IX. MAGELLAN’S DISCOVERY (part 1 of 2)

IX. MAGELLAN’S DISCOVERY (part 1 of 2)

BY REV. EDWARD E. HALE, D.D.

FERNANDO DA MAGALHAENS, or Magalhâes, whom the French and English call Magellan, was a Portuguese gentleman of good family. He was educated, as well as his time knew how to educate men, for the business which he followed through his life,—that of a navigator and a discoverer. He was a child when Columbus first came home successful from the West Indies; and as a boy and young man he grew up, in the Court of King John the Second of Portugal, among people all alive to the exciting novelties of new adventure. As early as 1505 he went to the East Indies, where he served the Portuguese Government several years. He was in the expedition which first discovered the Spice Islands of Banda, Amboyna, Ternate, and Tidor. Well acquainted with the geography of the East as far as the Portuguese adventurers had gone, he returned to Portugal.

King Emmanuel was then upon the throne. Spain owes it to an unjust slight which Magellan received at the Portuguese Court, that, under her banner, this greatest of seamen sailed round the world and solved the problem of ages in reaching the east by way of the west. Magellan was in the service of the King in Morocco in a war which the Portuguese had on hand there. He received a slight wound in his knee, which made him lame for the rest of his life. Returning to Portugal, on some occasion when he was pressing a claim for an allowance customary to men of his rank, he was refused, and charged with pretending to an injury which was really cured. Enraged at this insult, he abandoned his country. He did this in the lordly style which seems in keeping with a Portuguese grandee of his time. He published a formal act of renunciation of Portugal. He went to Spain and took letters of naturalization there. In the most formal way he announced that he was a subject of the King of Spain, and should give service and life to that monarch, if he would use them.

Magellan had a companion in his exile; this was Ruy Faleiro, a gentleman of Lisbon, who had also fallen into disgrace at Court. Faleiro,[1590] like Magellan, was a thorough geographer; and the two had persuaded themselves that the shortest route to the Spice Islands of the East was to be found in crossing the Western Ocean. We know now, that in this conviction they were wrong. Any ordinary map of the eastern hemisphere includes the Spice Islands or Moluccas, as well as Portugal, because the distance in longitude east from Lisbon is less than that of the longitude measured west. It has been proved, also, that the continent of America extends farther south than that of Africa. This, Magellan and Faleiro did not know; but they were willing to take the risk of it. Spain has always held the Philippines,—the prize which she won as the reward of Magellan’s great discovery,—under the treaty of 1494, which gave to her half the world beyond the meridian of three hundred and seventy leagues west from Ferro. She has held it because Magellan sailed west, and so struck the Philippines; but, in fact, those islands lie within the half of the world which the same treaty gave to Portugal.

By mistake or by design, the Philippines, when they were discovered, were moved on the maps twenty-five degrees east of their true position on the globe. The Spaniards made the maps. The islands were thus brought within their half of the world; and this immense error was not corrected till the voyages of Dampier.[1591]

Charles V. was no fool. He recognized at once the value of such men as Magellan and Faleiro. He heard and accepted their plan for a western voyage to the spice regions. On the 22d of March, 1518, he bound himself to fit out an expedition at his own cost on their plans, under Magellan’s orders, on condition that the principal part of the profits should belong to the Throne. Through years of intrigue, public and private, in which the Spanish jealousy of Sevillian merchants and others tried to break up the expedition, Charles was, for once, faithful to a promise. We must not attempt here to follow the sad history of such intrigues. On the 10th of August, 1519, the expedition sailed under Magellan. Poor Faleiro, alas! had gone crazy in the mean time. What proved even a greater misfortune was that Juan of Carthagena was put on board the “San Antonio” as a sort of Japanese spy on Magellan. He was the marplot of the expedition, as the history will show. He was called a veedor, or inspector. ——

[Illustration: MAGELLAN.

[Fac-simile of an engraving in Navarrete’s Coleccion, vol. iv. It is also reproduced in Stanley’s First Voyage round the World by Magellan (Hakluyt Society, 1874); in Cladera’s Investigaciones históricas; in the Relacion del ultimo viage al estrecho de Magellanes de la fragata de S. M. Santa Maria de la Cabeza en los anos de 1785 y 1786 (Madrid, 1788); in the Allgemeine geographische Ephemeriden (November, 1804), p. 269; in August Bürck’s Magellan oder die erste Reise um die erde, Leipsic, 1844; in Rüge’s Geschichte des Zeitalters der Entdeckungen, p. 402; and in the Carter-Brown Catalogue, i. 81.

There are two portraits in De Bry,—one a full length in the corner of a map of America which accompanies the narrative of Benzoni in part vi., and of Herrera in part xii.; and the other on a map of the two hemispheres in part xi.; also repeated in Schouten’s Journal (1618). There are similar pictures in Hulsius, parts vi. and xvi. Cf. the Catalogue (no. 135) of the Gallery of the New York Historical Society.—ED.]

There is something pathetic in contrasting the magnificent fleet with which Magellan sailed, under the patronage of an emperor, with the poor little expedition of Columbus. With the new wealth of the Indies at command, and with the resources now of a generation of successful discovery, the Emperor directed the dockyards of Seville to meet all Magellan’s wishes in the most thorough way. No man in the world, perhaps, knew better than Magellan what he needed. The expedition, therefore, sailed with as perfect a material equipment as the time knew how to furnish. It consisted of five ships,—the “Trinidad” and “San Antonio,” each of 120 Spanish toneles, the “Concepcion,” of 90, the “Victoria,” of 85,—long famous as the one vessel which made the whole voyage,—and the “Santiago,” of 75. For the convenience of the translators this Spanish word toneles is generally rendered by the French word tonneaux and the English word tons. But in point of fact the tonele of Seville was one fifth larger than the tonelada of the north of Spain, which nearly corresponds to our ton; and the vessels of Magellan and Columbus were, in fact, so much larger than the size which is generally assigned to them in the popular histories.[1592]

On the 20th of September the fleet had cleared the River Guadalquivir, and was fairly at sea. Six days afterward it touched at Teneriffe for supplies; and here was the first quarrel between Magellan and his watchman, Juan de Carthagena. Up to this point entire secrecy had been maintained by Magellan as to the route to be pursued. Juan de Carthagena claimed the right to be informed of all things regarding it. Magellan refused, probably with considerable scorn. When off Sierra Leone, a few days after, a similar quarrel broke out; Magellan arrested Carthagena with his own hand, and put him in the stocks. Of course this was an insult the most keen, and was meant to be. The other captains begged Magellan to release the prisoner, and he did so; but still he kept him under the arrest of one of their number.

From Sierra Leone they ran across to Brazil and anchored again for supplies in the magnificent Bay of Rio de Janeiro. By their narrative, indeed, on the return of the first vessel, was this great estuary made widely known to the world. It is now known that Magellan was not the first discoverer. Pero Lopez had explored the bay five years before; and as early as 1511 a trader named John of Braga, probably a Portuguese, was established on one of its fertile islands. Indeed, it is said that the hardy seamen of Dieppe had been there as early as the beginning of the century. Its first name was the Bay of Cabo-Frio.

The meridian of Alexander’s Bull had been meant to leave all the American discoveries in the possession of the King of Spain. But, unfortunately for him, Brazil runs so far out to the east that a meridian three hundred and seventy leagues west of the Azores gives Portugal a considerable part of it; and in point of fact the western boundary of Brazil has been accommodated quite nearly to the imaginary line of the Pope. To Magellan and his company it made no difference whether they were on Portuguese or Spanish soil. They found the Brazilians friendly. “Though they are not Christians, they are not idolaters, for they adore nothing. Natural instinct is their only law.”

This is the phrase of Pigafetta, the young Italian gentleman to whose naïve book we owe our best and fullest account of the great voyage. It is clear enough that all the crews enjoyed their stay in the Bay of Santa Lucia, by which name they called our Bay of Rio de Janeiro. It was in the heart of the Brazilian summer, for they arrived on the 13th of December. They had been nearly three months at sea, and were well disposed to enjoy tropical luxuries; and here they stayed thirteen days. Pigafetta describes the Brazilian hammocks;[1593] and from his description Europe has taken that word. The same may perhaps be said of the mysterious word “canoe,” which appears in his narrative under the spelling “canots.”[1594]

It was Pigafetta’s first taste of the luxuries of the South American fields and forests, and he delighted in their cheapness and variety. “For a king of clubs I bought six chickens,” he writes; “and yet the Brazilian thought he had made the best bargain,”—as, indeed, in the condition of the fine arts at Santa Lucia, he had. A knife or a hook, however, bought no more; yet the natives had no tools of metal. Their large canoes, which would carry thirty or forty people, were painfully dug out by knives of stone from the great trees of which they were made. The Spaniards ate the pineapple for the first time. Pigafetta does not seem to have known the sugar-cane before; and he describes the sweet potato as a novelty. “It has almost the form of our turnip, and its taste resembles that of chestnuts.” Here, also, he gives the name “patata,” which has clung to this root, and has been transferred to the white potato also. For a ribbon, or a hawk’s bell, the natives sold a “basketful.” Their successors would doubtless do the same now.

The Spaniards found the Brazilians perfectly willing to trade. They went wholly naked,—men and women. Their houses were long cabins.[1595] The people told stories, which the navigators believed, of the very great age of their old men, extending it even to one hundred and forty years. They owned that they were cannibals on occasion; but they seem to have eaten human flesh only as a symbol of triumph over conquered enemies. They painted their bodies, and wore their hair short. Pigafetta says it was woolly; but this must have been a mistake. Although he says they go naked, he describes a sort of vest made of paroquet’s feathers. Almost all the men had the lower lip pierced with three holes, and wore in them little cylinders of stone two inches long. They ate cassava bread, made in round white cakes from the root of the manioc.[1596] The voyagers also observed the pecari[1597] and those curious ducks “whose beak is like a spoon,” described by later travellers.[1598]

After a pleasant stay of thirteen days in this bay, Magellan took the squadron to the embouchure of the River La Plata, which had been discovered four years before by Juan Diaz de Solis, who lost his life there. The Spaniards believed the tribe of the Quérandis, before whose terrible bolas he had fallen, to be cannibals; and they were probably right in this supposition. Continuing the voyage southward, Magellan’s fleet observed the two islands now marked as the “Penguins” and “Lions.” The historian of the voyage notes the penguins and “sea-wolves” which were then observed there. Passing these islands, they opened a harbor, since known as Port Desire, where they spent the Southern winter. It is near the latitude of 50° south. Magellan supposed it to be in 49° 18´. Hardly had they arrived in this harbor, in itself sufficiently inhospitable, when the mutiny broke out which had been brewing, probably, since Magellan’s first insult to John of Carthagena. The announcement made by Magellan that they were to winter here gave the signal for the revolt. On Palm Sunday, which fell on the 1st of April that year, he invited the captains and pilots to meet on his vessel to attend Mass and to dine with him. Two of the captains, Mesquita and De Coca, accepted the invitation and came with their staffs. Mendoza and Quesada did not come. Juan de Carthagena, it will be remembered, was under arrest, and he, of course, was not invited. The same night Quesada, with De Carthagena and thirty men, crossed from the “Concepçion” to the “San Antonio,” and made an effort to take Mesquita prisoner. At first they succeeded; but the ship’s master, Eliorraga, defended him and his so bravely that, with succor from Magellan, he retained the command. The purpose of the conspirators seems to have been simply to return to Spain without wintering in so bleak a home. The three rebels sent to Magellan to say that they would recognize him as their commander, but they were sure that the King did not propose such an undertaking as this to which he was committing them. Of course, under the guise of respect, this was to exact submission from him. Magellan bade them come on board the flagship. They refused. Magellan kept the boat which they then sent him, and despatched six men, under Espinosa, to the “Victoria” to summon Mendoza. Mendoza answered with a sneer. Espinosa at once stabbed him in the neck, and a sailor struck him down with a cutlass. Magellan then sent another boat, with fifteen men, who took possession of the “Victoria.” In every case the crews seem to have taken his side against their own captains. The next day, the 3d of April, he obtained full possession of the “Santiago” and “Concepçion.”

On the 4th of that month he quartered the body of Mendoza and published his sentence as a traitor. On the 7th he beheaded Quesada, whose own servant, Molino, volunteered as executioner. When Drake arrived here, fifty-eight years after, he supposed he found the bones of Mendoza or Quesada under a gibbet which was still standing. Juan de Carthagena and the priest Pedro Sanchez de la Reina were convicted as partners in the mutiny, and sentenced to remain when the ships sailed. This sentence was afterwards executed. Magellan doubtless felt that these examples were sufficient, and he pardoned forty of the crew; but, as the reader will see, the spirit which prompted the mutiny was not yet extinguished.

They had lived here two months without seeing any of the natives, when one day, according to the narrative of Pigafetta, a giant appeared to them when they least expected to see any one. “He was singing and dancing on the sand, and throwing dust upon his head, almost naked. The captain sent one of our sailors on shore, with orders to make the same gestures as tokens of peace. This the man did; he was understood, and the giant permitted himself to be led to a little island where the captain had landed. I was there also, with many others. The giant expressed much astonishment at seeing us. He pointed to heaven, and undoubtedly meant to say that he thought we descended from heaven.

“This man,” continues Pigafetta, “was so tall that our heads hardly came up to his belt. He was well formed; his face was broad and colored with red, excepting that his eyes were surrounded with yellow, and he had two heart-shaped spots upon his cheeks. He had but little hair, and this was whitened with a sort of powder. His dress, or rather cloak, was made of furs well sewed,—taken from an animal well known in this region, as we afterwards found. He also wore shoes of the same skin.”

It seems desirable to copy this description in detail, because here begins in literature the vexed question as to the existence of giants in Patagonia. Whether there ever were any there is now doubted, though the name “Patagonian” is the synonyme of giant in every European language. While the narrative of Pigafetta is thus distinct in saying that one giant only appeared at first, another authority, with equal definiteness, says that six men appeared; and it afterwards appears that two of these, at least, were larger than the Spaniards.

The comparison of the details of this last narrative in Herrera with that of Pigafetta illustrates curiously the perplexity of all historical inquiry; for we are here distinctly told that there were six who appeared on the shore and seemed willing to come on board. A boat was sent for them, and they embarked on the flagship without fear. Once on deck, the Spaniards offered them a kettle full of biscuit,—which was enough, as they supposed, for twenty men; but, with the appetite of hungry Indians, the six devoured it all immediately. They wore mantles of furs, and carried bows and arrows. The bows were about half a fathom long; the arrows were barbed with sharp stones. All were shod with large shoes, like the giant.

On another day two Indians brought on board a tapir, and it proved that their dresses were made from the fur of this animal. Magellan gave them in exchange two red dresses, with which they were well satisfied. It is not till the next day that Herrera places the visit of the giant. That author says that the Indian expressed a wish to become a Christian, and that the Spaniards gave him the name of John. Seeing the crew throwing some mice overboard, he asked that they might be given to him to eat. For six days he took all the mice the ship could furnish, and was never afterward seen.

More than twenty days later, four Indians of the first party returned to the ships, and Magellan gave orders that two of them should be seized to carry home. The men were so large that the Spaniards could not make them prisoners without treachery. Loading the poor giants with more gifts than they could well carry, they finally asked each to accept an iron chain, fitted with manacles. The two Indians were eager enough to accept the fatal present, and were easily persuaded to have the chains fastened to their legs, that they might the more easily carry them away. They found, alas! as so many other men have found, that what they took for ornament was a cruel snare; but, thus crippled, they were overpowered. Their screams of rage were heard by their companions on shore. It was after this treachery that the natives first attacked the Spaniards. Seeing fires at night, Magellan landed a party for exploration. Seven Spaniards found the tracks of Indians and followed them ineffectually. As they returned, however, nine Indians followed, attacked them, and killed one Castilian. But for their shields, all the Spaniards would have been killed. The Spaniards closed upon them with their knives, and put them to flight, visited their camp, and feasted from the store of meat they found there. The next day Magellan sent a larger party on shore and buried the dead Castilian.

The reader is now in possession of all the statements from which we are to decide the much-disputed question whether, in the time of Magellan, Patagonia was a land of giants. He is to remember that Pigafetta, who was the friend and fellow-voyager of the giant Paul, one of the two captives, does not in other instances go out of his way to invent the marvellous, though he often does repeat marvellous stories which have been related by others. It is to be observed that none of the voyagers pretend to have seen any large number of Patagonians. The largest number seen at one time was nine; and even if these were different from the six who came to the ship, fifteen is the largest number of the native visitors to the squadron. Of these, according to one account, in which three at least of the authorities agree, two are of extraordinary height, so that the heads of the Spaniards reached only to their girdles. It is also said that the feet or shoes of all were large, “but not disproportionate to their stature.” For three hundred years, on this testimony, it was perhaps generally believed that the Patagonians were very large men. The statement was positively made that they were nine feet high. But as other voyagers, especially in this century, more and more often brought home accounts in which no such giants appeared, there was an increasing distrust of the original Spanish narrative.

Especially when navigators had to do with the wretched Kemenettes and Karaikes of the Straits, who are a tribe of really insignificant stature, was indignation liberally bestowed on the old traveller’s story; and when, in 1837, the original narrative of the Genoese pilot was brought to light by Navarrete,—a simple and unexaggerated story; when it proved that he made no allusion whatever to any persons of remarkable height,—the whole giant story was declared to be an invention of Pigafetta, and the gigantic size of the Patagonians was denounced as a mere traveller’s fable. Such criticism probably goes too far.

The simple facts may be taken, and the hasty inference may be disregarded. Every travelling showman will testify to the fact that there occasionally appear men, even under the restrictions of civilization, who are so tall that the Spaniards, not of a large race, would only come to their girdles.[1599] If Pigafetta is to be believed, two such men came to Magellan’s squadron. Tall men came to Cook’s squadron at Honolulu, a hundred years ago, who were quite above the average of his men.

Magellan supposed that these were typical men, that they were specimens of their race. Because he supposed so he captured them and tried to carry them to Spain. Magellan was mistaken. They were not specimens of their race; they were extraordinary exceptions to it. But the ready tribe of geographers, eager to accept marvels from the New World, at once formed the conclusion that because these two were so large, all Patagonians would prove to be so.

Pigafetta drew no such inference, nor is there any evidence that the Spaniards ever did. On the other hand, six Spaniards, with their knives, closed fearlessly on nine of these men, and routed them in a hand-to-hand fight. We may fairly conclude that the delusion which modern criticism has dispelled was not intentionally called into being by the navigators, but was rather the deduction drawn from too narrow premises by credulous Europe.[1600]

The next voyagers who saw these people were Drake’s party. Fletcher, writing in the World Encompassed, after fifty-eight years, says distinctly in his narrative of Drake’s arrival at this same Port Julian: “We had no sooner landed than two young giants repaired to them.” Again, speaking of the same interview, “he was visited by two of the inhabitants, whom Magellan named Patagous, or rather Pentagours, from their huge stature.” And afterward he resumes the matter in these words: “Magellane was not altogether deceived in naming them giants, for they generally differ from the common sort of men both in stature, bigness, and strength of body, as also in the hideousness of their voice. But yet they are nothing so monstrous or giant-like as they are reported, there being some Englishmen as tall as the highest of any we could see. But peradventure the Spaniards did not think that ever any Englishman would come thither to reprove them, and thereupon might presume the more boldly to lie,—the name Pentagones, five cubits, viz. seven foot and half, describing the full height (if not somewhat more) of the highest of them.”

This last sneer is in Fletcher’s worst vein. The etymology of “Pentagones” is all his own. Magellan’s people say distinctly that they named the Patagonians from their large feet,—taking the phrase “large feet” from the large shoes which they wore to protect their feet from cold. The language is distinct: “Their shoes go four inches above the great toe, and the space is filled with straw to keep them from the cold.” These shoes, of this same form, are figured by modern artists, who have drawn for us the Tehuelches of to-day. It is quite possible that the false etymology which made “Patagonian” mean “Five-cubit man” was the real foundation for the general notion of the gigantic size of the race.

From these winter quarters Magellan despatched the “Sant Iago” to examine the coast. The vessel was unfortunately lost on the rocks, but all the crew were saved. Two sailors returned to the rest of the squadron with news of the disaster, and the commander sent back supplies. They were near a hundred miles away from him, but he kept them supplied with provisions; and they were able to rescue a part of the stores and equipage of their vessel. At the end of two months, in which they encamped upon the shore, they rejoined him. It is observed that with them the winter was so cold that for water for their daily use they were obliged to melt ice.

After taking possession of Patagonia in the name of the King of Spain, by planting a standard on a hill which they called Monte Cristo, Magellan sailed on the 24th of August from this inhospitable bay. He now carried out the cruel sentence of the Court on Juan de Carthagena and the priest Pedro Sanches. He landed them with a supply of biscuit and wine, and left them to their fate.

Two days after, following the coast, he entered the River of Santa Cruz and narrowly escaped shipwreck there. He was able to supply himself with wood, water, and fish. On the 11th of October he observed an eclipse of the sun.[1601]

Still keeping on, during the 21st of October, the day which the Church consecrated to the “Eleven thousand Virgins,” they discovered a strait, to which Magellan gave that name. It was the entry to the famous channel, four hundred and forty miles long, according to his estimate, which has for so many years borne his name. The depth of water near the shore, which has since been observed, attracted the attention of the Spaniards. The mountains which looked down upon it were high, and covered with snow.

The crew and the captains, even after the hard experience of the mutineers, did not hesitate to express their unwillingness to enter the blind and narrow channel before them. Magellan summoned the commanders and made to them a formal declaration, of which the substance has been preserved. He told them that their sovereign and his had sent them for this very purpose, to discover this strait and to pass through it. If they were faithless as to its issue, he declared that he had seen in the archives of the King of Portugal a map, drawn by Martin Behaim, in which the strait was indicated, and that it opened into the western ocean. The squadron should not turn back, he said; and he gave his order for the continuation of the voyage in this determination. If the vessels separated, the commander of each was to keep on until he had reached the latitude of 75° S. If then the strait had not been found, any commander might turn eastward; yet he was not to seek Spain, but to sail to the Moluccas, which were the objective of the voyage; and the proper sailing directions were given for reaching those islands by the route through the Indian Ocean.

The geographers have been at a loss to reconcile this statement,—that Martin Behaim had already drawn the strait upon a map or globe,—with Magellan’s claim to be its discoverer. But, as the reader knows, there was no lack of straits or of continents on the various maps before Magellan’s time which could be cited for any theory of any cosmographer. We know the history of navigation well enough to understand that, whatever drawings Magellan might have seen or cited, nothing can shake his reputation as the far-sighted discoverer of the channel to which, without any hesitation, the world has given his name.[1602]

His firmness had so much effect that the captains went back to their ships, pretending to accede to his wishes. With the “Trinidad” and “Victoria,” Magellan waited at the entrance of the channel while he despatched the “San Antonio” and “Concepçion” to complete the survey of it westward. Hardly had the squadron divided, when a terrible tempest broke upon both parts of it, lasting thirty-six hours. Magellan’s ships lost their anchors, and were at the mercy of the wind in the open bay. The other vessels seem to have run before the gale. At the moment when their people thought themselves lost, they opened the first “reach”—if it may so be called—of the strait; they pushed through it till they came to the bay now known as “Bouçault Bay.” Crossing this, with increasing confidence, they came into the second channel, which opens into a second bay larger than the first. After this success they returned to report their progress to their commander.

He and his officers, meanwhile, had begun to fear that their companions had been lost in the tempest. A column of smoke on shore was supposed to be a signal of the spot where they had taken refuge. But in the midst of such uncertainty their vessels reappeared, and soon fired shots from their guns in token of joy. They were as joyfully welcomed; and, as soon as they could tell their news, the reunited squadron gladly proceeded through the two channels which they had opened. When they arrived in the bay which had been the farthest discovery of the pioneer vessels, they found two channels opening from it. At the southeast is that marked “Supposé” on Bougainville’s map; and to this channel Magellan directed Mesquita in the “San Antonio,” and Juan Serrano in the “Concepçion.”

Unfortunately the sailing-master of the “San Antonio” was Stephen Gomez, who hated Magellan with a long-cherished hatred. When Magellan first arrived in Spain, Gomez was, or thought he was, on the eve of starting on an expedition of discovery under the patronage of the Crown. Magellan’s grand plan had broken up this lesser expedition; and instead of commanding it, Gomez had found himself placed in a subordinate post under his rival’s command. He now took his chance to revenge himself as soon as he was directed to survey the new channel. Before night fell he had escaped from the surveillance of the “Concepçion.” At night he caballed with the Spaniards of his own crew; they rose upon their captain Mesquita, a Portuguese, the loyal cousin of Magellan, and put him in irons. Without delay they then escaped from the squadron; and returning, through the channels they had traced, to the Atlantic, they sailed for home. Touching at the forlorn harbor where they had wintered, they picked up the two mutineers who had been left there. Indeed, it is fair to suppose that their whole plot dated back for its origin to the unsuccessful enterprise of the winter.[1603]

Magellan, on his part, waited for the “San Antonio,” which had been directed to return in three days. Though the channel which she was to explore passed between mountains covered with snow, we are told that the strait where Magellan awaited them lay between regions which were “the most beautiful in the world.” On the southern side they had, once and again, observed fires in the night, and they gave to that land the name of “Tierra del Fuego,” “the Land of Fire,” which it has ever since preserved. They did not see any of the natives on either coast. The sailors caught so many fish which resembled the sardines of their home, that the name of “River of Sardines” was given to a stream which makes its outlet there. Finding that the “San Antonio” had left him, and probably suspecting her treachery, Magellan went forward through the southwestern channel with the “Victoria” and the “Trinidad.”

It is at this point that we are to place a formal correspondence which has been preserved by a Portuguese historian[1604] as passing between Magellan and one of his captains on the question of advancing. These letters are dated the 22d of November, 1520. Martin Mendoza, in his reply to Magellan’s letter, agrees that until the 1st of January they should persevere while the days are long, but urges that the vessels should lie by in the darkness. He is as resolute in expressing the conviction that they should be out of the strait before the month of January is over,—that is, that they should turn about, if necessary, on January 1, if they had not then reached the Pacific, so as to be well in the Atlantic again by the first of February; that then they should give up the original object of the voyage and sail to Cadiz. The document seems genuine; but, as the reader will see, there was no occasion for using its counsels. Before the 1st of January they were free of the strait forever.

While his squadron loitered in hope of the “San Antonio’s” return, Magellan sent forward a boat to explore the channel. On the third day she returned to him with the joyful news that they had opened the western mouth of the strait.

The Pacific was found! The chroniclers say that the crews wept for joy; and they may well have done so. They gave to the Cape—which made the western end of Tierra del Fuego, on this channel—the name of the “Desired Cape,” “Cabo Deseado,” which it still retains.

The squadron did not at once follow. Magellan put back for the other vessels, and met the “Concepçion” alone. He sent back the “Victoria” this time to search for his faithless consort. If she were not found, his orders were that a standard should be planted on high ground, at the foot of which should be buried a letter, with an account of the destination of the squadron. Two similar signals were left,—one on the shore of the first bay, and one on the Isle of Lions, in the channel. But the “Victoria,” as the reader knows, did not find the “San Antonio;” she was far away. And with three vessels of his squadron only, Magellan passed out from the strait which had detained him so long, into the ocean. They fairly entered upon it on the 28th of November.

Pigafetta, in his joy at leaving this strait, which had been the scene of so much anxiety, describes its natural advantages in glowing colors. “In fine, I do not believe there is a better strait than this in the world,” he says. They gave to it the name of “Strait of the Patagonians;” but the world has long since known it by the name of its discoverer. “There may be found at any half-league a good harbor,”—such is the Italian historian’s statement,—“with excellent water, cedar-wood, sardine-fish, and an abundance of shellfish. There are also herbs on shore, some of which are bitter, but others are good to eat,—especially a sort of celery,[1605] which grows near the springs, of which we made excellent food.” Cook found celery of the same kind two centuries and a half later, as well as abundance of Cochlearia. So great are the advantages of such supplies for the health of crews in danger of scurvy, that he thought the passage into the Pacific by the Straits of Magellan preferable to that by Cape Horn.[1606] In later days his advice has always been followed by vessels having the aid of steam.

Thus ended the only glimpse which Spaniards had of Patagonia for many years. Magellan’s act of possession held, however; for the country has no attractions to make it a stake for wars or other controversy. Magellan looked his last upon it as his squadron gladly steered northward; and after leaving his Cape Victory,—for he gave that name to the southwestern point of America,—neither he nor his landed again on this continent.

The poor giants who had been so cruelly enslaved never reached Spain. One was on the “San Antonio” with Serrano, who deserted his commander in the strait. This one died before they had crossed the Atlantic. The other was on board the “Trinidad,” the flagship, with Magellan and Pigafetta, the historian of the expedition. He became fond of Pigafetta; and when he saw him produce his writing tablet and paper, he knew what was expected of him, and of his own accord began to give the names of different objects in the Patagonian language.[1607] One day when he saw Pigafetta kiss the cross, he told him by signs that Setebos would enter him and make him a coward. But when he was himself dying—of scurvy, most likely, which was decimating the crew—he asked for the cross himself, kissed it, and begged to be baptized. His captors baptized him, gave him the name of Paul, and he died.

It would have been natural for Magellan, now that he had attained the South Sea, to sail by a direct route to the Moluccas, of which he was in search. Till a very late period the geographers have supposed that he did; and his track will be found on most of the large globes, to a period comparatively recent, laid down on a course a little west of northwest,—as, indeed, Pigafetta says they ran.

