Appendix

MAPS AND TABLES

ILLUSTRATING THE CRIMINAL STATISTICS OF EACH OF THE COUNTIES OF ENGLAND AND WALES IN 1851.

PAGE MAP SHOWING THE DENSITY OF THE POPULATION 451 Table of ditto 452

MAP SHOWING THE INTENSITY OF CRIMINALITY 455 Table of ditto 456

MAP SHOWING THE INTENSITY OF IGNORANCE 459 Table of ditto 460 Table of Ignorance among Criminals 462 Table of Relative Degrees of Criminality 464 Comparative Educational Tables 465

MAP SHOWING THE NUMBER OF ILLEGITIMATE CHILDREN 467 Table of ditto 468

MAP SHOWING THE NUMBER OF EARLY MARRIAGES 471 Table of ditto 472

MAP SHOWING THE NUMBER OF FEMALES 475 Table of ditto 476

MAP SHOWING COMMITTALS FOR RAPE 477 Table of ditto 479

MAP SHOWING COMMITTALS FOR CARNALLY ABUSING GIRLS 481 Table of ditto 482

MAP SHOWING COMMITTALS FOR DISORDERLY HOUSES 485 Table of ditto 486

MAP SHOWING CONCEALMENT OF BIRTHS 489 Table of ditto 490

MAP SHOWING ATTEMPTS AT MISCARRIAGE 493 Table of ditto 494

MAP SHOWING ASSAULTS WITH INTENT 497 Table of ditto 498

MAP SHOWING COMMITTALS FOR BIGAMY 499 Table of ditto 500

MAP SHOWING COMMITTALS FOR ABDUCTION 501 Table of ditto 502

MAP SHOWING THE CRIMINALITY OF FEMALES 503 Table of ditto 504

TABLE SHOWING THE DENSITY OF THE POPULATION IN THE DIFFERENT COUNTIES IN ENGLAND AND WALES IN 1851.

