, 474; improved on Douglass, 475; map of 1746, 11; map of the St. Lawrence, 614; his map showing the claims of France, 83, 482; his Mémoire, 83; map of North America, improved by Bolton, 235; published by Homann, 235.

Dapper, Olfert, Die unbekante Neue Welt, 472; its maps, 472.

Darby, Wm., Louisiana, 81.

Darien Expedition, 77.

Darien (Georgia), 375, 377.

Darlington, Wm., 273.

Darlington, W. M., edits Smith’s Remarkable Occurrences, 579.

Darlington, Countess of, 113.

D’Aulnay, his territory in Acadia, 478, 479; his Lettres-patentes, 476.

Dauphin Island, 27, 28, 66, 70 (see Massacre Island); siege of, 37.

Davenant, Charles, Works, 611; plan of uniting the colonies, 611.

Davidson and Struvé, Illinois, 71.

Davies, Samuel, Sermon, 578; account of, 578; Works, 579; on death of George II., 579.

Davis, Andrew McF., “Canada and Louisiana”, 1; Journey of Moncacht-Apé, 77.

Davis, Geo. T., on the St. Regis bell, 186.

Davis, J., Welsh Baptists, 247.

Davis, S., on the Moravians, 246.

Dawes, E. C., edits Journal of Rufus Putnam, 594.

Dawson, H. B., on the New Hampshire grants, 179; Papers on the Boundary of New York and New Jersey, 238; Sons of Liberty, 241.

Day, Mrs. C. M., Eastern Townships, 602.

Day, T., Judiciary of Connecticut, 166.

De Bow, J. D. W., 72; Political Annals of South Carolina, 355.

De Brahm, J. G. W., 391; (MS.) History of the Three Provinces, 401; account of South Carolina, 350; Philosophico-Historico Hydrography, 350; Map of South Carolina, 352; Province of Georgia, 401.

De Chambon, account of siege of Louisbourg (1745), 439.

De Costa, B. F., History of Fort George, 535; introduction to White’s Episcopal Church, 244; early Episcopacy in Virginia, 282; on the Shapley map, 337; on St. Regis, 186.

D’Estournelle, Vice-Admiral, 413.

De Fer, Nicholas, his maps, 80.

De Foe, Daniel, Party Tyranny, 342; Case of Protestant Dissenters, 342; Captain Jack, 284.

De Forest, Indians of Connecticut, 111.

De Haas, Wells, Western Virginia, 581.

D’Hébécourt, letters, 608.

De la Coone, 449.

De la Jonquière, Admiral, 413.

De Laet’s map of Carolina, 336.

De Lancey, E. F., on James De Lancey, 241.

De Lancey, James, memoir of, by E. F. De Lancey, 241; made chief justice of New York, 198; leader of popular faction, 202; becomes governor, 204; autog. and seal, 205; on the Congress of 1754, 205; resigns, 206; dies, 207; thwarts the New York government (1767), 569.

De Mille, on the Evangeline Country, 459.

De Peyster, J. W., on the French war, 621.

De Peyster, N., 233.

De Renne (see Wymberley-Jones), 401.

De Voe, T. F., Public Markets of New York, 249.

Deane, Chas., on the bibliography of Hutchinson, 162; edits Trumbull Papers, 181; on Mather’s Magnalia, 156; on the Montcalm forgeries, 606; owns Vaughan’s Journal, 500.

Decanver’s bibliography of Methodism, 403.

Deerfield, 105; attacked, 185, 186; conference (1735) with Indians at, 433.

Delamotte, Charles, 377.

Delaville, Abbé, État Présent, 582.

Delaware, bounds of, fixed, 263; acquired by Penn, 207; “lower counties”, 209.

Delaware River, its source, 234.

Delawares on the Muskingum, 563; treaty (1757), 596.

Delisle, Claude, 80, 233; his maps, 80.

Delisle, Guillaume, 80; his maps, 80; map of Louisiana, 72; his map shows the French claims in Acadia, 474.

Denny, Wm., governor of Pennsylvania, 216.

Dent, J. C., Last Forty Years of Canada, 619.

Denys, his government in Acadia (1654), 478.

Derby, E. H., on the landbank, etc., 376.

Des Barres, Atlantic Neptune, 429; map of the St. Lawrence, 614.

Deschamps, Chas., 610.

Deschamps, Judge, 458.

Desgouttes, 464.

Detroit (1706), 561; attacked (1712), 561; attacked by the Foxes, 484; conferences at, 560; founded, 483; the French flee to (1759), 535; maps, 559, 560; accounts of, 560; French families, 560; papers on its founding, 560; surrendered (1760), 559, 610.

Dexter, Arthur, 141.

Dexter, F. B., Founding of Yale College, 102; Biographical Sketches of Graduates, 102; on names of Connecticut towns, 181.

Dexter, H. M., on Cotton Mather, 157; edits Church’s Entertaining Passages, 427; on John Wise, 108.

Dickinson, Jonathan, his house in Philadelphia, 258.

Didier, E. L., on the Baltimores, 271.

Diéreville, on the Acadians, 457; Relation, 422.

Dieskau, sent to Canada, 494; ordered to Lake George, 502; his line of march, 526; defeated by Johnson and Lyman, 504; wounded and taken, 504, 587; his map of his campaign (1755), 585; official report, 588; letters, 588, 589; commission and instructions, 588; thought to have inspired the _Dialogue entre le Maréchal Saxe et le Baron Dieskau_, 589; his statements in Diderot’s Mémoires, 589; his despatches said to be falsified, 589.

Digby, Edw., 364.

Dilworth, W. H., History of the Present War, 615.

Dinwiddie, Robt., governor of Virginia, 268; portrait and autog., 269; goes to England, 270; advocated (1752) northern and southern unions of the colonies, 612; his papers, 572; use of them by historians, 572; Sparks’s copies, 572; described by Henry Stevens, 572; bought by W. W. Corcoran, 572; given to Virginia Historical Society, 572; edited by R. A. Brock, 572; Official Records, 572, 281; precipitates conflict on the Ohio, 12; sends Washington’s expedition to Le Bœuf, 492; the disaster at Fort Necessity, 494.

Diron d’Artaguette, 27.

Diron, his map, 80.

Disosway, G. P., on the Huguenots, 247, 349.

Ditchley House, 275.

Dobbs, Arthur, 303; portrait, 304; governor of North Carolina, 304.

Dobson, John, Chron. Annals of the War, 574, 616.

Dockwa, 218.

Doddridge, Jos., Notes of Virginia and Pennsylvania, 581.

Dodge, W., edits Penhallow, 425.

Dodsley’s Annual Register, 616.

Dog dollars, 194, 229.

Dolberry, Capt., 92.

Dongan, Governor, a Catholic, 190.

Dongan’s laws, 232.

Donne, Robt., 307.

Doolittle, Rev. Mr., Short Narrative, 189.

Dorchester (S. C.), 379.

Doreil on Abercrombie’s defeat, 578; Éloge sur Montcalm, 605; sent to France, 532; Lake George battle (1755), 588; letters on his Paris mission, 600.

Dorr, Moses, 528.

Doubloons, 230.

Doucette, John, 409.

Douglass, David, 399.

Douglass, Captain James, 438.

Douglass, John, supposed author of Letter Addressed to Two Great Men, 615.

Douglass, Dr. William, on Dean Berkeley, 142; on the Great Awakening, 135; his map, 474, 475; on the maps of New England, 133; his Summary, 121, 158; on finances, 173; Some Observations, etc., 173; Essay concerning Silver and Paper Currencies, 174; Discourse concerning the Currencies, 174; rejoinders, 174; quarrel with Knowles, 158; with Shirley, 159; his character, 159; his style, 159; opposes inoculation, 120; on the siege of Louisbourg (1745), 146, 438, 439.

Doyle, John A., on Maryland history, 271; his English in America, 271, 356.

Drake, Samuel A., Old Landmarks of Boston, 169; Old Landmarks of Middlesex, 169; Nooks and Corners of New England Coast, 169.

Drake, Samuel G.. on Cotton Mather, 156, 157; Early History of Georgia, 392; edits Norton’s Redeemed Captive, 187; Five Years’ French and Indian Wars, 438; prints Phips’s instruction to commissioners, 450; Tragedies of the Wilderness, 421.

Drama, interdicted in Massachusetts, 150.

Draper, Lyman C., 74; on the expedition against the Shawanoes, 589; Recollections of Grignon, 580; on Stobo, 498.

Draper, Richard, 586.

Drucour, account of defences of Louisbourg, 467; diary of Louisbourg (1758), 464.

Drummond, Wm., governor of Albemarle in Carolina, 288.

Drysdale, Hugh, speeches in Virginia, 267.

Du Buisson, 561.

Du Guay, 16.

Du Poisson, 46.

Duane, Jas., Rights of the Colony of New York, 178; Royal Adjudication concerning Lands, etc., 178; Collection of Evidence, etc., 179; State of the Evidence, 179.

Duck, Stephen, 137.

Dudley, Jos., autog., 425; correspondence for a peace with Vaudreuil, 421; charged with trading illicitly with the French, 422; bitter tracts against, 422; Memorial of the Present Deplorable State of New England, 422; A Modest Inquiry, 422; Deplorable State of New England, 422; his letters, 166; made governor of Massachusetts, 103; his instructions, 103; comes to Boston, 104; his character, 104; quarrels with the Mathers, 104, 422; with the legislature, 105; conspires with Cornbury, 111; reappointed governor, 113; attacks Leverett, 119; imprisoned, 87; in New York, 91; would be governor, 95; at Isle of Wight, 95; opposed landbank, 170; on Walker’s expedition (1711), 561; instructions to Colonel Church, 420; at Casco, 420.

Dudley, Paul, 113; Banks of Credit, 171; his diary, 135.

Dudley, Wm., 185.

Dudley, Colonel Wm., 423.

Duhautchamp, 76; Systéme des Finances, 77.

Duke’s Laws, 231.

Dulany, Daniel, 578; on the Acadians, 462; on the Lake George battle (1755), 587.

Dumas, commands the French in Pennsylvania, 581; at Duquesne, 497; letter on Braddock’s defeat, 580.

Dummer, Jeremy, Letter to a Friend, 109, 562; Defence of the New England Charters, 121; made London agent, 107; Letter to a Noble Lord, etc., 109, 562; his portrait, 115; in England, 116; on the salary question in Massachusetts, 131; urged that the St. Lawrence was the proper boundary of New England, 422.

Dummer, Wm., lieutenant-governor of Massachusetts, 116; portrait, 114; in power, 131; his treaty, 127, 432.

Dummer, Fort, 183.

Dummer’s war, 430.

Dumont, Butel, 67.

Dumont de Montigny, 73; his identity, 66; Mémoires Historiques sur la Louisiane, 65; his MS. map of Louisiana, 81; fac-simile of his engraved map, 82.

Dumplers. See Dunkers.

Dunbar, Colonel, 496.

Dunbar, Colonel David, 139, 181.

Dunkers (Dunkards), 217, 246; authorities on, 246; their press, 246.

Duquesne de Menneville, Marquis, governor of Canada, 11, 566; his instructions, 571; Mémoire on the Ohio, 498; sent expedition into the Ohio region (1753), 490; autog., 492.

Duquesne, Fort, Registre du Fort, 580; Registres des Baptesmes, etc., 589; expedition against (1758), 599.

Durell, Philip, Particular Account of the taking of Cape Breton, 438; cruising on the St. Lawrence Gulf, 540.

Dussieux, L., map of the old French war, 618.

Dustin, Hannah, 96.

Dutisné, 55.

Dutot, Réflexions Politiques, 75.

Duverger de Saint Blin, 610.

Duvergier, 51.

Duverney, P., Examen, 76.

Dwight, Sereno E., edits life of Brainerd, 246.

Dwight, Theodore, edits Madam Knight’s Journal, 423.

Dwight, Theo. F., 30.

Dwight, Timothy, Travels, 587, 594.

Earle, J. C., English Premiers, 596.

Earthquake (1755), 152; in New England (1727), 128; literature of, 128.

Eastburn, Robt., Faithful Narrative, 591.

Eastchurch, governor of Carolina, 294.

Eastern Chronicle (New Glasgow, N. S.), 423.

Easton (Pa.), conference (1767), 596; (1758), 530; MS. records, 596; treaties at, 227, 245.

Eaton, S. J. M., Venango County, 249, 492.

Ebeling, C. D., translates Burnaby’s Travels, 245.

Ebenezer (Georgia), founded, 374, 375; referred to, 379, 401; plan of, 396, 401.

Echard, Lawrence, Gazetteer, 235.

Echols, John, journal, 270.

Eclectic Magazine, 603.

Eden, Charles, governor of Carolina, 299.

Edenton (N. C.), 300.

Education, common school, 237; in the middle colonies, 247.

Edwards, Jonathan, 133; his Faithful Narrative, 133; Some Thought, etc., 133; Life of David Brainerd, 246; edited by Sereno E. Dwight, 246.

Edwards, Morgan, Baptists in Philadelphia, 247.

Edwards, T., 273.

Effingham. See Howard.

Eggleston, Edward, on colonial life, 118, 168, 371; Colonists at Home, 141.

Egle’s Notes and Queries, 249; Historical Register, 249.

Egleston, N. H., Williamstown, 187.

Egmont MSS., 141.

Eliot tracts, 169.

Elliott, Benj., Report of Historical Commission of Charleston Library Association, 312.

Ellis, Geo. E., on the Massachusetts royal governors, 147; on Judge Sewall, 167; on the Mather diaries, 168; Red Man and White Man, 460.

Ellis, Henry, 391.

Elizabeth, N. J., 254.

Encyclopédie Méthodique, 77.

Endress, Christian, History of the Dunkers, 246.

Enfield, Conn., 180.

Engel, Samuel, Mémoires Géographiques, 77.

English claims in North America, 235; maps of, 235.

English Colonies, the plan of union, 611; proposed by the ministry, 613 (see Albany, Congress of); a triple confederacy proposed, 613; compared with the French, 56; copies of their charters, 394; Essay upon the Government of the English Plantations, 611; general historians of, 619; populations (1755), 151; books on their condition, 617. See Colonies.

English Historical Review, 578.

English Pilot, 234, 474.

English traders in the Mississippi Valley, 25.

Entick, John, General History of the Late War, 616; on the Acadians, 457; on the siege of Louisbourg (1758), 467.

Ephrata, Dunkers at, 246.

Episcopacy in the colonies, Chalmers’s paper on, 354.

Episcopal church in Carolina, 341, 342; in the middle colonies, 244.

Erie (Pennsylvania), 492.

Erie Indians destroyed, 564; history of, 564.

Errett, Russel, 564.

Erving, John, 144.

Esopus, 237.

Etechemin territory, 479.

Ethier, La Prise de Deerfield, 186.

Evans, John, deputy governor of Pennsylvania, 210; memoirs by Neill, 243.

Evans, Captain John, his lands, 237.

Evans, Lewis, Essays, 85; Map of Middle Colonies, 83, 244; pirated by Jefferys, 84; as issued by Jefferys, denounced by Pownall, 565; enlarged by Pownall, 85, 564; used by Braddock, 578; the best of the Ohio region, 565.

Everard, Sir Richard, 301.

Everett, Edward, on the army of the French war, 154; on Harrison’s address, 565; on the Seven Years’ War as a school of the Revolution, 437; Orations, 437.

Ewen, Wm., 402.

Examen sobre los Límites de la Acadie, 235.

Eyles, Francis, 364.

Eyma, Xavier, La Légende du Meschacébè, 79.

Eyre, Major, defends Fort William Henry, 513.

Eyre, Wm., 586.

Faillon, notice by Lemoine, 619.

Fairfax, Lord Thomas, at Greenway court, 268; his character, 268; marries Culpepper’s daughter and inherits the Northern Neck, 276.