It was not observed by these globe-makers, and in fact to many of them it was not known, that, if Magellan had taken such a course, he would have run directly into the teeth of those northwest winds which blow with great regularity in that part of the Pacific, and he would have met a steady current in the same direction. In such computations, also, it was forgotten that Magellan supposed the Pacific to be much narrower than it is, and that when he left the straits he did not anticipate so long a voyage as he had. But the fortunate discovery of the log-book of one of the “pilots” now gives us the declination of the sun and the computed latitude for every day of the Pacific voyage. It appears that Magellan held well to the north, not far from the coast of South America, till he had passed, on the west, the islands of Juan Fernandez and Masafuera without seeing them, and only then struck to the northwest, and afterwards to the west.[1608] He thus came out at the equator at a point which, by their mistaken computation of longitude, was 152° W. of the meridian of Ferro, 159° 46’ west of our first meridian of Greenwich.

The Pacific is now known to us as an ocean studded with islands, the inhabitants of which are well provided with food from their own land, and water.[1609]

It was, however, the remarkable fortune of Magellan in this voyage to sail more than ten thousand miles and see but two of these islands, both of which were barren and uninhabited. He found no bottom close to the shore. At the second of the two islands he stopped to fish for sharks, and gave it the name “Shark’s Island,” or “Tiburones.” The crew were so impressed by their dismal welcome that they called the two “Desventuradas,” the “Unfortunate Islands.” These two islands, the first-born to Europe of the multitudes of the Pacific Ocean, cannot now be identified.[1610]

On the 6th of March the voyagers at last saw two more small islands. Soon a number of small sails appeared, the islanders coming out to meet the ships. Their little boats had large triangular-shaped sails of matting, and they seemed to fly over the water. The Spanish seamen saw for the first time the curious catamarans of the natives of these waters.

Magellan was tempted to land at a third and larger island. This was either the one since known as Guahan, or that known as Rota; Magellan called it Ivagana. So many of the natives swarmed upon his ship, and they were so rapacious in stealing whatever they could lay their hands on, that he found himself almost at their mercy. They begged him to land, but stole the boat attached to the stern of his ship. At last Magellan did land, in a rage. He burned some of their huts, several of their boats, got back his own, and killed seven men.

The squadron, after this encounter, continued its westward course, followed by a hundred canoes. The savages now showed fish, as if they wished to trade; but the women wept and tore their hair, probably “because we had killed their husbands.”

To this group the Spaniards gave the name of “Ladrones, the robbers,” which it has ever since retained. After three hundred leagues more of westward sailing, the tired navigators, half starved and dying of scurvy, made the discovery of Zamal, now called Samar, the first of the group since known as the Philippines,—a name they took from Philip the Second. Magellan called them the Archipelago of St. Lazarus, because he first found how large a group it was on St. Lazarus’ day, the fifth Sunday in Lent.

In these islands the navigators were, at first, most cordially received. By means of a Malayan interpreter they were able to communicate with the natives. Before six weeks were over, with rapidity which may well have seemed miraculous, they had converted the king and many of the princes and people to what they deemed Christianity. But, alas! the six weeks ended in the defeat of the Spanish men-at-arms in a battle with a rival prince, in the death of Magellan and the murder of Serrano, who had been chosen as one of those who should take his place. The surviving Spaniards withdrew as well as they could from their exasperated allies.

They were obliged to destroy one of their ships, which was leaking, and thus were left with only two. One of these, the “Trinidad,” they despatched eastward to the American coast; but she failed in this voyage, and returned to the Philippines. In the other vessel, the “Victoria,” Sebastian del Cano and his crew, after spending the rest of that year in the East Indies, sailed for Europe. They left the Island of Timor on the 11th of February. Though they had nothing but rice and water for their supplies, they dared not touch at the Portuguese establishment at Mozambique. After they doubled the Cape of Good Hope, on the 6th of May, they lost twenty-one men in two months. Their provisions had failed entirely when, on the 9th of July, they touched at Santa Argo, in the Cape de Verde Islands.

Even now they did not dare tell the Portuguese at that island who they were. They pretended they came from the coast of America. When they found that the day was Thursday, they were greatly astonished, for by their own journals it was Wednesday. Twice they sent their boat ashore for a load of rice, and it returned. The third time they saw that it was seized. One of the sailors had revealed their secret, and the jealous Portuguese would no longer befriend them.

The poor “Victoria,” with such supplies as she had received, was obliged to run direct for Spain. On the 6th of September she entered the bay of San Lucar again. By their own computation they had sailed 14,460 leagues. Of sixty men who sailed in her from the Moluccas there were but eighteen survivors of these almost all were sick. Of the other forty-two, some had deserted at Timor, some had been condemned to death for their crimes, and the others had died. This was all that was returned of two hundred and thirty-seven persons who had sailed three years before on this magnificent expedition.

Del Cano was received at Court with the greatest courtesy. The Emperor gave him a pension of five hundred ducats, and for armorial bearings a globe with the device—

“PRIMUS CIRCUMDEDISTI ME.”

The “Victoria” was richly stored with cloves and other spices. Of these the sale was carefully managed, and the proceeds were enormous. The foresight of Magellan was completely justified, and the profits of the expedition alone immediately tempted the Emperor to fit out another. The “Victoria” afterward made two voyages to the West Indies, but never returned to Spain from the second, and her fate is not known. An ancient representation of her (from Hulsius) is the distinguishing sign on the cover of the volumes issued in our day by the Hakluyt Society.

CRITICAL ESSAY ON THE SOURCES OF INFORMATION.

BY EDWARD E. HALE AND THE EDITOR.

PIGAFETTA, who was born in Vicenza not long after 1490, was accordingly from twenty-five to thirty years old when he accompanied Magellan.[1611] He kept a diary of the voyage, a copy of which he gave to the Emperor; and later, in Italy, he wrote out a more extended account, copies of which he gave to distinguished persons. Of this ampler narrative four separate texts, in as many manuscripts, are preserved to us.

No. 1 is in French, Navigation et descouvrement de la Indie superieure faicte par moi Antoine Pigafete, Vincentin; on paper, in the National Library at Paris. It gives the full vocabulary of the Giants’ language, which is also reprinted in Amoretti. Students engaged in the study of the geography of the East Indies should not be satisfied with the few copies given by Amoretti of the maps and representations of the islands there. In this copy, which is divided throughout into short chapters, there are many more of these maps than have been engraved. It is impossible to look at them without believing that they give some idea of the size and even the shape of the islands visited. Charton calls this paper manuscript the oldest of those in France. No one can decide such a question. The illustrations in the vellum manuscript certainly seem to be nearer the originals than those in this coarser paper one.

No. 2 is a richly illuminated vellum document, with a text somewhat softened in the coarse parts. This may have been the copy known to have been given to Louise of Savoy by Pigafetta. This manuscript is also in the Paris library. The writing is elegant, and the maps are very prettily done in body color. They are much more elegant than the maps in the paper manuscript, which are in rough water-color by some one of no great artistic skill. The representations given by Amoretti of a few of the designs are sufficiently good for all practical purposes. But the picture of the boat with outriggers, illustrating the customs of the Ladrone Islands, is much more artistic in the vellum manuscript than it is in Amoretti’s engraving.

No. 3, the most complete, was owned by M. Beaupré, at Nancy, in 1841, when Thomassy described it; was sold in the Potier sale in 1851 (no. 506), and passed into the Solar Collection, and in 1861 (Solar sale, no. 3,238) it was bought by a London dealer, and reached finally the collection of Sir Thomas Phillipps, who bought it at the Libri sale (no. 1,139) in 1862. It is a question with critics whether Pigafetta composed his work in French or in Italian; for there is also a manuscript (no. 4) in the later language, poorly conceived, however, and mixed with Spanish, preserved in the Ambrosian Library at Milan. This was the manuscript published by the Abbé C. Amoretti; it is written in the character known as cancelleresco, on paper folios, of which the handwriting is of the time of Pigafetta; and it was once owned by the Cardinal Frederic Borroméo. Raymond Thomassy[1612] gives several reasons for believing that the French text is the original, but we have not been satisfied that it was so.[1613]

In the earliest edition of Pigafetta which we have,—one without date, and in French, edited by Antoine Fabre,—the text is represented as being a translation from the Italian. It is possible that, being an abridgment, it might have followed some abstract which had been made in that language, possibly an account which in 1524 Pigafetta asked permission to print,[1614] of the Doge and Council of Venice. This original French edition is called Le Voyage et Navigation faict par les Espaignolz es isles de Mollucques; and is usually thought to have been printed in 1525. It is in Gothic type, except the last four leaves, which are in Roman, as are all the notes.[1615] Harrisse cites[1616] an Italian edition of Pigafetta with the letter of Maximilian, as published at Venice in 1534;[1617] but there is little reason to believe such an edition to exist.

The earliest undoubted Italian edition was printed, however, in 1536, and it was professedly a translation from Fabre’s French text, and there is reason to believe that Ramusio may have been instrumental in its publication.[1618] It has the name neither of author nor of printer, but is supposed to have been issued at Venice. It is called Il Viaggio fatto da gli Spagnivoli a torno a’l mondo.[1619]

Amoretti published the Ambrosian manuscript (no. 4, above) in 1800, at Milan, under the title of Primo viaggio intorno al globo terracqueo ossia ragguaglio della navigazione alle Indie orientali d[i] Magaglianes, 1519-1522. Pubblicato per la prima volta da un codice manuscritto della Biblioteca Ambrosiana di Milano, e corredato di note da C. Amoretti con un transunto del Trattato di navigazione dello stesso autore. Milano, 1800.[1620]

About a month after the return of Del Cano in the “Victoria,” Maximilian Transylvanus (a son-in-law of Cristóbal de Haro, who had been a chief advocate of the voyage at the Spanish Court) wrote to the Cardinal Archbishop of Salzburg a brief account of the voyage, in a letter dated at Valladolid, Oct. 24, 1522;[1621] and when it was printed at Cologne in January, 1523, as De Moluccis insulis, and in the following November and again in February, 1524, at Rome, as De Hispanorum in orientem navigatione, its text constituted the earliest narrative of the voyage which was given in print.[1622] It was afterward printed in connection with the earliest Italian edition of Pigafetta; and the English reader will find it in the volume on Magellan published by the Hakluyt Society.

Ramusio also tells us that Peter Martyr wrote an account of Magellan’s voyage, gathered from the lips of the survivors, which he sent to Rome to be printed, but that in the sack of that city by the Constable de Bourbon it disappeared. We have but one point of this Martyr narrative preserved to us, and that is the loss of one day which the “Victory” had experienced in her westering voyage,—when arriving in Seville on the 6th of September, 1522, as her crew supposed, they found the Sevillians calling it the 7th.[1623]

There are two modern gatherings of the most important documentary illustrations of this famous voyage,—the one made by Navarrete, and the other published by the Hakluyt Society. The former constitutes the fourth volume of Navarrete’s well-known Coleccion; and among the variety of its papers printed or cited largely from the public archives, illustrating the fitting out of the fleet, its voyage, and the reception of Del Cano on his return, a few of the more important may be mentioned. Such is a manuscript from the library of San Isadro el Real de Madrid, purporting to be by Magellan himself; but Navarrete does not admit this. He prints for the first time an original manuscript account in the Seville archives, usually cited as the Seville manuscript, which bears the title of Extracto de la habilitacion, etc. It gives an enumeration of the company which composed the force on the fleet. The Navarrete volume also contains the log-book of Francisco Albo, or Alvaro, printed, it is claimed by Stanley (who also includes it in the Hakluyt Society volume), from a copy in the British Museum, which was made from the original at Simancas. It follows the fortunes of the fleet after they sighted Cape St. Augustine. Muñoz had found in the Archives of Torre de Tombo a letter of Antonio Brito to the King of Portugal, and Navarrete gives this also.[1624] A letter of Jean Sebastian del Cano to Charles V., dated Sept. 5, 1527, describes the voyage, and is also to be found here.[1625]

The Hakluyt Society volume borrows largely from the lesser sources as given in Navarrete, and among other papers it contains the brief narrative which is found in Ramusio as that of an “anonymous Portuguese.” It also gives an English version of what is known as the account of the Genoese pilot, one Joan Bautista probably. This story exists in three Portuguese manuscripts: one belongs to the library of the monks of S. Bento da Sande; another is in the National Library at Paris; and from these two a text was formed which was printed in 1826 in the Noticias Ultramarinhas (vol. iv.) of the Lisbon Academy of History, as “Roteiro da viagem de Fernam de Magalhâes” (1519). A third manuscript is in the library of the Academy of History at Madrid. As edited by Luigi Hugues, it is printed in the fifteenth volume of the Atti della Società Ligure di Storia Patria.

The narrative in the preceding text has shown that the precise statements of latitude made by the Genoese pilot have wholly destroyed the value of all speculations as to the route of Magellan from the Straits to the Ladrones which were published before this “Roteiro” became known. The track laid down on the older globes is invariably wrong, and Magellan’s course was in reality that along which the currents would easily have propelled him, being that of the Antarctic stream of the Pacific, which Humboldt has explained.[1626] Stanley also points out that the narrative given in Gaspar Correa’s Lendas da India is the only authority we have for the warning given to Magellan at Teneriffe by Barbosa; and for the incident of a Portuguese ship speaking the “Victoria” as the latter was passing the Cape of Good Hope.

One Pedro Mexia had seen the fleet of Magellan sail, and had likewise witnessed the return of Del Cano. A collection of miscellanies, which he printed as early as 1526, under the title of Silva, and which passed through many editions, affords another contemporary reference.[1627] It is hardly worth while to enumerate the whole list of more general historical treatises of the sixteenth and even seventeenth centuries,[1628] which bring this famous voyage within their scope. It seems clear, however, that Oviedo had some sources which are not recognizable now, and some have contended that he had access to Magellan’s own papers. Herrera in the ninth book of his eleventh Decade in the same way apparently had information the sources of which are now lost to us. The story of Magellan necessarily made part of such books as Osorius’s De Rebus Emmanuelis gestis, published at Cologne in 1581, again in 1597, and in Dutch at Rotterdam in 1661-1663. Burton in his Hans Stade (p. lxxxvi) calls the Relacion y derrotero del Viaje y descubrimiento del estrecho de la Madre de Dios, antes llamado de Magallanes por Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa, published in 1580, an unworthy attempt to rob Magellan of his fame.

The modern studies of Magellan and his career have been in good hands. Navarrete when he made his most important contribution of material, accompanied it with a very careful Noticia biográfica of Magellan, in which he makes exact references to his sources.[1629]

A critical life of Magellan was prefixed by Lord Stanley to his Hakluyt Society volume in 1874. R. H. Major in his Prince Henry the Navigator included an admirable critical account, which was repeated in its results in his later volume, Discoveries of Prince Henry.

A paper on the search of Magellan and of Gomez for a western passage was read by Buckingham Smith before the New York Historical Society, a brief report of which is in the Historical Magazine, x. (1866) 229; and one may compare with it the essay by Langeron in the Revue Géographique in 1877.

A number of more distinctive monographs have also been printed, beginning with the Magellan, oder die Erste Reise um die Erde nach dem vorhanderen Quellen dargestellt of August Bürck, which was published in Leipsic in 1844.[1630] Dr. Kohl, who had given the subject much study, particularly in relation to the history of the straits which Magellan passed, published the results of his researches in the Zeitschrift der Gesellschaft für Erdkunde in Berlin in 1877,—a treatise which was immediately republished separately as Geschichte der Entdeckungsreisen und Schiffahrten zur Magellan’s Strasse. In 1881 Dr. Franz Wieser, a professor in the University at Innspruck, examined especially the question of any anterior exploration in this direction, in his Magalhâes-strasse und Austral Continent auf den globen des Johannes Schöner, which was published in that year at Innspruck.[1631] About the same time (1881) the Royal Academy at Lisbon printed a Vida e Viagens de Fernão de Magalhães, com um appendice original, which, as the work of Diego de Barros Arana, had already appeared in Spanish.

The bibliography of Magellan and his voyage is prepared with some care by Charton in his Voyageurs, p. 353; and scantily in St. Martin’s Histoire de la Géographie, p. 370.

* * * * *

EDITORIAL NOTE.—A section on the “Historical Chorography of South America,” tracing the cartographical history of that continent, together with a note on the “Bibliography of Brazil,” is reserved for Vol. VIII.

INDEX.

[Reference is commonly made but once to a book if repeatedly mentioned in the text; but other references are made when additional information about the book is conveyed.]

AA, VANDER, his collection, 68; map of the Pacific coast, 467. See Vander Aa.

Abancay River, 544.

Abarca, P., Reyes de Aragon, 68.

Abayoa, 233.

Abert, J. W., Report on New Mexico, 487, 501.

Ablyn, Nieuwe Weerelt, 410.

Abreu de Galineo, 36.

Acadia (Larcadia), 451, 453.

Acapulco, 392, 441; view of, 394; commerce with Philippines, 454.

Acklin Island, 92.

Acla, 198, 199, 509.

Acoma, 485, 487, 504.

Aconcaqua, 524, 528.

Acosta, Col. J., Hist. N. Granada, 582.

Acosta, José de, in Peru, 552; used Duran’s manuscript, 420; account of him, 420; De Natura Novi Orbis, 420; on the conversion of the Indians, 420; on the natives of Peru and Mexico, 420; Hist. nat. y moral de las Indias, 420; Beschreibung der America, 420; New Welt, 420; America oder West India, 420; East and West Indies, 420.

Actahachi, 248.

Actes de la Société d’Ethnologie, 50.

Acuco, 487, 490.

Acuña, bishop of Caracas, 560; Rio de las Amazons, 589; translated by Gomberville, 584.

Acus, 477, 480.

Adda, G. d’, 47.

Adlard, Geo. Amye Robsart, 466.

Admiral’s map, 112.

Adrian VI., 235.

Adrian, Cardinal, 307.

Æneas Sylvius, 30; his Historia, 31; annotated by Columbus (cut), 32.

Africa, geography of, 39; circumnavigated by the ancients, 40; sketch-map of explorations (cut), 40; map of (1490), 41; supposed to be connected with America, 127; coast of, by Ptolemy, 165; map of (1509), 172; in Pomponius Mela’s map, 180.

Agathodæmon maps, 28.

Agile, 246.

Agnese, Baptista, portolano of Charles V., 222; map of the Moluccas, 440; map (1539), 445; map (1554), 448.

Agricola, Rudolphus, 182; his tract Ad Vadianum, 182.

Aguado, Juan, 17.

Aguilar, 463.

Aguilar, Conde de, 390.

Aguilar, Francisco de, 260.

Aguilar, Marcos de, 386.

Aguilar, Martin, his voyage, 461.

Aguirre, F. de, 528.

Aguirre, Lope de, his revolt from Ursua, 582; killed, 582; account of, 582.

Ahumada, Pedro de, 254.

Ailly, Pierre d’ (Petrus de Aliacus), 28; Ymago Mundi, 28; notes on, by Columbus, 29; fac-simile of them, 31. See D’Ailly.

Alabama River, 295.

Alaman, Lúcas, translates Prescott, 427; Historia de la República Méjicana, ii, 428; Historia de Méjico, 428; Disertaciones, 256, 365.

Alaminos, Anton de, pilot, 201, 203, 233, 234, 236, 283.

Alarcon, Hernando, sent to support by sea Coronado’s expedition, 443, 481; on the Colorado, 481; his buried message found, 486.

Alaska, first fairly mapped, 464; (Alaschka), 469.

Albertini, Francesco, Opusculum de Romæ, 154; De Roma prisca, 154.

Albertus Magnus, 28; his portrait (cut), 29; De natura locorum, 64; edited by Tanstetter, 173.

Albo (Alvaro), Francisco, log-book, 615.

Alcabala, 561.

Alcalde, duties of, 348.

Alcaforado, Francisco, 38.

Alcantara, Francisco Martin de, 512.

Alcantara, Martin de, 534.

Alcarraz, Diego d’, 486, 491, 496.

Alcazar, Campañía de Jesus, 279.

Alcon, Pedro, 511.

Aldana, 239.

Aldana, Lorenzo de, 239, 540, 541, 545, 556, 569.

Alderete, J. de, 528.

Aleutian Islands, first fairly mapped, 464.

Aleque, F. X., 399.

Alexander VI., Pope, 13; his Bull, 13, 45; bust of, 44; addressed by Columbus, 46. See Bull; Demarcation.

Alfinger, Ambrosio de, his expedition, 579.

Alguazil, 553.

Alibamo (Alimamu, Limamu), 250.

Allard, Carolus, his Atlas, 466.

Allefonsce, rough sketch-map of the Antilles, 227.

Allegania, name proposed for the United States, 178.

Allegretti, Allegri, his Ephemerides, 1.

Allen, J. A., Bibliography of Cetacea, 420.

Allgemeine geographische Ephemeriden, 140, 593.

Almagro, Diego, 196, 505; proclaimed governor of Peru, 534; his career, 506; follows Pizarro, 507; made governor of Tumbez, 512; breaks with Pizarro, 512; brings re-enforcements, 517; likeness, 518; asks for a province, 518; agreement with Pizarro, 522; goes to conquer Chili, 523; enters and claims Cusco, 525; conference with Pizarro, 526; defeated and put in chains, 527; his son Diego, 527; killed, 527, 536.

Almanacs, early, 102.

Almendral (Almendras), Martin de, 577.

Alonzo V. (Portugal), 3.

Altamaha, 246.

Altamirano, D. G., 545.

Alva, Duke of, 88.

Alvarado, Alonzo de, 534, 541; advances on Cusco, 526; defeated, 526; escapes from Cusco, 526; likeness, 544; defeated by Giron, 545.

Alvarado, Garcia de, 535.

Alvarado, Gomez de, 527.

Alvarado, Gonzalo, his manuscript on the conquest of Guatemala, 419.

Alvarado, Hernando de, 503.

Alvarado, Pedro de, 351; his portrait, 366, 398; autog., 367; with Grijalva, 203; in Mexico, 367; at the second siege, 376; receives Tapia, 380; in Guatemala, 383; accounts of his trial, 398, 419; in Peru, 520; his report to Cortés, 411; his despatches from Guatemala, 419; returns to Guatemala, 522; new grant to, 522.

Alvarez, 537, 538.

Alvaro. See Albo.

Alviles, Diego, 506.

Alzate, 375.

Amador de los Rios, José, edits Oviedo, 346.

Amaguayo, 233.

Amandus, Chronica, 417.

Amat di San Filippo, Pietro, Biog. dei viaggiatori Italiani, 155; mappamondi, etc., 155; Studi biog. e bibliog., 93.

Amat, Dic. de los escritores Catalanes, 45.

Amatepeque, 503.

Amati, Ricerche, 51.

Amazon, 519; discovered, 528; history of the, 579; (Paricura, Marañon, Orellana), 188; sketch-map, 581.

Amazons (female warriors), 584, 585; (in New Mexico), 474.

Amboyna, 591.

Amelia Island, 282.

America, La, 47.

America, in Schöner’s globe (1535), 118; name on the Tross gores, 120; on the Da Vinci sketch, 126; paper on the naming of, by Justin Winsor, 153; name proposed in Cosmog. introd., with fac-similes, 146, 168; earliest use of name on maps, 171, 172; should be called Columba, 174; a part of Asia, 176; the name first applied to the entire continent (1541), 178; name of, in editions of Ptolemy, 184. See North America, South America.

American Ethnological Society, Transactions, 501.

American Journal of Numismatics, 470.

American Philosophical Society’s Transactions, 35.

American Review, 501.

Amichel, 284; named by Garay, 237.

Amigos del Pais, Informe, etc., 82.

Amoretti, Charles, on Maldonado, 456; publishes Pigafetta, 614.

Amuca, 589.

Amunátegui, M. L., Descub. i conq. de Chile, 573; La sorpresa de Curalava, 573.

Anahuac plateau, 358, 359.

Anaica, 246.

Analectic Magazine, 50.

Anales de Aragon, 68, 421.

Anaquito, 538.

Añasco, Juan de, 245, 246.

Ancients, their references to western lands, 25.

Ancona, Yucatan, 429, 558.

Ancoras, 449.

Ancuparius, Thos., 173.

Andagoya, Pascual de, 196, 199, 212, 505, 541, 564; his Relation, 212, 214, 564; edited by Markham, 212, 564; inspector-general, 506; his life, 564; in Biru, 506; founds Buenaventura, 536.

Andahuaylas, 519.

Andalusian bibliophiles, 66.

Anderson, America not discovered by Columbus, 33.

Andes, 514. See Cordilleras.

Andrade, J. M., 422; his library, 399; its sale, 430.

Anghiera. See Martyr.

Anian, early use of the name, 445; on the Asiatic coast, 445.

Anian, Gulf of, 454.

Anian Regnum, 452, 454, 459, 472.

Anian, Straits of, origin of the name, 445; first on maps, 449; mentioned, 445, 451, 453, 454, 455, 459, 461, 463, 464, 465, 466, 467; Goldson on, 456.

Anson, Voyages, 467.

Antarctic continent, 119, 433, 454, 457; (Terra Australis), 459.

Antichthones, 180.

Antigua, 197; abandoned, 199. See Santa Maria.

Antilhas, 108.

Antilles (Antiglie), 220; (Entillas), 226; first named, 38.

Antillia, 105, 115; (Antiglie), 121; (island), 36, 38.

Antischia, 584.

Antonio, Bibliotheca Hisp. nova, 575.

Antonio de la Ascension, 460.

Antwerp, Bull. de la Soc. geog., 59.

Anza, 468.

Apalche, 281.

Apalache Bay, 243, 283, 288.

Apalaches, 295.

Apianus, Petrus (Bienewitz), Cosmog. liber, 173, 174, 182; Declaratio typi cosmographici, 176, 182; account of him, 182; annotated by G. Frisius, 183; later editions, 184, 185, 186; his likeness, from Reusner, 179; another likeness, 185; bibliography of, 180, etc.; his map (1520), 122, 173, 182; fac-simile of it, 183.

Apollonius, Levinus, De Peruviæ regionis, 576.

Apurimac, 520.

Arabs, their marine charts, 94.

Aragon, archives of, ii.; chronicles of, 68.

Arana, Diego de, 10; Bibliog. de obras anón., 66, 289.

Araucanians, 524, 548; wars of, 561, 573; poem on, by Ercilla, 571.

Araucaria, 562.

Arauco, 524.

Arbadaos, 244.

Arbolancha, Pedro de, 196, 211.

Archæological Institute of America, Reports, 502.

Arche, 491.

Archivo dos Açores, 40.

Archivo Mexicano, 398.

Arciniega, Sancho de, 278.

Arctic Ocean (mare septentrionale incognito), 451.

Ardoino, Ant. defence of C. de Vaca, 286; Exámen, 286.

Arellano, C. d’, 258.

Arellano, Tristan d’, 213, 482, 486, 489, 504; attacked, 495.

Arenas (Cape), 281.

Arequipa, 519, 558, 559; founded, 523.

Argensola, Anales de Aragon, 91; Conq. de las islas Malucas, 616.

Arguello, Hernando de, 213.

Arias, Gomez, 503; seeks De Soto, 253.

Aribau, B. C., 584.

Arica, 519.

Aristotle, 24; De mundo, 26.

Arizona, 477.

Arkansas Indians, 294.

Armas, J. L. de, Las Cenizas de Colon, 82.

Armendariz, 581, 582.

Armor of Columbus’ time (cut), 4; of Cortés’ time, 360; Spanish, 539, 544, 550.

Arms of Spanish towns and provinces, 409.

Arnim, T., Das alte Mexico, 362, 428.

Arrowsmith, his maps show Lake Parima, 589.

Arthus, Gothard, 420; India orientalis, 616.

Arx Carolina, 269.

Ascension Bay in Yucatan, 203.

Asensio, J. M., Los restos de Colon, 82.

Asia, in Pomponius Mela’s map, 180.

Asian theory, 42. See America.

Aspa, Ant. de, 89.

Asseline, David, Antiquitéz de Dieppe, 34.

Astaburriaga, F. S., 573.

Astete, Miguel, his narrative, 566.

Astrolabe, 96; picture of, 96.

Astronomers, important on early voyages, 148.

Atabillos, Marquis of, 522.

Atacama, 559; desert, 524.

Atacames, 508.

Atahualpa, 514; portraits of, 515, 516; made prisoner, 516; offers ransom, 517, 566; murdered, 517.

Atienza, Blas de, 520; with Balbóa, 520.

Atienza, Blas de (son), Relacion, 520.

Atlantic Ocean, names of, 36; called “Mare del Nort”, 451.

Atlantis, 37.

Atrato (river), 198, 509.

Atti della Soc. Ligure di Storia Patria, 106, 616.

Attwood’s Bay, 56.

Aubin manuscripts, 418.

Audiencia, 348; of New Spain, 387; of San Domingo, 382.

Augustinian friars, 399.

Ausland, das, 9, 66, 103.

Aute (harbor), 243.

Auto da fé in Peru, 557.

Autun, d’, 28.

Avavares (Indians), 244.

Avendaño, Diego de, 343.

Avila, Alonso de, 351, 429, 520.

Avila, Pedro Arias d’, 505; governor of Nicaragua, 508. See Pedrárias.

Avila. See Davila, Gil Gonzales.

Axacan, 260, 282.

Ayala, Pedro de, 518.

Ayays, 253.

Ayllon, Lucas Vasquez de, of St. Domingo, 238; on the Florida coast, 240; land of, 221; in Virginia, 241; dies, 241; authorities on, 285; map of his explorations, 285.

Ayora, 197.

Azevedo (Jesuit), 278.

Azores, 105, 115, 451; in 1541, 177; Archivo dos Açores, 40; rediscovered, 38.

Aztec civilization, described by Prescott, 425; doubted by Wilson, 427.

Aztec literature, 417.

Aztecs before the Conquest, as described by Sahagun, 416; driven from Mexico, 445.

BABUECA, 127.