--------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+ | Dimensions. | Houses. | +------+----------+---------+-----------+---------+---------+---------+----------+ | | | Number | Number | Number | Total | Total | Increase | |Square| Statute | of | of | of | Number | Number | of | COUNTIES. |Miles.| Acres. |Inhabited|Uninhabited| Houses | of | of | Houses | | | | Houses. | Houses. |Building.| Houses, | Houses, |per cent.,| | | | | | | 1851. | 1841. | 1841-51. | --------------+------+----------+---------+-----------+---------+---------+---------+----------+ Bedford | 465 | 297,632| 25,694 | 676 | 126 | 26,496| 22,877| 15.8 | Berks | 741 | 473,920| 39,462 | 1,563 | 211 | 41,236| 39,660| 4.0 | Bucks | 725 | 463,880| 29,217 | 1,103 | 89 | 30,409| 28,860| 5.4 | Cambridge | 838 | 536,313| 38,773 | 1,777 | 204 | 40,754| 35,799| 13.8 | Chester | 1014 | 649,050| 79,849 | 4,248 | 756 | 84,853| 75,103| 13.0 | Cornwall | 1336 | 854,770| 68,214 | 4,528 | 353 | 73,095| 71,913| 1.6 | Cumberland | 1515 | 969,490| 36,771 | 1,531 | 238 | 38,540| 37,160| 3.7 | Derby | 1036 | 663,180| 52,482 | 2,411 | 423 | 55,316| 49,477| 1.2 | Devon | 2557 | 1,636,450| 99,104 | 6,016 | 765 | 105,885| 102,424| 3.4 | Dorset | 980 | 627,220| 34,771 | 1,554 | 218 | 36,543| 35,400| 3.2 | Durham | 1062 | 679,530| 68,989 | 3,030 | 595 | 72,614| 61,940| 17.2 | Essex | 1530 | 979,000| 68,383 | 3,353 | 364 | 72,100| 65,570| 10.0 | Gloucester | 1235 | 790,470| 78,385 | 4,961 | 393 | 83,739| 79,953| 4.7 | Hereford | 850 | 543,800| 20,453 | 983 | 69 | 21,505| 21,119| 1.8 | Hertford | 626 | 400,350| 33,954 | 1,189 | 214 | 35,357| 32,687| 8.2 | Hunts | 379 | 242,250| 12,472 | 641 | 62 | 13,175| 11,676| 12.8 | Kent | 1519 | 972,240| 108,386 | 5,516 | 1290 | 115,192| 101,717| 13.3 | Lancaster | 1746 | 1,117,260| 356,436 | 17,453 | 3470 | 377,359| 322,148| 17.1 | Leicester | 799 | 511,340| 49,968 | 1,599 | 198 | 51,765| 49,470| 4.6 | Lincoln | 2600 | 1,663,850| 79,667 | 3,394 | 579 | 83,640| 74,138| 12.8 | Middlesex | 280 | 179,590| 242,798 | 12,213 | 3276 | 258,287| 222,443| 16.1 | Monmouth | 507 | 324,310| 32,901 | 1,473 | 183 | 34,557| 30,099| 4.8 | Norfolk | 2019 | 1,292,300| 91,143 | 3,312 | 449 | 94,904| 88,378| 7.4 | Northampton | 1011 | 646,810| 43,945 | 1,478 | 238 | 45,661| 42,358| 7.8 | Northumberland| 1821 | 1,165,430| 47,509 | 2,060 | 384 | 49,953| 55,337| 10.8[95]| Nottingham | 822 | 525,800| 59,427 | 1,481 | 267 | 61,175| 57,611| 6.2 | Oxford | 730 | 467,230| 34,922 | 1,323 | 105 | 36,350| 34,151| 6.4 | Rutland | 152 | 97,500| 4,961 | 153 | 18 | 5,132| 4,899| 4.8 | Salop | 1351 | 864,360| 48,842 | 2,184 | 112 | 51,138| 50,131| 2.0 | Somerset | 1606 | 1,028,090| 87,776 | 5,090 | 396 | 93,252| 90,947| 2.6 | Southampton | 1591 | 1,018,550| 74,588 | 3,471 | 617 | 78,676| 69,807| 12.7 | Stafford | 1150 | 736,290| 120,501 | 4,526 | 962 | 125,989| 107,941| 16.7 | Suffolk | 1436 | 918,760| 69,479 | 3,098 | 424 | 73,001| 67,050| 8.9 | Surrey | 741 | 474,480| 109,453 | 5,717 | 1663 | 116,838| 101,121| 15.6 | Sussex | 1419 | 907,920| 59,308 | 2,220 | 609 | 62,137| 58,506| 6·2 | Warwick | 887 | 567,930| 98,323 | 4,609 | 977 | 103,909| 90,868| 14·4 | Westmorland | 759 | 485,990| 11,247 | 530 | 94 | 11,871| 11,783| 0·8 | Wilts | 1356 | 8,060| 49,061 | 2,223 | 171 | 51,455| 49,918| 3·1 | Worcester | 718 | 9,710| 52,055 | 2,753 | 362 | 55,170| 49,371| 11·8 | York | 5733 | 3,669,510| 358,694 | 16,469 | 3244 | 378,417| 341,147| 10·9 | Travelling | | | | | | | | | North Wales | 3194 | 2,044,160| 83,091 | 3,720 | 522 | 87,333| 85,847| 8·5 | South Wales | 4231 | 2,707,840| 119,507 | 5,269 | 844 | 125,620| 115,822| 1·7 | +------+----------+---------+-----------+---------+---------+---------+----------+ TOTAL FOR } | | | | | | | | | ENGLAND AND} |57,067|36,522,615|3,280,961| 152,898 | 26,534 |3,460,393|3,144,626| 10·0 | WALES } | | | | | | | | | --------------+------+----------+---------+-----------+---------+---------+---------+----------+