Falmouth (Portland, Me.), 105; treaty at (1726, 1727, 1732), with Indians, 432; (1749), 450.

Faneuil, Peter, 109, 145; his portraits, 145.

Farmer, John, edits Belknap’s New Hampshire, 163.

Farmer, Silas, Detroit, 560, 622.

Farrar, John, 336.

Father Abraham’s Almanac, 471, 497, 543, 554.

Fay, Jonas, 179.

Felt, Jos. B., arranges Massachusetts archives, 165; Customs of New England, 169; Eccles. Hist. of New Eng., 169; Mass. Currency, 170, 173.

Felton, C. C., on the Acadians, 459.

Ferland, Abbé, portrait, 619; notice of, by Lemoine, 619.

Fernow, B., on “MS. sources of New York history”, 331; on the Boundary Controversies of New York, 238; “The Middle Colonies”, 189.

Field, John W., 242.

Fielding, H., Covent Garden Tragedy, 577.

Fisher, G. H., 595.

Fisher, American Political Ideas, 169.

Fishkill, 237.

Fiske, Frank S., Mississippi Bubble, 77.

Fiske, John, American Political Ideas, 169, 533; on North Carolina history, 355; on the town-meeting, 169.

Fiske, Nathan, Brookfield, 184.

Fitch, Asa, 593.

Fitzhugh, George, 276.

Fitzhugh, Wm., his letters, 282.

Five Nations, claimed as subjects by the English king, 483; conference (1722), 266; country of, on Colden’s map, 235, 491; their various designations, 484. See Iroquois.

Five years’ war, 434; declared, 568.

Flatbush, 254.

Fleet, Thomas, 145; his ballads, 121; on the comet, 145; ridicules the Great Awakening, 135.

Fleming, Wm., and Eliz., Narrative of Sufferings, 590.

Fletcher, Benj., governor of New York, 193; autog. and seal, 194; recalled, 194; governor of Pennsylvania, 208; called meeting of the colonies (1693), 611.

Fletcher’s manor, 237.

Florida, bounds undefined, 358, 359; documents on, 73; map of, 615; (1753), 365; name applied by the French to Carolina, 286.

Flying Post, 118.

Foligny, M. de, at siege of Quebec (1759), 605.

Follings, Geo., 467.

Fontaine, John, his diary, 563.

Fontaine, Peter, his map of the Virginia and North Carolina line, 276; on Sir Wm. Johnson, 584.

Fonte, Admiral, 69.

Foote, H. W., King’s Chapel, 169.

Foote, W. H., Sketches of Virginia, 278; on the valley of Virginia, 281.

Forbes, General John, letters on his expedition (1758), 599; his route, 599; advances on Fort Duquesne, 528; suspicious of Washington, 529; treats with the Indians, 529; occupies Duquesne, 530; dies, 530; autog., 530.

Forbes, Thomas, journal, 574.

Forbonnais, Finances de France, 77.

Force, M. F., Indians of Ohio, 564.

Ford, Paul L., 248.

Forrest, W. S., Norfolk, 281.

Forstall, Edmund, 74.

Forster, J. R., translates Bossu’s Travels, 67; translates Kalm’s Travels, 245.

Fort Anne (New York), 486, 585.

Fort Argyle (Georgia), 372, 375, 379.

Fort Augusta, 214, 270, 333, 375, 379; (Shamokin), plan, 581.

Fort Barrington, plan and view of, 401.

Fort Bedford, 464, 529; (Raystown) plan, 581.

Fort Bull, its situation, 595; captured, 505, 590.

Fort Byrd, 564.

Fort Chartres, old and new, 564.

Fort Clinton, 568; (1746), 487.

Fort Cumberland (Maine), 578; plans, 578; view, 578.

Fort Cumberland (Maryland), 464, 495; plan of, 495; Washington’s plan of the vicinity, 577.

Fort Diego, 375.

Fort Dummer, 127.

Fort Duquesne, begun by the French, 493; French force at, 497; rude contemporary map of the vicinity, 497; plans of, 497, 498; ruins, 498; threatened by Forbes, 529; supplies cut off, 530; blown up, 530; name changed by Forbes to Pittsburg, 530.

Fort Edward, plans of, 512, 513; John Montressor’s journal at, 512; plan of environs, 514; situation, 526. See Fort Lyman.

Fort François, 86.

Fort Frederick (Albany), 509.

Fort Frederick (Maryland), built, 590; ruins, 590.

Fort Frontenac, 614; authorities on Bradstreet’s capture of, 527, 598; Impartial Account, 598; articles of capitulation, 598; plans of, 525.

Fort George (Coxpur Island, Georgia), plan of, 401.

Fort George (Lake George), plan, 535; begun by Amherst, 536; described (1775), 594. See Fort William Henry.

Fort George (South Carolina), 359.

Fort Halifax (Maine), 151.

Fort Herkimer, 520.

Fort James (New York), 190.

Fort King George, 379.

Fort Le Bœuf, 492.

Fort Lévis captured, 555, 609; plan of the attack, 609.

Fort Ligonier, 464; (Loyalhannon) plan, 581.

Fort Littleton, 564.

Fort Loudon, 270, 332, 564.

Fort Louis, 86.

Fort Lyman, 504; renamed Fort Edward, 505.

Fort Massachusetts, 145.

Fort Moore, 332, 345.

Fort Necessity, authorities on the surrender, 494, 574; view of the fort, 574; plans, 574; remains, 574; Washington at, 493.

Fort Niagara, 614.

Fort Nicholson (New York), 486, 585.

Fort No. 4, 183.

Fort Ontario (Oswego), 510, 511.

Fort Pelham, 145.

Fort Pepperell (Oswego), 511.

Fort Pitt, 564; plan, 581. See Fort Duquesne.

Fort Ponchartrain (Detroit), 560.

Fort Pownall built, 154; conference at, 471.

Fort Prince George, 332.

Fort Rouillé (Toronto), 490.

Fort Schlosser, 534.

Fort Shirley, 145; (Virginia), 564.

Fort Sorel, 486.

Fort St. Francis (Florida), 375.

Fort St. Frederick (Crown Point), 487, 567.

Fort St. George, 375.

Fort St. Jean, or St. John (Sorel), 486, 575.

Fort St. Louis (Illinois River), 566.

Fort St. Louis (Quebec), 553.

Fort St. Thérèse, 486.

Fort William (Cumberland Island), 375.

Fort William Henry, situation, 526; attacked by Montcalm (1757), 165, 515; plans of, 516; view of site, 517; plan of attack, 518; other plans, 518; surrenders, 517; often called Fort George by the French, 518; attempted surprise by Rigaud, 513; built, 505; described (1775), 594; massacre at, 517, 595; Montcalm charged the fury of the Indians upon the English rum, 595; Rigaud’s attack, authorities, 593; Montcalm’s attack, authorities, 593; Relation de la Prise de Fort George, 593; articles of capitulation, 594; forces engaged, 594. See Montcalm.

Fort Williams, its situation, 595.

Fort. See names of forts and places having forts.

Foster, Nath., 584.

Foster, W. E., “Statesmanship of the Albany Congress”, 613; Stephen Hopkins, 139, 163, 612; Reference Lists, 169.

Fowle, Daniel, Monster of Monsters, 177; Total Eclipse, 177.

Fowler, Durham, Conn., 585.

Fox River, 566.

Foxcroft, Thomas, 132; and the Great Awakening, 135.

Foxes (Indians), 564; attack Detroit, 484, 560.

Foyer, Canadien, le, 581.

France, collections of ancient laws, 76; debt of, 31; John Law’s scheme, 32; decline of, 59; her claims in the New World, 83; maps showing them, 83, 84; forts established, 84.

Francis, Convers, Life of Rasle, 431.

Frankland, Sir Henry, 144; his marriage, 144; at Lisbon, 152.

Franklin, Benjamin, Autobiography, 168; in the Congress of 1754, 612; Short Hints, 612; drew the plan adopted, 612; in his Works, 612; other plans considered, 612; his account of the Congress, 612; in Boston conferring with Shirley, 613; his letters on taxing the colonies to support the union, 613; writes (with Wm. Smith) _A Brief State of the Province of Pennsylvania_, 582; helps Braddock, 495, 576; Historical Review, 582; question of his authorship, 582; Interest of Great Britain Considered, 615; argues for the retention of Canada, 615; prints paper money, 247; records of his press, 248; buys Pennsylvania Gazette, 248; Poor Richard’s Almanac, 248; upon Shaftesbury, 119; prints matter on the Penn-Baltimore dispute, 272; sent to England by Pennsylvania, 216; True and Impartial State, 582; in command of the frontiers of Pennsylvania, 583; on inoculation, 120; his kite, 152; Plain Truth, 243.

Franklin, James, 121; New England Courant, 121; in Rhode Island, 141.

Franklin, Thos., 400.

Franklin, Wm., governor of New Jersey, 222.

Franklin (Pa.), 570.

Franquelin, his maps, 79.

Franquet, 464.

Fraser, A. C., Works of Berkeley, 141; lives of Berkeley, 141.

Fraser, Colonel Malcolm, Siege of Quebec, 604.

Frederica, 333, 375, 401; authorities on Oglethorpe’s repulse of the Spaniards, 398; plan of, 379, 398; founded, 377; appearance of the town, 377. See St. Simon’s Island.

Frederick, Fort (Me.), 181. See Fort.

Freeman, Milo, Word in Season, 176.

Freeman, Cape Cod, 169.

French, B. F., Historical Collection Louisiana, 71; described, 71; contents given, 72; title changed to Historical Memoirs, 72; second series, 73.

French captures in Massachusetts Bay (1694), 420.

French colonies, general historians of, 619.

French Creek, 11, 492.

French encroachments in Acadia, 419.

French frigate, cut of, 412.

French neutrals and the British government, 409; expelled from Nova Scotia, 415; the numbers assigned to the several colonies, 416; Longfellow’s picture of them a false one, 417; their character, 417; jealousies between them and the English, 450; papers on, 419. See Acadians.

French soldier, costume of, 497; (1700), 484; (1710), 562; (1745), 489; (1755), 496, 497.

French and Spanish in the Gulf of Mexico, 24.

Freneau, The Dying Indian Tomo-chi-chi, 399.

Fresenius, 396.

Frigates, 136.

Frontenac, dies, 2; on the English colonies, 91.

Frontenac, Fort, 85. See Fort.

Frost, H. W., 169.

Frost, John, Book of the Colonies, 498.

Frothingham, Richard, Rise of the Republic, 613; on the Albany congress, 613.

Fry, Joshua, made Colonel, 493.

Fry, Joshua, and Peter Jefferson, Map of Virginia, 272.

Fry, Richard, 137.

Frye, Colonel, journal of attack on Fort William Henry, 594.

Fryeburg, fight at, 431.

Fryeburg Webster Memorial, 432.

Fuller, M. W., 71, 622.

Fundamental constitutions of Carolina, 336.

Funeral sermons, 105.

Funerals, costly, 119.

Fur trade. See Peltries.

Gabarus (Chapeau Rouge) Bay, 411, 469.

Gage, Thomas, letter on Braddock’s campaign, 578; his statement, 578; papers, 233; in command at Lake Ontario (1759), 536; (1760), 610; leads Braddock’s advance, 498.

Gagnon, D., Drapeau de Carillon, 598.

Galerm, J. B., French Neutrals, 462.

Galissonière, Comte de la, 8; autog., 8; occupies the Ohio Valley, 8; on the importance of posts connecting Canada and Louisiana, 571; map of Vérendrye, 568; his Mémoire on the limits of New France, 475; urges occupation of Ohio Valley, 489.

Galley, a kind of vessel, 438.

Galloway, G., 604.

Galt, Life of Benjamin West, 500.

Gambrall, Theo. C., Church Life in Colonial Maryland, 272.

Gandastogues, 484.

Ganilh, Ch., Le Revenue Publique, 77.

Gansevoort, Colonel, 528.

Garden, Alex., opposes Whitefield, 404.

Gardenier, Andrew, 236.

Gardiner, Captain Richard, Memoirs of the Siege of Quebec, 603.

Garneau, F. X., his portrait, 619; Histoire du Canada, 619; memoir, 619; on Montcalm, 619; on the Acadians, 459; on the battle of Sainte-Foy, 609; on the Jumonville affair, 574; on the siege of Louisbourg (1745), 439.

Gaspé, P. Aubert de, portrait, 619; Anciens Canadiens, 574, 610.

Gaspereau, 451; captured, 415, 452.

Gates, Horatio, with Braddock, 498.

Gates, Thomas, claims in Acadia (1606), 476.

Gayangos, Pascual de, 74.

Gayarré, Chas., books on Louisiana, 65; and the Louisiana archives, 74.

Gee, Joshua, on C. Mather, 157; Trade and Navigation, 119.

Gemisick, fort at, 476.

Gentleman’s Magazine, 616.

George I., 113; dies, 129.

George II., his likeness in Boston, 145; proclaimed in Boston, 129; likeness, 130; dies, 154.

George, Lake, Popple’s map of, 486; prisoners taken at, 186.

George’s River, 181.

Georgia, Heath’s patent, 358; early occupations, 359; mining in, 359; Montgomery’s grant, 358; “Azilia”, 360; land granted to trustees of Georgia, 361; names of proprietors, 352; principles of the founding of the colony, 363 (see Oglethorpe); charter, 364; Catholics excluded, 364; seal, 364; Some Account of the Design of the Trustees, 365; Reasons for Establishing the Colony of Georgia, 365, 401; slaves forbidden, 366; provisions for settlers, 366; New Map of Georgia (1737), 366; character of settlers, 366; first arrivals, 367 (see Savannah and Oglethorpe); Salzburgers’ arrival, 374; foundation of Ebenezer, 374; Moravians arrive, 374; absence of slaves impedes the colony’s growth, 376; Scotch immigration, 376; the Wesleys arrive, 377; depressed condition, 380; Whitefield in, 380; slavery introduced, 387; silk culture fails, 387; agricultural failures, 387; the Trustees surrender their charter, 389; population, 390; Butler’s colony, 390; organization as a royal province, 390; its seal, 391; origin of name, 392; critical essay on the sources of her history, 392; Cuming and the Cherokees, 392; tracts and magazine articles to induce settlements, 394, 396; charter printed, 394; Account showing the Progress of Georgia (1741), 395, 401; State and Utility of Georgia, 395; State of the Province of Georgia, 395; Germans in (see Salzburgers); New Voyage, 396, 401; Description of Famous New Colony, 396; Description by a Gentleman, 396; Stephens’s Journal, 397; Account of Moneys, etc. (MS.), 397; printed financial statements, 397; discontent in the colony, 398; Impartial Inquiry into the State and Utility of the Province, 398, 401; Resolution Relating to Grants of Lands, 398; State of the Province, 398, 401; _Brief Account of the Causes which have Retarded the Progress of the Colony_, 398, 401; Hard Case of the Distressed People, 398; Tailfer’s tracts against, 399; Georgia, a Poem, etc., 399; sermons before the Trustees, 400; copies of records from the English archives secured (1837), 400; MSS. in private hands in England, 400; records by Percival, 400; given by J. S. Morgan to the State, 400; Stephens’s records, 400; attorney-general’s report of the surrender of the Trustees, 400; opinions of the king’s attorney, 400; historical society founded, 400; its hall, 400; its Collections, 400; Itinerant Observations on America (1745), 401; De Brahm’s MS. (see De Brahm); Observation on the Effects of Certain Late Political Suggestions, 401; Acadians in, 463; Acts of the Assembly (1755-74), 402; engrossed acts, 402; John Wesley in Georgia, 402; Whitefield’s Orphan House, 404; civil and judicial history, 405; history of, projected by Langworthy, 405; history by McCall, 405; Chalmers’s papers, 354; charters of, 477; English colonization of, 357; maps of, 350, 352 (1733), 365; (1737), 366; (1743), 375; (Urlsperger), 378, 379; (Harris’s Voyages), 396; the same name proposed for an English province in Acadia, 474.