Baccalaos, 128, 432, 434, 436; (Bacalaos), 223, 228, 446; (Bacalar), 126; (Baccallaos), 435; (Bacallaos), 435; (Bacaalear), 432; (Baccalearum regio), 177, 433; (Bacalhos), 446; (Baccalos), 451; (Baqualan), 450; map of, 435.

Bachiler, Apuntes para la hist. de Cuba, 230.

Backer, La compagnie de Jésus, 420.

Backstaff, 98, 100. See Cross-staff.

Bacon, Fr., Life of Henry VII., 3.

Bacon, Roger, 28; Opus Majus, 28.

Badajos, Gonzalo de, 198.

Badajos, Congress of, 439.

Baerle, K. van, edits Herrera, 461.

Baez, 282.

Baguet, “Ces restes de Colomb”, 82.

Bahamas (Banama), 217; discovered, 233; number of, 53; map, 55; slaves taken at, 236.

Bahia de Cavallos, 243.

Bahia de la Cruz (Apalache), 243, 288.

Balbóa, M. C., Histoire du Peru, 576.

Balbóa, Vasco Nuñez de, 193; hears of the Southern Sea, 194; discovers it, 176, 195, 211, 217, 436, 439, 505; his trial, 197; executed, 199, 212, 213; authorities on, 210; portrait, 195.

Balbuena, El Bernardo, 430.

Baldelli, Milione di Marco Polo, 156.

Baldi, C. Colombo, 69.

Baldwin, C. C., 457; Prehistoric Nations, 25.

Ballenar, 524.

Balsas, Rio, 198.

Bamba, river, 521.

Banchero, G., iv.; ed. of Codice, 72.

Bancroft, Geo., on Prescott, 427.

Bancroft, H. H., his manuscripts, viii; on Herrera, 67; his Early American Chroniclers, 207; his authorities on Mexican history, 399; criticism of Prescott, 425; his lists of books on Mexico, 430; his Native Races, 502; History of Pacific States, 502; North Mexican States, 502; Central America, 207, 502, 578; Mexico, 428, 429, 502; California, 502; Northwest Coast, 502; New Mexico and Arizona, 502.

Banda, 591.

Bandelier, A. F., on Chimalpain, 412; bibliography of Yucatan, 215, 429, 430; Historical Introduction to Studies among the Sedentary Indians, 477, 502; and the Codex Chimalpopoca, 418; Ruins in the Valley of Pecos, 488.

Bandini, A. M., Vita di Vespucci, 131, 154.

Banks, Sir Joseph, 226.

Baranda, vii.

Barbosa, Duarte, Sommario, 613.

Barburata, 581.

Barcelona, archives at, ii.

Barcia, Andres Gonzales, Ensayo cronológico, 283; Historiadores primitivos, 401; edits Herrera, 67; edits G. de la Vega’s Florida, 290; edits Torquemada, 422.

Barco, Pedro del, 517.

Barentz, 460.

Barlæus, Novus Orbis, 67.

Barlow, S. L. M., prints Harrisse’s Notes on Columbus, viii.; his library, 48.

Baronius, Annales, 592.

Barreiros, De Ophira regione, 154.

Barrio-Nuevo, F. de, 212, 495.

Barros, Arana Diego de, _Collection d’ouvrages inédits ou rares sur l’Amérique_, 573; Proceso de Valdivia, 569; Coleccion de historiadores de Chile, 572; book on Magellan, 617.

Barros, João de, Asia, 90.

Barrow, Chronological History of Voyages, 33, 455.

Barry, J. J., on Columbus, 69.

Bartlett, J. R., on C. de Vaca’s route, 287; on early printing in Mexico, 400.

Bartolozzi, F., Ricerche circa scoperte di Vespucci, 162; Relazione, 162.

Basanier, 293, 298.

Basle, treaty of, 80.

Basos, 449.

Bassin de Sandacourt, 145, 164.

Bastidas, Rodrigo, 109, 189, 581; authorities on his voyage, 206, 207; his voyage, 22, 204.

Bauçault bay, 606.

Baudoin, J., 575.

Bautista, Joan, pilot, 616.

Bayuera, C., Copia de la lettera per Colombo, 62.

Bazan, Pedro de, 241.

Bazares, Guido de, 257.

Beaupré, 614.

Becerra, Diego, 198, 441.

Becher, Landfall of Columbus, 54.

Bede, 28.

Behaim, Martin, his career, 104; his claim to early discoveries, 34; his map of Magellan’s straits, 35, 604; improves the astrolabe, 97; on the African coast, 41; portrait, 104; his globe, 25, 104; section of, 105; described, 105.

Behring on the Asiatic coast, 464; his straits, 468.

Béjar, duque de, 390.

Belen, river, 22.

Belgrano, L. T., Ossa di Colombo, 83.

Belknap, Dr. Jeremy, on Columbus, 68; his American Biography, 68.

Bellegarde, Abbé de, 341.

Bellegarde, Histoire universelle, 410.

Bellero, Juan, 186; his map, 227, 412.

Bellin, Nic., his map of California, 468.

Belloro, G. T., on Columbus’ birthplace, 84; Notizie, 84.

Belloy, Marquis de, Colomb, 69.

Benaduci, Lorenzo Boturini, 2; his manuscripts, 397, 418; Idea de una nueva historia, etc., 418, 429; Catalogo, 429.

Benalcazar, Seb., 196, 538, 580.

Beneventanus, Marcus, 121, 154.

Benincasa, Andreas, portolano, 38.

Benzoni, Girolamo, 346; Historia del mondo nuovo, 346, 347; its bibliography, 347; his portrait, 347; Nuovamente ristampata, etc., 347; on Columbus, 67; Novæ novi orbis historiæ libri, 297, 347; in De Bry, 347; Der newenn Weldt, 347; German versions, 347; Dutch versions, 347; English versions, 347.

Berardi, Juanoto, 131, 142.

Berckman, A., 184.

Berendt, C. H., 402.

Bergenroth, G. A., edits Rolls Series, i.; Calendar of Letters, etc., i.; finds a Columbus letter, 47; Calendar of State Papers, 47; on Isabella, 5.

Bergomas, Supplementum supplementi, 64. See Foresti.

Beristain, Bibliotheca Hispano-Americano, 429.

Berlin, Catalogue of manuscripts in the library at, 449; Gesellschaft für Erdkunde, 93; Berliner Zeitschrift für allgemeine Erdkunde, 579.

Bermuda, 224, 451, 453; (1511), 110; (1529), 221; (1544), 227; (1556), 228; first seen, 155; (Belmudo), 229; in the early maps, 225.

Bernaldez, Andrés, Historia de los reyes católicos, 47, 83.

Bernalillo, 488.

Bernard, A. J., Geofroy Tory, 181.

Berreo, Ant. de, 586.

Berrio, 236.

Berthoud, E. L., 467.

Bertrand in Journal des Savants, 471.

Berwick, Duke of, 88.

Betanzos, Juan de, 546.

Beteta, Father Gregory de, 255.

Bianco, Andrea, his sea-chart, 38, 94.

Bibliophile Belge, 50.

Biblioteca de los Americanistas, 398, 419.

Biblioteca Colombina, 65.

Biblioteca Cosatenense, 159.

Biblioteca histórica de la Iberia, 408, 411.

Biblioteca nacional y extranjera, 428.

Biblioteca Valenciana, iii.

Bibliotheca Thottiana, 171.

Bibliothek des literarischen Vereins in Stuttgart, 579.

Bibliothèque Elzévirienne, 293.

Biedma, Luys Hernandez de, Relacion, 289, 290; autog., 290.

Bienewitz. See Apianus.

Bigotes, 487, 488, 491.

Bimini, 110, 217, 231, 283; fountain at, 232; name transferred to Mexico, 447.

Biobio river, 532.

Biondelli, 415.

Biondo, De ventis et navigatione, 421.

Birú, 198, 199, 505, 509; visited by Andagoya, 506. See Peru.

Bison, 477; the range of, 244. See Buffalo.

Blaeu, Atlas, 587; his maps of California, 467.

Blanco, Cape, 40, 280, 461; (Blamquo), 448.

Blome, Description (1670), 466.

Bobadilla, 20, 21, 189.

Bobadilla, Friar Fr. de, 526.

Bobadilla, Isabel del, 197.

Boca del Drago, 187.

Boca de Términos, 203.

Bocchi, Francesco, Libri elogiorum, 154.

Bœmus, Johannes, Omnium gentium mores, 615.

Boesnier, Le Mexique conquis, 430.

Bogotá, 581; Federmann and others at, 579.

Bohan, 531.

Boissard, Icones, 67; Bibliotheca, etc., 67, 73.

Bojador, Cape, 40.

Bollaert, Wm., 582.

Bonhomme, M., 186.

Boni, G., Biblioteca Estense, 107.

Bonnefoux, Baron de, Vie de Colomb, 69.

Bontier, 36.

Bookworm, 48.

Borde, P. G. L., L’île de Trinidad, 587.

Borja, J. H. de, 562.

Borroméo, Fred., Cardinal, 57, 614.

Bory de Saint-Vincent, Les Isles Fortunées, 36.

Bos, Van den, Leven en Daden, 68.

Bosschaert, 162.

Bossi, L., Vita di Colombo, 68.

Boston, a ship from, alleged to be met by De Fonte, 462.

Botero, Relaciones, 461.

Boturini. See Benaduci.

Bouguer, 590.

Boulenger, Louis, 120.

Bourke, J. G., on Coronado, 503.

Bourne, Regiment of the Sea, 98.

Bowen, his map, 468.

Braba, 495.

Bracamoras, 527.

Bradford Club publications, 290.

Braga, John of, 596.

Branco river, 587.

Brant, Seb., portrait, 59; Narrenschiff, 58.

Brantôme, Grands capitaines, 298.

Brasilie, 118, 119. See Brazil.

Brasseur de Bourbourg, Popul-Vuh, 25; on Spanish cruelty, 343; his authority, 418; Nations civilisées, 418, 428; on the manuscript of Bernal Diaz, 428; edits Bishop Landa’s Relation, 429; his library, 418, 430; Codex Chimalpopoca, 418.

Braun and Hogenberg, Civitates, 378; Cités du Monde, 378.

Bravo, Melchor, 542, 545, 551.

Brazil, 228, 435, 436, 437, 446; bibliography of, 617; cut off by line of demarcation, 596; first visited, 150; in the Lenox globe, 123, 170; map of coast (1522), 598; natives of, 597; cannibals, 597; called Terra Sanctæ Crucis, 169, 219; (Prisilia), 121; (Bresilia), 459. See Prisilia, Brasilie, Bresilia.

Breckenridge, H. M., Early Discoveries in New Mexico, 502.

Bresil (island), 36, 451, 453.

Bresilia, 433. See Brazil.

Breusing, Gerhard Kremer, 471.

Breusing, A., Zur Geschichte der Kartographie, 55.

Brevoort, J. C., on Spanish-American documents, i, vii; on Muñoz, iii; Remains of Columbus, 82; on the arms of Columbus, 88; on the bibliography of Cortés, 411; on the bibliography of Gomara, 414; on Viscaino, 461.

Breydenbach, B. de, his Peregrinationes, 8, 10.

Briceño, Alonzo, 510.

Briggs, Master, his map in Purchas, 462, 466.

Brinton, D. G., 279, 282; Aboriginal American Literature, 419; Floridian Peninsula, 283.

British Museum, Spanish documents in, vii; Index to Manuscripts, vii; Catalogue of Spanish Manuscripts, vii.

Brito, Ant., 616.

Brovius, 592.

Brown, Rawdon, Calendar of State Papers, 1; and the Venetian archives, viii; discovery of letters respecting Vespucius, 152.

Bruzen, la Martinière, Introduction à l’histoire, 468.

Buache, 468; Considérations géographiques, 461; Découvertes de l’Amiral de Fonte, 463; and Kino’s map, 467; on Maldonado, 455.

Buell, Bernardus, 58.

Buena Ventura, 509, 536.

Buffalo, early pictures (1542), of, 477, 488, 489; first Spanish knowledge of, 487. See Bison.

Buga, 509.

Buil (or Boil), 16.

Bull of demarcation, 592; the line moved, 592, 596. See Alexander VI.: Demarcation.

Bullart, Isaac, 73.

Bulletin de la Société d’Anvers, 82.

Bunbury, History of Ancient Geography, 95.

Bürck, August, Magellan, 593, 617.

Buriel opposes Delisle’s views on De Fonte, 463.

Burke, Edmund, European Settlements in America, 424.

Burney, South Sea Voyages, 461.

Burton, Hans Stade, 616.

Bustamante, Carlos Maria de, 398; edits Cavo’s Tres Siglos, 428; publishes Chimalpain, 412.

Butler, J. D., on the naming of America, 178; on portraits of Columbus, 71.

Büttner, 221.

Byington, Choctaw Definer, 258.

Bynneman, Henry, 414.

CABALLERO, Diego, 239.

Caballero, oration on Columbus, 81.

Cabeza de Vaca, 503; at Culiacan, 474; Relacion, 499. See Vaca.

Cabezudo, J. R., 90.

Cabo. See Cape.

Cabo, Deseado, 608.

Cabo Frio, 596. See Frio.

Cabot, Sebastian, compared with Columbus, 99; his records of longitude, 100; his map, 113, 227, 243; on Vespucius, 154; was he on the Florida coast, 231; apparently ignorantof Gomez’ voyage, 242; testifies in the Columbus lawsuit, 242; at La Plata, 440; an Italian, 2; with his father discovers North America, 135; thought it different from Asia, 136.

Cabral discovers Brazil, 24, 156, 169, 205.

Cabrera, Bueno, his Navegacion, 453.

Cabrera, Cristóbal, Manual de adultos, 400.

Cabrillo, Juan Rodriguez, on the California coast, 444, 481.

Cabusto, 250.

Cacama, 364.

Cadamosto, 40.

Cadodaguios, 294.

Cadoret, E., Vie de Colomb, 65, 69.

Caicedo, 194, 209, 210.

Caicos, 233.

Cakchiquels, 383.

Calancha, Ant. de la, Coronica, 570.

Caldera, 524.

Calderon de la Barca, 427.

Calderon de la Barca, Juan, in Chili, 531.

Calendars, published by English Government, i.

Cali, 509.

Calicut, 42.

California, coast of, in maps, 447, etc.; map by Dudley, 465; discovered by Cortés, 393; origin of name, 443; history by Clavigero, 425.

California (gulf), map of, by Cortés, 442; called Gulf of Cortés, 443; Red Sea, 443; (Mer Vermiglio), 228; map of, by Castillo, 443; by Cabot, 447; by Freire, 448; (Mar Vermeio), 449; map by Wytfliet, 458.

California (peninsula), Kino’s explorations, 467; early thought to be an island, 442; then held to be a peninsula, 445; so shown on various maps, 445, etc.; omitted on others, 446; represented very broad, 228; distorted in shape, 452; by Wytfliet, 458; later reputed to be an island, 461; maps showing it as peninsula, 461; earliest insularizing of it, 461; early suspicions of its insularity, 461; in Briggs’s map, 462; an island on a captured Spanish chart, 462; a peninsula in De Laet, 462; an island, 466; varied views, 467.

Caliquen, 246.

Callao, 519.

Callender, Voyages to Terra Australis, 162.

Caluça, 251.

Calvet de Estella, “De rebus gestis Cortesii”, 397.

Calveton. See Chauveton.

Cam, Diego, 41; on the African coast, 35.

Camargo, Diego de, at Pánuco, 238; Muñoz, account of, 418; his History of Tlaxcala, 418; his expedition, 284; names of his followers, 415.

Camaron, Josef, 261.

Cambiasi, Count, his sale, iv.

Camercane (islands), 177.

Camers, John, edits Mela, 182; edits Solinus, 173.

Campanius, on California, 466.

Campe, Friedrich, Zum Andenken Pirkheimers, 102.

Campeche, 201, 203.

Campi, Historia ecclesiastica di Piacenza, 84.

Canada, 451, 453.

Canadian Monthly, 97.

Canaries (islands), 8, 105, 177, 451; as first meridian, 95; bibliography of, 36; settled by Béthencourt, 36. See Fortunate Islands.

Canasagua, 247.

Cañate (town), founded, 547.

Cañate. See Mendoza.

Cañaveral, 277.

Cañaveral, Cape, 263, 264, 295.

Cancelada, Counts of, 569.

Cancellieri, F. G., Diss. sopro Colombo, viii, 65, 73, 84.

Cancer de Barbastro, Luis, and the Indians, 254; in Florida, 255; killed, 255.

Cancheto, 187.

Cancio, 233.

Candia, P. de, 510, 512, 528, 536.

Canico. See Cancio.

Canizares, El Pleyto de Cortés, 430.

Cannibals, 175, 220, 303, 329; of Brazil, 597; picture of, 19, 598.

Cannon, of Cortés’ time, 352; cast in Mexico, 380.

Cano, Francisco, 504.

Cano, Melchior, 315.

Canoe, Indian (cut), 17; described by Pigafetta, 596.

Canovai, S., Elogio di Vespucci, 155; various publications on Vespucius, 155.

Cantino, Alberto, his map, 43, 107, 231; sketch, 108; illustrates Vespucius’ voyage, 156; type of, 122.

Cantipratensis, De rerum natura, 28.

Canto, Ernesto do, Archivo dos Açores, 38; Os Corte-Reaes, 107.

Cantù, Storia universale, 83.

Canzio, M., 78.

Cape. See Arenas, Blanco, Bojador, Cañaveral, Corrientes, Good Hope, Gracias a Dios, Hatteras, Mendocino, Mesurado, Non, Passado, Race, Roman, Roxo, Rostro, St. Augustin, St. Helena, St. Roman, San Francisco, Santa Maria, Stormy, Tiburon, Trafalgar. See also Cabo.

Cape Breton (Berton), 451, 453.

Cape De Verde Islands, 39, 105, 115.

Cape Gracias á Dios, 353.

Cape Race (Ras), 453.

Cape St. Lucas (de Balena), 458.

Cape St. Vincent, fight at, 1, 2.

Capiapa, 559.

“Capitana”, ship, 20.

Capponi. See Gino.

Capriolo, Ritratti, 72.

Caravantes, F. L. de, 566.

Caravels, 7, 48.

Carbajal, F. de, joins Gonzalo Pizarro, 537; leads Vaca de Castro’s army, 536; executed, 542.

Carbajal, Mexico, 73.

Carballido y Zuniga. See Barcia.

Cardenas, 496.

Cardenas y Cano, Florida, 575. See Barcia.

Cárdenas, F. de, his Coleccion, vii.

Cardenas, Garcia Lopez de, 484, 488.

Cárdenas, Luis de, 397.

Carderera, V., Retratos de Colon, 70.

Cardona, Nicolas de, 461.

Careta, 195.

Caribana (punta), 189.

Caribbee Islands, 16.

Carillo, Luis, 198.

Carleton, J. H., Excursion to the Ruins of Abo, etc., 494.

Carlos (Indian chief), 279, 282.

Carlos. See Charles.

Carlyle, Thomas, on Prescott’s letters, 427.

Carmona, Alonzo de, 290.

Caroline. See Fort Caroline.

Carpenter, his Geography, 462.

Carrion, A. de, 511.

Cartagena, 190, 191, 209, 581; view of, 192; taken by Lago, 584; plundered, 262.

Cartas de Indias, viii, 567; map in, 222.

Carthagena, Juan de, 592, 599, 604, 607.

Carthagena. See Cartagena.

Cartier, watched by Spanish spies, 254.

Carvajal, A. S. de, factor of Columbus, iv.

Carvajal, B. de, 57.

Carver, the traveller, 469; his Travels, 469.

Casa de la Contratacion, 57, 348.

Casa Grande, 482, 502.

Casas, pursues Olid, 384.

Caseneuve, 1; (admiral), 86.

Casoni, Annali di Genova, 83, 90.

Casqui, 251.

Cass, Lewis, on Aztec civilization, 427.

Cassanare River, 586.

Cassano Serra, Duke de, 450.

Cassaquiari Canal, 581, 582.

Cassava bread, 598.

Castañeda, Gabriel, on the Conquest of the Chichimecs, 419.

Castañeda, Pédro de, Relation, 500.

Castaño de Sosa, Gaspar, 504.

Castellani, 342; Catalogo, 435.

Castellanos, Juan de, his portrait, 583; Elegias, 78, 583.

Castilla del Oro, 88, 169, 221, 459, 505; map of, 190, 191.

Castilla Nueva, 212. See New Castile.

Castillo, 244; fac-simile of his map of California, 444.

Castro, Lope Garcia de, governor of Peru, 551; his life, 570.

Castro, Vaca de, his letters, 567; his life by Herrera, 567.

Cat Island, 55.

Catalan mappemonde, 38, 94.

Catalutla, 392.

Catamaran, 611.

Cataneo on Columbus, 64.

Catesby, Carolina, 53.

Cathay, 41, 105.

Catoche, 384; (punta), 201, 236.

Caulin, Ant., Hist. Nueva Andalucia, 587.

Caupolican, 548, 549.

Cavendish, 464; on Pacific coast, 456; captures Viscaino, 460.

Cavo, Andrés, Tres siglos de México, 428.

Caxamalca, 558.

Caxamarca, 514, 516, 519.

Cayas, 251.

Centeno, Diego, 538, 541.

Cenú, expedition to, 208; (river), 189.

Cepeda, 537, 538, 540, 541.

Cepeda and Carillo, Ciudad de México, 375.

Cermeñon, 453.

Ceron, George, 259.

Cerpa, Diego Fernando de, 586.

Cervantes, Ant. de, 240.

Cespedes, A. G. de, Reg. de Navigation, 45, 461.

Chachapoyas, 519, 528; founded, 523.

Chaco, Rio, 502.

Chac-xulub-chen, chronicle of, 419.

Chaix, Paul, Bassin du Mississipi, 287.

Chalco, 369.

Challcuchima, 520.

Challeux, Nicolas le (Challus), at Fort Caroline, 296; Discours, 296; Histoire mémorable, 296; True and Perfect Description, 296; edited by Gravier, 296; De Gallorum Expeditione, 297.

Champlain, his astrolabe, 97.

Champoton, 203.

Chamuscado, F. S., 504.

Chanaral, 524.

Chanca, Dr., 57; on Columbus’ second voyage, 89.

Channing, Edw., “Companions of Columbus”, 187.

Chapultepec, 374.

Charcas, 523, 525.

Charles III. (Spain), his care of documents, ii.

Charles V. (Spain), forms archives of Simancas, i.

Charles V. (Emperor), 88; autog., 289, 372; gives a map to Philip II., 222, 445, 446; portrait in Jovius, 371; in Herrera, 373; portrait in title of a Latin Cortés, 409.

Charlesfort (Port Royal), 260, 274; abandoned, 262.

Charlevoix on Columbus’ birth, 83; Isle Espagnole, 88.

Charlotte Islands, 463.

Charton, his list of sources of Mexican history, 399; Voyageurs, 10, 71.

Chaumette des Fossé, Catalogue, 576.

Chauveton, Urbain, 297; translates Benzoni, 347.

Chavanne, Dr. J., 222.

Chaves, Diego de, 518.

Chaves, F. de, 518, 520, 527; murdered, 534.

Chaves, Hieronymus, his map, 281; description of the Atlantic coast, 292.

Chelaque, 247.

Cherokees, 247.

Chesapeake Bay visited by Spaniards, 240, 260, 282.

Chevalier, M., Mexique ancien et moderne, 428.

Chia, 491.

Chiaha, 247.

Chiametla, 442, 482.

Chibchas, 581.

Chicaça, 250.

Chicama, 519.

Chichilticalli, 482, 487.

Chilaga, 459.

Chilca, 558.

Childe, E. V., translates Santarem’s Vespuce, 178.

Chili, 228, 436, 459; Anales de in Universedad, 56; coast, 460; “Conquest and Settlement of”, by Markham, 505; its earlier history, 524; sketch-map of the Conquest, 524; wars with Araucanians, 547; Valdivia defeated, 549; Villagra, governor, 549; G. H. de Mendoza, governor, 549; Villagra, governor, 551; Quiroga, governor, 551; audiencia of, 551; Wytfliet’s map, 559; Sotomayor, governor, 561; Loyola, governor, 561; sources of information, 571; Varias relaciones del Peru y Chile, 576. See Almagro, Valdivia.

Chillan, 524.

Chiloe, archipelago, 549.

Chimalhuacan, 369.

Chimalpain, Cronica Mexicana, 418; translates Gomara, 412; Bustamante supposes it a native text, 412; Bandelier deceived, 412.

Chimborazo, 509.

Chinan. See Golfo.

Chincha, 228, 519, 526, 558.

Chiquito (Colorado), 483.

Chira River, 515, 519.

Chirino, Pedro, Islas Filipinas, 616.

Chisca, 248, 251.

Choco Bay, 509.

Choctaco Bluff, 291.

Choix de documents géog. à la bibl. nat., 38.

Cholula, 358, 362.

Chronometer, 101.

Chuchama, 506, 507, 509.

Chucuito, 538.

Chupas, 536; battle of, 567.

Chuquinga, 519; battle at, 545.

Cia, 491.

Cianca, Andres de, 542.

Cibola, 477, 478, 480, 528; identified, 483; the district of, 483; map of, 485; expedition to, 503; seven cities, 458; various identifications of, 501, 502, 503.

Ciboletta, 501.

Cicuyé, 487, 488.

Cieza de Leon, Pedro de, 541; career, 568; fate of his manuscripts, 568; La guerra de Quito, 568; bibliography of, 573; Parte primera de la chronica del Peru, 573; various translations, 574; Parts II., III., and IV., 574; copy of manuscript in Lenox Library, 574; Tercero libro, 574.

Cignatao, 224.

Ciguatan, 449, 473, 474, 499.

Cimarrones, 582.

Cimber et Danjon, Archives curieuses, 296.

Cinnamon, Land of, 528, 581.

Cipango, 8, 24, 25, 105, 116; described by Marco Polo, 29; (Cimpangi), 128; (Zipangri), 118, 119, 121; (Zipagri), 120; (Zipancri), 123; (Zipugna), 124. See Japan.

Circourt, A. de, 66.

Cisneros, Diego, Ciudad de Mexico, 378.

Citri, Bon André de, 424.

Citri de la Guette, 289.

Civezza, Marcellino da, Missions Franciscaines, 3.

Civiltà cattolica, 69.

Cladera, C., Investigaciones históricas, 35, 78, 83, 105.

Clarke, Progress of Maritime Discovery, 40.

Clavigero, F. S., account of, 425; his Messico, 425; California, 425; Hist. antigua de Méjico, 425; Gesch. von Mexico, 425; History of Mexico, translated by Cullen, 425; portrait, 425; his list of books on Mexico, 430.

Clavus, Claudius, 28.

Clemencin on the value of ancient Spanish money, 517.

Clement, Bibliog. curieuse, 182.

Clement VII., portrait, 407.

Clemente, C., Tablas, 9.

Clerigo. See Las Casas.

Climatic lines, 95.

Clinton, De Witt, on the Spaniards at Onondaga, 283.

Club, Indian (cut), 16.

Cnoyen, 95.

Cobo, Bernabé, Fundacion de Lima, 567.

Coça, 248, 258.

Coça River, 528.

Cochiti, 491.

Cocleius, Johannes, 182.

Coco, 487.

Codex Ramirez, 375.

Codine, Jules, Découverte de la côte d’Afrique, 40; La mer des Indes, 40, 94.

Coelho, Gonzalo, his voyage, 151, 162.

Cofitachiqui, 251.

Cogolludo, D. L., Yucathan, 214, 429.

Coiba, 509.

Coin-Collectors’ Journal, 470.

Cole, Humphrey, invented the log, 98.

Coleccion de doc. inéd. para la historia España, vii.

Coleccion de doc. inédit. (Españolas en América), edited by Pacheco, etc., vii, 498.

Coleccion de libras raros ó curiosos, 577.

Coles, Juan, 290.

Coligny, lives of, 298.

Coligua, 251.

Colin, edition of Herrera, 67; Nieuwe Werelt, 67.

Collao, 519, 524, 528, 558.

Colo-colo, 548.

Cologne, Coronica van Coellen, 59.

Colmeiro, M., Los restos de Colon, 82.

Colmenares, Rodrigo Enriquez, 193, 210.

Colombo. See Columbus; Colon.

Colombo family, genealogical table, 87; lawsuit, 88; Harrisse on, 89.

Colombo, F. G., 72.

Colombo, Luigi, Patria del Ammireglio, 84.

Colon. See Columbus, Colombo.

Colon en Quisqueya, 65, 82.

Colon, Luis, 65, 66; renounces his rights, 88.

Colon, Pedro, 65.

Colorado (river), 468, 469, 485, 486; ascended by Alarcon, 443.

Columbia proposed as name for the United States, 178.

Columbia River, 469, 470.

Columbus. See Colon; Colombo.

Columbus, Bartholomew, 88; on the African coast, 41; takes a map to England, 102; arrives in Hispaniola, 17; on the Honduras coast, 22; in Lisbon, 1; in England, 3; portrait, 86; memoir, 86.