+------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------ | Population, 1851. | Density. +---------+---------+-----------+-----------+----------+----------+-------+-------+--------- | | | | | Increase | No. of | No. of| No. of| No. of | | | Total | Total | of | Persons | acres | acres | Persons | Males. | Females.|Population,|Population,|Population| to each |to each|to each| to each | | | 1851. | 1841. |per cent.,|100 acres.|Person.| House.|Inhabited | | | | | 1841-51. | | | | House. +---------+---------+-----------+-----------+----------+----------+-------+-------+--------- | 62,420| 67,369| 129,789 | 112,378 | 16 | 43.5 | 2.3 | 11.2 | 5.1 | 99,227| 99,927| 199,154 | 189,227 | 5 | 41.7 | 2.4 | 11.5 | 5.0 | 70,784| 72,886| 143,670 | 138,248 | 4 | 31.3 | 3.2 | 15.2 | 4.9 | 95,505| 96,351| 191,856 | 169,638 | 13 | 35.8 | 2.8 | 13.1 | 4.9 | 206,715| 216,723| 423,438 | 368,115 | 15 | 65.2 | 1.5 | 7.6 | 5.3 | 171,979| 184,683| 356,662 | 343,265 | 4 | 41.7 | 2.4 | 11.6 | 5.2 | 96,106| 99,381| 195,487 | 177,807 | 10 | 20.0 | 5.0 | 25.1 | 5.3 | 129,379| 131,328| 260,707 | 239,791 | 9 | 40.0 | 2.5 | 11.9 | 5.0 | 271,579| 300,628| 572,207 | 534,883 | 6 | 34.5 | 2.9 | 15.4 | 5.7 | 85,816| 91,781| 177,597 | 167,689 | 6 | 28.6 | 3.5 | 17.1 | 5.1 | 206,666| 204,866| 411,532 | 325,854 | 26 | 62.5 | 1.6 | 9.3 | 5.9 | 172,161| 171,755| 343,916 | 320,605 | 7 | 34.5 | 2.9 | 13.5 | 5.0 | 198,122| 221,353| 419,475 | 395,533 | 6 | 53.0 | 1.9 | 9.4 | 5.3 | 49,694| 49,418| 99,112 | 96,515 | 3 | 18.2 | 5.5 | 25.3 | 4.8 | 86,331| 87,632| 173,963 | 162,394 | 7 | 43.5 | 2.3 | 11.3 | 5.1 | 29,984| 30,336| 60,320 | 55,565 | 9 | 25.0 | 4.0 | 18.3 | 4.8 | 308,115| 311,092| 619,207 | 540,275 | 14 | 63.6 | 1.6 | 8.4 | 5.7 |1,005,627|1,058,286| 2,063,913 | 1,696,377 | 22 | 200.0 | .5 | 2.9 | 5.8 | 115,295| 119,643| 234,938 | 220,263 | 7 | 45.4 | 2.2 | 9.9 | 4.7 | 201,027| 199,239| 400,266 | 356,226 | 12 | 23.8 | 4.2 | 19.9 | 5.0 | 885,614|1,010,096| 1,895,710 | 1,582,538 | 20 | 1059.0 | .09 | .7 | 7.9 | 92,095| 85,070| 177,165 | 150,544 | 17 | 55.5 | 1.8 | 9.3 | 5.4 | 210,360| 223,443| 433,803 | 404,971 | 7 | 33.3 | 3.0 | 13.6 | 4.8 | 106,533| 107,251| 213,784 | 198,518 | 7 | 33.3 | 3.0 | 14.1 | 4.9 | 149,158| 154,377| 303,535 | 265,636 | 13 | 25.6 | 3.9 | 23.3 | 6.3 | 144,428| 150,010| 294,438 | 270,535 | 9 | 55.5 | 1.8 | 8.6 | 5.0 | 85,449| 84,837| 170,286 | 163,216 | 4 | 37.0 | 2.7 | 12.8 | 4.9 | 12,270| 12,002| 24,272 | 23,151 | 5 | 25.0 | 4.0 | 19.0 | 4.9 | 122,022| 122,997| 245,019 | 241,685 | 1 | 28.6 | 3.5 | 16.9 | 5.0 | 216,716| 239,521| 456,237 | 448,793 | 2 | 43.5 | 2.3 | 11.0 | 5.2 | 199,834| 202,199| 402,033 | 348,298 | 13 | 38.4 | 2.6 | 12.9 | 5.3 | 320,394| 310,112| 630,506 | 528,867 | 20 | 83.3 | 1.2 | 5.8 | 5.2 | 165,267| 170,724| 335,991 | 314,467 | 7 | 37.0 | 2.7 | 12.5 | 4.8 | 325,155| 359,650| 684,805 | 586,816 | 17 | 144.0 | .7 | 4.0 | 6.3 | 166,828| 172,600| 339,428 | 302,081 | 12 | 37·0 | 2·7 | 14·6 | 5·7 | 235,263| 244,716| 479,979 | 408,814 | 18 | 83·3 | 1·2 | ·54| 4·9 | 29,064| 29,316| 58,380 | 56,609 | 3 | 12·0 | 8·3 | 40·9 | 5·2 | 118,839| 122,164| 241,003 | 242,772 | 0·7 | 27·7 | 3·6 | 16·8 | 4·9 | 126,739| 132,023| 258,762 | 230,387 | 13 | 55·5 | 1·8 | 8·5 | 5·0 | 886,845| 901,922| 1,788,767 | 1,582,977 | 13 | 48·7 | 2·5 | 9·7 | 4·9 | | | | 5,016 | | | | | | 200,538| 203,622| 404,160 | 388,106 | 4 | 19· | 5·1 | 23·2 | 4·9 | 300,645| 306,851| 607,496 | 528,849 | 14 | 22·2 | 4·5 | 21·5 | 5·1 +---------+---------+-----------+-----------+----------+----------+-------+-------+------- | | | | | | | | | |8,762,588|9,160,180|17,922,768 |15,804,294 | 13 | 49·7 | 2·0 | 10·5 | 5·5 | | | | | | | | | +---------+---------+-----------+-----------+----------+----------+-------+-------+-------