Georgia Gazette, 402.

Gerard, J. W., Peace of Utrecht, 475.

German Flats, attack on, authorities, 595; its situation, 595; plan of fort at, 519; attacked, 520.

Germanna, Va., 267, 274.

Germans in Carolina, 309, 331, 332, 345; in Virginia, 607.

Gibson, Hugh, Captivity, 590.

Gibson, James, Journal of Siege of Louisbourg, 437; A Boston Merchant, 438; on the siege of Quebec, 604.

Gibson, improves Evans’s map, 84.

Gillam, Captain, 96.

Gillett, E. H., Presbyterian Church, 132.

Gilman, D. C., on Berkeley, 141.

Gilman, M. D., on bibliography of Vermont, 179.

Gilman, Colonel Peter, 585.

Gilmer, G. R., 405.

Gilmor, Geo., letters, 282.

Gilmor, Robt., 312, 336.

Gist, Christopher, 490, 570; conducts Washington to Le Bœuf, 492; his expedition, 10; his journal, 10; journal (1750), 571; explores Great Miami River, 571; journal with Washington (1753), 572.

Glass-making, 223.

Gleig, G. R., Eminent British Military Commanders, 602.

Glen, James, answer about South Carolina, 356; South Carolina, 350; governor of South Carolina, 332.

Glossbrener, A. J., York County, Pa., 249.

Glover, Wm., 297.

Gnadenhütten, massacre, 582.

Goddard, D. A., 168, 169.

Godefroy, on Braddock’s defeat, 580.

Godfroy, Claude, 592.

Goelet, Francis, diary, 168.

Gold mining in Georgia, 359.

Golden Islands (Georgia) described, 392. See St. Simon, St. Catharine, etc.

Goldsmith, O., “Fanny Braddock”, 575.

Gooch, governor of Virginia, 267; Researches, 280.

Goodell, A. C., edits Massachusetts Province Laws, 167; on Mark and Phillis, 152; on Thomas Maule, 95.

Goodloe, D. P., 355.

Goodman, Alf. T., 563.

Gookin, Charles, 211.

Goold, William, on Colonel Wm. Vaughan, 434; on Fort Halifax, 182.

Gordon, Harry, journal, 69.

Gordon, Patrick, Geography, 234; governor of Pennsylvania, 214.

Gordon, Peter, 369.

Gordon-Cumming, C. F., 597.

Gorham, Captain, his rangers, 464.

Gorham, John, 436.

Gorrie, Eminent Methodist Ministers, 404.

Gospel, distinct societies for propagating the, 169.

Grace, Henry, Life and Sufferings, 452.

Graffenreid, baron de, 345.

Graham, John, chaplain, 591.

Graham, Patrick, 389, 391, 395.

Grahame, Jas., on Cotton Mather, 157, 621; his portrait, 620; United States, 620, 621; controversy with Bancroft, 620; defended by Josiah Quincy, 621; on Carolina history, 355; his use of Chalmers, 352.

Grand Pré, French neutrals at, 417; view of, 459.

Granite Monthly, 166.

Grant, Anne, American Lady, 247, 509; editions, 509.

Grant, Major, defeated near Duquesne, 530, 599.

Grant, Sir Wm., 597.

Grant, British Battles, 589.

Granville, Lord, retains his share of Carolina, 347; his sale of it, 356.

Graveline, 30.

Gravesend, 254.

Gravier, Gabriel, edits Ursuline letters, 36, 68.

Gravier, Jacques, 73.

Gravier, Père, on the missions, 561.

Gray Sisters, 24.

Great Awakening, 123; literature of, 135.

Great Meadows, Washington at, 493.

Great Miami River, 570.

Green, Bartholomew, 121.

Green, Joseph, 135; Death of Old Tenor, 176.

Green, S. A., Groton during the Indian Wars, 184, 432; on the site of Louisbourg, 447.

Green, Wm., 448; “Genesis of Counties”, 281; memoir of, 281.

Green Bay (Michigan), 566.

Green Briar Company, 570.

Green Island, 127.

Greene, G. W., Historical View American Revolution, 613.

Greenhow, History of Oregon, 77.

Greenway Court, 268.

Greenwood, Isaac J., “First American built vessels in the British navy”, 438.

Greenwood, John, 122.

Grenville, Lord, Correspondence, 467.

Gridley, Jeremy, 156; Weekly Rehearsal, 137.

Gridley, Richard, at Louisbourg, 410, 440; autog., 440; plan of Louisbourg (1745), 440, 441, 442, 443.

Griffeth, John, Journal, 244.

Griffeth, Robert, 254.

Griffin, A. P. C., American Local History, 181.

Griffin, H. A., 560.

Grim, David, plan of New York, 254.

Gronan, I. C., 374.

Groton (Mass.), 184.

Grove, Jos., Glorious Success at Quebec, 604.

Grover, James, 224.

Guild, E. P., Heath, Mass., 187.

Guilford, Lord, 260.

Guinea Company, 28.

Gunston Hall, 275.

Gyles, Captain John, 181.

Gyles, John, 420; autog., 421; notes on, 421; Memoirs, 421; reprints, 421.

Habersham, James, 387, 390, 391, 404.

Hachard, Madeline, letters, 68. See Ursulines.

Hack, Wm., his map, 340.

Hackensack, 254.

Hacks, Robt., 364.

Hadley, 186, 187.

Hagany, J. B., 404.

Haldimand at Oswego, 534; attacked, 534.

Hale, E. E., Catalogue of the Faden Maps, 500.

Hale, Geo. S., on Boston charities, 169.

Hales, Stephen, 400.

Half-King, 493; his opinion of the affair of Fort Necessity, 575.

Half-way Brook, 186.

Haliburton, R. G., on the Acadians, 459; Past and Future of Nova Scotia, 459.

Haliburton, Judge T. C., charged the British authorities with concealing the records of the Acadian deportation, 458; Nova Scotia, 458; Rule and Misrule, 162.

Halifax, Fort, description, plans, and

views, 182-184; account of, by Wm. Goold, 182; and by Joseph Williams, 182. See Fort.

Halifax (N. S.), founded, 414, 450; treaty with Indians at, 450; governor at (1749, etc.), 459; papers respecting its founding, 419, 450; maps of, 83, 450; views of, 450.

Hall, B. H., Bibliography of Vermont, 179; Eastern Vermont, 166.

Hall, C. H., Dutch and the Iroquois, 583.

Hall, Hiland, 178; replies to Dawson, 179; Early History of Vermont, 179.

Hall, James, The West, 71.

Hall, Jos., Bishop of Exeter, 308.

Hall, Wm., 219.

Halsted, Captain, 309.

Hamersley, Philadelphia Illustrated, 252.

Hamilton, Andrew, 218; conducts the Zenger trial, 199; his standing, 242; his portrait, 242.

Hamilton, Geo., Earl of Orkney, 265.

Hamilton, governor of Pennsylvania, 209.

Hamilton, John, 215, 216; postmaster-general, 219, 221; governor of New Jersey, 221; dies, 221.

Hamlin, M. C. W., Legends of Detroit, 560.

Hammond, on Wesley, 403.

Hampstead (Georgia), 372.

Hampton, on Wesley, 403.

Hanbury, John, 495.

Hancock, John, his house, 137.

Hancock, Thomas, builds his mansion, 137, 139; denounced, 149; letter book, 149.

Handfield, Major John, 416.

Hannay, James, on the Acadians, 457, 460; confronted by Catholics, 457; Acadia, 419, 460.

Hanson, Eliz., Captivity, 186.

Hanson, J. H., The Lost Prince, 186.

Hanway, Jos., Account of Society for the Encouragement of the British Troops, 606.

Hardlabor Creek (S. C.), 348.

Hardwick (Georgia), 401.

Hardwick Papers, 475.

Hardy, Josiah, governor of New Jersey, 222.

Hardy, Sir Chas., governor of New York, 206.

Harmon, Captain, 127; Colonel, 430.

Harper’s Cyclopædia of United States History, 252.

Harris, Alex., Lancaster County, 249.

Harris, Benj., 92.

Harris, Francis, 391.

Harris, John, Voyages, 234, 396; account and map of Georgia, 396.

Harris, T. M., edits Rasle’s letters, 431; Memorials of Oglethorpe, 394.

Harrison, Carter B., 278.

Harrison, Geo. E., 275.

Harrison, W. H., Aborigines of the Ohio Valley, 568.

Hart, John, governor of Maryland, 260.

Harvard College to gain by the landbank, 170; under the provincial charter of Massachusetts, 94; new charter of, 98; Cotton Mather and, 105, 126; attacked by Dudley, 119; Joseph Sewall and Benj. Colman decline the presidency, 126; Benj. Wadsworth accepts, 126; Timothy Cutler would be an overseer, 126; and Thomas Hollis, 137; Pietas et Gratulatio, 155.

Harvey, John, 296.

Harvey, Thomas, 296.

Hassam, John T., 337.

Hathorne, John, attacks Nachouac, 407.

Hats of beaver, 227; making of, prohibited, 138.

Hatteras, Cape, 337. See Cape.

Haven, S. F., on Cotton Mather, 157.

Haverhill, 105.

Haviland, General, advances on Montreal, 556, 609; opens communication with Murray, 556.

Hawkes, Colonel John, 186.

Hawkes, Sergeant, 187.

Hawkins, Alfred, Operations before Quebec, 543.

Hawkins, Benj., Creek Country, 401.

Hawkins, his map, 83.

Hawkins, Missions of the Church of England, 342,

Hawks, F. L., North Carolina, 355.

Hawley, Gideon, journey among the Mohawks, 246.

Hawnes, Baron of, 361.

Hay, P. D., 315.

Hayward, G., 253.

Hazard, Eben, 163.

Hazard, Jos., Conquest of Quebec, 549.

Hazard, Willis P., 249.

Hazen, Captain, 552.

Hazlet, Captain, 498.

Hazzen, Richard, Journal, 180.

Headley, Joel T., 439; on Philadelphia, 252.

Heap, George, view of Philadelphia, 257, 258.

Heath, Sir Robert, 69, 335; his claim in Carolina, 287; his patent, 358.

Heath (Mass.), fort at, 187.

Heathcote, Caleb, 124; grants to, 237.

Heathcote, Geo., 364.

Hebecourt at Ticonderoga, 536.

Heckewelder, John, Mission of the United Brethren, 245, 582; History of the Indians of Pennsylvania, 245, 583; on Indian names, 246.

Hell Gate, 254.

Hemenway, Abby M., Vermont Historical Gazetteer, 179.

Hemp manufacture, 276.

Henchman, Daniel, 137.

Hendrick, the Mohawk chief, 489, 504, 587.

Hening, W. W., Statutes at Large of Virginia, 281.

Hennepin, his maps, 79; suspected by Iberville, 18, 19.

Henry, Alex., Travels, 609.

Henry, John, map of Virginia, 565.

Herbert, H. W., translates Weiss’s French Protestant Refugees, 349.

Herkimer’s house at German Flats, 519.

Hermsdorf, Captain, 377.

Hertel de Rouville, 105; portrait, 106.

Hewitt (Hewatt, Hewat, Hewit), Alex., South Carolina and Georgia, 333, 352, 404.

Heymann, J., Law und sein System, 77.

Hickcox, J. H., Bills of Credit in New York, 247.

Higginson, John, 422.

Higginson, T. W., Larger History of the United States, 435.

Highgate (Georgia), 372.

Hildeburn, Charles R., Century of Printing, 248; Philadelphia titles, 249; on Sir John St. Clair, 578.

Hildreth, S. P., Pioneer History of Ohio Valley, 570.

Hill, Gen., in Boston, 108.

Hill, G. M., Church in Burlington, 243.

Hilton, Wm., discoveries on Carolina coast, 337; map, 337; his career, 337; True Relation, 337; at Cape Fear River, 288.

Hinckley Papers (Plymouth colony), 166.

Hinsdale (N. H.), massacre, 184.

Historical MSS. Commission, its Reports, 164.

History of the British Dominions in North America, 618.

History of the Late War, 616.

Hoadly, C. J., edits Connecticut Colonial Records, 166.

Hobart, Aaron, Abington, 461.

Hobby, Sir Chas., 104, 106, 408; his regiment, 165.

Hocquart, Gilles, 58; Mémoire, 567.

Hodge, Chas., Presbyterian Church, 132.

Hodgson, W. B., 401.

Hoffman, C. F., Life of Leisler, 241.

Holbourn, Admiral, 206.

Holbrook, Mrs. H. P., 402.

Holden, Queensbury, N. Y., 179, 509, 602.

Holderness authorizes force to be used against the French, 573.

Holland, Edw., 255.

Holland, Roger, 364.

Holland, Sam., disowned a map of New York and New Jersey, published as his, by Jefferys, 565; surveys of Cape Breton, 440; surveys of the St. Lawrence, 614; map of New York, 238.

Holland, trade with, 229.

Holland, Western Massachusetts, 587.

Hollis, Thomas, 137.

Hollister, H., Lackawanna Valley, 249.

Hollister, Connecticut, 169.

Holme, Benj., Epistles and Works, 243.

Holmes, Abiel, American Annals, 619; on the Huguenots, 98.

Holmes, Alex., writes tract against Jos. Dudley, 422.

Holmes, O. W., Agnes, 144.

Homann, J. B., his maps, 234; map of Louisiana, 81; Atlas Novus, 234; Atlas Methodicus, 234; map of Nova Anglia, 133, 234.

Hopkins, Stephen, 176; True Representation of the Plan formed at Albany, 612.

Hopson, General, 603.

Hopson, P. T., 410.

Hopton, Lord, 276.

Horsey, Samuel, 332.

Horsmanden, Daniel, autog., 242; Journal, etc., 242; various editions, 242.

Horwood, A. J., on the Shaftsbury Papers, 356.

Hough, F. B., edits Pouchot, 616; edits Rogers’s Journals, 527, 592; St. Lawrence and Franklin Counties, 608.

Housatonic River in the Indian wars, 187.

Housatonic Valley plan, 184.

Houstoun, Sir Patrick, 391.

Hovey, Alvah, Isaac Backus, 159.

How, Nehemiah, Captivity, 186.

Howard, Mrs. A. H. C., 435, 447.

Howard, C. W., historical agent of Georgia, 400.

Howard, G. W., Monumental City, 271.

Howard, John, on Kentucky, 565.

Howard of Effingham, in Virginia, 264.

Howe, Geo., Presbyterian Church in South Carolina, 348.

Howe, Lord, at Schenectady, 520; with Abercrombie, 521; portrait, 522; killed, 522; burial and remains, 522; his character, 522; place of his death, 524.

Howe, S. S., 622.

Howe, Sir William, at Quebec, 543.

Howe, W. W., 65.

Howell, R. B. C., “Early Baptists in Virginia”, 282.

Howell’s State Trials, 241.

Howes, Job, 318.

Hoyne, Thomas, 71, 622.

Hoyt, A. H., Pepperrell Papers, 147, 437.

Hoyt, Epaphras, Antiq. Researches, 187.

Hoyt, W. C., on Wesley, 403.

Hubbard, F. M., 345.

Hubbard, Thomas, 450; autog., 427.

Hudson, Chas., Marlborough (Mass.), 184; on the siege of Louisbourg, 438.

Hudson, F., American Journalism, 90, 248.

Hudson Bay Co., bounds, 85.

Hudson River, called “Groote Esopus”, 234; military roads from, to Lake George, 527.

Huguenots, intending for Carolina, stop in Virginia, 335; in Massachusetts, 96, 98, 184; in the middle colonies, 247; settlements in America before 1787, 350; society of, 98, 349; C. W. Baird on them, 98; writers on, 98; in Rhode Island, 98; in South Carolina, 349, 355; in Virginia, 265, 282.