Columbus, Christopher, birth, 1; date of birth, 83, 89; place of birth, 83, 89; his father, 89; of humble origin, 84, 89; genealogy of his family, 87; signification of his name, 135; his piratical career, 1; sells maps, 3; his marriage, 2, 90; his geographical theories, 3, 24; as to size of globe, 24; as to shape of globe, 99; his notes on D’Ailly, 29; on Æneas Sylvius, 32; his argument from trees drifted ashore, 35; his alleged intercourse with Spanish pilot, 33; proposes to Ferdinand and Isabella, 3; made high admiral, 5; would rescue the Holy Sepulchre, 5; his voyages (collectively), 109; map of the four voyages, 60, 61, 67; his first voyage, 8, 46, 131; his ships, 7; number of his men, 10; money raised, 91; his track (map), 9; his attempt to ascertain longitude by the needle’s declination, 100; landfall, 9, 52, 92; his prayer, 9; supposed he had reached Asia, 136; usual ascription of his discovery, 183, 598; builds fort in Hayti, 10; return voyage, 11; his reception, 12; news of the discovery carried to Italy, 48; effect in Europe, 56; his second voyage, 15, 131; observes eclipse of the moon, 98; returns to Spain, 18; authorities on second voyage, 57; his third voyage, 19, 133, 142; gets information of the Pacific, 211; Roldan’s revolt, 20; Bobadilla arrives, 20; put in chains, 20; returns to Spain, 20; authorities on third voyage, 58; his fourth voyage, 20, 191; loses an anchor, 59; authorities on fourth voyage, 59; his associations with places (Barcelona), 56, (Costa Rica), 21, (Cuba), 10, (Genoa), 2, 90, (Hayti), 10, (Honduras), 21, (Ireland), 2, 33, (Jamaica), 22, 201, (Palos), 90, (Pavia), 90, (Portugal), 2, 90, (Rabida), 3, 90, (Salamanca), 4, 91, (Santa Fé), 5, (Segovia), 23; dies obscurely, 23, 78, 167; house where he died, 23; burial, 78; remains removed to St. Domingo, 80; supposed reinterment at Havana, 81; his will, 65; the lawsuit of his heirs, 10, 204; his connection with Beatrix Enriquez, 4, 64; his characteristics, 23, 24; inexactness, 91; makes slaves of the natives, 303; imagined himself inspired, 24; compared with Cabot, 99; personal relations and reciprocal influence with Cabot, 136; with Toscanelli, 2, 90; with Vespucius, 131, 142, 149, 178; his companions, 187; his fame, 65; early references to, 57, 62, 64; poems and dramas on, 68; efforts to canonize him, 69; Roselly de Lorgues’ efforts, 69; his name suggested for the New World, 169, 174; authorities on his career, 24; documents, i, vii, viii; his letters-patent, iii; his privileges, 86; the “admiral’s map”, 113; other maps connected with him, 94, 104, 113, 144; his manuscripts, 65, 89; at Genoa, iv, 77; his manuscript on Portuguese discoveries, 35; his drawing of his triumph, 12; his letters, 46, 89; first letter, early editions, 48; fac-similes of pages, 49-54; Ambrosian text, 92; other texts, 50; turned into rhyme, 51; in later shapes, 51; letters lost, ii, photographed, iv; his Journal abridged by Las Casas, 91: his printed writings, 89; Cartas y testamento, 52; Copia de la lettera, 62; Lettera rarissima, 62; his Journal, 46, 89, 91; Libro de las proficias, 24, 89; Epistola C. Colom or De insulis inventis, 48; Eyn Schon hübsch, etc. 51; letters in Cartas de Indias, viii; his writings, edited by Torre, 46; lives and notices of, 62: (Castellanos), 584, (Dodge), iv, (Ferdinand Columbus), 64, 65, (Giustiniani), 62, (Harrisse), 88, (Irving) vi, (Navarrete), v, (Robertson), ii, (Winsor), 1; descriptions of his person, 69; likenesses, painted, engraved, and carved,—namely (Berwick-Alba), 76, (Borgoña), 76, (Capriolo), 72, 73, (Cardenas), 78, (Cogletto), 73, (Cuccaro), 72, (D’Ambras), 73, (De Bry), 73, 74, 75, (De Pas), 72, (Edwards), 78, (Florence), 72, 73, 74, (Fuchsius), 76, (Genoa), 78, (Havana), 76, 77, (Jomard), 74, 78, (Jovius), 70, (La Cosa), 71, (Lima), 78, (Madrid), 78, (Maella), 76, (Malpila), 72, (Mercuri), 73, (Montanus), 77, 79, (More), 76, (Mosaic), 73, (Opmeer), 72, (Parmigiano), 76, (Peschiera), 76, (Philoponus), 77, (New Providence), 78, (Rome), 78, (Seville), 76, 78, (Washington), 78; his coat-armor, 15, 88, 89, 105; his armor, 4; his autog., 12; his handwriting, 14; his motto, 78.

Columbus, Diego (brother of Christopher, the Admiral), 2, 16, 87, 88, 191; sent to Spain, 17; returns, 18 to Cuba, 349; his house, 88; his will, ii.

Columbus, Diego (son of the Admiral), 2, 86; a royal page, 5; lawsuit of, 144, 174; memorial on converting the Indians, 337; his remains, 80, 81.

Columbus, Ferdinand, 87, 88; career of, 65; his mother, 64; accompanies his father, 21; relations with Vespucius, 170, 174; his alleged map, 43, 206; his Historie, 64; discredited by Harrisse, 66, 89; defended by Stevens and D’Avezac, 66; his library, 65; his income, 65; his tomb, 65.

Columbus, Luis (grandson of the Admiral), his remains, 80, 81.

Coma, G., 58.

Comité d’Archéologie Américaine, 50.

Comogre, 505, 509.

Compass, 94; picture of, 94. See Magnet; Needle.

Compendio historiæ, etc., 68.

Compostella, 474, 480, 481.

Cona, 493.

Conception (Chili), 524; founded, 548.

“Concepcion” (ship), 594.

Concepcion Bay, 548.

Conches, Feuillet de, 12.

Conches, Guillaume de, his Philosophia minor, 28.

Conchucos settled, 527.

Conibas (island), 463.

Conibas (lake), 457.

Connasauga River, 247.

Conquista del nuevo mondo, 575; del Peru, 563.

Consag, his map, 468.

Contarini, Gasparo, 617.

Conti, Natale, Universæ historiæ libri, 154.

Conti, V., on Montferrat, 84.

Cook, Captain James, 469.

Cooley, W. D., Maritime Discovery, 34.

Coosa River, 248.

Coosas, 258.

Coosawattie, 247.

Copala, 504.

Copia delle lettere del prefetto della India, 575.

Copiapo, 524, 528, 559.

Coppée, Henry, “Conquest of Mexico”, 375.

Coppo, his map sketched, 127; Portolano, 128.

Coquibacoa, 187, 189.

Coquimbo, 524, 525, 559.

Corazones, 482, 486, 496.

Cordiform projection of maps, 123.

Cordeiro, Luciano, “Les Portugais dans la découverte de l’Amérique”, 33.

Cordeyro, Historia insulana, 33.

Cordilleras of the Andes, 514.

Cordova, Bishop, 305.

Cordova (Cordoba), Francisco Hernandez de, 200, 201, 402; voyage to the Bahamas, 236; to Yucatan, 214; dies, 237.

Cordova, Pedro de, 310.

Cordova y Figuera, Hist. of Chili, 573.

Cordova y Salinas, 570.

Cordova (town), 3.

Corner, Francesco, 152.

Coro, 579, 581.

Coronado, F. V. de, governor of New Gallicia, 474; account of, 474, 475; seeks Topira, 480; autog., 481; commands expedition to Cibola, 481; captures the town, 483; map of his explorations, 485; arrives at Quivira, 493; ill, 496; return march, 497; sources of information, 498, 499; his letters, 500; Relacion del suceso de la jornada, 500; Traslado, etc., 500; Jaramillo’s account, 500; modern accounts, 501; his several expeditions, 503; his expedition connected with voyage on the Pacific coast, 443; hears of De Soto’s party, 292.

Coronel, 19.

Coronelli on California, 467.

Correa, Gaspar, his account of Da Gama, 44; Lendas da India, 616.

Correa, Juan, 208.

Correnti, Cesare, Lettere autografe di Colombo, 46.

Corrientes, Cape, 233, 509.

Corsica, alleged birthplace of Columbus, 84.

Cortambert, R., Nouvelle histoire des voyages, 72, 83.

Cortereal, Anus, 445.

Cortereal, Gaspar, 107; at Hudson’s Straits, 445; his discovery (Regalis domus), 122, 123.

Cortereal, João Vas Costa, voyage to Newfoundland, 33.

Cortereale (1527), 219.

Corterealis, 177.

Cortés, Francisco, 441.

Cortés, Hernando, chapter on, by Justin Winsor, 349; commander of expedition, 204, 349; suspected by Velasquez, 351; his cannon, 352; map of his voyage, 353; sends messengers to Montezuma, 355; founds Vera Cruz, 356; foils Velasquez, 356; sends treasure to the Emperor, 356; map of his march to Mexico, 358; sinks his ships, 359; numbers of forces in all his expeditions controverted, 359; at Cholula, 362; meets Montezuma, 362; has a flotilla on the lake, 362; receives tribute from Montezuma, 365; professes to build ships to leave the country, 365; Narvaez sent against him, 365; Cortés defeats him, 367; returns to Mexico, 368; shows Montezuma to the Mexicans, 368; endeavors to leave the city, 368; the triste noche, 369; at Otumba, 370; retreats to Tlascala, 370; his second letter, 371; builds brigantines, 372; establishes base at Tescuco, 372; his marches round Mexico, 374; brigantines launched, 375; attacks the city, 376; captures it, 378; casts cannon, 380; sends further treasure to Spain, 382; sends jugglers to Rome, 407; receives plenary indulgence, 407; made governor and captain-general, 382; seeks passage to Asia, 411, 439; siezes Pánuco, 382; sends an expedition to Guatemala, 383; pursues Olid, 384; goes to Honduras, 384; returns to Mexico, 386; his commission suspended, 386; goes again to Spain, 387; made Marqués del Valle de Oajaca, 388; his wife dies, 389; marries a daughter of the Conde de Aguilar, 390; returns to Mexico, 391; aids Pizarro, 526; sends expeditions on the Pacific, 393; builds vessels at Tehuantepec, 393, 441; discovers California, 393, 442; last return to Spain, 395; his descendants, 395; dies, 396; his remains, 396; sources of information on his career, 397; his letters, 337, 397, 402; Vida de Cortés, 397; first letter, 402; its equivalents, 402; De rebus gestis Cortesii, 397, 402; Peter Martyr on Cortés, 402; Newzeit, etc., 402; Trois lettres, 402; Newe Zeittung, 402; Ein Auszug, etc., 403; Translationuss, etc., 403; second letter, 284, 403; Carta de relaciō, 403; Carta de relacion, 403; cut of Cortés before Charles V., 403; his map of the Gulf of Mexico, 404; Præclara, etc., 404; fac-simile of its title and reverse, 405, 406; La preclara narratione, 407; Ein schöne newe Zeytung, 408; edited by Lorenzana, 408; life by Sands, 408; De insulis nuper inventis, 408; fac-simile of title, 409; in Grynæeus’ Novus orbis, 409; Correspondance de Cortes, 410; Cortesi von dem newen Hispanien, 410; Eroberung von Mexico, 410; Drei Berichte, 410; De Contreyen, etc., 410; Brieven van Cortes, 410; Despatches (Folsom’s ed.), 410; in Willes’ History of Travayle, 410; third letter, 410; Carta tercera, 410; Tertia narratio, 410; the “secret letter”, 411; fourth letter, 284, 411; La quarta relacion, 411; Este es una carta, etc., 411; fifth letter, 411; Carta quinta, 411; characteristics of his letters, 411; authorities on his Honduras expedition, 411; Ultima carta, 411; Escritos sueltos, 411; bibliography by Diaz Balceta, 411; by Harrisse, 411; by Brevoort, 411; account of, in Gomara, 412; in Bernal Diaz, 414; in Sahagun, 415; his marches shown on a map in Jourdanet’s Bernal Diaz, 415; names of his followers, 415; his career as drawn by Ixtlilxochitl, 417; by Camargo, 418; by Brasseur de Bourbourg, 418; by Ramirez, 419; by Vasquez, 419; by Torquemada, 421; by Solis, 424; by Robertson, 424; by Clavigero, 425; by Prescott, 425; by R. A. Wilson, 427; Life by A. Helps, 428; in fiction, 430; in drama, 430; his portraits, 72, 76, 424; in Cortés valeroso, 354; in Massachusetts Historical Society’s Collection, 357; in Solis, 360; in Jovius, 381; in Herrera, 389; full-length portrait, 395; medal likeness, 396; other portraits, 389; engraving by Vertue, 424; his arms, 354; his banner, 381; his armor, 390; his autog., 381.

Cortés, Martin, 95; Arte de navegar, 98.

Cortina, Conde de, 416.

Cosa, Juan de la, 16, 187, 189, 208, 209, 210; vignette of Saint Christopher, 71; killed, 191; with Ojeda, 144; his voyages, 206; his chart, 135, 206. See La Cosa.

Cosco (Aliander, Leander), 177; his rendering of Columbus’ letter, 47.

Cosmographiæ introductio, fac-similes of pages, 167, etc.; (1514), 120. See Waldseemüller.

Cossette, Captain, 270.

Costa Rica coast, 21; Coleccion de doc. ined., ix., 398. See Peralta.

Costanzo, B., Hist. Siciliana, 67.

Cotoche, 353.

Cotolendi, La vie de Colomb, 66.

Cotopaxi, 509.

Council for the Indies, 310, 348. See Indies.

Councils, ecclesiastical, in Mexico, records of, 399.

Court, Dr., his library, 163.

Cousin, of Dieppe, 34.

Coxa, 509.

Coxe, Daniel, Carolana, 467.

Coxe, William, Russian Discoveries, 463, 469.

Coyba, 198.

Coyohuacan, 375.

Cozamel, 203, 218, 224, 225, 351, 353, 384.

Cradock, F., Wealth Discovered, 3.

Cravaliz, Agost., 574.

Crevenna Catalogue, 171.

Crignet, epitome of Ortelius, 472.

Cristofano dell’Altissimo, 73.

Cromberger, 400.

Cromwell, Oliver, 341.

Cronabo, 187.

Crooked Island, 55, 92.

Cross-staff, 98. See Backstaff.

Cuaço, Alonso de, 212.

Cuba, 106, 115, 126, 128, 228, 229, 432, 435, 437, 451, (1518), 217, (1520), 218, (1527), 220, (1529), 221, (1534), 223, (1536), 225, (1541), 177; the name applied to North America, 121; thought a part of Asia, 16, 106; bibliography of, 230; (Couba), 226; circumnavigated, 214; conquest of, 214; (Fernandina), 201; explored (1508), 201; island or peninsula, 201; (Isabell, Isabella, or Ysabella), 108, 111, 114, 118, 123, 125, 170, 175, 183; earliest named, 183; (Juana), 201; early given a wrong latitude, 96; letter from (1520), 215; map of, 450; in Martyr’s map, 110; (North America), 127; in Stobnicza map, 116; in Sylvanus’ map, 122; Wytfliet’s map, 230.

Cubagua, 134, 581, 585.

Cubanacan, 42.

Cuccaro, alleged birthplace of Columbus, 84.

Cuenca, 509; founded, 547.

Cuellar, F. de, 511.

Cuellar, Sancho, 520.

Cuitlahuac, 369.

Cuitlahuatzin, 370.

Culebras (gulf), 199.

Culhuacan, native history of, 418; Codex Chimalpopoca, 418; Anales de Cuauhtitlan, 418.

Culiacan, S. Miguel de, 441, 475, 482, 485; (province), 474.

Cullen, Charles, 425.

Cumana, 558, 559.

Cunningham, William, Cosmographical Glasse, 67, 176.

Curalaba, 562.

Curazao (Curaçoa), 189, 190.

Curiana, 189, 207.

Curico, 524.

Cusco, 228, 514, 516, 517, 519, 558; claimed by Almagro, 525; besieged by the Indians, 524; manuscripts on, 577; becomes a Spanish town, 520; view of, 554; view of temple at, 555; plan of, by Markham, 556; by Squier, 556; palace of Ynca, 556; other plans and views, 556.

Cushing, Caleb, on the De Fonte voyage, 463; on Navarrete’s Coleccion, v; Reminiscences of Spain, 84; on Vespucius, 154, 178.

Cushing, Frank H., on Zuñi, 483.

Custodi, Pietro, 46.

Cutifachiqui, 247.

Cuyoacan, 369.

DABAIBE, 198; expedition to, 211.

D’Abreu, 440.

Daelli, G., Bibl. rara, 46.

D’Ailly, Pierre, his map (1410), 95. See Ailly.

Dalibard, 575.

Dampier, the navigator, 592; New Voyage, 467.

Danckerts, his maps, 466.

Dandolo, M., Oratio, 62.

Dandolo, T., Secoli di Dante e Colombo, 69; Colombo, 69.

D’Anville and Lake Parima, 587.

D’Arcy de la Rochette, 589.

Darien, 191; different forms of the name, 191; settlement at, 204.

Darwin, Charles, Voyage of the Beagle, 609.

Dati, G., and Columbus’ letter, 51; Questa, etc., 51; La lettera, etc., 51.

D’Aubigné, Hist. universelle, 298.

D’Avezac, Aperçus sur la boussole, 94; on Columbus’ birth, 83; Livre de F. Colomb, 66; Découvertes dans l’Océan Atlantique, 39; Expédition de Béthencourt, 36; Isles d’Afrique, 36; Isles fantastiques, 36; Sur la projection des cartes, 471; Waltze-Müller, 164; his writings, 164; his Voyages de Vespuce, 164.

Dávila. See Pedrárias.

Dávila, F. A., 213.

Davila, Gil Gonzales, 213; Teatro eclesiástico, 399, 400. See Gil.

Davilla Padilla, Santiago de México, 399, 400; Varia historia, 400.

Da Vinci, Leonardo, sketch of mappemonde ascribed to him, 124, 125, 126, 172, 234. See Vinci.

Davis, W. H. H., El Gringo, 502; Spanish Conquest of New Mexico, 288, 502.

D’Avity, Pierre, Le Monde, 462.

Daza, Luis, 257.

Deane, Charles, on Schöner, 176.

De Bry, his picture of Columbus, 73, 75; gets Lemoyne’s papers, 296; his engravings for Las Casas, 342.

De Clerck, Tooneel, etc., 76.

De Coca, 599.

De Costa, B. F., Columbus and the Geographers of the North, 33.

Dee, Dr., his map, 453.

De Fonte, Bartholemé, his alleged voyage, 462; coined by Petiver, 462; faith of Delisle and Buache, 463; map, 469.

De Fuca, alleged voyage, 456; partly believed by Greenhow, 457; sources of, 457; Delisle and Buache on, 463.

De Laet. See Laet.

Delambre, L’Astronomie du moyen-âge, 94.

Delaplaine, Repository of Lives, etc., 139.

Del Cano, Seb., 224; commands the “Victoria”, 612; at the Cape de Verde Islands, 612; surprise at the loss of a day, 612, 615; reaches San Lucas, 612; at Court, 613; his letter, 616.

Delisle, 468; on the insularity of California, 467; Découvertes de l’amiral de Fonte, 463; opposed by Buriel, 463; map of Louisiana, 294; route of De Soto, 294, 295; Atlas nouveau, 294; and Lake Parima, 587; map of the Mer de l’ouest, 469.

Demarcation, line of, 99, 441; in the Cantino map, 108; on map of 1527, 43. See Alexander VI., Bull.

Demersay, A., on the Spanish and Portuguese archives, ii.

Denis, Ferd., on Sahagun, 416.

Depons, Fr., Voyage, 587.

De principiis astronomie, 432.

Des Brosses, Navigations, 614.

Deschanel, E., C. Colomb, 83.

Desimoni, C., Libro di Harrisse, 86.

Desjardin, Ernst, Rapport sur Harrisse, viii.

Desmarquets, Hist. de Dieppe, 34.

D’Este, Hercule, 107.

De Thou, Hist. universelle, 297.

De Vries in the Pacific, 463.

Dewey, Dr. Orville, on the Spanish conquerors, 314.

Dexter, Arthur, 426.

Dexter, George, character and death, ix.

Deza, Diego de, 4, 91.

Diaz, Alonzo, 411.

Diaz del Castillo, Bernal, 16, 196, 201, 214, 427; with Cordova, 284; account of, 414; Hist. verdadera, 214, 414; his autog., 414; the original manuscript, 414, 415, 428; two early printed editions, 415; later editions in various languages, 415; English texts, 415; Jourdanet’s edition, 415; letters in the Cartas de Indias, 415; wounded, 236.

Diaz, Juan, his Itinerario, 215.

Diaz, Melchior, 481, 482, 485, 486, 503; dies, 491.

Diccionario univ. de hist. y de geog., 415.

Diego de la Cruz, 256.

Diego, Juan, 399.

Diegus. See Homem.

Dieppe, histories of, 34.

Diether, Andrew, 410.

Dinaux, Cardinal d’Ailly, 29.

Dixon Entrance, 470.

Dobbs, Arthur, Countries adjoining to Hudson’s Bay, 462, 468; his map, 467.

Doctrina Christiana, 400.

Doctrina en Mexicano, 401.

Documentary sources of early Spanish-American history, i.

Documentos para la historia de Mexico, 398.

Dodge, Robert, 106; Memorials of Columbus, iv.

Domenichi, 67.

Dominic of the Annunciation, 257.

Dominicans, 399; in Florida, 256; in Cusco, 520; in Hispaniola, 305, 309.

Dominico, 188.

Doncel, Gines, 241.

Dondero, G. A., L’onestá di C. Colombo, 65.

Doppelmayr, J. G., Hist. Nachricht, 105.

Dorantes, 244, 287.

Doria, 68.

Dormer, Discursos varios, 343.

Doyle, William, British Dominions, 468.

Drage, Theodore S., Northwest Passage, 463.

Dragg, Great Probability of a Northwest Passage, 463.

Dragon’s mouth, 586, 588.

Drake, Sir Francis, his harbor on the California coast, 453; H. H. Bancroft’s view, 453; documents in Peralta, 453; finds remains of Magellan’s mutineers, 599; his discovery of New Albion, 465; in the Pacific, 452; his most northern point reached in the Pacific, 455; sees giants in Patagonia, 602; on the coast of Peru, 557.

Dresden, Verein für Erdkunde, 40, 106, 580.

Drogeo, 472.

Drummond, Ilha Terceira, 38.

Dryander, J., Cosmographiæ, introd., 421.

Dryden, Indian Emperor, 430.

Dudley, Robert, Arcano del mare, 464, 587; his original drawings, 464; his career, 464; map of the California coast, 465; edition of Arcano (1661), 466.

Duflot de Mofras, Mendoza et Navarrete, v; L’Orégon, 431.

Dugdale, Warwickshire, 466.

Dulce, Rio, 187.

Duprat, Elisabeth de Valois, 297.

Duran, Diego, Historia, 419; his manuscript, 420.

Durazzo, J., Elogi, 68.

Duro, C. F., Peñalosa, 503; Colon y Pinzon, 284; Informe, etc., 242.

Duval, his map, 466.

Dwight, Theodore F., 469.

EARTH, Columbus’ idea of the form of, 133; centre of, in the terrestrial paradise, 99; a sphere, 24, 25; size of, 24, 30; shaped like a pear, 24. See Globe.

Echete, 288.

Echeverri, J. de, Las Cenizas de Colon, 81.

Ecija, 285; Relacion, 286.

Eclectic Magazine, 426.

Eclipse. See Sun.

Edinburgh Review, 50.

Edwards, B., West Indies, 78.

Edwards, E., Memoirs of Libraries, 65.

Eguiara y Eguren, Bibliotheca Mexicana, 429.

Ein schöne newe Zeitung, 51.

Eldorado, name first applied, 579; (South America), history of the belief in, 579.

El General San Martin, 532.

Eliorraga, 599.

Ellis, George E., on Las Casas, 299; on Prescott’s use of the noctograph, 427.

Ellis, Henry, Voyage to Hudson’s Bay, 468.

Elvas, Gentleman of, his Relaçam, 288; Virginia richly valued, 289; Historie of Terra Florida, 289; Discovery and Conquest of Florida (edited by Rye), 289.

Emory, W. H., Notes of a Military Reconnoissance, 501.

Enciso, M. F. de, 191, 194, 195, 197; account of, 193, 208; Suma de geografia, 98, 208.

Encomiendas, 337, 348, 537, 571.

Engel, Samuel, Mémoires, 468; Extraits raisonés, 468.

Enim, 585, 589.

Equator, first crossed on the American side, 187; first crossed on the Pacific side, 507.

Eratosthenes, his theory of the Atlantic, 104.

Ercilla, Alonso de, in Chili, 549; Araucana, 571; augmented by Osorio, 571.

Escambia River, 258.

Escobar, Maria de, 518, 547.

Escoiqui, Mexico conquistada, 430.

Escondido (river), 281.

Escurial, documents at, iii.

Espada, M. J. de la, edits Cieza de Leon, 574; edits Memorias antiguas del Peru, 577; edits Relaciones geográficas, 576.

Espejo, Ant. de, 497, 504.

Espinosa, alcalde mayor, 197.

Espinosa, Chronica apostolica, 399.

Espinosa, F. C., Hist. de Mexico, 428.

Espinosa, Gaspar de, 198, 505; in Lima, 526; his expedition, 211; a partner with Pizarro, 507; dies, 526.

Espinoza (with Magellan), 599.

Espiritu Santo, bay named by De Soto, 245; Rio de, 221, 224, 225, 229; (1520), 218; (1527), 219. See Mississippi.

Esquivel, Juan de, 191, 201, 214.

Essenwein, A. O., Bilder-Atlas, 352.

Essequibo River, 187, 581, 587.

Estancelin, Navigateurs Normands, 34, 39.

Estero de los Lagartos, 203.

Esteve, R., 76.

Estienne, H., 186.

Estotilant, 459, 472.

Estrada, 386.

Estrada, Alonzo d’, 475.

Estrada, Pedro de, 240.

Etowa, 247.

Etudes par les pères de la Compagnie de Jésus, 69.

Europe, naming of, 167.

Eusebius, Chronicon, 64.

Evans, R. S., 481.

Everett, A. H., and Irving, vi.

FABER, Dr. John, 163, 173.

Fabian, 47.

Fabié, A. M., Vida de Las Casas, 343.

Fabre, Ant., 614.

Fabricius de Vagad, Coronica de Aragon, 59.

Faden, his map showing Lake Parima, 589.

Fairbanks, Florida, 292; St. Augustine, 293.

Faleiro, Ruy, 591, 592.

Falero, La longitud en la mar, 98.

Falkenstein, Buchdruckerkunst, 407.

Fancourt, C. St. J., Yucatan, 429.

Farfan’s fleet wrecked, 256.

Faria y Sousa, Asia Portuguesa, 34, 616; Europa Portuguesa, 56.

Farmer, Maria, 76.

Farrer, Virginia, her map, 466.

Favolius, Hugo, map-maker, 450.

Federici, F., his collection, iv.

Federmann, Nic., Indianische Historia, 579; his expedition, 578.

Felipina, 257.

Ferdinand (Spain), sign-manual, 56, 85; portrait, 85; dies, 88, 310.

Ferdinand and Isabella (cut), 6.

Fergani, Al, 24.

Feria, Pedro de, 256, 257.

Fer-Isabelica, 169.

Fernandez, Alonso, Hist. eclesiástica, 399.

Fernandez, Alvaro, 289.

Fernández, León, Coleccion, 398.

Fernandez, Val., Marco Paulo, etc., 62.

Fernandina. See Cuba.

Fernando VI. (Spain), his care of documents, ii.

Ferraro, G., Relazione, 62, 156, 162.

Ferrebouc, 47.

Ferrelo (or Ferrer), pilot, 444.

Ferrer, Jaume, his map, 45; his Sentencias, 45.

Ferrer, Juan, 256.

Ferro, meridian of, 95.

Feuillet de Conches on pictures of Columbus, 70.

Finæus, Orontius, his globe, 184, 431.

Fiorentino, F. C., Chroniche, 62.

Fischer, Augustin, Biblioteca Méjicana, 430.

Fischer, Theobald, Ueber Seekarten, 93.

Fisher, L. P., on C. de Vaca, 288.

Flavigny, Vicomte de, 410.

Florencia, Fr. de, Campañia de Jesus, 399.

Florida, 228, 229, 432, 435, 436, 453; (1520), 218, (1527), 219, (1541), 177, (1542), 226, (1566), 451; abandoned by the Spanish (1561), 260; Ribault in, 260; Laudonnière in, 262; ancient, by J. G. Shea, 231; named, 233; called Cancio, 234; authorities on its history, 292; on Menendez, 292; on Ribault, 293; on Laudonnière, 294, 296; on Gourgues, 297; La Reprinse de la Floride, 297; as a name first confined to the peninsula, 275; Indian tribes in, 284; called Isabella, 116; Jesuits in, 282, 399; maps of (Cantino), 108, (Cortés), 404, (Da Vinci), 124, 126, (anon.), 292, (1565), 264, (1591, Lemoine), 274, (Ortelius), 472, (Wytfliet), 281, (others), 275.

Florin, Juan. See Verrazano.

Foglietto, Elogia, 84.

Folieta, U., Clarorum Ligurum elogia, 67.

Folsom, George, on early American discoveries, 34; Despatches of Cortés, 410, 411.

Fonseca, Juan Rodriguez, 57; opponent of Las Casas, 310; head of the council for the Indies, 311; opposes Columbus, 91, 311; opposes Cortés, 357, 380.

Fonseca, bay of, 200.

Fontaine, How the World was Peopled, 25.

Fontanarossa, Susanna, 89.

Fontaneda, Hern. de Escalante, Memoir, 291.

Fonte. See De Fonte.

Force, Peter, 337.

Foresti, J. P. (Bergomas), Supplementum supplementi cronicarum, 52.

Forlani. See Furlani.

Formaleoni, La marine des Vénitiens, 36.

Fornari, Baliano de, 66.

Forquevaulx, Sieur de, his papers, 297.

Forster, F., Columbus, 69.

Fort Caroline founded, 262; site of, 264, 270, 274; map of, 265; views of, 268, 269; attacked by Menendez, 271.

Fort Louis, 294.

Fortunate Islands, 36. See Canary Island.