LIST OF COUNTIES IN THE ORDER OF THE DENSITY OF THEIR POPULATION, AS SHOWN BY THE NUMBER OF PERSONS TO EVERY 100 ACRES.

Counties above the Average.

Middlesex 1059·0 Lancaster 200·0 Surrey 144·0 Stafford 83·3 York, West Riding 83·3 Chester 65·2 Kent 63·6 Durham 62·5 Worcester 55·5 Warwick 83·3 Nottingham 55·5 Monmouth 55·5 Gloucester 53·0 Average for England and Wales 49·7

Counties below the Average.

Leicester 45·4 Bedford 43·5 Hertford 43·5 Somerset 43·5 Berks 41·7 Cornwall 41·7 Derby 40·0 Southampton 38·4 Oxford 37·0 Suffolk 37·0 Sussex 37·0 Cambridge 35·8 Devon 34·5 Essex 34·5 Norfolk 33·3 Northampton 33·3 York, East Riding 33·3 Bucks 31·3 Dorset 28·6 Shropshire 28·6 Wilts 27·7 Northumberland 25·6 Huntingdon 25·0 Rutland 25·0 Lincoln 23·8 South Wales 22·2 Cumberland 20·0 North Wales 19·6 Hereford 18·2 York, North Riding 15·2 Westmorland 12·0

COMPARISON OF THE DENSITY OF THE POPULATION IN 1841 and 1851.