Humphreys, David, Works, 609; Historical Account, 169, 239, 341; map of New England, 133.

Hunnewell, J. F., Bibliography of Charlestown, 177.

Hunter, Robert, governor of New York, 196; autog. and seal, 196; retires, 197; governor of New Jersey, 218.

Huntoon, D. T. V., 167.

Huske, John, his map of North America, 83; sketched, 84; Present State of North America, 83, 84.

Hutchins, Captain Thomas, describes the country from Fort Pitt to Presque Isle, 608; books on Louisiana, 71; Environs du Fort Pitt et la Nouvelle Province Indiana, 564; plan of Illinois villages, 564; Topographical Description of Virginia, 564.

Hutchinson, Eliakim, autog., 425.

Hutchinson, Elisha, autog., 425.

Hutchinson, Thos., 450; account of the congress of 1754, 612; Case of Massachusetts Bay and New York, 177; as a financier, 171, 176; Dissertation on the Currencies, 172; Massachusetts Bay, 162, 184, 618; bibliography of, 162; on the massacre at Fort William Henry, 594; the most conspicuous man in New England, 155; made chief justice, 155; holds other offices, 155; plan of union, 613; treats with Indians, 149; his youth, 122; on the Acadians, 457.

Hyde, Edw., governor of Carolina, 297, 298.

Hyde, Edw. See Clarendon.

Hyde, Edw. See Cornbury.

Iberville, Pierre le Moyne d’, his career, 14; portrait, 15; the Louisiana coast, 16; enters the Mississippi, 18; at Biloxi, 19; sails to France, 20; returns to Biloxi, 20; third voyage, 21; at Mobile, 21; rewarded, 23; dies, 23; his wife, 26; his narrative, 73; voyage of 1698, 73; sources in Margry, 73.

Ichicachas, 86.

Illinois, country of, 83; annexed to Louisiana, 35; bounds of, 564; plan of villages, by Thomas Hutchins, 564; histories of, 71; by Breese, 621; Indians of, 564; visited by Lamothe, 30; prosperous (1711), 51, 52; mines, 52; sources of history, 69.

Illinois River, fort on, 82.

Imperial Magazine, 607.

Importance of the British Plantations, 276.

Indian charity school, 246.

Indian geographical names, 564.

Indian tribes near Lake Erie, 565; tribes and their numbers in the southern colonies (1733), 365.

Indiana, Indians of, 564; old province of, 564.

Indians in the battle on the Monongahela, 580; of Canada, 563; Chalmers’s papers on, 354; classified by their English or French leanings, 583; conferences with, records in Massachusetts archives, 424; hold conferences only in their own tongue, 574; conferences with (1757), 596; councils (1707), 561; French movement to secure alliance with, 560; of Maine, conference at Boston (1713-14), 424; fac-simile of signatures, 425; conference at Portsmouth, 424; at Georgetown, 424; conferences (1752-54), 450; sign Dummer’s treaty in Boston, 432; treaties with, 420; (1745), 448; make massacre at Fort William Henry, 594; in the middle colonies, 245; relations with the Schuyler family, 245; treaties, 245; names given by them to streams, etc., 246; in Nova Scotia, papers concerning, 459; in Ohio, 564; relations with Moravians, 245; repelled by Braddock, 496; treaties with, 471, 612; in Virginia, 278, 279.

Indicott, John, 182.

Ingersoll, Jared, on Pitt, 601.

Ingersoll, J. R., 575.

Ingle, Captain Richard, 271.

Ingle, Edw., Captain Richard Ingle, 271; “County Government in Virginia”, 281; Local Institutions of Virginia, 281; Parish Institutions of Maryland, 271.

Ingoldsby, Lieutenant-governor of New York, 196.

Ingoldsby, Major Richard, governor of New Jersey, 218.

Innes, Colonel, 574.

Insurance, method of, established, 127.

International Review, 272.

Iowa Historical Record, 622.

Iowa, Historical Society, its Annals, 622.

Irish in Carolina, 331; in Pennsylvania, 217, 247.

Iron forging in Virginia, 265; mining, 223; working, 223; works suppressed, 118.

Irondequot, 568; coveted by French and English, 487.

Iroquois, called “Confederate Indians”, 83; conquer the Ohio Valley, 564; noted in Evans’s map, 564; conquests of, 484; extent of their conquests in the Ohio Valley, 565; their friendships, 2; peace with, in 1700, 4; their hereditary and conquered territories, 84; ceded to the English, 84, 565; allured by the Dutch, 583; incited by the English and French equally, 584; Morgan’s map of their distribution, 583; missions, 561; mythology of, 233; treaties with, 245; women among, 23. See Five Nations, Six Nations.

Irving, W., on John Law, 76.

Isle-aux-Noix, plan of, 539; Bourlamaque at, 539.

Italians in Georgia, 372.

Jackson, R., 169.

Jackson, Rich., 615.

Jacob, Life of Cresap, 272.

Jacques Cartier, hill of, Vaudreuil at, 550.

Jaillot, Hubert, royal geographer, 79.

Jalot, 72.

Jamaica, map in Ogilby, 472.

James, Captain Thomas, voyage, 69.

James, G. P. R., Great Commanders, 603.

James River, 274.

Jamestown (Stono River) founded, 309.

Janes, Wesley his own Historian, 403.

Jans, Anneke, 230.

Janvier, L’Amérique, 85.

Jay, John, 349.

Jefferson, Peter. See Fry, Joshua.

Jefferson, Thomas, Notes on Virginia, 273; its map, 273.

Jefferys, T., General Topography of North America, 38, 85, 444, 618; Atlas, 618; History of the French Dominion, etc., 38, 85, 444, 616; his map in it, 85; maps of Louisbourg (1745 and 1758), 442, 443, 444, 468, 469; his issue of Evans’s map, 565; his maps of the Acadian bounds, 482; maps of Montreal, 556; of Lake Champlain, 557; of New York and New Jersey, 557; map of Nova Scotia, 480, 481; map of Quebec, 549; map of the St. Lawrence River, 614; gulf, 614; maps of Virginia and New York, 565; plan of Ticonderoga, 525; plans of the siege of Quebec (1759), 542; publishes Fry and Jefferson’s Virginia, 575; publishes plans of Braddock’s defeat, 500; reëngraves Blodgett’s plan of the battle at Lake George, 586; republishes Evans’s map, 84; on the siege of Quebec (1759), 606; Conduct of the French, 482; Conduite des François, 482; Remarks on the French Memorials, 482.

Jenckes of Rhode Island, 141.

Jenings, Edw., 265.

Jenkins, Howard M., Gwynedd, 247.

Jenning, Isaac, Memorials of a Century, 238.

Jennings, David, Dr. Cotton Mather, 157.

Jésuites Martyrs du Canada, 431.

Jesuits in the English colonies, 164; in Louisiana, 43, 44.

Joannes, Major de, La Campagne de 1759, 605.

Jogues, Jesuit, in New York, 190.

Johannis, a coin, 230.

Johns Hopkins University Studies in History and Political Science, 271.

Johnson, B. T., Foundation of Maryland, 271.

Johnson, John, Old Maryland Manors, 271.

Johnson, Mrs., Captivity, 186.

Johnson, Lorenzo D., 438.

Johnson, Robt., 322.

Johnson, Samuel, plan of union, 614.

Johnson, Sir Nath., 317; governor of Carolina, 318; on the condition (1708) of Carolina, 344.

Johnson, Sir Wm., with Abercrombie, 523; Treaty with the Shawanese (1757), 581; with Amherst (1760), 555; campaign of 1760, 608; his circular letter on the Lake George battle, 584; Letter dated at Lake George, 584; letters in the Massachusetts Archives, 584; his commission and instructions for Shirley, 584; jealous of Shirley, 585; received £5,000 from parliament, 585; favored revoking the purchase of lands from the Delawares (1754), 595; Niagara expedition (1759), 535, 601; his life, by Stone, 584; minor characteristics of him, 584; in fiction, 584; attached to Clinton in his feuds with De Lancey, 584; his papers, 232, 584; partly printed, 584; his council of war (Aug.), 584; his views on measures necessary to defeat the designs of the French, 571, 584, 613; sought to relieve Monro at Fort William Henry, 595; at the Albany congress (1754), 613; autog., 502; portrait, 503; his house, 503; views of it, 503; leads campaign to capture Crown Point (1755), 503; fights Dieskau, 504; wounded, 504; fails to follow up the victory, 505; builds Fort William Henry, 505; rewarded and made a baronet, 505; goes into winter-quarters, 505; Indian conferences (1753), 245; (1755-56), 581, 584, 589, 590; (1757), 596; propitiates the Indians, 581, 589; resigned as Indian agent, 204; sole Indian superintendent, 508; relations with the Indians, 487.

Johnson, governor of South Carolina, dies, 332.

Johnston, Gabriel, governor of Carolina, 301; dies, 303.

Johnston, James, 402.

Johnston, Thomas, 586.

Johnston, Wm., 578.

Johnston, Cecil County, 272.

Johnstone, Chevalier, on the siege of Louisbourg (1758), 464; Memoirs of a French Officer, 604.

Joliet, his maps, 79.

Joncaire, 6, 7; on the Canada Indians, 490, 563; near Niagara, 534; at Venango, 492.

Jones, C. C., on Count Pulaski, 401; Dead Towns of Georgia, 401; on the Georgia Historical Society, 400; History of Georgia, 406; edits Acts of the Assembly of Georgia (1755-1774), 402; edits Purry’s tract, 347; “English Colonization of Georgia”, 357; Tomo-chi-chi, 399.

Jones, Hugh, Present State, 250; autog., 278.

Jones, H. G., Andrew Bradford, 248; on the Dublin (Pa.) Baptist church, 247.

Jones, M. M., 592.

Jones, Nobel, 391.

Jones, U. J., Juniata Valley, 249.

Jonquière, Adm. de la, 8; autog., 8; captured, 8; assumes the government of Canada, 9; dies, 10; in Quebec, 571; confers with the Cayugas, 571.

Joppa (Md.), 261.

Jordan, river, 338.

Joseph’s Town (Georgia), 372, 373, 379.

Journal de Québec, 619.

Journal Historique (Louisiana), 55, 63. See Beaurain.

Journal Œconomique, 67.

Joutel, Journal Historique, 81.

Juchereau, Hôtel Dieu, 562.

Judd, Sylvester, Hadley, 187.

Jumonville, 574; autog., 493; killed, 493.

Juniata, Indian depredations, 590.

Kalbfleisch, C. H., 93.

Kalm, Peter, on Niagara, 244; En Risa tel Norra America, 244; translation, 244.

Kankakee River, 52.

Kaokia, 53.

Kapp, F., Deutschen in New York, 246.

Kaskaskia, 53, 67, 69, 566.

Kaskaskias, 52.

Katholische Kirche in den Vereinigten Staaten, 431.

Kearsarge, name of, 180.

Keble, John, 225.

Keith, Chas. P., Councillors of Pennsylvania, 249.

Keith, Geo., in Boston, 103; his Journal, 104, 168, 243; portraits, 243.

Keith, Sir Wm., British Plantations, 280; Present State of the Colonies, 280; his house in Philadelphia, 258; notice of, 243; portrait, 243; tracts on his controversy, 243; governor of Pennsylvania, 211-214; dies, 214; treaty with Five Nations, 563; map in his Virginia, 272.

Kellet, Alex., 391.

Kendall, Duchess of, 113.

Kennebec, forts on, 151, 181, 182; marked as western bounds of Acadia, 475, 482; Plymouth claims upon, 474; A Patent for Plymouth, 474; survey of, 474; westerly limit of grant to Alexander, 479.

Kennedy, Archibald, Importance of Gaining the Indians, 612; his plan of union, 612; Serious Considerations, 612.

Kennedy, John P., Swallow Barn, 284.

Kent, Captain Richard, 356.

Kentucky, early explorers, 565; histories, 565.

Keppel, Admiral, 576; journal of one of his officers, 576; letter, 576; Life of Keppel, 578.

Ker, John, of Kersland, his Memoirs, 81; map, 81.

Kercheval, Valley of Virginia, 581.

Kerlerec, governor of Louisiana, 51.

Keulen, Gerard van, his map of New France, 81.

Kiawah, cassique of, 305; settled, 307. See Charlestown, S. C.

Kickapoos, 564.

Kidd, pirate, 195.

Kidder, Fred., Abnaki Indians, 424; Expeditions of Lovewell, 431.

Kilby, Christopher, 147; his letters, 149.

Kilian, G. C., Americanische Urquelle derer innerlichen Kriege, 618, 619.

Kinderhook township, map, 236.

King, Colonel Richard, 562.

King George’s war, 434.

King, James, 400.

King William’s war (1688, etc.), 420.

Kingsley on Yale College, 102.

Kingston (Canada), 525.

Kingston (N. Y.), 237.

Kinlock, James, 325.

Kinsey, John, 220.

Kip, Early Jesuit Missions, 68.

Kirk, Louis, occurrences in Acadia, 476.

Kitchin, Thos., his maps, 83; map of Acadia, 474; map of the Cherokee country, 484; map of the St. Lawrence, 614; map of province of Quebec, 615; map of French settlement, 566; map of Nova Scotia, 482; of New England, 482.

Kleinknecht, C. D., Nachrichten von den Colonisten zu Eben-Ezer, 396.

Knight, Madam, her Journey, 168.

Knowles, Com., in Boston, 148; causes riot, 148; quarrel with Douglass, 158.

Knox, Captain John, Historical Journal (1757-1760), 467, 616; account of siege of Louisbourg (1758), 467.

Knox, J. J., United States Notes, 176.

Kohl, J. G., his maps described in Harvard University Bulletin, 473.

Kussoe Indians, 311.

L’Assumption, Fort de, 82.

La Corne, in attack on Fort William Henry, 517.

La Croix, Paul, Dix-huitième Siècle, 34, 77, 412.

La Grange de Chessieux, La Conduite des François justifiée, 482.

La Harpe, B. de, 36, 63; autog., 63; defends Bienville, 44; at Cadadoquais, 40; at St. Bernard Bay, 40; translated, 72.

La Lande, de, account of Piquet, 571.

La Loire, MM., 29.

La Mothe Cadillac, 483; governor of Louisiana, 29; autog., 29. See Cadillac.

La Prairie, 486.

La Presentation, 490.

La Salle, Nic. de, 27.

La Salle’s explorations, 13.

La Tour, his Lettres Patentes, 476; his territory in Acadia, 478, 479.

Labat, M., 421.

Labroguerie, map of Lake Ontario, 614.

Lachine, 555.

Lafargue, E. de, on Nova Scotia, 475; Œuvres, 475.

Lahontan, map of Acadia, 473; of Canada, 474.

Lahoulière’s account of siege of Louisbourg (1758), 467.

Lake. See names of lakes.

Lake George, battle (1755), A Ballad Concerning the Fight, 557; three contemporary printed comments, 586; French accounts, 588; map, 585, 586, 589; view, 586; authorities, 583; Johnson’s letters, 584; various contemporary letters, etc., 584, 585; expense largely borne by Massachusetts, 585; men sent by Massachusetts, 585; rude map from Gentleman’s Magazine, 585; Dieskau’s map, 585; list of killed and wounded, 586; reasons for abandoning the campaign, 586; plan of the ambuscade, 586; contemporary French map, 388; other maps of, 526, 527; (1759), 589; modern map, 536; “Rogers’s Slide”, 593.

Lake St. Sacrement. See Lake George.

Lalor, Cyclopædia of Political Science, 76.

Lamb, Martha J., Homes of America, 252.

Lamberville, Jac. de, 561.

Lambing, A. A., 580.

Lancaster (Mass.), 184; Acadians in, 461.

Lancaster (Pa.), treaty (1744), 487, 566; Colden’s account, 566; (1747), 245; (1748), 569; (1762), 245.

Land-bank schemes, 170, 173; Model for Erecting a Bank of Credit, 170.