Foscarini, Della lett. Ven., 30.

Fountain of Youth (Bimini), 283.

Fousang. See Fusang.

Fox, G. V., First Landing-place of Columbus, 56.

Francesca (1527), 219.

Francino, A., his collection, 182.

Francis of Vittoria, 343.

Franciscans in Hispaniola, 305; in Mexico, 399; histories of, 399.

Franciscus, monk, De orbis situ, 431; his map, 431.

Francisque-Michel on Saint-Brandan, 36.

Franck, Sebastian, Weltbuch, 421.

Frankfort globe, 118, 122. See Schöner.

Frankl, poem on Columbus, 73.

Franklin, Benjamin, on the De Fonte story, 462.

Franquelin, on California, 467.

Freccia, 78.

Freherus, P., Théâtre, 73.

Freire, Juan, his map of the California coast, 447.

French standard, shown in view, 269.

Fresnoy, Du, Méthode pour étudier la géog., 298.

Freytas, F. N. de, Relacion, 504; edited by J. G. Shea, 504.

Friars in Mexico, 399. See Dominicans, Franciscans, etc.

Friess, Lorenz (Frisius, Phrysius), 125, 173; his mappemonde, 174; Carta Marina, 126, 127, 128, 220, 421; map of Antilles, 218, 220.

Frio, Cape, 126, 151; port, 162. See Cabo.

Frisius, Gemma, 101; on longitude, 98; annotates Apianus, 183.

Frisius. See Friess.

Fritz, Samuel, map of the Amazon, 589.

Fructuoso, Gaspar, Hist. das ilhas do Porto Santo, 38.

Fuca. See De Fuca.

Fuca Straits, 470.

Fuchsius, Metoposcopia, 76.

Fuenleal, Bishop, 391; autog., 391.

Fuente, Alonso de la, 212.

Fuentes, F. de, 518.

Fuentes y Guzman, F. A., Historia de Guatemala, 398, 419, 428.

Fulgosus, B., Collectanea, 62.

Furlani, Paulo de (Forlani), Carta nautica, 439; his maps, 438, (1560), 449, (1562), 439, (1574), 450, 454; sketched, 454.

Fusang, 454, 463, 469.

Fuster, iii.

GAFFAREL, Paul, his _Étude sur les rapports de l’Amérique et de l’ancien continent avant Colomb_, 25, 34; his Découverte du Brésil par Cousin, 34; his Hist. du Brésil Français, 34; La Floride Française, 293.

Galardi, Ferd. de, Traité politique, 33, 65.

Galdivia Mendoza, V. de, 489.

Gali, Francisco (Gaule), 455, 462.

Galiano, 469.

Gallaeus, Philippus, Enchiridion, 450.

Gallardo, B., Ensayo, etc. 24.

Gallardo, B. J., 422.

Gallatin, Albert, on the Indian tribes, 296; on Aztec civilization, 427; Ancient Semi-civilization of New Mexico, 501.

Gallego, 20, 249.

Gallegos, Juan, 486, 496, 497.

Galleon, picture of a, 456.

Gallinas River, 492.

Galliot du Pré, 47.

Gallo, Ant., on Columbus, 52, 89.

Gallo (island), 508, 509, 513.

Gallucci, 420.

Galvarino, 549.

Gama, João da, 466; his land, 466; in the Pacific, 463.

Gama, Vasco da, his portrait, 42; autog., 42; his discovery, 42.

Gambara, De nov. C. Columbi, 67.

Gambia River, 40.

Ganges, 113, 435; in the early discoveries, 168.

Garabito, 198, 199, 213.

Garay, Francisco de, 237; his patent, 237; governor of Jamaica, 219; authorities on his voyage, 284; exploits sung by Castellanos, 584; land of, 221; names of his followers, 415; at Pánuco, 382; dies, 383, 503.

Garces, Julian, 343.

Garcia, Juan, 255.

Garcia, Nuña, de Toreno, his map, 43.

Garcia de Resende, Choronica, 90.

Garibay, Isla de Santo Domingo, 280.

Gasca, Pedro de la, likenesses, 539, 540; president of Peru, 539; enters Cusco, 542; leaves Peru, 542; his reports, 568; authorities on his career, 569; his papers, 569.

Gassarum, A. P., Libellus, 421.

Gastaldi, Jacopo, 433; Notizie di Gastaldi, 435.

Gaule. See Gali.

Gay, Sydney Howard, “Amerigo Vespucci”, 129.

Gayangos, P. de, 47, 400; his autog., 408; edits Marmolejo, 573; Cartas de Cortés, 402, 408, 411; Catalogue of Spanish manuscripts, vii.

Gayarré, Louisiana, 292.

Gaye, Claudio, Historia de Chile, 572.

Gayon, Gonzalo, 260.

Gazetta letteraria universale, 222.

Gazette des Beaux-Arts, 44.

Gazlelu, Domingo de, 564.

Gelves, Nuño, 89.

Génard on Ortelius, 471.

Genoa, birthplace of Columbus, 84; Academy of, 65; investigate birthplace of Columbus, 84; archives of, iv; home of Columbus, 78; notarial records of, iv; papers at, 89.

George of Spires, 579.

Georgia (island), 151.

Geography, histories of, 93.

Geraldinus, Alex., 4; his Itinerarium, 4.

German efforts at settling South America, 581; search for Eldorado, 584.

Geslin, 50.

Ghillany, Geschichte des Seefahrers Ritter Behaim, 35.

Giants in Patagonia, 600; skeleton of, 602; seen by Drake, 602; named from their large feet, 603.

Gibbons, Edward, of Boston, 462.

Gil Gonzalez de Avila, 199, 200. See Davila.

Gila River, 485.

Gilbert, Sir H., map, 452.

Gilles de Gourmont, 158.

Gino Capponi, Marquis, Osservazioni on Vespucius, 155.

Giocondo, Giovanni, 146; the architect, 159, 163, 164.

Giocondo, Giuliano B. del, 146.

Giornale Ligustico, 102.

Giovio. See Jovius.

Girava, Cosmographia, 438; its titlepage, 437; descriptions of America, 186.

Giron, Francisco Hernandez, 542; enters Cusco, 545; retreats and is captured, 545; his rebellion, 577.

Giuntini, F., v.

Giustiniani (Agostino), 90; Psalter, 64; fac-similes of page, 63; Annali di Genoa, 64.

Glareanus, Henricus, 116, 176; Geographia, 25; its bibliography, 25.

Glas, Geo., Conquest of the Canaries, 36.

Globe, sphericity of, 104; picture of an ancient one, 437. See Earth.

Globus mundi, 171, 172.

Goatitlan, 374.

Godfrey, Thomas, his mariner’s bow, 101.

Godin in Peru, 590; adventures of his wife, 590.

Godoy, his report to Cortés, 411.

Gohory, J., La terre neuve de Peru, 564.

Golfo Chinan, 451.

Gold coast, 40.

Golding, Arthur, translation of Mela, 186.

Goldson, William, Passage between the Atlantic and Pacific, 463; Straits of Anian, 456.

Gomara, Francisco Lopez, account of, 412; his access to documents, 412; translated by Chimalpain, 412; his Historia general de las Indias, 412, 563; descriptions of America, 186; on the Cortereals, 107; Conquista de Mexico, 412; on Peru, 412; Cronica de la Nueva España, 412; Historia del Capitano Cortés, 412; Historia de México, 412; Conquista de México, 412; Hispania Victrix, with fac-simile of title, 413; Pleasant Historie, 414; Conquista di Messico, 414; abridged in Eden’s Decades, 414; in Hakluyt, 414; bibliography of, by Brevoort, 414.

Gomberville, 589.

Gomez, Estevan, 241; on the North American coast, 241; with Magellan, 606; deserts, 607.

Gomez, Francis, 241.

Gomez, Pedro, with Valdivia, 528.

Gomez, archipelago of, 224.

Gonzaga, F., De origine religionis Franciscanæ, 399.

Gonzales de la Rosa, Manuel, 567; edits Cieza de Leon, 574.

Good Hope, Cape of, 41.

Goodall, B., Tryall of Travell, 68.

Goodrich, Life of so-called Christopher Columbus, 33, 69.

Goos, Abraham, his map, 462.

Gordillo, Francisco, sails to Florida, 238; his expedition, 285.

Gorgona (island), 509, 511, 513.

Gorricio, Gaspar, iv, 26, 89.

Gossellin, Géog. des Grecs, 101.

Gourgues, Domenic de, his attack on Florida, 280; “the avenger of the Huguenots”, 298; La reprinse de la Floride, 297; different manuscripts of it, 297, 298; no Spanish authorities, 297; a slaver, 297.

Goyeneche, Juan de, his life of Solis, 424.

Gracias á Dios, Cape, 21.

Graham on the hourly variation of the needle, 100.

Grajales, Mendoza, 270.

Gran Quivira, 494. See Quivira.

Granada, arms of, 48; captured, 50; In laudem, etc., 50.

Granada (island), 226, 588.

Grand (isle), fabulous, 36.

Grand Turk Island, 55.

Grant, Fort, 482.

Grantham, Lord, ii.

Grapes in Peru, 547.

Gravier, Gabriel, edits Challeux, 296; Rech. sur les navigations Européens, 42; Le Canarien, 36, 39; Les Normands sur la route des Indes, 25.

Gravier, N. F., Saint-Dié, 162.

Gravière, J. de la, Les marins, 7, 83.

Gray, Capt., in the “Washington”, 470.

Great Circle, 25.

Great Exuma (island), 55.

Great Inaqua (island), 55.

Greco (northeast), 94.

Greenhow, Oregon and California, 455; on the Oregon question, 469; Northwest Coast, 461.

Greenland, a peninsula of Europe, 28, 111, 123, 433; relations with Iceland, 33; seen by Cortereal, 109; on early maps, 28; in the Cantino map, 109; called by various names (Grotlandia), 432; (Grutlandia), 451, 453; (Gronlandia), 434, 435; (Groenland), 472; (Groenlant), 452, 459; (Gruenlant), 115; (Gronland), 175; (Terra nova), 446, 447.

Gregg, Commerce of the Prairies, 495.

Gregoire, Bishop of Blois, his Apologie, 325.

Greiff, B., 162.

Grieninger, Johannes, 128.

Grijalva, Juan de, 349, 351, 354; his expedition, v, 203, 215, 402, 403; sails with Garay (1523), 238; Cronica, 399; Itinerario, 397; portrait, 216.

Grimaldi, 48.

Grimaldo, 93.

Grimm, Sigmund, 408.

Grimston, Edw., 421.

Groclant, 459, 472.

Grothe, H., his Leonardo da Vinci, 31.

Grüninger, printer, 169.

Grynæus, Novus Orbis, 62.

Guachoyanque, 253.

Guadalaxara, 474.

Guadalupe, 374; Our Lady of, 399; Coleccion, 400.

Guaguanico, 351.

Guahan, 611.

Guale, 278.

Guale (Amelia), Island, 282.

Gualterotti, R., L’America, 154.

Guamanga, 536, 537.

Guanahani, 52, 92, 224; (Guanahan), 221; (Ganahani), 226; (Guanao), 177; Ponce de Leon at, 233.

Guanape, 558.

Guandape, 241.

Guanima, 233.

Guanuco, 558.

Guarico, 558.

Guastecan, 472.

Guatari River (Wateree), 285.

Guatemala, 221; audiencia of, 460; Coleccion de doc. antig., 398, 419; the Proceso against Alvarado, 419; Remesal as an authority, 419; Vasquez’ Chronica, 419; Historia of Fuentes y Guzman, 419; the Compendio of Domingo Juavros, 419; expedition to, under Alvarado, 383; map, 384; sources of its history, 398, 419.

Guaxule, 247.

Guayaquil, 509.

Guayaquil, Gulf of, 511.

Guazzo, Marco, Historie, 576.

Guérin, Leon, Navigateurs Français, 34, 298.

Guerra, C., 109, 187, 204, 205.

Guevara, Juan de, 207.

Guibert, M. C., Mémoires de Dieppe, 34.

Guicciardini, Hist. d’Italia, 154.

Guinea coast, 39.

Gumilla, El Orinoco, 587.

Guss, A. L., “Early Indian History of the Susquehanna”, 283.

Gutierrez, J. R., 570.

Guyas, 491.

Guzman, Alonso Enriques de, 566; his autobiography, 567.

Guzman, Diego de, expedition to Sinaloa, 503.

Guzman, Fernando de, his revolt, 582.

Guzman, Nuño Beltran de, 473; his expedition to Ciguatan, 499; distresses the vessels of Cortés, 441, 442; avoids Cortés, 442; expedition to Pánuco, 386, 503; to New Gallicia, 391, 503; invades Jalisco, 387; in Mexico, 395; account of his trial, 398.

Guzman, Pero Nuñez de, 233.

Guzman, S., El peregrino Indiano, 430.

HAAG, La France protestante, 298.

Hacke, Collection of Voyages, 466.

Hackit, Thomas, 293; his Florida, 293.

Hadley’s quadrant, 101.

Hagen, Von der, 179.

Hagenberg, Francis, 471.

Hain, Repertorium, 48.

Hakluyt, on Drake’s discovery, 455; Notable History, 293; Voyages, 498.

Hale, E. E., copy of a drawing of a buffalo, 489; on Coronado’s discovery, 503; procures Cortés’ map of California, 442; discovers original of the name of California, 443; His Level Best, 443; “Magellan’s discovery”, 591; Seven Spanish Cities, 6; on Palos, 6.

Hallam, H., Literature of Europe, 57, 571.

Halley and the magnetic poles, 95; on terrestrial magnetism, 100.

Hammocks (cut), 11; in Brazil, 596; figured, 597.

Hansen, Léonard de, life of Santa Rosa, 560; La bienaventurada Rosa, 560; other versions, 560.

Hardy, Jules, Les Dieppois en Guinée, 39.

Harley, Edward, 226.

Haro, C. de, 615.

Haro, H. de, 519, 520.

Harrassowitz, Rarissima Americana, 157.

Harris, John, the fac-similist, 50.

Harris, Collection of Voyages, 467.

Harrisse, H., his proposed Americ Vespuce, 155; on Ferdinand Columbus, 66; criticised by Stevens, 66; his D. Fernando Colon, 66; his Fernand Colomb, 66; Les Cortereals, 33; Les sépultures de Colomb, 80; Los restos de Colon, 83; his Cabots, 93; Christophe Colomb, 88; Notes on Columbus, privately printed, viii; his Histoire de C. Colomb attribuée à son fils, 66; Les restes mortels de Colomb, 83; Colomb et la Corse, 84; Les Colombo, 86; Desjardin on, viii.

Hatteras, Cape, 285.

Hauslab, Freiherr von, his globes, 171.

Havana, 226, 230, 353; plundered by the French, 262; view of, 202.

Havana (San Cristoval), 351.

Hawkins, Sir John, 262.

Hawkins, Sir Richard, captured, 561.

Haxa, 492.

Haynes, Henry W., “Early Explorations of New Mexico”, 473; favors the Zuñi theory of the Seven Cities, 503.

Hayti (1529), 221; (1541), 177. See Hispaniola, Santo Domingo.

Hazard, Samuel, Santo Domingo, 71, 81, 88.

Helps, Sir Arthur, 337; Conquerors of the New World, 428; Spanish Conquest of America, 69, 204, 428; Life of Cortés, 428; his map of Cortés’ voyage, 353; Life of Pizarro, 578; Life of Columbus, 69; Life of Las Casas, 343; his map of the Valley of Mexico, 369.

Hemez, 495.

Hennepin, bibliography of, 67; his maps of the Pacific coast, 466.

Henriquez, Martin, viceroy of Peru, 557.

Henry (Prince), the navigator, 2; portrait (cut), 39; autog., 39; lives of, 40.

Henshaw, H. W., 481.

Hermano, Diego, 439.

Hermano de Toledo, 454.

Hernandez, Pero, Comentarios, 286.

Herrera, A. de, his life of Vaca de Castro, 567; on Balbóa, 211; his picture of Columbus, 71; on Columbus, 67; account of, 67; drew largely from Las Casas, 67, 340; bibliography of, 67; his Historia general, i, 67, 213, 424, 563; his Descripcion, 67; edited by Barcia, 67; editions of, 68; in Vander Aa, Hulsius, etc., 68; translated by John Stevens, 68, 563; Robertson’s opinion of it, 424; on Lake Parima, 587; and Magellan, 616; maps (1601), 460; edited by Van Baerle, 461; charges Vespucius with falsifying dates, 154; historiographer, 563.

Herries, William, 11.

Hesperides (1541), 177.

Hessels, J. H., 50.

Hevia, Diego de, 278.

Heylin, Cosmographie, 466, 587.

Heyn, Peeter, Miroir du Monde, 472; epitome of Ortelius, 472.

Hinojosa, Pedro de, 540.

Hipparchus and lunar tables, 99.

Hispaniola, 435, 437; (1541), 177; (Española), 106, 110; (Espanholla), 108; (Espagnolla), 226; (Hispaniæ insula), 122; (Isabella), 114, 126; (Spagnola), 115, 123, 128, 175, 218, 223, 228, 229, 451; (Spagnolla), 111, 116, 118, 170, 183, 450; (Spagnollo), 125; (Spagnuola), 188; (Spaniola), 217, 432; Columbus at, 13; fruits of (cut), 16; mines, 16; map of, ascribed to Columbus, 104; other early maps, 105; map (1534), 188; name, 10; native houses (cut), 11; curing of sick (cut), 11. See Hayti, Santo Domingo.

Hochelaga (Ochelai), 451.

Höfer, Nouv. biog. gén., 83.

Hogenberg, Civitates, 5. See Braun.

Hojeda. See Ojeda.

Holbein, 446.

Holguin, Pedro Alvarez de, 534; life of, 577; killed, 536.

Homann, and Lake Parima, 587; his map (1719), 467.

Homem, Diego, map of the Moluccas, 441; map (1540), 446; map (1558), 227, 229, 448; (1568), 449; Atlante maritimo, 449.

Hondius, Jodocus, his map of Gulf of California, 461; his circumpolar map, 461; Caerte van Guiana, 587.

Hondius-Mercator atlas (1613), 461. See Mercator.

Honduras, Olid’s expedition to, 382; map, 384; Cortés in, 385; discovered, 191.

Höniger, Nic., translates Benzoni, 347.

Honoratus, Fray, 475.

Honter, bibliography of, 122; new maps (1561), 123; Rudimentorum cosmographiæ libri, 122, 176.

Hooke, R., 424.

Horn, Ulyssea, 34.

Hour-glass, 437.

Howarth, George, 357.

Hoz, Alonzo de, 548.

Hoz, Pedro Sanchos de, 528.

Huallaga River, 519, 581.

Huamachuco, 520.

Huamanga, 520; founded, 523.

Huanachuco, 519.

Huancabamba, 516, 519.

Huancavelica, 561.

Huanuco, 519, 520; settled, 527.

Huarina, 519, 541; war of, 574.

Huascar, 514.

Huasco, 524.

Huayna Capac, 514.

Hüber, Wolfgang, 160.

Huelen-Guala, 528.

Huet, Bishop, 420.

Huguenots in Florida, 293 et seq.; hated by the Spanish, 262.

Hugues, Luigi, 616.

Hulsius, Levinus, his map “Americæ pars australis”, 587.

Humaña, Juan de, 504.

Humboldt, Alex., his Examen critique, 68, 178; autog., 68; Krit. Untersuchungen, 68; introduction to Ghillany’s Behaim, 68; his Voyage aux régions équinoxiales, 206; Personal Narrative, 206, 287, 375; Essai politique, 375; dissipated the myth of Eldorado, 589; defence of Vespucius, 178.

Hurtado, 198.

Hutchinson, Two Years in Peru, 516.

Huten, Philip von, his expedition, 581.

Huts in trees, native, 514.

Hylacomylus. See Waldseemüller.

IBARRA, B. de, 106.

Ibarra, Diego, 504.

Ibarra, F. de, 504.

Icaria, 472.

Icazbalceta, J. G., 397; autog., 397; Apuntes para un catálogo, etc., 417; Coleccion de documentos, 397, 498; Diccionario, 400; edits Mendieta, 422; on Lorenzana, 408; prints a secret letter of Cortés, 411; Vida de Cortés, 428.

Iceland (Islandia), 434; visited by Columbus, 33.

Ichuse, 257.

Ideler, J. L., 68.

Ilacomylus. See Waldseemüller.

Illapel, 524.

Imperial (town in Chili), 548.

Inca Titus and the crown of Peru, 325.

Inca empire, early reports of, 199.

Incas. See Yncas.

India in Pomponius Mela’s map, 180.

India Superior, 176. See Asia.

Indian Ocean as an inland sea, 95, 165.

Indians, other advocates of, than Las Casas, 343; described by Las Casas, 318; estimates of numbers at the time of European contact, 327; early cuts of, 159, 162; enslaved by the Spaniards, 303; sedentary, 473; pueblo, 473; the Spaniards’ relations to, 299; as found by Columbus, 300; why so named, 169.

Indies, council for the, and the publication of maps, 471; their archives, i. See Council.

Infantado, Duque del, 89; his manuscripts, viii.

Inga, 579; West-Indische Spieghel, 462.

Inghirami, Fedia, 58.

Inquisition in Peru, 557; in Spain, 301, 305; history by Llorente, 325.

Inventio fortunata, 95.

Irving, Pierre, Life of W. Irving, vi.

Irving, Theo., Florida and De Soto, 290.

Irving, Washington, his Columbus, vi, 68; Companions of Columbus, vi, 204; manuscript of his account of Columbus at Barcelona, 56; on portraits of Columbus, 71; on Vespucius, 155.

Isabella (of Spain), sign-manual, 56; her will, 316, 343; dies, 23, 319; her character, 5; story of her jewels pledged, 91.

Isabella (city), 16.

Isabella. See Cuba.

Isleta, 489.

Isnardi, F., Dissertazione, 84; Nuovi doc., 84; Patria di Colombo, 73.

Italian travellers, 93.

Italy and American discovery, 2; Geographical Society, 93.

Iturri on Muñoz, iii.

Ivagana, 611.

Ixtlilxochitl, Historia Chichimeca, 417; his works on New Spain, 417; Horribles crueldades, 417; Noticias, 417; Hist. des Chichimiques, 417; Rois de Tezcuco, 417; Relaciones, 411, 417.

Iztapalapa, 369, 374, 376, 379.

Iztapalatzinco, 369.

JACKSTAFF, 98, 99. See Backstaff, Cross-staff.

Jahresbericht der tech. Anstalten in Nürnberg, 119.

Jal, A., Archéologie navale, 7; La France maritime, 12; De Paris à Naples, 12.

Jahsco, 387.

Jamaica, 128, 201, (1511), 110, (1529), 221, (1534), 223, (1541), 177, (Jamaca), 226, (Jamaicha), 219, (Jamaiqua), 229, (Jamayca), 217, (Jamacqua), 218; Columbus at, 22; a granary, 191; map, 450; settled, 214.

Jamestown, its site occupied by the early Spaniards, 241.

Janequeo, 561.

Jannson, Monde maritime, 462; Orbis maritimus, 462; edits Mercator-Hondius Atlas, 462.

Janvier, Atlas moderne, 469.

Japan, 452, (Cimpaga), 438; (Giapan), 451, 454, (Iapon), 464, (Zipangri), 170; in Ortelius, 472; in Toscanelli’s map, 101. See Cipango.

Japanese map of the Pacific coast, 460.

Jaramillo, Juan de, 258; Relacion, 500.

Jaume. See Ferrer.

Jayme, Juan, 40; his Declinatorium, 100.

Jefferson, Thomas, his picture of Columbus, 73; engraved, 74.

Jefferys’s map of De Fonte’s narrative, 469; Northwest Coast, 460; translates Muller’s voyages to the northwest, 469.

Jemez, 495.

Jequetepeque, 516.

Jerez, G. de, 511.

Jeronymites, 311.

Jesso (island), 463; in the maps, 463; depicted by Hennepin, 464; (Terro Esonis), 467.

Jesuits in Florida, 282; in Mexico, 399; in Peru, 552.

Joan Baptista, Fray, 422.

Jocundus. See Giocondo.

John of Gaunt, 39.

Jomard on likenesses of Columbus, 70; Monument à Colomb, 74.

Jones, C. C., Jr., on De Soto’s route, 291.

Jordan River, 240, 292; whence named 285; (Pedee), 260.

Josse, A. L., 424.

Jourdanet, Denis, edits Sahagun, 417; La pression de l’air sur la vie de l’homme, 375; his map of the Valley of Mexico, heliotype, 375; Histoire véridique, 415.

Journal of the Franklin Institute, 94.

Journal of the Military Service Institution, 375.

Jovius, Paulus, Elogia, 29, 67, 70, 71, 72; his gallery, 72; portrait, 70.

Juan Ponce, Bay of, 283.

Juan y Ulloa, El meridiano de demarcacion, 45.

Juarros, Domingo, his Guatemala, 419.

Judæis. See Judæus.

Judæus, Cornelius de, his map, 457; Speculum, 457.

Jujuy, 525.

Julius II., Pope, 120.

KAEMPFER, 460.

Kalbfleisch, C. H., 113, 163, 173.

Kansas City Review, 467.

Karaikes, 601.

Keating, Maurice, edits Bernal Diaz, 415.

Kemenettes, 601.

Kendall, Abraham, in Guiana, 587.

Kendrick, Capt., in the “Columbia”, 470.

Kern, R. H., map by, 502.

Kerr, Voyages, 67, 162.

Kettell, Samuel, translates Columbus’ Journal, or Personal Narrative, 46.

Keymis, with Raleigh, 587.

Kingsborough, his bound tracts on Mexico and Peru, 399; his text of Sahagun, 416.

Kino, Father, explorations in California, 467; his map, 467.

Kirk, J. F., 427; criticises R. A. Wilson, 427; edits Prescott’s Peru, 578.

Kitchen’s map shows Lake Parima, 587.

Klöoen, K. von, “Die Welser”, 579.

Klunzinger, Karl, Antheil der Deutschen an der Entdeckung von Südamerika, 579.

Klüpfel, Karl, 579.

Knight, A. G., Columbus, 69.

Koerius, Petrus, his maps, 464.

Kohl, Dr. J. G., on discovery in the Gulf of Mexico, 404; his collection of maps, 93; his manuscript at Worcester, 127; his studies of the cartography of the Pacific coast, 431;. his manuscript memoir on this subject, 127, 431; on Magellan’s Straits in _Zeitschrift der Gesellschaft für Erdkunde in Berlin_, 617;. republished as Magellan’s Strasse, 617; Lost Maps, 117.

Kolno. See Szkolny.

Koppe, K. W., 410.

Kries, Magellan-Reise, 615.

Kublai Khan, 42

Külb, 564.

Küsker, B., 51.

LA CAILLE, 276.

La Condamine, 590; descends the Amazon, 590.

La Cosa, Juan de, his map, 106; account of, 106. See Cosa.

La Croix, Algemeene Weereld Beschryving, 378.

La Cruz, his map, 587.

La Harpe, Abrégé des voyages, 463.

La Paz, 442.

La Pérouse, 470.

La Plata, 446, 450; Magellan at, 598; called early by Solis, 605. See Plata.

La Roche, Jean de, 262.

La Salle, Cavelier de, his connection with Peñalosa, 504; place of his death, 294.

Labanoff, Alex., his maps, 93.

Labazares, Guido de, 256.

Laborde, J. B. Mer du sud, 468; Voyage pittoresque, 389.

Labrador, 435, 436, 450, 451; (Lavorador), 219; (Laborador), 228, 453; (terra laboratorum), 122; early visits to, 34.

Lacio, publisher, 412.

Ladrones, 438, 610; Pigafetta’s map of, 611, 614.

Laet, J. de, map of Lake Parima, 587, 588.

Lafitau, Découv. des Portugais, 42.

Lafreri, Geografia, 432.

Lafuente y Alcantara, 47.

Lake, Arthur, 11.

Lamartine, C. Colomb, 83.

Lambert, Jehan, 157.

Lambert, T. H., on the origin of the name America, 179.

Landa, Diego de, Relation de Yucatan, 429.

Landon, Galerie historique, 73.

Langeac, Colomb, 68.

Langeron on Magellan, 617.

Lanjuinas, J. D., Colomb, 84; Études, 84.

Laon globe, 28.

Lapie on Maldonado, 456; in Nouv. annales des voyages, 463.

Larousse, Grand dict. universel, 68.

Las Alas, Estevan de, 278.

Las Casas, Antoine, 304.