---------------------------------------+-------+------- | 1841. | 1851. ---------------------------------------+-------+------- Agricultural Counties. | | | | Lincoln | 21·7 | 23·8 Rutland | 22·7 | 25·0 Huntingdon | 25·0 | 25·0 Cambridge | 30·3 | 35·8 Essex | 35·7 | 34·5 Sussex | 32·2 | 37·0 Hereford | 20·8 | 18·2 | | Agricultural and Sub-Manufacturing | | Counties. | | | | Westmorland | 11·6 | 12·0 Norfolk | 32·2 | 33·3 Suffolk | 33·3 | 37·0 Hertford | 40·0 | 43·5 Bedford | 37·0 | 43·5 Buckingham | 33·3 | 31·3 Northampton | 31·2 | 33·3 Oxford | 34·4 | 37·0 Berks | 34·4 | 41·7 Hants | 47·6 | 38·4 Wilts | 30·3 | 27·7 Dorset | 27·7 | 28·6 Somerset | 41·6 | 43·5 Devon | 32·2 | 34·5 | | Sub-Agricultural and Sub-Manufacturing| | County. | | | | Gloucester | 55·5 | 26·1 | | Manufacturing Counties. | | | | Lancaster | 166·6 | 200·0 Yorkshire | 42·6 | 48·7 Chester | 58·8 | 65·2 Nottingham | 47·6 | 55·5 Leicester | 43·0 | 45·4 Warwick | 71·4 | 83·3 Worcester | 52·6 | 55·5 | | | | | |

+-------------------------------------------+--------+-------- | | 1841. | 1851. +-------------------------------------------+--------+-------- | | | | Mining Counties. | | | | | |Durham | 47·6 | 62·5 |Cornwall | 41·6 | 41·7 | | | | Manufacturing and Sub-Mining Counties. | | | | | |Derby | 41·6 | 40·0 |Stafford | 71·4 | 83·3 | | | | Agricultural and Sub-Mining Counties. | | | | | |Shropshire | 28·5 | 28·6 |North Wales | 19·3 | 19·6 |South Wales | 19·0 | 22·2 | | | |Sub-Agricultural and Sub-Mining Counties.| | | | | |Northumberland | 21·2 | 25·6 |Cumberland | 18·5 | 20·0 |Monmouth | 43·0 | 55·5 | | | | Metropolitan County. | | | | | |Middlesex | 1000·0 | 1059·0 | | | | Sub-Metropolitan Counties. | | | | | |Surrey | 125·0 | 144·0 |Kent | 55·5 | 63·6 | | | |-------------------------------------------+--------+-------- | | Note.--An Agricultural county has more than 10 per | cent., and a Sub-Agricultural county less than 10 per | cent. of its population employed in agriculture. | | A Manufacturing county has more than 15 per cent., | and a Sub-Manufacturing county less than 15 per cent. | of its population employed in manufacture. | | A Mining county has more than 5 per cent., and a | Sub-Mining county less than 5 per cent. of its | population employed in mining.

TABLE SHOWING THE CRIMINALITY OF THE DIFFERENT COUNTIES IN ENGLAND AND WALES IN THE UNDERMENTIONED YEARS.