Landgraves in Carolina, 291.

Lane, Daniel, 604.

Lane, John, 438.

Langdon, Sam., Map of New Hampshire (MSS.), 485, 585.

Langevin, Jean, “Canada sous la Domination française”, 619.

Langlade, Chas. de, 568; at Monongahela, 580; papers on, 568.

Langworthy, Edw., projected a history of Georgia, 405.

Langy watches Abercrombie, 521, 522.

Lansdowne MSS., 475.

Lareau, Edmond, Littérature Canadienne, 619; “Nos Archives”, 617.

Laroche, John, 364.

Larrabee, Captain, 432; his garrison house, 183.

Larrabee, Wesley and his Coadjutors, 404.

Lastekas, 30.

Latimer, E. W., on Maryland colonial life, 272.

Latrobe, C. I., translates Loskiel’s Moravian Missions, 245, 582.

Laudonnière, Histoire Notable, 73.

Laval, P., Voyage à Louisiane, 86.

Law, John, and his schemes, 32; his bank, 33; fac-simile of note, 34; a fugitive, 35; grant on Arkansas River, 35; literature of, 75; portraits, 75, 76; Œuvres, 75; his proposal in Verzameling, etc., 76; contemporary publications, 76; laments of victims, 76; Het Groote Tafereel, etc., 76; satires, 76; lives of, 76; autog., 76; Law, the Financier, 76; account by Irving, 76; by many others, 77; in fiction, 77; in Mémoires, 77.

Law, Wm., on Georgia history, 401.

Lawrence, Governor Charles, 410; autog., 452; and the French neutrals, 416.

Lawrence, Wm. B., 68.

Lawrence, fort, map, 451, 452, 453. See Fort.

Lawson, John, New Voyage to Carolina, 344; translations, 345; murdered, 345; his map, 345.

Lawyers, late in New England legislatures, 166.

Le Beau, Christine, 186.

Le Ber, Mdlle., 6.

Le Bœuf, 566.

L’Epinay, governor of Louisiana, 31; autog., 31.

Le Gac, Mémoire, 76.

Le Loutre, Abbé de, 146; his station 451, 452; letter to Lawrence, 453; character of, 457.

Lemoyne, Catholic missionary, 190.

Le Moyne family, 23. See Lemoine.

Le Page du Pratz, 36; autog., 65; Histoire de la Louisiane, 65; translations, 65.

Le Petit, 46; narrative, 72.

Le Sueur, 80; account of, 67; on the upper Mississippi, 25; his explorations, 22.

Lea, Philip, map of Carolina, 315.

Leake, John, 257.

Lecky, England in the Eighteenth Century, 615.

Leddel, Henry, 458.

Lederer, John, 359; his Discoveries, 338; his map, 339; his travels, 340.

Lediard, Naval History, 562.

Lee, Chas., 607; at Abercrombie’s defeat, 597; letters on the siege of Niagara, 601; goes to Duquesne, 601.

Lee, Hon. Charles, Attorney-General U. S. A., 392.

Lee, Hannah F., on the Huguenots in France and America, 98, 349.

Lee, J. S., Colonel Hawkes, 186.

Lee family, their mansion, 275.

Leisler, Jacob, arrives in New Netherland, 189; autog., 189; proclaimed lieutenant-governor, 190; hanged, 190; his legislation, 192; authorities on, 241; his body reinterred, 195; Letter from a Gentleman of New York, 240; his attainder reversed, 240; papers, 240; Loyalty Vindicated, 240; Modest and Impartial Narrative, 240.

Lelièvre on John Wesley and the English translation, 403.

Lemercier, Church History of Geneva, 137.

Lemoine, J. M., on Garneau, 619; “Nos quatre historiens modernes”, 619; Quebec Past and Present, 619; Picturesque Quebec, 619; Glimpses of Quebec, 600; “Fraser’s Highlanders before Quebec”, 604, 605, 606; Maple Leaves, 604; on the death of Montcalm, 605; Le régiments des Montagnards écossais, 606; La Mémoire de Montcalm vergée, 594; “Les Archives du Canada”, 617; Maple Leaves, 15, 619; Rues de Québec, 549; “Sur les dernières années de la domination française en Canada”, 610. See Le Moyne.

Lemoine brothers, 71.

Lémontey, P. E., Histoire de la Régence, 77.

Lery, Macdonald, A. C., de, 495.

Léry, his map, 238; plan of Detroit, 559; plan of Oswego, 567.

Lesdignierres, 63.

Leslie, Chas., Short and Easy Method, 126.

Leslie, letter on Braddock’s campaign, 578.

Lettres édifiantes, 68.

Levasseur, P. E., Le Système de Law, 77.

Leverett, Captain John, 421; orders from Cromwell (1656), 476.

Leverett, C. E., John Leverett, 421.

Lévis, Chevalier de, comes over with Montcalm, 505; in attack on Fort William Henry (1757), 516; attacks Murray, 552; plan of the campaign, 552; battle of Sainte-Foy, 552; attacks Quebec, 553; retreats, 554; his efforts to recover Quebec, 608; Guerre du Canada, 608; his instructions, 609; at Jacques Cartier, 550; letters, 608; his MS. record (1755-60), 589; sent from Quebec to confront Amherst, 545; in the siege of Quebec (1759), 605; at Ticonderoga (1758), 521, 523.

Lewis, John F., 276.

Lewis, Major Thomas, 276.

Libraries in Virginia, 276.

Lieber, O. M., 356.

Ligneres at Duquesne, 497; at Niagara, 535.

Lignery, De, treaty by (1726), 561.

Lindsey’s Unsettled Boundaries of Ontario, 80.

Linen-making, 119, 227.

Linn, J. B., Buffalo Valley, 249.

Linsey-woolsey, 227.

Lithgow, Wm., autog., 182.

Livingston, Edw., on the Albany congress, 613; on French intrigues with the Indians, 571.

Livingstone, Major, sent to Canada, 424; his journal, 424.

Livingston, Peter, & Co., 254.

Livingston, P. & R., 233.

Livingston, Robt., plan of a triple confederacy, 611.

Livingston, Wm., on Braddock’s campaign, 578; defends Shirley, 508; edits Mackemie’s trial, 241; Review of the Military Operations, 587. See Smith, Wm.

Livingston family, 252.

Livingston manor, map, 237; other maps, 238.

Livre d’Ordres, 589.

Lloyd, David, 210, 214.

Lloyd, Thomas, 207; governor of Pennsylvania, 207.

Löber, M. C., tract on Georgia, 396.

Locke, John, 336; autog., 336; Several Pieces, 336; works, 337; his connection with Carolina, 356; the fundamental constitutions, 291; intended description of Carolina, 338; portrait, 337; Familiar Letters, 337.

Lodge, H. C., Short History of the English Colonies, 168, 247, 280, 621; on Virginia life, 284.

Lodge, Portraits, 337.

Logan, James, 209; goes to England, 211; president of the council, 215; his correspondence with Penn, 242; his portrait, 242; on defensive war, 243; on the French settlement in the Ohio Valley, 563.

Logan, J. H., Upper Country of South Carolina, 350.

Logan Historical Society, 576.

Logstown, 497, 564; treaty at (1752), 490, 570; position of, 570.

London, treaty at (1686-87), 476; bishop of, made head of the American church, 195.

London Spy, 99.

Londonderry (N. H.), 119.

Longfellow, H. W., verses on Lovewell’s fight, 432; Evangeline, 456, 459.

Longueil, at Detroit, 483; letter (1726), 561; governor of Montreal, 7; governor of Canada, 10.

Loomis, A. W., 599.

Lord, Rev. Joseph, 342.

Lords of Trade, 96.

Loring, Captain, on Lake Champlain, 538, 540.

Loring, Israel, 430.

Loring, Joshua, draught of Lake George, 585.

Loskiel, G. H., Geschichte der Mission, etc., 582; English version, 245, 582.

Lossing, B. J., Cyclopædia of United States History, 252; edits Washington’s diary (1789-91), 573; Military Journals of two Private Soldiers, 597; on Princeton College, 248.

Lotbinière, letter on Braddock’s defeat, 580; letter on Lake George battle (1755), 589; at Oswego, 592; at Ticonderoga, 505.

Lotteries, 145.

Loudon, Earl of, 153; autog., 510; portraits, 506, 507; sent over to assume command, 508, 591; correspondence with Shirley, 591; his despatches, 593, 595; his dilatoriness, 575; his intended attack on Louisbourg (1757), 515; returns, 520; his military orders as to rank, 510; his demand for officers’ quarters, 513; Pitt asks assistance for him, 593; recalled, 154, 596; Conduct of a Noble Commander, 596.

Louis XIV., baffled, 5.

Louis XV., De Tocqueville on, 77.

Louisbourg, fortified, 409, 434; cost of, 410; medal commemorating, 434; suggestions for the attack (1745), 434, 435; expedition to and siege of (1745), 146, 410; rolls of, 165; share of the different New England colonies, 437; offers of other colonies, 147; expenses ultimately borne by Great Britain, 412; which repays the colonies, 176; surrenders, 411; the news reaches Boston, 146; papers on the siege, 436; sermons on, 438; councils of war, 436; diaries, 438; (Pomeroy), 437; (Pepperrell), 437; letters, 437; other contemporary accounts, 437; Accurate and Authentic Account, 437; list of officers, 438; New Hampshire troops, 438; great risk of the attempt, 439; credit given to Warren, 439; accounts in the general histories, 439; French accounts, 439; Lettre d’un Habitant, 439; the town restored to France (1748), 148, 413; governors of (1745-1748), 459; attempted attack by Loudon (1757), 464, 515; the town strengthened, 464; siege by Amherst (1758), 165, 418, 464, 471, 604; planned by Knowles, 464, 467; English accounts, 464; diaries, 464; Journal of the Siege, 464; Authentic Account, 467; letters of Wolfe, 467; Wolfe at, 540; French accounts, 464, 467; papers in Parkman MSS., 464; account of defences, by Drucour, 467; colors taken to London, 467; present condition of the site, 439; maps of the town and sieges, 83, 439-448; Set of Plans, 444; siege of 1745 maps (Pepperrell’s), 446; (Gibson’s), 437; siege of 1758 maps, 465, 468, 469, 470, 471; (Folling’s), 467; chart of the harbor, 448; plan of island battery, 448; medals (1758), 471; views of the town, 466, 467, 471; of harbor, 466; (Pepperrell’s), 447, 448; (Jefferys), 448.

Louisiana, history of, 1, 13; limits of, 13, 28; French claims to, 13; Spanish claims to, 13; English claims to, 13; La Salle in, 13; Tonty in, 14; immigrants from Canada, 24; English traders, 25; Indian wars, 25; its name, 25; its government under Sauvolle, 25; Iberville held it to be distinct from Canada, 25; government of, 27; grants to Crozat, 28; English traders in, 29; legal tribunals in, 31, 43; population, 27, 31, 49, 55; under L’Epinay, 31; Company of the West, 31; absorbs Illinois, 35; convicts sent to, 36; effect of Law’s collapse, 42; currency of the company, 43; ecclesiastical government, 43; Company of the Indies ceases, 49; sold to Spain, 58; descriptions occasioned by Law’s scheme, 76; geographical names in, 79; frontier posts of the French and the English, 84; the encroachments of the French, 84; papers in Spanish archives, 74; papers from the Paris archives, 74; sources of history, 63; histories, 64; separate papers, 65; boundary question, 69; historical society, 72; help from Paris archives, 73; archives of the state despoiled, 74; maps of, 79; (1720), 76; (1763), 615; (Dumont’s), 82; (of the rival claims), 83; (Delisle’s), 72; (German), 345; Acadians in, 463.

Louvigny, 14.

Lovelace, John, governor of New York, autog., 195; governor of New Jersey, 218; dies, 196; sermon on his death, 241.

Lovell, James, 145.

Lovewell, John, 127; his fight and death, 431; autog., 431; sources, 431; map of his fight, 433.

Lovewell’s war, 430.

Lowdermilk, Cumberland, 574, 577.

Lowry, Jean, Captivity, 590.

Loyalhannon Creek, 529; variously spelled, 529.

Luard, Dress of British Soldiers, 109, 547.

Lucas, Jonathan, 308.

Ludwell, Philip, 296.

Luna, Tristan de, 359.

Lurting, Colonel, Robt., 253.

Lyman, General Phineas, at Lake George, 502; builds Fort Lyman, 504; defeats Dieskau, 504; letter to his wife, 585; overlooked by Johnson, 585; defended by President Dwight, 587.

Lynde, Samuel, Bank of Credit, 171.

Lyne, James, plan of New York, 253.

Lyon, Lemuel, journal, 597.

Lyttleton, Wm. H., governor of Carolina, 333; letters, 350.

Lyttleton papers, 350.

M’Cluny, J. A., Western Adventure, 579, 581.

M’Kinney describes Fort Duquesne, 498.

MacMasters, J. B., on a free press in the middle colonies, 248.

MacMurray, J. W., edits Pearson’s Schenectady Patent, 249.

Macaulay, Chatham, 596.

Mackay, Alex., 322.

Mackay, Hugh, 376.

Mackay, Popular Delusions, 76.

Mackellar, Patrick, 498.

Mackemie, Francis, authorities on, 282; Narrative of his Imprisonment, 282; in Virginia, 268; favors towns in Virginia, 279; Plain and Friendly Persuasive, 279; prosecuted by Cornbury, 241; his Trial edited by Wm. Livingston, 241.

Mackenzie, Alex., 169.

Mackenzie, G., 459.

Mackinnon, D., Coldstream Guards, 577.

Macleod, Daniel, Memoirs, 549.

Macy, Nantucket, 118.

Madawaska River, Acadians upon, 463.

Maerschaick, F., surveyor of New York, 255; his plan of New York, 257.

Magazine of Western History, 621.

Magne, 74.

Mahon, England, 621; on Wolfe, 603.

Maine, Province of, bounds, 134; garrison houses in, 183; histories of, 163, 181; Indian wars in, 420; plan of the coast, by Jos. Heath (1719), 474; by Phineas Jones (1751), 474; by John North (1752), 474; towns in, 181.

Malartic, diary, 594; letters, 608.

Malbranchia (Mississippi), 17.

Manhattan Magazine, 247.

Manifesto Church in Boston, 101.

Manitoba, 86; historical and scientific society of, 622.

Mante, Thomas, History of the Late War, 616.

Manufactory Bank, 171, 173.

Manufactures in the colonies, 222; opposed by England, 223.

Maps, Catalogue of Printed Maps in British Museum, 233; incorrectness of early, a useful element for the historian, 338.

Maquas in Boston, 107; pictures of, 107. See Five Nations.

March, Colonel, before Port Royal, 408, 421.

Marcou, Mrs. Jules, Belknap, 163.

Marest, Gabriel, 561.

Margry, Pierre, Découvertes et Établissements, 73; titles of separate volumes, 73; on Vérendrye’s discovery, 567.

Maricheets, 452.

Maricourt, 14.

Marietta (Ohio), 570.

Marigny de Mandeville, memoirs, 71.

Marin, 57, 492, 527; journal of, 16.

Marion, Joseph, 127.

Markham, governor of Delaware, 207; rules for Penn in Pennsylvania, 208.

Marlborough, Duke of, his victories, 106.

Marmontel, J. F., Régence du Duc de Orleans, 77.

Marquette and Joliet’s account of discovery, 72.

Marquette’s maps, 79.

Marsh, Perez, 586.

Marshall, John, diary (1707), 421.

Marshall, John (Va.), History of the Colonies, 620.

Marshall, O. H., on Céloron, 570; on the Niagara frontier, 534.

Marshall, Ralph, 307.

Marshe, Wm., journal of conference at Lancaster, 566.

Martel, T. B., 610.

Martin, Clement, 391.

Martin, E. K., Mennonites, 246.