Las Casas, Bartholomew, chapter on, by Geo. E. Ellis, 299; his birth, 303; arrives in America, 21; ordained at Hispaniola, 305; goes to Cuba, 305; goes to Spain (1515), 307; returns to Indies, 307; other visits to Spain, 308; enters a convent (1522), 313, 333; made bishop of Chiapa, 314; dies, 314; his character, 306, 330; his exaggerations, 313, 318, 324, 326, 327, 328, 332; relations to slavery, 304, 312, 325, 326; on encomiendas, 537; his colony at Cumana, 313; his memorials to the Crown, 317; his “Propositions”, 321, 335; opposed by Oviedo and Sepulveda, 314, 331; his opponents, 343; charges against him, 326, 343; supported by Herrera and Torquemada, 326; reviewed by Prescott, 328; his portrait, 332; his autog., 333; authorities on his career, 331; lives of him, 343; by Fabié, 343; by Helps, 343; by H. H. Bancroft, 343; by Prescott, 343; by Llorente, 324, 340; his writings, 313, 325; bibliography of, 333; his Obras (Llorente’s edition), 324, 340; Œuvres, 340; Apologética hist., 340; his unpublished writings, 337; Carta (1520), 337; Carta (1545), 337; Carta (1554), 337; Historia de las Indias, vii, 89, 174, 317, 339; fac-simile of indorsement on it, 339; Conquista dell’Indie, 342; his use of documents, ii; on De Soto, 254; on Columbus, ii; abridges the Journal of Columbus, 46, 91; his nine tracts, 333, 335; Brevissima relacion, 333; fac-simile of title, 334; Cancionero spiritual, 333; Lo que se signe, etc., 335; Entre los remedios, 335; Aqui se cōtienē unos, etc., 335; fac-simile of its title, 336; Aqui se contiene una disputa, 335; Este es un tratado, 335; Proposiciones, 335; fac-simile of title, 338; Principia, 335; Tratado, 335; Explicatio, 337; reprinted as Las obras, 337; translations of his tracts, 341; Tyrannies et cruautez, 341; The Spanish Colonie, 341; Tears of the Indians, 341; Seer cort Verhael, 341; Spieghel der Sp. Tirannije, 341; Histoire admirable des horribles insolences, 341; Le miroir de la tyrannie, 341; Histoire des Indes, 351; La découverte des Indes, 341; Relation des voyages, 341; Relation of the first voyages, 342; Newe Welt, 342; Narratio regionum Indicarvm, 342; De Bry’s engravings, 342; Account of the first voyages, 342; Popery truly displayed, 342; Old England for ever, 342; Warhafftiger Bericht, 342; Umbständige warhafftige Beschreibung, 342; Regionum Indicarum, 342; Istoria, 342; Il supplice, etc., 342; La libertà pretesa, 342.

Las Casas, Francisco de, 200.

Las Cases (Napoleon’s chamberlain), 304.

Lasso de la Vega, Gabriel, his Cortés valeroso, 354; Mexicana, 354; his likeness, 355.

Latitude, errors in, 96; first use of, 95.

Latitude and longitude, earliest instance of, in Spanish maps, 224.

Laudonnière, René, builds Fort Caroline, 262; L’histoire notable, 293; Notable History, 293; Lemoyne’s account, 296; Brevis narratio, 296; Challeux’ Discours, 296.

Lautaro, 548; victorious, 549; killed, 549.

Lavazares, Guido de, 504.

Lavradio, Count de, 42.

Laws, early Spanish, respecting the New World, 347; of Mexico, 401. See New Laws.

Laycal Bay, 55.

Le Clercq, Etablissement de la Foy, 244.

Le Verrier, 36.

League, its length, 45.

Lebrija, Ant. de, Prudentii Opera, 64.

Ledesma, Pedro de, 176, 204.

Lefroy, J. H., Memorials of Bermuda, 110.

Legaspi, M. L. de, 616.

Leguina, Enrique de, La Cosa, 107.

Leguizamo, Marcio Sierra de, 556, 570.

Leigh, Sir Thomas, 464.

Leisler, Governor, 76.

Lelewei, Joachim, _Die Entdeckung der Carthager auf dem Atlantischen Ocean_, 36; his map of the Atlantic according to the ancients (cut), 37; makes an hypothetical map (1501-1503), 109; on Ortelius, 471, 472.

Lemaire, Speculum, 602.

Lemoyne de Morgues, Jacques, his account of Laudonnière’s expedition, 296; Brevis narratio, 296; translated by Perkins, 296.

Lenox, James, on the Columbus letters, 47; his woodcut map (1534), 222; fac-simile of, 223; his globe, sketch of, 123, 170; Lenox Library, 158; Spanish documents in, iii.

Leo Africanus, 163; his Afrique, 163.

Leon, Cieza de, treatment of natives, 556.

Leon, Jean. See Leo Africanus.

Lepage, H., René et Vespuce, 164.

Lepe, Diego de, 109, 188; his voyage, 149; authorities on his voyage, 204, 205; his map, 205.

Leroz, Geographia de la America, 288.

Lester, Charles Edwards, 139.

Letera de la nobil cipta, 576.

Lettres édifiantes, 467.

Leucaton, 549.

Levante (east), 94.

Leven van Columbus, 69.

Levinus Apollonius, 297.

Lexona, 408.

Leyes y ordenanças, 347.

Libri’s library, 166.

Lichte der Zee-Vaert, 97.

Light of Navigation, 97.

Lightfoote, William, Complaints of England, 341.

Lilio, Z., De origine, etc., 58.

Lilius, Orbis breviarium, 25.

Lima, 513, 519, 558; accounts of its founding, 567; colleges at, 561; councils at, 552, 557; founded, 510, 522; called “Ciudad de los Reyes”, 522.

Linati, Costûmes de Mexique, 362.

Lindenau, Corresp. de Zach, 221.

Linschoten Itinerario, 457; editions of, 457; Wolfe’s translation, 459; copies of, 459; maps in, 457; Navigatio, 460; Histoire de la navigation, 460; Description de l’Amérique, 460; Beschryvinge, etc., 460; the Dutch editions used as sea-manuals, 460; in De Bry, 460; bibliography in Sabin, 460; his life, 460.

Lions (islands), 599.

Lippincott’s Magazine, 71.

Lisbon, archives of the Torre do Tombo, ii, viii, 90; Royal Academy, their Noticias para nações ultramarinas, 173, 616.

Livres payés en vente publique 1,000 francs, 27.

Llama, 505.

Llorente, Juan Antonio, biographer and editor of Las Casas, 304, 324; history of the Inquisition, 325; his work on the Popes, 325.

Loaysa, Alonzo de, 543.

Loaysa, Garcia de, 440.

Loaysa, Geronimo, bishop, 537; archbishop of Lima dies, 557.

Lockhart, John I., Memoirs of Diaz, 415.

Log, invention of, 98.

Lok, Michael, his map, 454.

Lomas Colmenares, J. B. de, 504.

Lombards (guns), 7.

Long Island (Bahamas), 55.

Longfellow, H. W., on Irving, vi.

Longitude, errors in, 98; first use of, 95; more or less uncertain at sea to-day, 101; rewards of accurate methods, 100. See Latitude.

Lope de Sosa, 209.

Lope de Vega, on the Araucanian war, 572.

Lopes, Pero, 596.

Lopez de Haro, Nobilario, 88.

Lopez, Diego, 492.

Lopez, map of Mexico, 375.

Lorea, Ant. de, 560.

Lorenzana, Cartas pastorales, 400; edits records of ecclesiastical councils, 399; Nueva España, 408, 443; account of him, 408; Historia de Méjico, 408; his map of New Spain (heliotype), 359; on Viscaino, 461.

Lorgues, R. de, Satan contre Colomb, 69; La croix dans les deux mondes, 69; Chr. Colomb, 69; L’ambassadeur de Dieu, 69.

Los Rios, Pedro de, 200.

Lota, 524.

Löwenstern, I., on likenesses of Columbus, 70.

Loyola, Martin Garcia, 553; governor of Chili, 561; killed, 562; sources of information, 573.

Lucanas, 527, 544.

Lucayan Islands, map, 61; their natives carried to Hispaniola, 321.

Lucayoneque, 238.

Lud, Walter, 145, 162, 471; noticed by Henry Stevens, 162; his Speculum, 62, 145, 163.

Lugtenberg, his map, 464.

Lugo, F. de, 580.

Lugo, Luis Alonzo de, 581; of New Granada, 581.

Lugo, Montalvo de, 581.

Luguna, 489, 501.

Luis, missionary, 497.

Lullius, Raymond, Arte de navegar, 96, 98.

Luna, Gomez de, 534.

Luna y Arellano, Tristan de, 257; his expedition, 258; returned to Cuba, 259.

Lunar tables, 99.

L’univers pittoresque, 296.

Luque, Hernando, 505, 507; made bishop of Tumbez, 512; died, 526.

Lyuro das obras de Garcia de Resende, 56.

MACDONALD, M., Guatemozin, 430.

Macedo, notice of Ortelius, 471.

Machin discovers Madeira, 38.

Machiparo, 582.

Mackenzie, A. S., 53.

Macoya, 279.

Macrobius, 28.

Macuelas, Juan, 257.

Madden, Sir Frederick, 337.

Madeira discovered, 38; as first meridian, 95.

Madrid, Academy of History, publications on American history, vii; Royal Academy, Memorias, 70; Soc. Geog., Boletin, 72.

Maella, M., 76.

Maese de Campo, 271.

Maffeius, 62; Commentariorum urbanorum libri, 421; Historiarum indicarum libri, 457.

Magalhaens. See Magellan.

Magalhaes de Gandavo, 154.

Magasin pittoresque, 72, 296.

Magdalen (Indian women), 255.

Magdalena (Florida river), 243, 288.

Magdalena (South American river), 189, 513.

Magellan, Fernando de, career, 591; different forms of his name, 591; autog., 592; sails on his expedition, 592; portraits of, 72, 75, 76, 593, 594, 595; his fleet, 593; quarrels with Juan de Carthagena, 596, 599; at Rio de Janeiro, 596; at La Plata, 598; at Port Desire, 599; mutiny there, 599; executes Mendoza and Quesada, 599; sees a giant, 600; fights the natives, 601; takes possession of Patagonia, 604; observes eclipse of sun, 604; in the straits, 606; reaches the Pacific, 608; his track in the Pacific, 609; map of it, 610; at the Ladrones, 611; at the Philippines, 612; killed, 612; sources of information for the voyage, 613; Pigafetta’s diary, 613, 614; Max. Transylvanus’ letter, 615; lost account by Peter Martyr, 615; documents in Navarrete, 615; manuscript ascribed to Magellan, 615; enumeration of his companions, 615; accounts by Stanley, Major, etc., 617; bibliography of, 617; documents published by the Hakluyt Society, 616; account by Genoese pilot, 616; shows how Magellan followed the Antarctic current, 616; account in Oviedo, 616; in Herrera, 616; the Noticia of Navarrete, 617.

Magellan’s Straits, 435, 436, 446, 450, (1534), 223; (1541), 177; treatise on its history by Kohl, 617; by Wieser, 617; named after the Eleven thousand Virgins by its discoverer, 604, 605; prefigured on Behaim’s map, 604; Pigafetta’s map, 605; called “Streto Patagonico”, 605; voyage of the “Santa Maria de la Cabeza”, 593.

Magini, J. A., edits Ptolemy, 457.

Magnet, history of the, 94; variation of, 94; lines of no variation, 95. See Compass, Needle.

Magnetic curves, charts of, 100.

Magnetic pole, 95.

Maida (island), 451, 453.

Maiollo, map of America (1527), 94, 219, 220.

Major, R. H., Select Letters of Columbus, 10, 47; Conquest of the Canaries, 36; on date of Columbus’ birth, 83; on the Da Vinci map, 124; on Vespucius, 178; Prince Henry the Navigator, 40, 617; Discoveries of Prince Henry, 617.

Mala, 519, 526.

Maldonado, 21.

Maldonado (artist), 362.

Maldonado, Diego, 503; seeks De Soto, 253.

Maldonado, Francisco, 250.

Maldonado, Lorenzo Ferrer de, his disputed voyage, 455; authorities for, 455; Viaggio, 456; Memoir by Lapie, 456; map, 468.

Maldonado, Pedro de, 542.

Maldonado, Roderigo, 486, 492.

Malhado Island, 244.

Malipiero, Dominico, 106.

Malloy, Charles, Affairs maritime, 83.

Malpica, 72.

Malte-Brun, 164; Hist. de la géog., 30.

Manca, Ynca, 520; at Vilcabamba, 546; neglected, 524; heads an army, 524; defeated by Orgoñez, 526.

Mandaña, 561.

Mandeville, John de, influences Columbus, 27; Itinerarius, 30.

Maneiro, De vitis Mexicanorum, 429.

Mangi, 42, 105, 118, 438, 454, 472; mare de, 451, 453.

Mangon, 42.

Manigua, 233.

Manilla, 454.

Manioc, 598.

Manipacna River, 259.

Mannert, Conrad, 587.

Manno and Promis, Notizie di Gastaldi, 439.

Manoa (city), 585; first in maps, 587; in later maps, 587, 588; disappeared, 589.

Manrique de Lara, Rodrigo, 551.

Manta Bay, 509.

Mantuanus, B., Opera, 62.

Manuscrits de la Bibliothèque du Roi, 38.

Mapocho River, 528.

Maps of the earliest Spanish and Portuguese discoveries, 93; early Spanish ones very rare, 174. See Cordiform.

Maracaibo, 190; Lake of, 187.

Maracayo Lake, 558.

Maragnon, Rio, 228.

Maranon (river), 188, 513, 519, 581. See Amazon.

Marata, 477, 480.

Marchand, Guy, or Guiot, printer, 49, 50, 51.

Marchena of Rábida, 3, 5.

Marchena, Perez de, 91.

Marchesi, 48.

Marchetti, edition of Ortelius, 472.

Marcos, Fray, 475, 476, 477, 503; his Descubrimiento, 499; report altered in Ramusio and Hakluyt, 476, 499; his fictions, 499; rejoins Coronado, 480; general of the Franciscans, 481.

Marcou, Jules, on the naming of America, 179; First Discoveries of California, 443, 467; on Alarcon’s voyage, 443.

Mar del Sur. See Pacific.

Margarita (island), 18, 20, 110, 134, 187, 225, 581, 588; map, 61; seized by Aguirre, 582.

Margry, Navigations Françaises, 12, 39.

Mariames (Indians), 244.

Mariguana (island), 55, 56.

Mariguanu, battle of, 549.

Marin, Commercio de’ Veneziani, viii, 90.

Marina, 355, 396.

Marini, G. B., 66.

Marinus, 24.

Marinus of Tyre, 95.

Markham, Clements R., “Pizarro, and the Conquest of Peru and Chili”, 505; “Critical Essay”, 563; his Expeditions into the Valley of the Amazons, 563, 585, 589; his Narrative of the Proceedings of Pedrárias Davilla, 564; edits Xeres, 564; Reports on the Discovery of Peru, 566; edits Life of Guzman, 567; Rules and Laws of the Incas, 571; Travels of Cieza de Leon, 574; Garcilasso de la Vega’s Royal Commentaries, 575; encouraged by Prescott, 578; his Cusco and Lima, 578; Travels in Peru and India, 578; his handbook on Peru, 578; Search of Eldorado, 582; edits Acosta, 421; edits Andagoya, 212.

Marmocchi, Raccolta, v, 342.

Marmolejo, G., 528, 551.

Marmolejo, Gongora, career, 572; Hist. de Chile, 573.

Marquesas Islands, 561.

Marquez, Diego, 212, 213.

Martens, Th., 50.

Martin, Alonso, 196.

Martin, Cristóbal, 504.

Martines, his maps, 450; (155-?), 450; (1578), 227, 229; his map of the Moluccas, 441.

Martinez, Father, 279.

Martinez, Henrico, Reportorio, 421.

Martinez, the author of the story of Manoa, 579.

Martinez receives letter from Toscanelli, 31.

Martyr, Peter, d’Anghiera, 57, 224; on Columbus’ second voyage, 58; Decades, 57, 122, 182; Epistolæ, 57; estimate of, 57; De nuper repertis insulis, 402; Extraict ou recueil, 410; on Magellan’s voyage, 615; his map (1511), 109, 110; Legatio Babylonica, 109; Summario (1534), 222.

Martyrs, the (islands), 233.

Massbieau, L., Mexico, 378.

Mata-Lanares, manuscripts of, ii.

Matagorda Bay, 244.

Matanzas, 203, 230, 276.

Mataquito, 549.

Matienzo, Juan, 552; his Gobierno de el Peru, 571.

Maule River, 524, 531, 559.

Mauro, Fra, his map, 41, 94.

Mauro, Lucio, 414.

Maury, Mytton, 106.

Mavila, 248, 291; battle of, 249; name how spelled, 291.

May (river), 295.

Maya civilization, 429.

Mayer. See Meyer.

Mayer, Anton, Wiens Buchdruckergeschichte, 184.

Mayor, Pedro de, 528.

Maximilian, Emperor of Mexico, his library, 430.

Maxixcatzin, 372.

McCulloch, Antiquarian Researches in America, 296.

Mead, Construction of maps, 470.

Mecia de Viladestes, map of the Canaries, 36.

Mecken, Israel van, 352.

Medici, Lorenzo di Pier Francesco de’, 145; letter to, from Vespucius, 156.

Medici, princes, 131.

Medina, Pedro de, Arte de navegar, 7, 98, 176; his map, 113, 226.

Medina-Sidonia, Duke of, his manuscripts, viii.

Medina, Libro, 6.

Meek, Alexander, on De Soto’s march, 296; Romantic Passages, 296.

Megander, 262.

Meier, H. L., 290.

Mela, Pomponius, bibliography of, 180; his map of the world, 180; his Cosmographia, 180; De situ orbis, 28, 181; Cosmographica geographia, 181; De totius orbis descriptione, 181; edited by Vadianus, 122, 182; issued with Solinus, 182; corrected by Olive and Barbaro, 183; translated by Golding, 186; his north and south theory, 26; on Vespucius, 154. See Pomponius.

Memoirs for the Curious, 462.

Memorial historico Español, 573.

Mena, Juan de, 256.

Mena, Marcos de, 256.

Mendana, Alvaro de, 552.

Mendez, Diego, 62.

Mendiburu, Diccionario del Peru, 570.

Mendieta, Alonzo de, 570.

Mendieta, G., Hist. eclesiastica Indiana, 415, 422.

Mendocino, Cape, 444, 465; earliest mention of, 455.

Mendoza, Andrea Hurtado (Marquis of Cañate), viceroy of Peru, 545; dies, 547.

Mendoza, Antonio de, 393, 474; his autog., 254; conquers the Chichimecs, 419; viceroy of Peru, 542.

Mendoza, Cardinal, 91.

Mendoza, Garcia Hurtado de, governor of Chili, 549; defeats Caupolican, 549; likeness, 550; leaves Chili, 551; (fourth Marquis of Cañete), 560; his life, 572.

Mendoza Grajales, his Memoria, 293.

Mendoza, Hurtado de, his voyage, 441; on the Pacific coast, 393.

Mendoza, Juan Gonzáles de, Historia del Reino de China, 504.

Mendoza, L. T. de, his Coleccion, vii.

Mendoza, Martin, counsels with Magellan in the Straits, 607.

Mendoza, Pedro de (in Peru), 519.

Mendoza, P. G. de, archbishop of Toledo, 4.

Mendoza, one of Magellan’s captains, executed, and remains found by Drake, 599.

Mendoza (Chili), 524.

Menendez de Aviles, Pedro, 260, 283; directed to conquer Florida, 261; attacks Ribault, 263; attacks Fort Caroline, 272; returns to Spain, 279; returns to Florida, 282; on the Chesapeake, 282; dies, 283; portrait, 261; authorities, 293, 297; Cartas, 293; his victims of the Epistola supplicatoria, 297.

Meneses, 543.

Meneses, Pablo de, 545.

Mer de l’ouest, 463, 467, 468, 469.

Meras, Solis de, 275.

Mercadillo, 527.

Mercado, Martin, 545.

Mercator, Michael, his map, 461.

Mercator, Gerard, map (1541), 177; (1569), 449, 452; and Cnoyen, 95; his projection, theory of, 470. See Hondius.

Mercator, Rumoldus, his map, 457.

Mercure de France, 560.

Mercuri, engraving of Columbus, 73.

Mérida, bishop of. See Landa.

Meridian, first, 95. See Longitude.

Mesquita, 599, 607.

Mesurado, Cape, 40.

Meta (river), 581, 586.

Metullus, America, 458.

Mexia, Pedro, Silva, 616.

Mexico (see Cortés), 435; called Temistitan, 225; held to be Quinsay, 432; human sacrifices in, 328; plans, descriptions, and views of the city, 450; plan of, before the Conquest, 364; descriptions of, 364; lake of, 358; its causeways, 364, 369; alleged plan by Montezuma, 364; Helps’s plan, 369; Wilson’s plan of the valley, 374; the lake in Cortés’ day, 375; shrinkage of the lagunes, 375; map in Keating’s Bernal Diaz, 415; Jourdanet’s map (heliotype), 375, 415; Humboldt’s map, 375; Lopez map, 375; Siguenza’s map, 375; the waters of its lake supposed to flow into the Pacific, 375; inundations, 375; view of the city under the conquerors, 377; sketch in Bordone’s Libro, 378; new causeways built by the Spaniards, 378; city rebuilt, 378; cathedral built, 378; plan from Ramusio, 379; other plans, 378; account by Salazar, 378: other accounts, 378; Temple of, 408; second conquest by Cortés, 376; list of the conquerors and their descendants, 414, 415; conquest of, sources of information, 397; the “anonymous conqueror”, 397; records of the municipality, 398; records of ecclesiastical councils, 399; authorities on church history, 399; documentary sources, 397; Documentos para la historia, 498; native manuscripts destroyed, 417; bibliography of, 429; by Boturini, 429; by Clavigero, 430; by Ramirez, 430; by H. H. Bancroft, 430; plays and poems on the Conquest, 430; map of the west coast, 450; Geographical Society of, 93; its Boletin, 451.

Mexico, Gulf of, early maps of, 217; (Golfo Mexicano), 451, 459; map by Martines, 450; Cabot’s map, 447; (mare Cathayum), 433; Cortés’ map of, 404.

Meyer. See Mayer.

Meyer, M. M., 102.

Meyer, Tobias, 101.

Meygenberg, 28.

Michoacan, map of, 400.

Miculasa (Indian), 250.

Miggrode, Jacques de, 341.

Milan, alleged birthplace of Columbus, 84.

Millacalquin, 562.

Mines and Mining, 578; in Hispaniola, 16.

Mint established in Peru, 552.

Miranda de Azevedo, 440.

Miranda, Juan de, 504.

Mirandolo, Pico de, 162.

Miravalle, Counts of, 362.

Miruello, 292.

Miruelo, Diego, pilot, 236, 242.

Mississippi (river), its supposed course, 282; crossed by De Soto, 247, 251; discovered by Pineda, 237; who discovered it? 292; called “Espiritu Santo”, 177, 237, 404, 447, 504; early maps of, 292; map by Wytfliet, 281; by Delisle, 294. See Espiritu Santo.

Mittheilungen des Instituts für Oesterreichische Geschichtsforschung, 617.

Mixco, 383.

Mobile Bay, 295.

Mocha (island), 531; (Chili), 524.

Mogrovejo, Toribio de, bishop, 557.

Molina, A. de, 511.

Molineaux globe, 452; map, 458.

Moll, Hermann, map (1736), 468; map of the Pacific coast, 467; of California (1755), 468; Lake Parima, 587.

Moluccas, 150, 217, 440, 610; discovered, 591; reached (1511), 441; expeditions to, 440; Cortés opens trade with, 393; supposed way to, 446; sold by Spain, 441; early maps, 440, 450 (1568), 449; history of, by Argensola, 616.

Monarchus, Robertus, Bellum Christ. Princip., 51.

Monasterio, 241.

Monette, J. W., Valley of the Mississippi, 296.

Monroy, Alonso, 528, 529; goes to Cusco, 530; dies, 532.

Monin, H., 40.

Moniz, Vasco Gill, 90.

Monserrate, documents at, iii.

Montaldo, Professor, 54.

Montanus, 192; Nieuwe Weereld, 466.

Montejo, Francisco de, 351; in Yucatan, 429.

Monteleone, Duke of, 395, 396.

Monteros, 516.

Montesinos, Ant. de, 240, 254, 286.

Montesinos, F., his career, 570; his Memorias, 570, 577; Annales, 570.

Montezuma, hears of Cortés, 353; picture of, in Montanus, 361; in Solis, 363; other likenesses, 76, 362, 424; meets Cortés, 362; in chains, 362; his descendants, 362; his appearance and age, 362; offers tribute to Cortés, 365; wounded on the parapet, 368; dies, 368; his tributaries, 408.

Montlezun, Baron de, 53.

Monthly Miscellany, 462.

Moon. See Lunar tables.

Moqui pueblos, 484, 503.

Mora, D. de, 519.

Mora, J. de, 425.

Mora, Méjico, 428.

Morales, 197.

Morales, Andrés de, 204.

Morales, Gaspar de, 505.

More, Sir Thomas, his Utopia, 176.

Morelli, Cav., Lettera rarissima, 62.

Moreno, his maps, 55.

Morga, Philippine Islands, 616.

Morgan, L. H., House and House-Life of the American Aborigines, 502; on the seven cities of Cibola, 502.

Morisotus, Orbis maritimi, 34.

Morris, J. G., 106.

Morton, Thomas, on the Asiatic extension of North America, 439.

Moscoso, Luis de, 248; succeeds De Soto, 253.

Moscoso, F., 519.

Motolinia, Toribio, 343; his life by Ramirez, 343; his autog., 343; Historia, 397.

Motupe, 516, 519.

Mount St. Elias, 469.

Muller, E., 66.

Muller, G. F., on voyages to the Northwest, 469.

Müller, Johannes, of Königsberg (Regiomontanus), 96, 99; his Ephemerides, 96; his Tabulæ astron., 99.

Müller, Johannes, Vereine Deutschlands, 93.

Mulligan, John, 58.

Mundus novus, 157.

Mundus Novus (South America), 115, 123.

Muñoz, Juan, in Florida, 255.

Muñoz, J. B., autog. of, iii; his collection of manuscripts, vii, 569; on Columbus, 68; his Historia failed to record Vespucius, 153.

Munroe, Prof. C. E., 352.

Münster, Seb., his map (1532), 121, 122; Novus orbis, 122.

Muratori, 90; Rerum ital. scriptores, 48.

Murphy, B., on the tomb of Cortés, 396.

Murphy, H. C., 287; on the bibliography of the Cosmog. Introd., 166.

Murdock, J. B., Cruise of Columbus, 54.

Murr, C. G. von, Memorabilia, 35, 221; Gesch. des Ritters Behaim, 35.

Musters, G. C., on Patagonia, 603.

Myritius, Johannes, Opusculum geographicum, 154, 439; map, 457.

NAHUATL manuscripts, 418.

Nancy globe, 432; sketch of, 433.

Nanipacna, 258.

Napione, Del primo scopritore, 84, 163; Patria di Colombo, 83, 84.

Napo River, 528, 588.

Napochies, 258.

Napoleon I., his havoc among the Spanish archives, i.

Napoli, Juan de, portolano, 38.

Naraciones históricas, 573.

Narvaez, Pamphilo de, in Cuba, 201; has a patent, 242; disappears, 244; his landing in Florida, 274; where did he land? 288; names of his followers, 415; sent against Cortés, 365; treats with Cortés, 366; released by Cortés, 380; authorities, 286; autog., 286; map of his discoveries, 226.

Nasca, 519, 543, 558.

Nata, 509.

Natchez (Indians), 258, 294.

Nation, The, 71.

Natives, earliest picture of, 19.

Nativita, 188.

Nautical Magazine, 82, 100.

Navarrete, E. F. de, 65; La longitud en la mar, 98.

Navarrete, M. F. de, account of, iv; La historia de la nautica, v, 98; on Alonzo de Santa Cruz, 100; on Andagoya, 212; his Coleccion, v; Opúsculos, v; Bibl. mar. Española, v; his documents on Magellan, 615; edits Doc. inéditos, vii; Sutil y Méxicana (atlas), 456, 561; on Maldonado, 456; his researches on Columbus, 68, 456; Noticia of Magellan, 617; another in his Opúsculos, 617; on Vespucius, 153, 178; Viages menores, 204.

Navarro, 516.

Navarro, Joaquin, translates Prescott, 427.

Navidad, La, 10, 16, 226.

Navigation, books of, 98.

Nebrissensis, Ant., 58.

Needle, declination of, 100; dip of, 100; variation of, as a means of ascertaining longitude, 99. See Magnet, Compass.

Negrete, Juan de, 573.

Negro River, 581.

Negroes in Peru, 560. See Slavery.

Neueröffnetes Amphitheatrum, 78.

New Andalusia, 88, 190, 191, 585; history of, 587.

New Castile (Peru), 525. See Castilla nueva.

New France (Nova Francia), 453.

New Gallicia, 229, 474, 504; conquered by Guzman, 391.

New Granada, 458, 581.

New Interlude, 62.

New Laws, 537; revoked, 539. See Laws.

New Mexico, Coronado’s incursion into, 473; sources of information, 498 (see Coronado); early explorations of, 473; various expeditions to, 503.

New Spain, Audiencia, 460; Lorenzana’s map of, 408; maps of, 358, 359; map of, in Herrera, 392; (Nueva Spanya), 450; map by Ortelius, 472.

New Toledo (Chili), 525.

New Quarterly Review, 54.

New York Historical Society, Catalogue of Gallery, 515.

Newe Zeitung aus Hispanien, 576.

Newfoundland in the Cantino map, 108; (Terra Cortesia), 121; early voyages to, 33; in Sylvanus’ map, 122; (Terra nova), 450.

Newton, Sir Isaac, 470; his theory of a sphere flattened at the poles, 590; expeditions to verify it, 590.

Nicaragua, documents on, ix; Lake of, 200. See Peralta.

Nicholas of Lynn, 95.

Nicholas, Thomas, 414; translates Zarate, 568.

Nicolini, Donato, 131.

Nicoya, Diego de, 191, 198, 200.

Nicuessa, 88, 209, 210.

Nieva. See Zuñiga.

“Nina”, ship, 8, 187.

Niño, 18, 204, 205.

Niño, Andrés, 199.

Niño, Pedro Alonso, 109, 187.

Nito, 385.

Nombre de Dios, 189, 190, 223, 228, 446, 509, 581; settled, 505; abandoned, 506.

Non, Cape, 40.

Nootka Sound, 469, 470.

Nordenskiöld, A. E., Trois cartes, 28; Bröderna Zenos, 121, 436; edits manuscript of Marco Polo, 30.

Noreña, Alonso de, 343.

North’s Plutarch, 78.

North America, the belief in its narrowness, 466; connected with Asia, 285, 431; shown as an archipelago, 128. See America.