Martin, Felix, De Montcalm en Canada, 607; Le Marquis de Montcalm au Canada, 607.

Martin, F. X., account of, 72, 354; Louisiana, 65; North Carolina, 354.

Martin, J. H., Bethlehem, 249.

Martin, governor of North Carolina, 305.

Martyn, Benj., Reasons for Establishing Georgia, 394; Progress of Georgia, 395; secretary of trustees of Georgia, 366.

Martyn, Henry, 395.

Marvin, A. P., Lancaster, 184.

Maryland, Acadians in, 461, 462; archives, 617; papers in the Maryland Historical Society, 617; Calendar of State Archives, 270; Archives of Maryland, 270; histories of, 259, 271; editions of laws, 260, 271; views on the early Toleration Act, 271; life of the province, 272; religion, 272; Chalmers’s papers on, 354; Copley the first royal governor, 259; Episcopal Church established, 259; Francis Nicholson, governor, 260; John Hart ruled for the proprietary, 260; the assembly claim the common law, 261; currency troubles, 261; as a crown province, 259; tobacco crop, 259; life in, 259; absence of towns, 259; boundary disputes with Pennsylvania, 239, 261, 263, 272, 273; map used, 272; disputes with Virginia, 263, 273; map showing present and charter boundaries, 273; Report of Commissioners on the Maryland and Virginia Bounds, 273; population, 261; institutional life, 261; Horatio Sharpe, governor, 262; money voted for the French war, 262; Catholics, 262; war on the proprietary, 262; her records, 270; history of their preservation, 270; refuses to assist Braddock, 580.

Maryland Gazette, 261.

Mascarene, Paul, 139, 409; autog., 450; description of Nova Scotia, 409; his “Events at Annapolis” (1710-1711), 423.

Mason, Arthur, 110.

Mason, Edw. G., 69; Illinois in the Eighteenth Century, 52.

Mason, Newport, 141.

Mason and Dixon’s line, 263, 273; their journals, 273; authorities on, 273.

Massachusetts, expedition from, to New Mexico (1678), 69; provincial charter, 91, 477; printed, 92; original of, 92; population, 92; seal of, 93; seals of governors, 93; document on the arms of, 93; quarrels with the governors over their salaries, 94, 104, 116, 130, 131, 132, 133; witchcraft court, 94; bill making representatives necessarily residents of towns represented by them, 95; London agents, 106, 107; paper money, 113; loss in Indian wars, 113; Burgess commissioned governor, 115; Shute, governor, 115; Wm. Dummer, lieutenant-governor, 116; freedom of press, 117; tracts on her depressed condition (1717, etc.), 119; picture of the province sloop, 123; under Dummer, 124; explanatory charter, 124; cost of the war (1723), 127; Burnet removes General Court to Salem, 130; sends Jona. Belcher to England, 131; made governor, 132; Spencer Phips, governor, 139; Shirley, governor, 143; exhausted by the Louisbourg expedition, 146; Brief State of the Services, etc., 147; relations with its agents, 147; Spencer Phips governor in Shirley’s absence, 149, 153; capital offences in, 152; Pownall, governor, 153; cost of the war, 153; refuse to have troops quartered on the people, 154; her troops (1759), 154; Bernard, governor, 155; authorities on her history, 162; documentary history, 164; her appeal in 1699, 164; fines traders with the French, 164; trees reserved for royal navy, 164; negative of the governor, 164; encroachments on the royal prerogative, 164; her archives cared for, 164; report on them, 165; papers on the revolution of 1689, 165; on the Andros period, 165; French archives, 165, 617; copies from England, 165; council records, 165; records of House of Representatives, 165; their printed journals, 165; muster rolls of French and Indian wars, 165; legislative history, 166; Province Laws, 166, 167; Acts and Resolves, edited by Ames and Goodell, 167; cost of printing Massachusetts Colony Records, Plymouth Colony Records, and provincial laws, 167; histories of manners, 169; financial history, 170; banks, 170; penny bills, 171; manufactory bank, 171; silver scheme, 171; volumes marked “Pecuniary” in her archives, 173; pamphlets on the subject, 174, 175; old tenor v. new tenor, 176; depreciation table, 176; emblems of Massachusetts, 177; towns in, 92; names of her towns, 181; frontier towns, 184, 187; border wars, 184; massacres, 187; Brief State of the Services, etc., 457; despatches of the governor to the secretary of state (1745-51), 459; troops in Crown Point expedition, 585; Acadians in, 461; papers on them in the archives, 461; town histories referring to them, 461; declined to receive others, 462; intercepted, 463; expense of supporting Acadians, 462; Bernard refuses to receive them, 462; bounds on Popple’s map, 134; boundary disputes, 177; claims land at the west, 180; bounds on New Hampshire, 180; on Rhode Island, 180, 232; on Connecticut, 180; map of, 88.

Massachusetts, fort, 187. See Fort.

“Massachusetts”, frigate, 437.

Massacre Island, 17.

Mather, Cotton, Bills of Credit, 170; Life of Phips, 170; his character, 101, 129; his library, 101, 162; favors Jos. Dudley’s appointment, 103; quarrels with him, 104; disappointed in not being president of Harvard College, 105; his Le Vrai Patron, 106; his Iroquois tract, 107; Question and Proposal, 108; answered by John Wise, 108; his Winthropi Justa, 212; and Governor Shute, 116; Decennium Luctuosum, 420; diary, 168; Duodecennium Luctuosum, 430; incites or writes Memorial against Jos. Dudley, 422; Magnalia, 156; Manuductio ad Ministerium, 156; his style, 157; lives of, 157; map in his Magnalia, 88; his Parentator, 125; tries to have a synod, 126; on Sebastian Rasle, 127; Waters of Marah, 127; praises Shute, 118; receives a doctorate, 119; Testimony against Evil Customs, 119; favors inoculation, 120; attacked, 120; despised by Douglass, 120; and Wm. Dummer, 123; his reputation in successive generations, 157; his literary fecundity, 157; authorities, 157; The Terror of the Lord, 128; Boanerges, 128; dies, 129; judged by James Savage, 129.

Mather, Increase, diary, 168; his character, 101, 125, 126; goes to England, 87; and the new charter of Massachusetts Bay, 91; returns to Boston, 93; laments the decline of theocratic views, 93; made D. D. by Harvard, 94; relations to the college, 98; relations with Sam. Sewall, 100; Order of the Gospel, 101; attacked by the Manifesto Church party, 101; declines to go to England, 114; and the New England Courant, 121; dies, 125; portrait, 125; memoirs, 125.

Mather, Samuel, Life of Cotton Mather, 157.

Mathers, the, Quincy and Grahame upon, 621.

Mather Papers, 166.

Mathews, Alfred, 565.

Matler’s Rock, 237.

Matthews, A., 577.

Mauduit, Jasper, 462.

Maule, Thomas, 95; Truth Held Forth, 95; New England Persecutors, 95; genealogy of, 95; Tribute to Cæsar, 562.

Maurault, Abbé, J. A., Histoire des Abénakis, 421, 619.

Maurepas, lake, 41.

Maurice, J. F., Hostilities without Declaration of War, 574.

Maury, Ann, Huguenot Family, 276.

Maury, Jas., on Evans’s map, 564.

Maxwell, Thomson, 598, 602.

Maxwell, Virginia Register, 284.

Mayer, Brantz, edits Sot-Weed Factor, 272; Logan and Cresap, 272.

Mayer, F. B., 271; Old Maryland Manners, 272.

Mayer, Lewis, Ground Rents in Maryland,271; on Maryland Papers, 617.

Mayhew, Jona., his bold utterances, 150.

Mayo, John, lays out Richmond, 268.

Mayo, Colonel William, 268.

McCall, Hugh, History of Georgia, 405.

McGill, A. T., 273.

McHenry, James, 575.

McLeod, Rev. John, 376.

Meade, Old Churches, etc., of Virginia, 279, 282, 284.

Mease, James, Picture of Philadelphia, 252.

Mecklenburg declaration of independence, 304.

Meginness, J. F., Valley of the Susquehanna, 249.

Melchers, Julius, 560.

Melish, John, Description of United States, 53.

Mellish, T., 331.

Melon, Essai politique, 75.

Melvin, Eleazer, 182.

Mémoires sur le Canada, 57; MS. of, 57.

Memoirs of the Principal Transactions of the Last War, 568.

Mennonists, 217, 246; authorities on, 246.

Menwe. See Five Nations.

Mercer, Colonel, killed at Oswego, 510.

Mercer, Colonel Hugh, at Pittsburgh, 600.

Mercer, John, 278.

Merrimac River, 88; in Popple’s map, 134.

Merriman, Sergeant, diary, 602.

Methodist Quarterly, 403.

Meursius, Jacob, map, 472.

Mexico, St. Denys in, 71.

Miami Confederacy, 563.

Miami, fort at, 559.

Miamis, 564.

Miamis, French on the, 490, 566.

Michelet, Jules, La France sous Law, 77.

Michilimackinac, French at, 566; map, 559.

Micmacs, country of, 480; threatening, 452; accounts of, 452; Customs and Manners of the Micmakis, 452.

Middle Colonies in the eighteenth century, 189; life in, 247; literature of, 248; publications in, 248; population of, 246.

Middleton, Arthur, governor of Carolina, 328; conflicts with the Assembly, 329.

Middleton, Henry, 350.

Middleton, map of Braddock’s march, 500.

Mildmay, Wm., 475.

Military History of Great Britain, 1756-57, 592.

Miller, John, Province and City of New York, 253.

Miller, secretary of Carolina, 294.

Mills, Boundaries of Ontario, 86.

Mills, rolling, prohibited, 149.

Minas, basin of, view of entrance, 449; battle of, 448; English and French accounts, 448, 449.

Minet, his maps, 79.

Mingoes, 484. See Five Nations.

Minnesota, historical chart of, 622; historical society of, 622.

Minot, G. R., on the Acadians, 458; Massachusetts Bay, 162; portrait, 162.

Minquas, 484.

Misère, 55.

Mississippi Bubble, 75. See Law, John.

Mississippi River, mouths of, map (1700), 22; called St. Louis, 86; entered by Iberville, 18; maps of, by De Fer, 23; by Le Blond de la Tour, 23; by De Pauger, 23; by Sérigny (1719), 41; its scouring action, 42; map of lower parts, by Le Page, 66; by Bellin, 66; other maps, 66; explored by the English, 69; name of, 70; spelling of name, 79.

Mississippi Valley, maps of, 79; maps supporting the English and French claims, 83.

Missouri Indians, 39.

Missouri River, French on the, 566.

Mistasin, lake, 84.

Mitchell, John, Contest in America, 83, 615; his Map of the British Colonies, 83.

Mittelberger, Gottlieb, Reise, 244.

Moales, John, 271.

Mobile Bay, 17, 66; plan, 71; visited by Iberville, 21.

Mobilians, 86.

Mohawk River, 236; map, 595.

Mohawk Valley, map, 238.

Mohawks, 484; conference with (1753), 245; (1758), 245; missions among, 246.

Mohegan case, 111, 232; authorities on, 111; Cæsar, a Mohegan sachem, 112.

Moidores (coin), 230.

Moll, Herman, his maps, 80, 234; map of South Carolina, 315; map of Virginia and Maryland, 273; survey of St. Lawrence Gulf, 614; map of New England, 133, 234; New Survey, 81, 133, 351; World Displayed, 474; Carolina, divided into Parishes, 348; Map of Dominions of the King of Great Britain in America, 344; made maps for Oldmixon, 344, 474; view of Niagara Falls (1715), 567.

Mombert, J. I., Lancaster County, 249, 566.

Mompesson, chief justice, 196.

Moncacht-Apé, story of, 77.

Monckton, Robert, governor of New York, autog. and seal, 206; commands in expedition against Beauséjour, 452; in Nova Scotia, 415; portrait and autog., 454; account of, 454; wounded at Quebec, 550; at Fort Pitt (1760), 610.

Moncrief, Major, Expedition against Quebec, 604.

Monette, J. W., Mississippi Valley, 71.

Monk, George. See Albemarle.

Monongahela, battle of, authorities on, 575; French reports, 575; ballads, 575. See Braddock.

Montague, Captain Wm., 437.

Montague, Lord Chas. Greville, 333.

Montanus, Nieuwe en Onbekende Weereld, 472; its maps, 472.

Montbeillard, Potot de, Mémoires, 605.

Montcalm, Marquis de, autog., 505; succeeds Dieskau, 505; at Ticonderoga, 505; suddenly attacks Oswego, 510; captures it, 510; again at Ticonderoga, 511; goes into winter-quarters, 512; jealousies of Vaudreuil, 514; advances (1757) on Fort William Henry, 516; retreats to Canada, 520; again at Ticonderoga awaiting Abercrombie’s attack, 521; repels it, 523 (see Ticonderoga); strengthens Ticonderoga, 527; disputes with Vaudreuil, 530; promoted, 532; apprehensive, 533; at Quebec, 540; his headquarters, 540; his policy of delay, 544; on the Plains of Abraham, 548; portraits, 548; advances on Wolfe, 548; killed, 550; buried, 550; his remains disturbed, 550; monuments to his memory, 551; his early career, 592; his despatches to the department of war, 592; his instructions as to Oswego, 592; on Rigaud’s attack on Fort William Henry, 593; his letter on his own attack on Fort William Henry, 594; his instructions, 594; letter to Webb, 594; contemporary English view of his conduct during the massacre, 595; Cooper’s view in the Last of the Mohicans, 595; his conduct respecting the massacre at Fort William Henry, variously considered, 595; letters on Abercrombie’s defeat, 598; dispute with Vaudreuil respecting the loss of Fort Frontenac, 599, 600; disheartened (1759), 600; at siege of Quebec (1759), 604; letters, 604; contemporary accounts of death and burial, 605; letters owned by the present Marquis de Montcalm, 605; correspondence with Bourlamaque, 605; letters entrusted to Roubaud, 606; Lettres de Montcalm à Messieurs de Berryer et de la Molé, 606; known to be forgeries, 606; have deceived many, 606; essay on M. by Creasy, 607; books by Martin, 607; by Bonnechose, 607; his commission (1756), 591; map of his campaigns, 618; his papers, 599. See Quebec, Wolfe, etc.

Monteano, Manuel de, 386.

Montgomerie, John, governor of New York, 198; governor of New Jersey, 220.

Montgomery, Richd., on Wolfe’s attack on Quebec, 547.

Montigni, 561.

Montour, Andrew, interpreter, 10, 490, 570; his family, 490.

Montreal, 486; defended by Vaudreuil, 534; threatened by Amherst, 555; surrounded, 556; surrender, 558, 609; raided upon, 489, 568; trade with Albany, 567; Gage at, 610; treaty at (1701), 560; views of, 554; plans of, 555, 556.

Montresor, James, his journal, 594; portrait, 594.

Montresor, Colonel John, plan for the campaign (1759), 533, 601; at siege of Quebec, 604; traverses the Kennebec route (1760) with despatches, 609; his map, 609; accompanied Murray up the St. Lawrence, 609; journal of Louisbourg (1758), 467; his journals, 594, 609; portrait, 594; map of the St. Lawrence, 614.

Montreuil, Chevalier de, 617.

Montreuil, Dieskau’s adjutant, 588; letter, 588, 605.

Moor, Robt., 364.

Moore, Colonel James, his march (1712), 345; defeats the Apalatchees, 319; defeats the Tuscaroras, 299; governor of South Carolina (1700), 316.

Moore, Colonel Maurice, his march (1713 and 1715), 345; sent against the Yemassees, 321.

Moore, Francis, Voyage to Georgia, 396, 401.

Moore, Geo. H., 117; Final Notes on Witchcraft, 164, 617; on Massachusetts legislation, 166.

Moore, James, 318, 341, 359; his account of his incursion into Florida, 342; fights the Yemassees, 322; made governor of South Carolina by the people, 327.

Moore, James (jr.), dies, 332.

Moore, J. W., North Carolina, 355.

Moore, on Wesley, 403.

Moorhead, John, 132.

Moravians, their historical society, 246; its publications, 246; monuments erected by it, 246; in Connecticut, 246; at Shekomeko in New York, 246; at Wechquodnach, 246; in Philadelphia, 246; their Manual, 246; intermediate in the war with the Indians, 595; in Georgia, 374; in New York, 257; in North Carolina, 348; in Pennsylvania, 217; their schools, 231; founded Bethlehem, 245; in New York, 245, 246; relations with Indians, 245; sources of their history, 245.

Morden, Robert, New Map of Carolina, 340, 341.

Moreau, C., 610; L’Acadie française, 424.

Morgan, Daniel, with Braddock, 498.

Morgan, Geo., 564.

Morgan, Geo. H., Harrisburg, 249.

Morgan, L. H., League of the Iroquois, 235.

Morilon du Bourg, 476.

Morris, Colonel, his sloop “Fancy”, 252.

Morris, F. O., 575.

Morris, Lewis, 196, 219, 220; chief justice of New York, 198; governor of New Jersey, 220; dies, 221.

Morris, Major, marauding expedition to Bay of Fundy (1758), 464.

Morris, Robt. Hunter, governor of Pennsylvania, 215.

Morris, Roger, 496; his house, 252.

Morris, Wm., 219.

Moseley, Edw., 299.

Moss, L., Baptists and the National Centenary, 282.

Mother Goose, 121.

Motley, John L., 563.

Mougoulachas, 18, 19.

Moulton, Captain Jere., scouting expedition, 430.

Mount Defiance (Ticonderoga), 523.

Mountgomery, Sir Robt., Discourse, 392; plan of Azilia, 392; Golden Islands, 392; his grant in Georgia, 359.

Mt. Pleasant (Va.), 570.

Mudyford, Thomas, 288.

Munro, Colonel, at Fort William Henry (1757), 515; surrenders, 517.

Munsell, Frank, Bibliography of Albany, 249.

Munsell, Joel, notes on Mrs. Grant’s American Lady, 509; Annals of Albany, 509.

Murdoch, B., Nova Scotia, 419, 460.

Murphy, A. D., projected history of North Carolina, 354.

Murray, Colonel A., autog., 460.

Murray, F., French Financiers, 76.

Murray, General James, his campaign against Lévis, 552; plan of the campaign, 552; his retreat, 553; commands above Quebec, 545; holds Quebec, 550; approaches Montreal, 555; journal at Quebec, 608; his despatches, 608; letters, 608.

Musgrove, Mary, 369.

Muskets, first made in America, 149.

Muskhogee Confederacy, 370.

Muskingum, river, 563.

Muys, M. de, 27.

Nanfan, lieutenant-governor of New York, 195.

Nansemond, Va., 307.

Nantucket, her whalers, 118.

Napier, letter to Braddock, 575, 576.

Narragansetts, 342.

Narragansett Bay, fortifications of, 142.

Narragansett country claimed by Rhode Island and Connecticut, 181.

Nason, Elias, annotates Baxter’s journal, 424; Dunstable, 184; Frankland, 144.

Nassau, isle of, 70.

Nassonites, 40.

Natchez, fort, 66, 82; trading post, 29. See Rosalie.

Natchez Indians, 21, 23; attack the French, 30; massacre, 46 (see St. André); wars, 46; defeated by Choctaws, 48; authorities, 68.

Natchitoches, 40; island, occupied, 30.

Navigation laws, 138.

Neal, Daniel, New England, 157; judged by Watts, 158; by Prince, 158.

Nearn, T., 80.

Negro plot in New York city, 201. See New York.

Neill, E. D., on the Calverts, 271; on Governor Evans, 243; Vérendrye and his Sons, 568; Virginia Carolorum, 335; Virginia Colonial Clergy, 279.

Nelson, John, 476.

Neptune Americo-Septentrional, 429.

Nervo, Les Finances françaises, 77.

Neu-gefundenes Eden, 348.

New American Magazine, 597.

New and Complete History of the British Empire in America, 350, 618.

New Biloxi, 36.

New England (1689-1763), chapter on, 87; restrictive acts in, 95; her politics little cared for in England, 114; her exports (1716), 116; the king’s rights to the woods, 116; oppressed by acts of parliament, 118; industries, 118; war declared (1722), 122; earthquake (1727), 128; the Great Awakening, 133; Catholic view of modifications of faith in, 133; sends troops to the West Indies, 135; smuggling, 138; war of 1744, 145; population (1745), 145; expedition against Canada (1746), 148; frontier forts, 149; population (1755), 151; earthquake (1755), 152; their lead in military matters, 152; sources of her history, 156; legislative history, 166; manners of, 167; authorities on, 167, 168; Chalmers’s notes on, 352, 354; coast life, 169; town system, 169; religious history, 169; organizations for propagating the gospel, of similar names, 169; financial history, 170; reimbursed for the cost of siege of Louisbourg, 176; disputed bounds, 177; forts and frontiers, 181; local histories, 181; earliest discussion of the Catholic question in, 186; her people on the Carolina coast, 295; her territory ravaged by Indians (1703-4), 5, 7, 420, 483; her military system, 591; confederacy (1643), 611; maps, 133; (1688), 88; (Moll’s), 133; (1732, Popple’s), 134; (1755), 238; Douglass on maps, 133; (Salmon’s), 234; (Pownall’s), 565; (Kitchin’s), 482. See names of New England States.

New England Courant, 121.

New England Journal, 131.

New England Weekly Journal, 135.

New France, _Collection de Manuscrits relatifs à l’Histoire de la Nouvelle France_, 473; general historians, 619; English writers on, 619.

New Hampshire, annexed to Massachusetts, 90; without political government, 90; the Mason claim, 110; John Usher, governor, 110; George Vaughan, governor, 110; Vaughan, ruling, 123; John Wentworth, governor, 123, 129; united with Massachusetts under Burnet, 139; Waldron, secretary, 139; his correspondence with Belcher, 139; authorities on her history, 163; Provincial Papers, 166, 167; Chalmers’s papers on, 354; issues of the press, 166; judicial history, 166; fac-similes of her five-shillings bill, 174; three-pounds bill, 175; Crown Point currency, 590, 591; failed to use the Louisbourg money to help her bills, 176; Stevens’s Books on New Hampshire, 180; frontier posts of, 183; Acadians in, 46; Indian wars, 183; regiments at Lake George, 585; troops in the field, 591; men killed at Fort William Henry, 595; towns of, 183; bounds and boundary disputes, 134, 180; maps (1756), 485; (1761), 485.

New Hampshire Grants, and the controversy over them, 166, 178, 179, 238.

New Inverness (Georgia), 377.

New Jersey, Alexander’s drafts used by Pownall, 565; apathy of, at the time of Braddock’s expedition, 580; finally alarmed, 580, 583; boundary disputes with New York, 222, 238; Catholics in, 191; Celebration of the Proprietors, 238; population, 246; Baptists in, 247; paper money in, 230, 247; laws, 252; first brick house in, 258; Chalmers’s papers on, 354; copper ore in, 225; divided into East and West, 217; surrendered by the proprietors, 217; united, 217; history of, 217, etc.; education in, 231; Governor Belcher’s papers on, 166; Rutgers College, 230; Princeton College, 230; trade of, 228; treaty with Indians (1756), 590.

New London, Acadians at, 461; governors at, 108.

New Orleans founded, 36; map by Le Page du Pratz, 37; in Dumont, 38; by N. Bellin, 38; by Jefferys, 38; view of (1719), 39; by Pauger, 42; Ursulines in, 44.

New York City, negro plot in, 201, 242; smuggling in, 229; Trinity Church, 230; King’s College, 230; Columbia College, 230; monographs on phases of New York, 248; its police, 249; old coffee houses, 249; its markets, 249; its ferries, 248; Catholic churches, 248; views of, engraved, 250-252; Popple’s, 250, 252; Blakewell’s, 251, 252; from London Magazine, 251, 252; keys to landmarks, 252-254; other views, 252; City Hall, 252; Fort George, 252; Broadway and its history, 252; Wall Street and its history, 252; tombs of Trinity, 252; domestic architecture, 252; Dutch houses, 252; Rutgers mansion, 252; Cortelyou house, 252; Van Cortland house, 252; Roger Morris house, 252; Beekman house, 252; Livingston house, 252; Verplanck house, 252; plans of the city, 253; Miller’s, 253; key to, 253; other plans, 253; Lyne’s plan, 253; Popple’s, 253; map of harbor, 253, 254; fac-simile, 254; Grim’s plan, 254; Collegiate Reformed Dutch Church, 254; plan of environs made for Lord Loudon, 254; city arms, 255; Maerschalk’s plan (1755), 255; Bellin’s, 257.

New York Gazette, 248.

New York Mercury, 85, 601.

New York Province, threatened by the Catholics, 189; Papists not tolerated, 190, 191; early Catholics in, 190; Bill of Rights (1691), 191, 193; money raised by a general tax, 192; charter of liberties, 192; a crown province, 192; form of government, 193; legislative struggle for supremacy, 194; courts established, 194; seals of governors, 196; oppressed by war, 197; trade with Canada, 198; courts of equity, 198; court of exchequer, 200; MS. sources of her history, 231; Duke’s laws, 231; Dongan’s laws, 232; other laws, 232; Bradford’s editions of, 232; council minutes, 232; land records, 232; Calendar of them, 232; records of Indian affairs, 233; sources on religious life, 233; papers on trade and manufactures, 233; sources of the rules of the different governors, 241; Bayard trial, 241; Episcopal Church in, 244; population of, 246; German element in, 246; French and German names in, 247; life in, 247; paper money in, 247; no bibliography of its historical literature, 248; local histories, 249; local historical societies, 249; education in, 241; manufactures in, 226; Huguenots in, 247; Chalmers’s papers on, 354; and the New Hampshire Grants, 178; bounds of, 84, 177, 238; Report of the Regents of the University on the Bounds, 238; maps, 88, 234, 235, 238; (manorial grants), 236, 237; (French grants), 238; (New York harbor), 235.

New lights, 135, 145.

Newbern (N. C.), 303.

Newcastle, Del., fort at, 210.

Newfoundland, map of, 482; naval engagement at, 452.

Newport, R. I. (1729), 141; privateers, 166.

Newspapers, 90.

Newton, J. H., History of the Panhandle, 570.

Niagara (cataract), view by Moll, 567; described by Kalm, 244; (Jagara on Colden’s map), 491.

Niagara (fort), plans, 534, 567; strengthened, 490; French at, 483; Joncaire at, 6, 7; project to seize (1706), 560; attacked by Prideaux, 533, 600; taken, 536; articles of capitulation, 601; letters, 601; French accounts, 601; rivalry for, 566.

Niagara (river), map (1759), 534.

Niaouré Bay (Sackett’s Harbor), 510.

Nicholas, a Huron, 568.

Nichols, A. H., 467, 604.

Nichols, Timothy, 604.

Nichols, Literary Anecdotes, 367.

Nicholson, Gen. Francis, in Boston, 107, 108; goes to New York, 109; governor of Maryland, 260; sent to Virginia, 264; his character, 260, 264; his ambition, 264; helps to found William and Mary College, 264; in the “Burwell affair”, 264; recalled, 264; made royal governor of Carolina, 327; attacks Port Royal (1710), 107, 408; autog., 422, 425; his journal of the siege of Port Royal, with other papers, 423; plan by which the fleet sailed, 424; advocates a union of the colonies, 611.

Nihata, 80.

Niles, Samuel, French and Indian Wars, 425; poem on Louisbourg, 438.

Nimégue, treaty at (1678), 476.

Nitschman, David, 377.

Noble, Arthur, 436; account of, 448; attacked at Grand Pré, 413.

Norfolk, Va., 267.

Norridgewock, 118; conference at, 430.

North, John, survey of the coast of Maine (1752), 474.

North Carolina, history of, 294; at first known as Albemarle County, 294; Quakers in, 294; New Englanders monopolizing the trade, 295; Culpepper rebellion, 295; Seth Sothel, governor, 296; sent to England, 296; Philip Ludwell, governor, 296; Carey’s rebellion, 297; aims of the popular party, 297; murders by Tuscaroras, 298; Virginia and South Carolina send help, 298; journals of the lower house missing, 299; causes operating to check the prosperity of the colony, 300; population, 297, 300, 303; bad governors, 300; the crown buys out seven of the proprietors, 301; under royal government, 301; bounds upon South Carolina, 302; Bath County, 302; educational failure, 303; printing introduced, 303; laws, 303; commerce, 303, 305; immigration from Pennsylvania and Virginia, 304; indemnified for war expenses, 305; sources of her history, 335; charters, 336; printed with the fundamental constitutions, 336; seal of the proprietors, 336; Revised Statutes, 336; Hilton’s discoveries, 337; Brief Description of the Province of Carolina, 337; changes in the coast line, 338; boundary with Virginia, first shown, 340; Carolina described more fully than heretofore, 340; laws, 345; surrender of title, 347; German settlements, 348; Moravians in, 348; Swiss in, 348; Chalmers’s notes on, 352; Culpepper revolution, 352; Chalmers’s papers on, 354; later histories of, 354; Williamson’s, 354; Martin’s, 354; Wheeler’s, 354; Hawks’s, 355; Moore’s, 355; maps, 336, 337, 338, 340, 350; bounds on Virginia, absence of legislative records, 356; Barrington’s account, 356; Byrd’s estimate of the people, 275.

North Carolina Gazette, 303, 350.

North (Hudson) River, map, 236, 237. See Hudson.

Northern Neck of Virginia, its bounds, 276; Survey of the Northern Neck, 276; fac-simile of it, 277.

Northumberland Papers, 603.

Northwest Review, 621.

Norton, Charles Eliot, 242.

Norton, John, Redeemed Captive, 187.

Norumbega defined by Montanus, Dapper, and Ogilby, 479.

Nourse, H. S., on the Acadians, 461; Lancaster, 184.

Nouvelles des Missions, 68.

Nouvelles Soirées canadiennes, 607.

Nova Belgica, map of, 234.

Nova Scotia, separated from Massachusetts, 96; governors of, 409; emigrants invited to settle, 414; Halifax founded, 414; first assembly, 415; expulsion of Acadians, 415 (see French Neutrals); Public Documents, 418; histories of, 419; tracts to encourage settlers, 450; Genuine Account, 450; Beschreibung von Neu-Schottland, 450; counter statements in Wilson’s Genuine Narrative, 450; Account of the Present State of Nova Scotia, 452; French Policy defeated, 452; papers of Andrew Brown upon, 458; council records sent to England, 458; records arranged, 458; T. B. Akins as record commissioner, 458; synopsis of records, 459; royal instructions, 459; proclamations, 459; Historical Society Collections, 419; Letter from a Gentleman, 460; Chalmers’s papers on, 354; maps of, 482; (Jefferys) 480, 481; maps made by order of Lawrence, 482; Montresor’s surveys, 482; map, by Kitchin, 482; of the coasts, by Des Barres, 482. See Acadia.

Noyes, Nic., New England’s Duty, 420.

O’Callaghan, E. B., on the battle of Minas, 449; edits Clarke’s Voyage, 243; edits Voyage of Sloop Mary, 422; annotates Wilson’s Orderly Book, 602; edits Bobin’s Letters, 243.

O’Reilley, governor of Louisiana, 73.

O’Sullivan, D. A., 615.

Oakes, Thomas, 87.

Occasional Reflections on the Importance of the War, 596.

Ochagach, 568.

Ocmulgee River, 359.

Oconee River, 359.

Ogden, John C., Excursion to Bethlehem, 245.

Ogdensburg, 490, 571.

Ogeechee River, 373, 375, 379.

Ogilby, his map of Carolina, 338; assistance sought from Locke, 338; America, 472; its map, 472.