North star, 99.

Northmen, voyages to America, 33; their acquaintance with the loadstone, 94.

Norumbega, 451, 459, 473; (Anorobagra), 224; (Norumberga), 453.

Noticias históricas de la Nueva España, 421.

Nouvelles certaines des isles du Peru, 576.

Nova Galitia. See New Gallicia.

Novus orbis. See Grynæus.

Nucio, Antwerp publisher, 412.

Nueva Galicia. See New Gallicia.

Nuñez de Balbóa. See Balbóa.

Nuñez Vela, Blasco, 537.

Nuremberg Chronicle, 34.

Nuttall, Travels into Arkansas, 292.

Nyeto, Alvaro, 257.

Obras escogidas de filósofos, 337.

Ocampo, Baltasar d’, his Provincia de S. F. de Villcapampa, 571.

Ocampo, Florian d’, edits Zarate, 568.

Ocampo, Garcia de, 189.

Ocampo, Sebastian de, explores Cuba, 201; sails around Cuba, 214.

Ocampo, Chronica, 421.

Ocean Highways, 221.

Ochechiton, 258.

Ochoa, Martin de, 271, 278.

Ochuse, 257. See Ichuse.

Odérigo, N., has manuscripts of Columbus, iv.

Odriozola, M., Doc. históricos del Peru, 576.

Oettinger, Bibl. biog., 66.

Ogilby, his map (1671), 466.

Ojeda, Alonso de, 16, 68, 88, 112, 144, 209, 506; his voyages, 109, 187, 208; authorities on, 204; authorities on his second voyage, 207; notice of, by Navarrete, v; accompanied by Vespucius, 149, 153.

Olano, Lope de, 194.

Old World, map of (1490), 41.

Olibahali, 258.

Olid, Cristóbal de, 214, 351; at the second siege of Mexico, 376; in Honduras, 200, 383; his defection, 384, 411.

Oliva, Anello, Hist. du Pérou, 576.

Oliva, F. P. de, his account of Columbus, 66.

Oliva, Johannes, his map, 461.

Olives planted in Peru, 547.

Oliveros, 241.

Omaguas, 581; fabled empire of, 585.

Oña, Pedro de, Arauco Domado, 572.

Oñate, Juan de, 461, 504.

Once a Week, 66.

Ondegardo, Polo de, 545, 552; career, 571; Relaciones, 523, 571; his manuscripts, 571.

Ongania, his Raccolta di mappamundi, 107.

Onondaga, Spanish at, 283.

Oostanaula River, 247.

Opmeer, P. van, Opus chronographicum, 72.

Ordaz, Diego, 351; his expedition, 579.

Ordenanzas reales, 347.

Ordinationes legumque collectiones, 401.

Ordoñez de Montalvo, Las sergas de Esplandian, 443.

Oregon (river), 469.

Orellana, Francisco de, 188; with Gonzalo Pizarro, 528; courses the Amazon, 447, 528, 584; Herrera’s account, translated by Markham, 563; goes to Spain, 585; returns and dies, 585. See Amazon.

Orgoñez, R., 525; defeats Alvarado, 526; defeats Manco, 526; killed, 527.

Orinoco River, 133; discovered by Columbus, 20; explored, 579; map of the mouths, 586, 588; explored by Whiddon, 586.

Orista, 282.

Orizaba, 358.

Oropesa, 525, 552, 562.

Orozco y Berra, 418; Cartografia Mexicana, 93, 166, 375; Vallée de Mexico, 375.

Orozco, Juan de, 504.

Orsenius, Ambrose, 471.

Orsenius, Ferd., 471.

Ortega, C. de, Resumen, 603.

Ortega, C. F., 418.

Ortelius, account of, 471; genealogy of, 471; life by Van Hulst, 471; portraits referred to, 471, 472; notice by Macedo, 471; his list of authorities, 93, 471; editions of his Theatrum, 471, 472; which is the original text? 471; additamentum, 471; French and German translations, 471; his mappemonde described, 472; map of the New World, 472; epitomes of, 472; map of new Spain, 472; of Florida, 472; of Peru, 472; last edition, by himself, 472; Il Theatre del mondo (1598), 439; map (1582), 186.

Ortis, Alonso, Los tratados, 57.

Ortiz, Diego, 553.

Ortiz de Matienzo, Juan, 238.

Ortiz of Narvaez’ expedition, 245; with De Soto when he died, 252.

Osimo, d’, Colomb et Marchena, 3.

Osorius, De rebus Emmanuelis gestis, 616.

Osorno, 524; founded, 549.

Ostro (south), 94.

Osuna, Duque d’, 89.

Otina, 279.

Otmar, Johannes, 157.

Ortubia, Juan Peres de, 233.

Otumba, 358, 369; victory at, 370, 374.

Ovalle, Historica relatione, 576; Historica relacion, 576; English version, 576.

Ovando, Nic. de, 21, 201; deporting natives from the Lucayan Islands, 328; at Hispaniola, 23.

Overland Monthly, 288.

Oviedo y Baños, Venezuela, 584.

Oviedo y Herrera, Vida de Santa Rosa, 560.

Oviedo y Valdés, G. F. de, 197; in Peru, 563; his account of Peru, 563; his career, 209, 343; Sumario, 343, 345; official chronicler, 343; Historia de las Indias, 343, 345; critical estimation of his history, 563; published with Peter Martyr, 563; printed complete, 346; correspondent of Ramusio, 343; knew Cortés, 343; hated by Las Casas, 314, 345; bibliography of, 345; De la natural hystoria, 343, 345; fac-simile of title, 344; his arms, 345; Coronica, 345; his autog., 346; Histoire naturelle, 346; Libro xx, 346; dies, 346; unprinted parts of his Historia, 346; life by Amador de los Rios, 346; Histoire de Nicaragua, 346; letter from (1543), 410; and Magellan’s papers, 616.

PABLOS, JUAN, 400.

Paca, 559.

Pacaha, 251.

Pachacamac, 519; temple of, 517.

Pachama, 558.

Pacheco, J. F., Coleccion, vii, 498.

Pacific coast, discoveries on, 431; chronology of explorations on, 431.

Pacific Ocean, 177; heard of by Columbus, 211; discovered, 195, 608 (see Balbóa); various names, 439; (Mar Pacifico), 452; (Mare del Sur), 223, 227, 228, 450, 451; (Mare del Sul), 229; (Mare del Zur), 459; named in Pigafetta’s map, 605; maps of (1513), 440; (1518), 217; chart of Magellan’s tract, 610; trade-winds, 454.

Pacific Railroad Reports, 502.

Padilla. See Davilla.

Padilla, Juan de, 484, 497, 503.

Padilla, Mota, Nueva Galicia, 468.

Paesi novamente retrovati, 205.

Paez, Juan, 445.

Pafallaya, 250.

Pagus Hispanorum, 265.

Paillamacu, 561, 563.

Palafox y Mendoça, Virtudes del Indio, 343.

Palencia, Fernandez de, career, 569; Historia del Peru, 569; called “El Palentino”, 569.

Palentino, el. See Palencia.

Pallastrelli, B., La moglie di Colombo, 85.

Palmas, Rio de, 242, 281.

Palos, 5, 6.

Palos, Juan, likeness of, 287.

Pampluna, 581.

Panamá, 228, 229, 435, 509; documents in, ix; founded, 198, 199, 212, 505 (1566), 451. See Peralta.

Paniagua, 569.

Pánuco, 229, 353, 382, 386; Rio, 203 (1520), 218, 225; named, 237.

Panzer, Annalen, 159.

Paposo, 524.

Para, 581.

Parana, 459.

Parana Patinga, 589.

Pardo, Captain, 278.

Pardo, Juan, 504.

Pares, Juan de, 507.

Parestrello at Porto Santo, 38; his family, 90. See Perestrello.

Pareto, Bartolomeus, sea-chart, 38.

Paria, 114, 169, 177, 218, 223, 588; (Chili), 525; discovered, 187; gulf of, 586 (map), 61; (1511), 110; name of, 231.

Paria, University of, 90.

Parias, 121, 432; (in Schöner’s globe), 118.

Paricura, 188. See Amazon.

Parima (lake), 585; first in maps, 587; in later maps, 587, 588; disappeared, 589.

Parima (river), 581.

Paris, Société de Géographie de, their Recueil de voyages, 30.

Parita (gulf), 198.

Parkman, F., Pioneers of France, 293, 298.

Parmentier of Dieppe, 105.

Parmigiano, picture of Columbus, 76.

Parra, Iacinto de, 560; Rosa Laureada, 560.

Parrots, land of (Brazil), 598.

Pas, Crispin de, 72; Effigies regum, etc., 72.

Pasamonte, 194, 210, 211.

Pasqual, Descubr. de la sit. de la America, 58.

Pasqualigo, 107.

Passado, Cape, 507.

Pastene, J. B., 530; his likeness, 531.

Pasto, 509.

Pastro y Cueva, B. de, 561.

Patagonia, giants in, 600; dress of, 600. See Giants (regio gigantum), 432.

Patalis, 433.

Patinamit, 383.

Patiño, 267.

Paucartambo River, 519.

Pauli, Reinhold, 337.

Paulitschke, Afrika-literatur, 40.

Paullu, Ynca, 524, 553.

Pauthier, G., edits Marco Polo, 30.

Payta, 519, 546.

Paytiti, 585, 589.

Paz, M. de, 511.

Pearl coast, 20, 106, 169.

Pearl-fishery, 187.

Pearl Islands, 197, 198, 199, 505, 509.

Pecari, 598.

Pecciolen, M. N., his map, 461.

Pedrarias, Davilla, 209; Lettere di Pietro Arias, 567; authorities on, 211; his character, 196. See Avila.

Peignot, Répertoire, 163.

Pelantaru, 562.

Peña, Gutierrez de la, 582.

Peña, Nuñez de la, La Gran Canaria, 36.

Peñalosa, Diego de, his discovery of Quivira, 503, 504.

Penco, 548; bay, 531.

Penguins (islands), 599.

Pensacola, 246, 250, 257, 295; discovered, 236.

Peralta, C. de, 510.

Peralta, Joan Suarez de, Las Yndias, 421.

Peralta, Manuel M. de, Costa Rica, Nicaragua y Panama, ix, 213.

Perestrello, 2. See Parestrello.

Perez de el Christo, Cristóval, Islas de Canaria, 36.

Perez, Juan, 469.

Perkins, F. B., translates Lemoyne, 296.

Pernambuco, 228.

Pernetty, Voyage, 602.

Perthes, Justus, Mittheilungen, 471.

Peru, 433, 435, 436, 446, 450, 459 (1541), 177; “Conquest and Settlement of”, by Markham, 505; first rumors of the country, 505; origin of name, 505; Ribero first uses it in maps, 505; likenesses of the viceroys, 532; under Gasca, 539; revolt under Giron, 543; Andrea Hurtado de Mendoza, viceroy, 545; Zuñiga, viceroy, 547; sun-worship in, 551; Castro, governor, 551; Toledo, viceroy, 552; relations of natives with the Council of the Indies, 556; Inquisition introduced, 557; Henriquez, viceroy, 557; F. de Torres, viceroy, 560; Mendoza (fourth marquis of Cañete), 560; described in the Dutch Apianus, 184; negroes introduced, 560; Luis de Velasco, viceroy, 561; sources of information, 563; in Gomara, 412; Xeres on, 345; gold sent to Europe, 566, 578; effect on prices, 566; Copey etlicher brieff, 566; Libro ultimo, 566; authorities on the treatment of the Indians, 571; later histories, 576; Documentos históricos del Peru, 576; manuscript sources, 576; Varias relaciones del Peru, 576; chief modern writers on Peru in English, 577; quinine in, 578; attempt to export treasure by the Amazon, 589; Spanish cruelties in, 318, 319, 320; the Inca Titus, 325; maps of, 509; (Ribero), 505, (Ortelius), 472, (Ramusio), 228, (Wytfliet), 558; (sketch-maps of the Conquest), 509, 519; (Ruge’s), 513. See Pizarro, Birú.

Peschel, Oscar, on Bianco’s map, 94; Die Theilung der Erde, 45; Zeitalter der Entdeckungen, 69, 106; on Columbus’ birth, 83.

Petatlan, 475, 498; (river), 244.

Petavius, History of the World, 466.

Petau. See Petavius.

Petit Atlas maritime, 375.

Petiver, James, coins the De Fonte story, 462.

Petrarca, F., Chronica, 62.

Petri, Henri, prints Mela, 184.

Philesius, 159. See Ringmann, M.

Philip II., organizes the archives at Simancas, i; map of, 222.

Philippine Islands, 592, 610, 612; conquered by the Spaniards, 454, 616; histories of, 616.

Phillipps, Sir Thomas, 337, 427; his manuscripts, 566, 614.

Phillips, Henry, Jr., 375.

Phillips, John (Milton’s nephew), 341.

Philoponus, F. H., Nova typis, etc., 58, 286.

Phrysius (Frisius). See Friess.

Phrysius, Gemma, Cosmographia, 156; De principiis astronomiæ, 176, 421.

Piache, 248.

Pichot, Amédée, edits Prescott’s Peru, 577.

Pickett, Invasion of Alabama by De Soto, 291; History of Alabama, 291.

Piedrahita, Juan, 546.

Piedrahita, L. F., career, 584; Historia general, 584.

Pietschmann, R., Guanahani-Frage, 55.

Pigafetta, Antonio, Trattato di navigazione, 98; his narrative edited by Amoretti, 614, 615; by Fabre, 614; in different languages, 614; bibliography of, 615; his career, 613; his diary, 613; its illustrations, 613; different texts, 613, 614; Uno libro, 614; and the captive Patagonian, 609.

Pighius, 154.

Pigmies, 472.

Pinart, his library, 430.

Pineapple found in Brazil, 597.

Pineda, Alonzo Alvarez de, on the Florida coast, 237.

Pineda’s expedition, 218.

Pinet, Ant. du, Plantz, etc., de plusieurs villes, 556.

Pingel, C., Grönlands Hist. Mindesmaeker, 34.

“Pinta”, ship, 8.

Pinto, fort, 549.

Pinzon, M. A., espouses Columbus’ theory, 3.

Pinzon, V. Y., 109, 187; authorities on his voyage, 204, 205; Varnhagen on it, 205; his voyage, 149.

Pinzon and Solis, voyage of, 153, 154.

Pinzons, 8, 10, 34; contribute money to Columbus’ outfit, 5, 91.

Pirckeymerus, B., Germaniæ explicatio, 99; edits Ptolemy, 102; portrait, 102.

Piron, his Cortés, 430.

Piscator. See Visscher.

Pisco, 510.

Piura, 515.

Pizarro, Francisco, 193; at Panama, 505; forms a company with Almagro and Luque, 506, 567; his previous history, 506; sails on his first expedition, 507, 567; his second, 507; left on Gallo, 508; draws the line on the sand, 510; names of such as crossed, 510; goes to Gorgona, 511; cruises along the coast, 511; goes to Spain, 512; takes his brothers to Peru, 512; breaks with Almagro, 512; goes to Peru again, 514; at Tumbez, 514; at Caxamarca, 516; imprisons Atahualpa, 516; exacts ransom, 517; murders Atahualpa, 517; line of his march from Tumbez, 519; sends treasure to Spain, 519; enters Cusco, 520; founds Lima, 522; made a marquis, 522; reconciliation with Almagro, 522;´ dispute with Almagro over bounds, 525; conference with him, 526; gives command of his army to his brother Hernando, 527; likenesses of, 75, 76, 532, 533; his standard, 532; his body preserved, 532; in Lima, 534; killed, 534, 567; his house in Lima, 534; his house in Cusco, 556; sources of his history, 563; account of treasure sent to Spain, 566; lives of, 567; earliest tidings of his success, in the Copia delle lettere, etc., 575; translations of it, 576; Helps’s character of him, 578; H. H. Bancroft’s, 578; Robertson’s, 578. See Peru.

Pizarro, Gonzalo (brother of Francisco), 512; seized by Almagro, 526; escapes, 526; leads his brother’s infantry, 527; sent to conquer Charcas, 527; explores east from Quito, 528, 570; deserted by Orellana, 584; returns, 528; on his estates, 537; leads army against Lima, 537, 538; enters it, 538; rejects pardon from Gasca, 540; defeats Centeno, 541; surrenders and is executed, 542; sentenced, 569; letter to Valdivia, 573.

Pizarro, Gonzales (father of Francisco), 506.

Pizarro, Hernando, 512; his expedition to Pachacamac, 517, 566; goes to Spain, 520, 522; returns to Peru, 522; at Cusco, 523; captures the Inca fortress, 524; seized by Almagro, 526; released, 527; commands his brother’s army, 527; attacks Orgoñez, 527; imprisoned in Spain, 527; his letter, 566.

Pizarro, Juan, 512; at Cusco, 522, 524; killed, 524.

Pizarro, Pedro, 512; his Relaciones, 566.

Pizarro y Orellana, Varones ilustres, 68, 567; his descent, 567.

Pizignani, his charts, 38, 94.

Placentia, alleged birthplace of Columbus, 84.

Planacays, 92.

Plancius, map of, 457.

Plannck, Stephanus, printer, 48.

Plata, Rio de la, 228. See La Plata.

Plato, Critias and Timæus, 26.

Plautius, C., 58.

Plisacus sinus, 115.

Plutarch, translated by North, 516.

Poggiale, Gaetano, 163.

Poincy, Louis de, 289.

Polar Islands, 95.

Pole Star. See North Star.

Poleur, Jean, translates Oviedo, 346.

Polo, Marco, Milione, 30; early manuscript of, 30; first printed, 30; editions, 30; his portrait (cut), 30; edited by Yule, 30; by Pauthier, 30.

Pomar, J. B., on Cholula, 422.

Pomponius Mela, 164, 168; edited by Vadianus, 173. See Mela.

Ponce de Leon, Juan, his voyage to Bimini, 232, 233; names Florida, 233; directed to settle it, 234; likeness of, 235; dies, 236; authorities on, 283; bay of, 224, 225; the controverted date of his discovery, 284; his exploits celebrated by Castellanos, 584; names of his followers, 415.

Ponce de Leon, Luis, in Mexico, 386.

Ponçe Vargas, his manuscript, iii.

Ponente (west), 94.

Pontanus, his Amsterdam, 461.

Pontonchan, 203.

Popayan, 509, 513, 581; taken by Belalcazar, 584.

Popellinière, Les trois mondes, 454.

Popocatepetl, 358; sulphur got from its crater, 380.

Porcacchi, map (1572), 449; sketched, 453; L’isole, 449; copies of, 449; editions of, 450; Carta da navigar, 450.

Porco, 558.

Porras, Diego, 62.

Porro, Hieronymus, his map in Ptolemy (1597), 457.

Port Desire, Magellan at, 599; view of, 602.

Port Nipe, 55.

Port Padre, 55.

Port Royal, 260; Menendez builds fort, 278.

Portfolio (Philadelphia), 410.

Porto Bello, 22, 506.

Porto Rico, 226; pillaged, 262.

Porto Santo, 2; discovered, 40.

Porto Seguro, Baron of. See Varnhagen.

Portolá, 453.

Portugal, king of, on titlepages, 159, 160.

Portuguese on the African coast (1489), 41; their authorities, 90; their earliest maps, 93; their possessions in the two Indies, 449; their supposed early visit to the Pacific coast, 441.

Postel, Guillaume, Cosmog. disciplinæ compend., 35; De orbis terræ concordia, 421.

Potosi, 558.

Poussielgue, Floride, 298.

Powell, J. W., Geographical and Geological Survey, 502.

Pradello, alleged birthplace of Columbus, 84.

Preciado, 443.

Prescott, W. H., account of, 425; Conquest of Mexico, 425, 426, 427; Ferdinand and Isabella, 425; criticised by H. H. Bancroft, 425; portrait, 426; his manuscript material, vii, 397, 426, 427; on Columbus, 69; new editions by Kirk, 427; translations of, 427; life by Ticknor, 427; his letters, 427; his library, 427; his manuscripts in Harvard College Library, 427; his noctograph, 426, 427; other manuscripts, 427; eulogy on, by George Bancroft, 427; view of his library, 577; Conquest of Peru, 577; translations, 577; new edition by Kirk, 578; reads Solis, 424; alleged leniency to the Spaniards, 313, 328.

Prévost, Robert, 298.

Prieto, A. L., Los restos de Colon, 81, 82; Informe sobre los restos, 82.

Prime, W. C., 126.

Prince, L. B., New Mexico, 503.

Prince, Thomas, on the De Fonte story, 462.

Prince Albert Land, 95.

Pringle, Dr., 462.

Printing, early, in Mexico, 400, 401.

Prisilia, 114. See Brazil.

Promauca Indians, 525.

Promis, Vincenzo, Memoriale di Diego Colombo, 224.

Prosopographia, 389.

Proveda, M. de, 585.

Provisiones, cedulas, etc. (1563), 347, (1596), 348.

Prynne, Arthur, abridges Bernal Diaz, 415.

Ptolemy, Claudius, editions and maps of, 26; (1475), 27; (1478), 27, 120; (1482), 28, 95; (1486), 28, 33, 95; (1490), 28, 120; (1507), 120; (1508), 62, 95, 109, 120, 121, 154, 155, 220; (1511), 62, 95, 109, 122, 123, 169, 184; (1512, Stobnicza), 64, 116, 117, 121, 174; (1513), 64, 95, 109, 111, 112, 113, 162, 171, 173, 220; (1520), 112; (1522), 112, 125, 126, 148, 173, 175, 184, 598; (1525), 102, 112, 126; (1535), 95, 112, 127, 176; (1540), 446; (1541), 127, 184, 446; (1542), 446; (1545), 446; (1548), 226, 234, 434, 449; (1552), 184, 234, 446; (1555), 446; (1561), 436, 449, 471; (1562), 437; (1564), 437; (1574), 437; (1597), 457, 472; (1598), 457; (1599), 457; map of the world according to, 165; his theory of east and west extension, 26, 95; portraits (cuts), 26, 27; Angelo’s Latin version of, 26, 27; early editions, 27; spread of his views, 27; maps by Agathodæmon, 28; manuscripts of, 28; ibliography of, 93, 438; recognizes latitude and longitude, 95; errors of longitude, 101.

Pucara, 519, 545.

Pueblo Indians, 473. See Moqui; Sedentary; Zuñi.

Puelles, Pedro de, 528, 538.

Puente, Alonso de la, 213.

Puerco, Rio, 488.

Puerto Bello, 509.

Puerto Deseado, 203. See Port Desert.

Puerto Viejo, 509.

Puga, Vasco de, his edition of laws, 348; Provisiones, 401.

Puget Sound, 470.

Puna, 509; island, 514.

Puñonrostro, 213.

QUADRANT. See Hadley.

Quadus, map (1600), 460.

Quaquima, 483.

Quauhtemotzin, 371; captured, 378.

Queh, F. G., on the Cakchiquels, 419.

Quemado, 509.

Quérandis, 598.

Querechos, 492.

Quesada, Gonzalo Ximenes, conquers New Granada, 580; his portrait, 580; goes to Spain, 580; his Compendio, 584; his daughter marries Berreo, 586.

Quexos, Pedro de, 238, 240.

Quiché, 383.

Quicksilver in Peru, 552.

Quiguate, 251.

Quilacara, 532.

Quillota, 524.

Quintana, Manuel José, on Balbóa, 210; Vidas, 210, 343, 567; Obras, 343.

Quintanilla, 5.

Quintero, 524.

Quinto, 89.

Quipana, 251.

Quir, F. de, his map, 461.

Quirex, 485, 491.

Quiriquina, 524; island, 549.

Quiro, Alvaro de, 507.

Quiroga, Rodrigo de, governor of Chili, 528, 551.

Quiros, 282.

Quisau, 454.

Quispicanchi, 511.

Quito, 509, 513; audiencia, 460; histories, 576, 584.

Quivedo, Bishop, 197.

Quivira, 451, 459, 465, 472, 491; (1556), 228; (1599), 504; (1662), 504; (Quivir), 454; (city), 445; site transferred to the coast, 445; map of, 485. See Gran Quivira.

Quizquiz, 251.

Quoniambec, giant, picture of, 603.

RÁBIDA, 3, 5; Columbus at, 90, 91.

Race, Cape (Rasu), 432.

Rado, J. de, 519, 525: plots against Pizarro, 534; dies, 535.

Raemdonck. See Van Raemdonck.

Rafts, Indian, 508.

Raleigh, Sir Walter, his account of searches for Eldorado, 579; at Trinidad, 587; sends out Whiddon, 586; map of the Orinoco, 587.

Ramirez, Antonio, 315.

Ramirez, José Fernando, edits the Procesos de residencia, 398; his library, 398, 399; Bibliotheca Mexicana, 430; collates Sahagun, 416; edits Duran, 419; his life of Motolinia, 343, 397; notes on Prescott, 427.

Ramirez, Juan, 241.

Ramirez, Pedro, translates Bethencourt’s narrative, 36.

Ramusio, G. B., Navigationi, 498, 499; on Columbus, 67, 83; his preface to Leo Africanus, 163; his map (1556), 227, 448; fac-simile, 228; knew Oviedo, 343; and the publication of Pigafetta, 614.

Ranjel, Rodrigo, on De Soto, 291.

Ranke, Leopold von, 337.

Rappahannock, Spaniards on, 282, 283.

Raynal, G. T., Les Européens dans les deux Indes, 40.

Rayon, I. L., Archivo Mexicano, 398.

Reclus, Ocean, 616.

Recueil de traites, 178.

Regiomontanus. See Müller, Johannes, of Königsberg.

Registro Yucateco, 429.

Regnault, 47.

Reina, P. S. de la, 599.

Reinosa, Alonso de, 551.

Reisch, Gregor, Margarita philosophica, 95, 113; his map, 114.

Relaciones geográficas de Indias, 576.

Rem, Lucas, Tagebuch, 45, 162.

Remesal, Ant. de, S. Vincent de Chyapa, 91, 343, 399, 419; on Guatemala, 419.

Rémon, Alonso, 414.

Renchini, 58.

René, Duke, 106, 113, 146, 162, 164; dies, 169.

Renteria, Pedro de la, 308.

Repartimientos, 309, 537.

Residencia, 14, 398.

Reusner, Nic., his Icones, 26, 27, 59, 70, 102.

Revelli, S., 78.

Revista de Lima, 569.

Revista Peruana, 567.

Revue archéologique, 70.

Revue contemporaine, 70, 411.

Revue de géographie, 25, 40, 378.

Revue de Paris, 68.

Revue des questions historiques, 66, 178.

Revue géographique, 617.

Revue orientale et Américaine, 50.

Revue politique et littéraire, 34.

Revue rétrospective, 298.

Rey, F. del, Cortez en Tabasco, 430.

Reynoso, Captain, 279.

Rheinisches Archiv, 51.

Ribadeneyras, Biblioteca, 411.

Ribault, at Port Royal, 260; at Fort Caroline, 262; attacked by Menendez’ fleet, 263; wrecked, 273; surrenders, 276; authorities on his expedition in Florida, 293; Histoire de l’expédition, 293; True and Last Discoveries, 293; Whole and True Discovery, 293; flayed (?), 297.

Ribeiro, J. P., Hist. de real archivo, ii.

Ribera, A., 511.

Ribera, Nic. de, 507, 510.

Ribero, his map, 43, 206, 221, 233, 505; its influence, 225; records Gomez’ discoveries, 242.

Riccardi Palace (Florence), maps in, 438.

Rich, Obadiah, 577; helps Irving, vi.

Richel, Dionisio, Compendio, 400.

Richelet, Pierre, La Floride, 290.

Richeri, G. B., his collection, iv.

Richter, J. P., Da Vinci, 124.

Riggs, George W., 287.

Rimac River, 522, 547.

Rincon, A. del, 72.

Ringmann, Mathias, 146, 163, 164; at work on Ptolemy, 171; dies, 171. See Philesius.

Rio de Janeiro, visited by Magellan, 596; Pero Lopez at, 596.

Rio de Palmas, 242, 281.

Rios, Pedro de los, 508.

Riquelme, 516.

Rithaymer, De orbis terrarum, 421.

Ritter, Karl, on Bernal Diaz, 415.

Rivarolo, F. di, iv.

Robertson, Dr. William, his use of documents, ii; on Columbus, ii; History of America, 68, 424; on Peru, 578; on Vespucius, 148, 154.

Rocca Saporiti, 58.

Roce, Denys, 158.

Rochefort, César de, Hist. naturelle des Iles Antilles, 289; Caribby Islands, 289.

Rodrigo, B., 528.

Rodriguez, Juan, 204.

Rodriguez de Villa Fuerte, Francisco, 511.

Rogel, Father, 279, 282.

Roillo Island, 38.

Rojas, Gabriel de, likeness of, 523.

Roldan, his revolt, 20; drowned, 21.

Rolls Chronicles (British Government), i.

Roman, Cape, 260.

Rome (Georgia), 247.

Rondon, Antonio, 528.

Roque Cocchia, Bishop, Los restos de Colon, 82.

Roquette, De la, 53, 107.

Rosaccio, 457.

Rosaspina, 73.

Rosny, Lettre de Colomb, 49, 50.

Ross, Thomassina, 206.

Rossi, Del discacciamento di Colombo, 58.

Rostro hermoso (cape), 188.

Rota, 611.

Rotz, his map of the Antilles, 226.

Rouen, globe at, 34; Indians at, 64.

Roure, P. du, La conquête du Mexique, 430.

Roux de Rochelle, Ferd. Cortez, 430.

Roxo, Cape, 237.

Rudders introduced, 98.

Ruge, Sophus, Das Zeitalter der Entdeckungen, 45, 69, 106; Weltanschauung des Columbus, 69; his map of Cortés’ march, 358; his map of Guatemala, etc., 384; his map of Pizarro’s discoveries, 512.