Ogle, Samuel, 261.

Oglethorpe, General James Edward, his attack on the Spanish, 342; Report on its failure, 342; his origin, 361; his early life, 361; portrait, 362, 406; named in charter of Georgia, 364; reached Georgia with the first settlers, 367; in Charlestown (S. C.), 370; meets the Indians, 370; goes to England with Tomo-chi-chi, 376; made colonel, 380; commander-in-chief of forces in Georgia and Carolina, 380; attacks St. Augustine, 381, 385; maps of, 382, 383; opposes Spanish attack on St. Simon, 386; departs, 387; fac-simile of his handwriting, 393; lives of, 394; notices in general histories and periodicals, 394; his New and Accurate Account, 394, 401; letter of, 394; Curious Account of the Indians, 396; Poem to, on his arrival, 396 (see St. Augustine and St. Simon Island); tracts against him, 398; attacked by Tailfer, 399; Spalding’s Oglethorpe, 401; letters of, 401.

Ohio Company, 10, 490; charged with circulating stories of French encroachments, 580; founded (1748), 570; sends out Gist, 570; grants to, 570.

Ohio, Indians in, 564; desert the French, 529; distracted, 490; migrations, 564; side with the French after Braddock’s defeat, 583; treaties, 245, 566.

Ohio River, held to be the main stream with the Mississippi, 483; Indian names along the, 564; divides Canada from Louisiana, 563; English claim on, based on the Iroquois conquest, 564; forks of the, 273; fort at, 493; Ward surrenders the post, 573; the French officer’s summons, 573; the French building a fort (1732) on, 563; the Indians in the country, 563.

Ohio Valley, prehistoric axe-cuts in, 565; English in, 566; their knowledge of it derived from the French, 566; grants made by them, 10; their traders seized, 10; French in, 9, 484, 566, 571, 572; Céloron’s plates, 9; (Duquesne), 11, 490; French and English conflict in, precipitated by Dinwiddie, 12; Wisdom and Policy of the French, 566; French Encroachments Exposed, 564; Present State of North America, 566; statement of English claim (Franklin), 565; as viewed by the French, 566; English view in State of the British and French Colonies, 566; maps of (Evans), 565; (Pownall’s), 566; (showing English claims), 566.

Ohio Valley Historical Series, 579.

Ojibways, history of, 622.

Old French war, 453; general contemporary accounts of, 615; maps of, 618.

Old lights, 135.

Oldmixon, John, autog., 344; British Empire in America, 273, 344, 474; German edition, 344.

Oldschool, Oliver (Dennie), Portfolio, 594.

Oliphant, Mrs., on Wesley, 403; Historical Sketches of the Reign of George II., 403.

Oneida Historical Society, 249.

Onondaga, salt springs, 226.

Onondagas, conference (1734), 567; French treaty with, 487.

Ontario, French vessels on, 490; map (1757), 614.

Orangeburg (S. C.), 348.

Orchard, Robin, 92.

Orleans, Fort, founded, 55.

Orleans, Island of, map of, 549; Wolfe at, 543; history of, 543.

Orme, Robt., 496; his letters, 575, 576, 579; plan of Braddock’s field, 500; journal, 575.

Ormsby, John, 600.

Orr, Hugh, 149.

Orris, Luis de, 69.

Osages, 55.

Osborn, Sir Danvers, governor of New York, 204.

Ossabaw Island, 279, 370.

Ossoli, Methodism at its Fountain, 404; Art, Literature, and Drama, 404.

Oswego, 186, 601, 614; a bone of contention, 487, 566; garrisoned, 7; summoned by the French (1727), 485; captured, 510, 511, 591; Gage’s failure, 601; letters, 601; Indians at, 592; authorities on, 591, 592; French sources, 592; despatches, 567; Beauharnois on, 567; La Prise des Forts, 592; English sources, 511; Walpole’s paper, 567; plan of (1727), 567; (1757), 511, 512; situation, 567; description, 512; view, 512; importance of, 591.

Otis, Christine, 186.

Otis, James, sues the custom-house officers for the province, 155; treats with Indians, 149; writs of assistance, 156.

Otis, Colonel James, 155.

Ottawa River, bounds of Canada under treaty of Utrecht, 85.

Ottawas on the Sandusky and Maumee rivers, 563.

Ottens, Atlas, 235; his maps, 79.

Otter Creek, 585.

Ouabache (Ohio River), 26.

Ouatanon, 559.

Oumas, 18.

Outagamis, 6.

Owens, Wm., 308.

Oxford, Mass., abandoned, 96.

Oyster beds, and the Virginia boundary line, 263.

Paddock, Ichabod, 118.

Padoucahs, 55.

Page du Pratz, map of Louisiana, 85; fac-simile, 86.

Paine, Nath., Early Paper Currency, 170.

Paine, T. O., 182.

Palfrey, F. W., 160.

Palfrey, J. G., New England, 160; his details, 161; portrait, 161; abridged edition of his New England, 161; on the Acadians, 459.

Palissado (Mississippi), 18.

Palmer, Anthony, 215.

Palmer, Eliakim, 149.

Palmer, W. P., 278.

Palmer, Lake Champlain, 587.

Pan Handle, boundary of, 240.

Panet, Jean Claude, journal at Quebec (1759), 605.

Panionassas, 55.

Paper manufacture, 223.

Paper money, 112; in Carolina, 323; forbidden in the colonies by Parliament, 203; in Maryland, 261; in Massachusetts, 170; in the middle colonies, 247; in New Jersey, 230; in Pennsylvania, 212.

Papineau, L. J., portrait, 619; and the archives of Canada, 617.

Papists not tolerated in New York, 190. See Catholics.

Pardo, Juan, 359.

Paris, treaty of (1712), 476; treaty of (1763), see Peace of 1763.

Parke, Colonel, of Virginia, 265.

Parker, Henry, 388.

Parker, J., on New Jersey boundaries, 238.

Parker, Londonderry, 119.

Parkman, Francis, Historical Handbook of the Northern Tour, 541; Montcalm and Wolfe, 460; on the Acadians, 460; controversy with P. H. Smith, 460; on Washington’s expedition to Le Bœuf, 572; on the battle of Lake George (1755), 584, 587; on Braddock’s defeat, 576; on the campaign of 1760, 609; on the comparative resources of the French and English colonies, 600; on the siege of Louisbourg (1758), 467; his MSS., 617; on the Montcalm forgeries, 606; on the Quaker and anti-Quaker quarrels in Pennsylvania, 582; on the siege of Quebec (1759), 607.

Parkman, G. F., 604.

Parkman, Wm., 597.

Parks, W., 278.

Parsons, Usher, Life of Pepperrell, 437.

Partridge, Oliver, on Abercrombie’s defeat, 597; on Robt. Rogers, 598.

Partridge, Richard, 221.

Partridge, Saml., 187.

Pasquotank (North Carolina), 295.

Passamaquoddy Indians, treaty with (1760), 471.

Pastorius, Continuatio, etc., 239.

Patten, Thos., 554; map of Montreal, 556.

Patterson, Dr. Geo., History of Pictou, 419; on Samuel Vetch, 423.

Pattin, John, 490.

Paulding, J. K., Sketches, 284.

Paxton, Captain, 96.

Paxton, Chas., 155.

Payer, T., 233.

Peabody, W. B. O., Cotton Mather, 157; on Cotton Mather’s diary, 168; Life of Oglethorpe, 394.

Peace of 1763, 58, 156, 471; authorities, 614; boundary claims, 614; Mémoire Historique, 614; Appeal to Knowledge, 615; royal proclamation, 615; map of the acquired territory, 615. See Paris.

Pean, M. T. H., 610.

Pearce, S., Luzerne County, 249.

Pearlash, 225.

Pearson, Jonathan, Schenectady Patent, 190, 249.

Pejebscot (Brunswick, Me.), 181; Indian conference (1699), 420.

Pelham, Henry, his administration in England, 203.

Pelham, Peter, 141.

Pelham, Fort (Mass.), 187.

Peltries, trade in, 1.

Pemaquid, 181; fort, 96, 104; Indian conference at (1693), 420; rights of the English to, 474; surrendered by Chubb, 96.

Pemberton, Ebenezer, 121.

Penhallow, Samuel, Wars of New England, 424; fac-simile of title, 424; edited by W. Dodge, 425; his papers, 430; his mission to the Penobscots, 425; his family, 425; letters, 425.

Penicaut, 25, 71; Annals of Louisiana, 67, 73; relation, 72.

Penicooke Indians, 420.

Penn, Hannah, 214.

Penn, John (son of Richard), 216.

Penn, John (son of Wm.), 215.

Penn, Richard, 215.

Penn, Thomas, 215; his correspondence with Richard Peters, 242.

Penn, Wm., agent of Rhode Island, 110; arrested in England, 207; regains his province, 208; in prison, 210; dies, 211; correspondence with Logan, 242, 247; used and printed, 242; Essay upon Government, 611; the Catholics, 191; his view of his rights, 214; and the Susquehannas, 245.

Pennoyer, Jesse, 602.

Pennsylvania in the eighteenth century, 207; put under Governor Fletcher of New York, 208; charter of 1701 from Penn, 209; Quaker influence in politics, 209; mortgaged by Penn, 210; votes money for the war, 211, 213; court of chancery, 212; sends Franklin to England, 216; dreads Spanish attacks, 216; most flourishing of the colonies, 216; its mines, 224; smuggling in, 228; penal laws in, 191; Penn’s leniency to Catholics, 191; overrun by Indians (1753), 204; French occupation of the western part, 617; sources of her history, 242; correspondence of Penn and Logan, 242; travels in, 243; Swedes in, 246; Welsh in, 246; Germans in, 246; Baptists in, 246, 247; foreign names in, 247; life in, 247; Presbyterians in, 247; paper money in, 212, 247; university of, 231, 248; publications in, 248; local history, 249; governors and councillors, 249; domestic architecture in, 258; tracts to induce German immigration, 348; Indian forays within, after Braddock’s defeat, 581, 582, 583; authorities, 581; records of her troops, 581; defences erected, 581; list of forts, 581; plans of some, 581; Etat présent, 582; frontiers defended by Franklin, 583; Franklin drafts militia act, 583; politics at the time of Braddock’s expedition, 580, 582; held back in the war by the Quakers, 493; movement against the Indians (1755-56), 589; conferences at Easton, 589; Several Conferences of the Quakers, etc., 589; A True Relation, etc., 590; narratives of captivities, 590; Acadians in, 462; Chalmers’s papers on, 354; maps of, 239, 582; Kitchin’s map (1761), 239; map of Indian purchases, 240; land claimed by Connecticut, 180; “Walking Purchase”, 240; boundary disputes, 278. See Maryland, Quakers, etc.

Pennsylvania Gazette, 248.

Pennsylvania Magazine of History, 249.

Pennypacker, S. W., Phœnixville, 249; translates Scheffer’s Mennonite Emigration, 246; his Sketches, 246.

Penobscots, conferences with, 430, 433, 434, 450; their conduct in Boston, 433; received under protection (1760-63), 471; war with, 452.

Penobscot River forts, 183.

Pensacola, 70, 86; captured, 36; founded, 17; Spanish at, 17; plans of, 39.

Pentagoet, wines seized at (1687), 476.

Pepin, Lake, 7.

Pepperrell, Sir Wm., attacks Louisbourg, 410, 436; portrait, 435; autog., 435; genealogy, 435; his sword, 435; his house, 435; his papers, 436; correspondence with Shirley, 436; with Commodore Warren, 436; his arms, 436; his life by Parsons, 436; other accounts, 437; his plan of siege of Louisbourg, 446; returns to Boston from Louisbourg, 147; dies, 154; in command (1757) of Massachusetts militia, 153.

Pequods, 342.

Percival, Andrew, 313.

Percival, John, Earl of Egmont, 363, 364, 395; MS. records of Georgia, 400.

Perier, governor of Louisiana, 46; autog., 46; fights the Natchez, 48.

Periwigs, 99.

Perkins, A. T., Copley, 141, 169; on portraits of Smybert, etc., 141.

Perkins, F. B., Check-list Local History, 181.

Perkins, John, 74.

Perkins, J. H., “English Discoveries in the Ohio Valley”, 566; Memoir and Writings, 565.

Perles, Rivière aux (Louisiana), 41.

Perry, A. L., on Fort Shirley, 187; proposed History of Williamstown, 188.

Perry, W. S., American Episcopal Church, 169, 272; on Wesley and Whitefield, 404; Historical Collection of the American Colonial Church, 272.

Perth Amboy, 228; harbor, map of, 253, 254.

Peters, Richard, 597; correspondence with Thomas Penn, 242; his letter, 243.

Peters, Samuel, gives name to Vermont, 178.

Petersburg (Georgia), 401.

Peyster, F. de, Life of Bellomont, 98.

Peyster, J. W. de, 602; edits Wilson’s Orderly Book, 527.

Peyton, J. L., Augusta County, Va., 281.

Peyton, Sir Yelverton, 384.

Philadelphia, 214; election riots (1742), 215; commerce of, 216; Sylvan City, 252; early organized government in, 252; views of, 257; Heap’s, 258; view of state-house, 258; Bellin’s plan, 257; Chalmers’ papers on, 354; conferences at (1747), 569; histories of, 249, 252; Westcott and Scharf’s, 249; made a city, 209; population, 216; college of Philadelphia, 231; map, by Scull and Heap, 240; Indian treaty at (1742), 245; (1747), 245; Moravians in, 246; Watson’s Annals, 247.

Philadelphia American, 462.

Philips manor house, 252.

Philipse, Adolph, his lands, 237.

Phillips, Henry, Jr., Historical Sketches, 170; Paper Money in Pennsylvania, 247; Paper Currency of the American Colonies, 247.

Phillips, Richard, governor of Acadia, 122, 409.

Phipps, Constantine, 95, 103.

Phips, Spencer, 152, 450; lieutenant-governor of Massachusetts, 139, 144; dies, 153.

Phips, Sir Wm., expedition to Quebec, 90; cost of, 91; goes to England, 91; made governor of Massachusetts, 92; returns to Boston, 93; goes to England, 94; dies, 95; lives, 95; his will, 95.

Pichon, Cape Breton, 452; his journal, 452; Lettres, 467; papers, 467. See Tyrrell.

Pickawillany. See Picktown.

Pickering, Charles, mines copper, 224.

Pickett, A. J., History of Alabama, 406.

Picktown (Pickawillany), 571.

Picquet. See Piquet.

Picturesque Canada, 459.

Pidansat de Mairobert, M. F., Discussion Sommaire, 482.

Pieces of eight, 229.

Pierrepont, H. E., Fulton Ferry, 249.

Pigwacket fight, 127, 431. See Lovewell, Symmes.

Pike, Jas. S., New Puritan, 420.

Pike, Richard, 183.

Pike, Robert, Life of, by J. S. Pike, 420.

Pinckney, Mrs. E. L., Journal and Letters (1739-1762), 402.

Pine-tree, emblem of Massachusetts, 177.

Pinhorn, Wm., 219.

Piquet, 4; intrigues with the Iroquois, 489; at La Présentation, 571; plan of his mission, 571; account of it, 571; accounts of him, 571.

Piracy, action on, in Pennsylvania, 208; in Rhode Island, 102.

Pirates on Cape Cod, 118; on the Carolina coast, 323; in the Chesapeake, 260.

Pistoles (coin), 230.

Pitkin, Civil and Political History of the United States, 613.

Pitt, Wm., A Review of Mr. Pitt’s Administration, 616; his influence on the French war, 520; rehabilitates provincial officers in rank, 521; sends Amherst to take Louisbourg, 521; on Amherst’s delays, 602; his plan of campaign (1759) criticised, 601; his letter to the governors, 601; to Amherst, 601; on the campaign of 1760, 608; his rise to power, 596; recalls Loudon, 596.