Ruiz, Bartolomé, 507, 510, 511; made grand pilot, 512.

Ruiz, Fray Fr., 504.

Rum Cay, 55.

Rupumuni (river), 581, 587.

Ruscelli, Carta marina, 435; his maps (1544), 432; (1561), 449; his text of Ptolemy, 457.

Russian Academy’s map of the northwest coast, 469.

Ruy de Pina, Dom João II., 90.

Ruysch and the magnetic pole, 95; his map, 156; its connection with Vespucius, 220; Varnhagen’s view of it, 155.

Ruyter, See-Helden, 77.

Rycaut, Royal Commentaries, 575.

Rye, W. B., edits the Knight of Elvas, 289; Biedma, 290.

SAAVEDRA, Ceron, 441.

Saavedra, Juan, 525.

Sabellicus, M. A., In rapsod. hist., 59.

Sabin, Works of Las Casas, 333.

Sabio, 408.

Sacchini, Hist. Societatis Jesu, 282.

Sacchuma, 250.

Sacoahuana, 519.

Sacsahuaman (Inca fortress), 521.

Sacsahuana, 520, 541.

Saeghman, his Voyages, 347.

Saegman Collection, 460.

Saggio di storia Americana, 587.

Sagras, Ramon de la, Hist. de Cuba, 230.

Sagres, school at, 40.

Sahagun, F. B., account of him, 415; his manuscript lost and discovered, 415, 416; studies the Aztec, 415; Evangelarium, etc., 415; his manuscripts, 415; Sermones, 415; his portrait, 415; Hist. general de las cosas de Nueva España, 416; Conquista de Mexico, 416; his autog., 416; the text in Kingsborough, 416; different texts, 416; La aparicion de N. S. de Guadelupe, 416; contrasted with Bernal Diaz, 416; article on, by Ferd. Denis, 416; Hist. générale des choses, etc., 417.

Sails, reefing, 98.

Saint. See San, Sanct, Santa, Santo.

St. Augustin, Cape, 188; early names of, 205.

St. Augustine, 228, 295; burned by Drake, 283; founded by Menendez, 263, 264, 265; view of, 266.

Saint-Dié., account of, 162; its press, 162; its scholars, 162; its press broken up, 171.

St. Elias. See Mount

St. Francis, Kingdom of, 480.

St. Helena (cape), 221.

St. Helena (river), 225, 292.

St. Iago (Mexico, west coast), 449.

St. John the Baptist (San Juan Bautista), River, 239, 240.

St. John’s River (Florida), 262, 265; Spanish forts at, 280.

St. Julian, port of, 605.

St. Lawrence (gulf), 107, 123.

St. Lazarus Archipelago (northwest coast), 463; (Philippines), 612. See San Lazarus.

St. Lucia, 226.

Saint-Martin, Vivien de, Hist. de la géog., 30, 617.

St. Matthew (island), 36.

Saint-Méry, M. de, on Santo Domingo, 80.

St. Michael’s (Azores), and the first meridian, 95.

St. Roman, Cape, 221.

St. Thomas (island), 227, 447, 449, 450, 451.

Saint-Victor. Geoffroy de, his Microcosmos, 28.

Sainteté de Colomb, 69.

Salamanca, council at, 4; its university faculty on the making slaves of the Indians, 337; junto at, 91.

Salazar, Dominic de, 257.

Salazar, F. C., his account of Mexico, 378.

Salazar, Joseph de, Crisis, etc., 283.

Salazar de Mendoza, P., Monarquia de España, 68.

Salazar y Olarte, Ignacio, La conquista de México, 422.

Salazar, usurper in Mexico, 386.

Salcedo, names of his followers, 415.

Saldomando, E. T., 571.

Salinas, 519, 527.

Salinas, Marquis of. See Velasco.

Salinerio, Annot. ad Tacitum, 83.

Salmon, America, 468.

Salte, Martin, 213.

Saltonstall, W., translates the Hondius-Mercator atlas, 462.

Salvá, vii.

Salvador, 468.

Samana (Bahamas), 55, 56, 92.

Samano, Julian de, 254, 256.

Samar, 612.

San. See Sanct, Santa, Santo, St.

“San Antonio”, 593.

San Brandan Island, 36.

San Diego (California), 444.

San Esteban del Puerto founded by Cortés, 238.

San Felipe (Chili), 524.

San Francisco, the older bay so called, 433.

San Francisco Cape (Peru), 509.

San Gallan (Pisco), 510.

San José, Rio, 501.

San Juan de Ulloa, 203, 352, 353.

San Juan River, 21, 212, 509, 513; (Peru), 507.

San Lazaro Archipelago, 459. See St. Lazarus.

San Lorenzo (Peru), 509; (Nootka), 469.

San Lucar, 142, 144, 200; (gulf), 198.

San Martin, Thomas de, 542.

San Mateo (bay), 509, 513, 514; (fort), 279, 282.

San Miguel, 519; founded, 515; (California), 444; (gulf), 190, 196, 509; settled (Jamestown), 241; (Sinaloa), 244.

San Saba Mountains, 244.

San Salvador Island, 53.

San Sebastian, 191.

San Vicente, Juan de, 265.

Sana, 519.

Sanchez (Sanxis), Gabriel (Raphael), 47, 48.

Sanchez, Gonzalo, 257.

Sancho, Pedro, 566.

Sanct Vicente (gulf), 199.

Sanctæ Crucis Terra (South America), 115. See Santæ Crucis.

Sand clocks, 101.

Sandia Mountains, 488.

Sandoval, Gonzalo de, 351; at Villa Rica, 366; with Cortés, 367; his raids, 372; convoys brigantines, 373; at second siege of Mexico, 376; confers with Tapia, 380; in Honduras, 385; goes to Spain, 387; autog., 387; portrait, 388; dies, 388.

Sanguinetti, 84.

Sanguinetti, A., Origine de F. Colombo, 65; Canonizazione di Colombo, 69; Vita di Colombo, 69.

Sanson, Guillaume, 463.

Sanson, Nic., 466; died, 463; his maps show Lake Parima, 587.

Santa. See San, Santo, St.

Santa, 511.

Santa founded, 547.

Santa Argo, 612.

Santa Clara Island, 511.

Santa Cruz, A. de, his variation chart, 100.

Santa Cruz Bay (California), 442.

Santa Elena (Port Royal), 259.

Santa Lucia, Bay of. See Rio de Janeiro.

Santa Maria (Chili), 524.

Santa Maria del Antigua del Darien, 193.

Santa Maria de la Consolacion (cape), 188.

“Santa Maria”, ship, 8.

Santa Marta, 189; (mountain), 169.

Santa Martha, 580, 581.

Santa Rosa (bay), 257; (island), 243.

Santa Rosa (of Lima), 560; sources of her history, 560.

Santæ Crucis (cape), 598. See Sanctæ Crucis.

Santangel, Luis de, 5, 46, 91.

Santarem, Viscount, 178; his accusations of Vespucius, 155, 178; Hist. de la cartographie, 28, 93; Recherches sur Vespuce, 178; translated by Childe, 178; his works on Vespucius, 178.

Santiago (Chili), 524, 529; Libro Becerro, 572.

Santiago River (Peru), 509.

“Santiago de Palos”, ship, 20.

Santillan, Hernando de, 542, 545.

Santo. See San, Santa, Saint.

Santo Domingo, archives of, iv; Cathedral at, 79, 81; founded, 20; Hazard’s book on, 71. See Hispaniola, Hayti.

Santo Tomas, Domingo de, 542.

Sanuto, 95.

Sanuto, Livio, Geografia distinta, 439.

Sanuto, Marino, his map, 36, 94; his Diarii, 108

Saona, 188.

Saragossa, treaty of, 441

Saravia, 509.

Sargent, Henry, 357.

Sarmiento de Gamboa, Pedro, Relacion, 616.

Sarmiento, Bishop, 275.

Sarmiento’s voyage to Magellan’s Straits, 557.

Saturiba, 279, 280.

Sauce, Mateo de, 258.

Savage, James, on the De Fonte story, 463.

Savona, 89, 90; archives, 89; alleged birthplace of Columbus, 84.

Savonarola, 131.

Savorgnanus, Pierre, 404, 410.

Sayri Tupac, 546; dies, 552.

Scandia, 472.

Scelta di curiosità letterarie, 162.

Schanz, Englische Handelspolitik, 3.

Schedel, Hartmann, Registrum, or Nuremberg Chronicle, 34, 35.

Schefer, Ch., 105.

Scherdigers, Abel, translates Benzoni, 347.

Scherzer edits Ximenes, 415.

Schmeller, Dr., on the discovery of Madeira, 38.

Schmeller, J. A., See-Karten, 616.

Schmiedel, Vera Historia, 587.

Schoetter, M., on Vespucius, 179.

Schomburgk, R. H., Barbadoes, 226.

Schöner, Johann, De nuper repertis insulis, 118; reprinted by Varnhagen, 118; globe (1515), 118, 173; (1520), 119, 173; his Luculentissima descriptio, 118, 173; his note-book, 113; Opusculum geographicum, 176, 432; portrait, 117; references, 117.

Schonlandia, 437.

Schoolcraft, Indian Tribes of North America, 502.

Schott, Andreas, Hist. illust., 51.

Schott, Charles A., Variation of the Compass, 100.

Schott, T., Columbus, 69.

Schottus, A., 186.

Schumacher, H. A., Petrus Martyr, 110.

Scott, Winfield, his approach to Mexico, 375.

Scotto of Genoa, 441.

Scyllacius, Nic., De insulis, etc., 58.

Sea-manuals, See Navigation.

Sea of Darkness, 36.

Sechura, 516; desert of, 519.

Sedeño, Father, 282.

Sedentary Indians, 473. See Pueblos; Moqui; Zuñi.

Sédillot, Les instruments des Arabes, 94.

Seeley, J. R., Expansion of England, 45, 421,

Segui, on history of Florence, 154.

Segura, 372.

Segura, Father, 282.

Segura, Juan, 282.

Segura mission, 282.

Senaraya, 84.

Senarega, De rebus Genuensibus, 48, 90.

Seneca, his Medea, 26.

Sepulveda, opposes Las Casas, 314, 333; his career, 314; his book printed and seized, 315; dispute with Las Casas, 315; his Democrates Secundus, 315, 335; Apologia, 335; Opera, 335.

Serena, 524; founded, 531.

Serpent’s mouth, 586.

Serrano, 194; murdered, 612.

Serrano, Juan, 606.

Serrano, Miguel Sanchez, 258.

Serraõ, 440.

Servetus edits Ptolemy, 127. See Ptolemy (1535).

Sessa, Duque de, 288.

Setebos, 597.

Sentter, Atlas, 467.

Seven Cities (islands), 36, 38; called Heptapolis, 177.

Seven Cities (towns in New Mexico), 473, 480.

Sevilla Nueva (Sevilla d’Oro), in Jamaica, 201.

Seville, annals of, 68; archives at, ii, viii; cathedral of, 65; views of, 5; garden of Columbus, 5; notarial records of, ii.

Sforza, Ascanio, 57.

Sforza, Lud., 58.

Shapley, 462.

Shea, J. G., on the Remains of Columbus, 80, 83; on “Ancient Florida”, 231; on the Segura mission, 282; on the Spaniards in the Chesapeake, 282; edits Relacion of Peñalosa’s expedition, 504.

Shelvocke, Voyages, 467.

Sherer, Researches, 25.

Ship-language, 597.

Shipp, Bernard, De Soto and Florida, 290.

Ships, early (cuts), 6, 7, 10, 13, 18, 19, 159; method of building, 8; first one built on the North Americancoast, 240. See Vessels.

Sicard, Commodore, 352.

Siguenza, map of Mexico, 375.

Siguenza y Gongora, 288.

Silla, 491.

Silva, Miguel de, 227.

Silva, Pedro Malaver de, 585.

Silver Bluff (Georgia), 247.

Silvius, Willem, edits Zarate, 568.

Simancas, archives of, i.

Siméon Remi, edits Sahagun, 417.

Simon, Pedro, Noticias, 582.

Simpson, J. H., Coronado’s March, 502; Journal of a Military Reconnoissance, 502.

Sinacam, 383.

Sinaloa, 485, 499.

Singrein, Jean, 182.

Sirocco (southeast), 94.

Sismondi, Literature of South of Europe, 571.

Skolnus. See Szkolny.

Slafter, E. F., Incorrect Latitudes, 96.

Slave voyages, 215.

Slavery, African, in the Spanish islands, 304; connection of Las Casas with, 312; of Indians, 348; instituted by Columbus, 303; its character, 309.

Slaves captured at the Bahamas, 239.

Sloane, Hans, 460.

Sloane manuscripts, early map in, 432.

Smith, Buckingham, The Captivity of Ortiz, 245; on C. de Vaca’s route, 287; memoir of, by Shea, 287; Cabeça de Vaca, 289; his Coleccion, 288, 498; his manuscripts, vii, 288; on De Soto’s landing, 291.

Smith, J. J., American Historical and Literary Curiosities, 73.

Smith, W., Dictionary of Ancient Biography, 164.

Smithsonian Institution, Reports, 502.

Smyth, William, Lectures on Modern History, 424, 578.

Snow, History of Boston, 463.

Sobrarius, Panegyricum, 62.

Socorro, 489.

Soderini, Piero, 145; addressed by Vespucius, 162, 163.

Solano, Fr., 570.

Solano, Juan de, 537.

Soligo, Christofalo, his chart, 38.

Solinus, bibliography of, 180; his Polyhistor, 122, 182; issued with Mela, 182, 186; edited by Camers, 122, 173.

Solis, Antonio de, Conquista de Mexico, 422, 575; continuation by Salazar, 422; account of, 422; portrait, 423; editions of, in various languages, 424; life by Goyeneche, 424.

Solis, Juan Diaz de, 191.

Solis de Meras, Memorial, 293.

Solomon Islands discovered, 552.

Solorzano, Juan de, Politica Indiana, 45, 571, 592.

Sonora, 486.

Sopete, 492.

Soria Luce, D. de, 511.

Sorie, Jacques, sacks Havana, 262, 275.

Sotelo, C. de, 535.

Sotil, Alonzo Fernandez, 238.

Soto, Domingo de, 315; his summary of the Las Casas controversy, 335.

Soto, Hernando de, 196, 200; his expedition, 503; in Florida, 244; crosses the Mississippi, 251; likeness of, 252; autog., 253; dies, 253; spot of his death, 294; in Peru, 288, 516, 517, 520; protests against Atahualpa’s death, 518; authorities on, 288; Relaçam verdadeira, 288; B. Smith on, 287; Knight of Elvas, 288; Biedma, 289; Garcilasso de la Vega, 290; Ranjel’s narrative, 291; Soto’s own letter, 291; opinions as to his route, 291, 296; its northerly limit, 292; his will, 291; his route in Delisle’s map, 294, 295; other maps of the route, 295.

Sotomayor, Alonso de, governor of Chili, 561 portrait, 562.

Sotomayor, Juan de V, Provincia de el Itza, 429.

South America, cartographical history of, 617; maps, 434, 437; (Ortelius), 472; (1601), 460; (Martines), 450; (Mundus novus), 450; (TerraSanctæ Crucis), 122, 123. See America; Mundus novus.

South Sea. See Pacific.

Southern Cross, 41, 169.

Southern Literary Messenger, 292.

Southey, Robert, Expedition of Orsua, 582, 583; History of Brazil, 589.

Southron, The, 296.

Southwell, Sir Robert, 464.

Souza, Lopez de, Diario, 155.

Spain, arms of (cuts), title, 6, 413; chroniclers of, 68; permits various early expeditions, 132; its government suppresses maps, 113. See Spanish; Spaniards.

Spalding, Archbishop, on Prescott, 427.

Spangenberg, 469.

Spaniards, administrative and judicial system, 348; regulations regarding slavery, 348; their rapacity and cruelty, 301, 306, 319, 326, 327, 343, 417; and the Indians, 299. See Spain.

Spanish arms, 334, 344, 406; with quarterings, 565.

Spanish maps, earliest, 93.

Spanish voyages to the Northwest, 469.

Sparks, Jared, Ribault, 293, 298; on Vespucius, 139.

Speed, John, his Prospect, 462, 464; maps (1651), 466.

Sphericity of the earth, 24. See Earth; Globe.

Spice Islands, 441. See Moluccas.

Spitzer, F., 445.

Spotorno. G. B., Codice dipl. Colombo-Americano, and editions of, iv, 68; on Columbus’ birthplace, 84.

Sprengel, M. C., on Ribero’s map, 221; Beyträgen, 615; his version of Muñoz, iii.

Squier, E. G., Collection of Documents, vii; manuscripts, 578; map of New Mexico, 501; on New Mexico, 501; plan of Inca fortress, 521.

Stadius, 96.

Stamler, J., Dyalogus, 62.

Stanley, H. E. J., 44; edits Morga’s Philippine Islands, 616; life of Magellan, 617.

Stapfer, J. J., 410.

Steelsio, Juan, publisher, 412.

Steinhauser, A., 222.

Stephen, a negro, 475; killed at Cibola, 479; tradition of his death, 483.

Stevens, Henry, on the ancient geographers, 181; American Bibliographer, 19; his opinion of Clavigero, 425; on early Spanish laws, 347; on Harrisse, 66; his prints of Las Casas’ writings, 337; his notice of Lud, 162; on Ortelius, 471.

Stevens, John, translates Herrera, 68; Cieza de Leon, 574.

Stevens, History of Georgia, 291.

Stobnicza, his introduction to Ptolemy (see Ptolemy); his map, 116, 121.

Stocklein, Reise Beschreibungen, 589.

Stoeffler, Johann, Elucidatio Astrolabii, 99; editor of Proclus, 99.

Stormy Cape, 41.

Strabo, 24; De situ orbis, 25; on the sphericity of the globe, 104.

Studi biografici e bibliografici, 155.

Stukely projects an English settlement in Florida (1563), 262.

Stüven, De vero novi orbis inventore, 35.

Suarez de Figueroa, Cristóval, Hechos de Mendoza, 572.

Sugar-cane, 597.

Suma River, 519.

Sumner, Charles, Prophetic Voices concerning America, 25.

Sumner, George, 65; on Columbus at Barcelona, 56.

Sun, eclipse observed by Magellan, 604.

Sun-worship, 551.

Surco, 543.

Susquehanna, early Indian history of, 283.

Suya, 491.

Sweet potato, 597.

Sylvanus, B., edits Ptolemy, 122, 123; his map, 122. See Ptolemy (1511).

Szkolny, John, 34.

TABASCO, 203, 352, 353, 384.

Taboga, 507.

Tacatacura (St. Mary’s), 280, 282.

Tacuba, 374.

Tafur, Pedro, 510.

Taisnier’s Navigatione, 98.

Talavera, 57, 91, 210; pirate, 191, 193.

Talcahuano, 549.

Taliepatua, 250.

Talladega River, 248.

Tallasehatchee River, 248.

Tallise, 248.

Tamarique, 218.

Tambo River, 519.

Tamizey de Larroque, 298.

Tampa Bay, 246, 288, 295; its various names, 288.

Tangarara, 515.

Tanguijo (Bahia), 203.

Tanstetter, Georg, edits Albertus Magnus, 173.

Taos, 495.

Tapac, Amaru, his flight, 589.

Tápia, Andrés de, his Relacion, 398.

Tapia, Cristóbal de, 237; ordered to New Spain, 380.

Tapir, 600.

Tascalousa, 278, 295.

Taschereau, 298.

Tastaluza, 248, 249.

Taylor, Alexander S., his version of the Relacion of Cabrillo’s voyage, 445; First Voyage to California, 445;

Tehua, 495.

Tehuantepec, 228, 441, 384, 393; (Tequantepeque), 229.

Tehuelches, 603.

Tejada, 537.

Tejera, E., Los restos de Colon, 82, 83.

Tejos, 473.

Tellez, F., Oratio, 62.

Temixtitan, 365, 432. See Mexico.

Temporal, Jean, 163.

Tendilla, 57.

Tenochtitlan, 365. See Mexico.

Tepeaca, 358.

Tepeacans, 372.

Tepeyacac, 376.

Tequeste, 279.

Ternate, 591.

Ternaux-Compans, Henri, 427; his manuscript collection, iii; his Voyages, vi; his library, vi; his Archives des voyages, vii, 498, 499, 576; Recueil de documents, vii; Pièces sur la Floride, 297; his collections on Mexico, 417; publishes part of Oviedo, 346.

Terra Esonis, 467.

Terra Ferma, 223. See Tierra.

Terra Sanctæ Crucis, 169.

Terrarossa, 89.

Terrazas, Francisco de, 397.

Testu, G., his map, 230.

Teucaria (river), 494.

Teutsch, G. D., on Honter, 122.

Texcoco. See Tezcuco.

Texcuco, kings of, 417.

Texeira, explores the Amazon, 589; map of Pacific coast, 466.

Teyas, 493.

Tezcuco, 358, 369, 374.

Tezcuco en los ultimos tiempos, 418.

Tezozomoc, F. de A., Cronica Méxicana, 418.

Thesóro de virtudes, 408.

Thevenot, map (1663), 463.

Thevet, André, Le grand insulaire, 105; Select Lives, 389; and Laudonniere’s papers, 297; Portraitures and Lives, 516, 603.

Thomassy, Raymond, 614; Les papes géographes, 27, 62.

Thorndike, Israel, 73.

Thottiana, 58.

Thule, 37; (Iceland?), 33.

Thyle, 446.

Tiburon (cape), 188.

Ticknor, George, criticises R. A. Wilson, 427; Life of Prescott, 426, 427; Spanish Literature, 68; catalogue of his Spanish library, 47.

Tidor, 591.

Tierra del Fuego, 435, 450, 459; explored by De Fonta, 462; named by Magellan, 607.

Tierra firme, 169, 189, 209, 218; trading-voyages to, 208. See Terra.

Tiguex, 485, 488, 493, 495.

Timor, 612, 613.

Tiraboschi, 65; Letteratura italiana, 83; Storia, 30.

Tiran, Archives d’Aragon, ii.

Titian, head of Cortes, 424.

Titicaca, Lake, 519, 558.

Titu Atauchi, 516, 520,

Titu Cusi Yupanqui, 552, 553.

Tizon River, 486.

Tlacopan, 376.

Tlalpan, 358.

Tlascala, 358, 359, 362; Cortés’ retreat to, 370.

Tlatelulco, market of, 376.

Tobar, Pedro de, 484, 496.

Tobia, Cristóbal de, 285.

Toboga, 509.

Toledo, Fernando Alvarez de, 573.

Toledo, Francisco de, governor of Peru, 552; his Libro de Tasas, 556, 570; returns to Spain, 557; Ordenanzas, 570.

Toledo, Luis de, 549.

Tolm, 459, 472.

Tolosa, Diego de, 255.

Tolosa, Juan de, 503, 581.

Toluca, 358.

Tome, Rio, 259.

Ton, English, as compared with the Spanish toneles, 594.

Tonikas, 294.

Tonnage of ships, 7, 594. See Ships; Vessels.

Tonti, his route (1702), 294.

Tontonteac, 459.

Tontonteanc, (river), 449.

Topira, 438, 480, 500.

Tordesillas, convention of, 14, 45, 592.

Toreno, Nuño Garcia de, 224; part of his map, 220, 221.

Toribio de Benavente. See Motolinia.

Toribio de Ortiguera, 584.

Toro, Alonzo, 538.

Torquemada, Juan de, 460; Monarquia Indiana, 421, 422; account of, 421; edited by Barcia from the manuscript, 422; on Xuares, 287.

Torre, G. B., Scritti di Colombo, iv, 46, 52, 65.

Torre, Juan de la, 510.

Torre do Tombo. See Lisbon.

Torres, Antonio de, 17.

Torres y Portugal, Fernando de (Conde de Villar don Pardo), 560.

Tortugas, 278; (1529), 221; (1542), 226; discovered, 233; on maps, 234.

Tory, Geofroy, edits Mela, 181; account of, by Bernard, 181.

Toscanelli, 2, 3, 30; his views, 25; correspondence with Columbus, 30, 31, 90; map, ii, 38, 101; restored, 103.

Tosinus, publisher in Rome, 120.

Tosti engravings, 73.

Totonacs, 359.

Totonteac, 477, 480.

Tototeac, 472.

Toulza, P. de, translates Solis, 424.

Tour du monde, 298.

Tournee, R. de la, 224.

Touron, Hist. de l’Amérique, 256.

Tovar, Juan, 420.

Town, building of a, 522.

Townshend, Thomas, version of Solis, 424.

Tozen, E., Entdecker der neuen Welt, 35.

Trafalgar (Hatteras), Cape, 221, 285.

Tramont (north), 94.

Transylvanus, Maximilian, De Moluccis insulis, 615; De Hispanorum navigatione, 615.

Triango Island, 92.

Tribaldo, Luis, 504.

Trinidad, 133, 137, 221; (Cuba), 353; discovered, 20; map, 586.

Triste noche, 369; tree of, 370.

Trithemus, Johannes, 121; Epist. fam., 121.

Trivigiano, Angelo, 106.

Trivulgio Library, 51, 58.

Tross gores, 120, 173.

Trugillo, Sebastian, 341.

Trujillo, 385.

Truxillo, Diego (of Alonzo), 511.

Truxillo, 558; founded, 523; (Peru), 519.

Tschudi, Antiquedades, 515.

Tucapel, 524, 548.

Tucson, 477.

Tulla, 251.

Tumaco, 505, 509.

Tumbez, 223, 508, 509, 511, 514, 519, 558.

Tupac Amaru, 552; captured, 553, 570; executed, 553; documents on, 576.

Turin, Mém. de l’Académie, 84.

Turner, Sharon, 3.

Turner, W. W., Pacific R. R. Reports, 502.

Turquoise mines, 488.

Tusayan (Moqui), 484, 485.

Tutahaco, 487, 489.

Tuzulutlan, 313.

Twiss, Sir Travers, Monograph on Burial-place of Columbus, 82; Oregon Question, 455.

Tylor, E. B., Anahuac, 428; confirms Prescott, 428.

Typographical errors in early books, 153.

UAUPE Indians, 581.

Ucayali River, 519.

Ucita (Indian), 245.

Uguina, Antonio de, his manuscripts, iii.

Uillac Umu, 524.

Uira-ccocha, Inca, 520.

Ullibahali, 248.

Ulloa, Alfonzo de, 65, 568.

Ulloa, Carlo V., 421.

Ulloa, Francisco de, explores in the Pacific, 395, 442; his charts, 449.

United States Naval Institute, Proceedings, 54.

Univers pittoresque, 36.

Urabá (gulf), 189, 509.

Urano, C. M., translates Bossi’s Columbo, 68.

Urdaneta, Andres de, 445, 454.

Uricoechea, Mapoteca Colombiana, 93.

Ursua, Pedro de, in Bogota, 581; founds Pampluna, 581; quells the Cimarrones, 582; seeks Eldorado, 520, 582; murdered, 582; account of, 582.

Uspallata, 561.

Utatlan, 383.

Uzielli, Gustavo, Scelta, etc., 51; Atlanti, etc., 93; on the early maps, 155.

VACA, CABEZA DE, with Narvaez, 243; his journey overland, 244; his Relacion, 286; Naufragios, etc., 286; in South America, 286; autog., 287; memoir by T. W. Field, 287; his route, 287. See Cabeza de Vaca.

Vaca de Castro, defeats Diego Almagro, 536; governor of Peru, 537; imprisoned, 537; escapes to Panama, 538; likeness of, 535; sent to Peru, 536.

Vacapa, 477.

Vadianus, adopts the name of America, 173; edits Pomponius Mela, 173, 182; his likeness, 181; bibliography of, 180; his true name Watt, 182; letter to Rudolphus Agricola, 182; his Epitome, 176, 184, 186; its map, 184.

Valdés, 469.

Valdivia, Pedro, 193, 194; leads Pizarro’s infantry, 527; starts to complete conquest of Chili, 528; likenesses of, 529, 530; proceeds against Gonzalo Pizarro, 534; joins Gasca, 541; goes to Valparaiso, 548; killed, 549; his letters, 572; accusations against, 572.

Valdivia (town), 524, 548.

Valerius, Cornelius, De sphæra, 176.

Valfermosa, 189.

Valladolid (New Mexico), 495.

Vallard, Nicholas, his map, 226.

Valori, Baccio, 163.

Valparaiso, 524; named, 525; name confirmed, 531.

Valsequa, Gabriel de, his chart, 38, 174.

Valtanas, D. de, Compendio, 84.

Valverde, V. de, 512; bishop of Cusco, 520, 566; death, 566; Carta-relacion, 566.

Van Brocken, Colomb, 69.

Van Heuvel, J. A., Eldorado, 589.

Van Hulst, Felix, on Ortelius, 471.

Van Kampen, Levens van Nederlanders, 460.

Van Loon, Zee-Atlas, 463, 466.

Van Raemdonck, his Mercator, 471; Gérard de Cremer, 471.

Van Richthofen, China, 119.

Vancouver on the northwest coast, 470.

Vander Aa, Versameling, 289; Zee- und Landreizen, 289. See Aa.

Vandera, Juan de la, 278.

Varenius, 470.

Variation-charts, 100.

Variation of the needle, 45. See Needle.

Varnhagen, F. A. de, on the name of America, 178; his Schöner e Apianus, 183; Carta de Colon, 47; publishes Columbus’ notes on D’Ailly, 29; prints a Columbus letter, 47; Das wahre Guanahani, 55, 56; Verdadera Guanahani, 91; edits Lopez de Souza’s Diario, 155; his Hist. do Brazil, 155; his Amerigo Vespucci, 131, 155; his track of Vespucius’ first voyage, 155; his various publications on Vespucius, 156; on Vespucius’ voyage (1497), 231.