----------------+------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- | Average | COUNTIES. | Population | Total number of Persons committed for Trial or Bailed. | from +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+ | 1841-50. | 1841. | 1842. | 1843. | 1844. | 1845. | 1846. | 1847. | 1848. | ----------------+------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+ Bedford | 121,083 | 191 | 229 | 202 | 188 | 155 | 185 | 178 | 204 | Berks | 194,763 | 306 | 333 | 328 | 287 | 260 | 250 | 335 | 360 | Bucks | 140,959 | 287 | 277 | 313 | 280 | 286 | 283 | 315 | 310 | Cambridge | 180,747 | 240 | 241 | 257 | 297 | 239 | 276 | 255 | 244 | Chester | 395,919 | 943 | 1086 | 1018 | 777 | 688 | 767 | 871 | 1070 | Cornwall | 349,991 | 295 | 282 | 301 | 269 | 272 | 280 | 341 | 272 | Cumberland | 186,762 | 151 | 115 | 109 | 138 | 118 | 147 | 120 | 130 | Derby | 250,249 | 277 | 322 | 322 | 279 | 186 | 277 | 214 | 264 | Devon | 554,738 | 687 | 716 | 740 | 715 | 720 | 721 | 949 | 924 | Dorset | 172,736 | 284 | 241 | 252 | 203 | 218 | 225 | 307 | 287 | Durham | 368,787 | 215 | 266 | 300 | 376 | 203 | 249 | 279 | 334 | Essex | 332,363 | 647 | 758 | 710 | 596 | 554 | 602 | 603 | 689 | Gloucester | 407,504 | 1236 | 1252 | 1186 | 1071 | 929 | 884 | 1092 | 1042 | Hereford | 97,813 | 245 | 259 | 238 | 230 | 226 | 158 | 212 | 270 | Hertford | 168,178 | 319 | 338 | 265 | 271 | 244 | 243 | 291 | 348 | Hunts | 57,942 | 62 | 68 | 68 | 79 | 88 | 81 | 89 | 104 | Kent | 585,249 | 962 | 1155 | 977 | 911 | 831 | 815 | 889 | 1020 | Lancaster | 1,881,261 | 3987 | 4497 | 3677 | 2893 | 2852 | 3072 | 3456 | 3778 | Leicester | 227,621 | 466 | 492 | 509 | 481 | 328 | 358 | 335 | 346 | Lincoln | 378,246 | 349 | 507 | 563 | 542 | 389 | 419 | 506 | 504 | Middlesex | 1,740,814 | 3586 | 4094 | 4260 | 4027 | 4440 | 4641 | 5175 | 4856 | Monmouth | 164,093 | 364 | 264 | 261 | 278 | 196 | 217 | 282 | 298 | Norfolk | 419,463 | 666 | 808 | 782 | 788 | 642 | 720 | 751 | 689 | Northampton | 206,496 | 342 | 346 | 270 | 294 | 302 | 270 | 243 | 307 | Northumberland | 284,777 | 226 | 245 | 290 | 294 | 189 | 169 | 189 | 201 | Nottingham | 282,584 | 329 | 374 | 353 | 348 | 267 | 286 | 343 | 364 | Oxford | 166,751 | 323 | 334 | 328 | 296 | 309 | 228 | 299 | 296 | Rutland | 23,711 | 14 | 48 | 39 | 23 | 28 | 26 | 41 | 52 | Salop | 243,352 | 416 | 470 | 534 | 449 | 308 | 227 | 267 | 305 | Somerset | 452,515 | 991 | 1148 | 967 | 1039 | 873 | 701 | 774 | 888 | Southampton | 377,040 | 677 | 702 | 676 | 517 | 619 | 608 | 737 | 728 | Stafford | 579,686 | 1059 | 1485 | 1175 | 885 | 717 | 851 | 1028 | 1120 | Suffolk | 325,336 | 482 | 527 | 585 | 630 | 407 | 471 | 505 | 495 | Surrey | 635,917 | 923 | 1017 | 867 | 941 | 942 | 958 | 1315 | 1296 | Sussex | 320,944 | 539 | 550 | 493 | 409 | 409 | 468 | 522 | 546 | Warwick | 444,558 | 1046 | 1003 | 1045 | 894 | 769 | 799 | 998 | 1257 | Westmoreland | 57,494 | 33 | 39 | 44 | 24 | 46 | 74 | 33 | 47 | Wilts | 241,887 | 506 | 548 | 464 | 432 | 379 | 436 | 502 | 465 | Worcester | 244,574 | 566 | 609 | 679 | 603 | 563 | 535 | 620 | 681 | York | 1,686,461 | 1895 | 2598 | 2304 | 1691 | 1417 | 1560 | 1794 | 2036 | North Wales | 396,161 | 251 | 279 | 294 | 283 | 269 | 220 | 307 | 332 | South Wales | 568,430 | 377 | 387 | 546 | 514 | 426 | 350 | 471 | 590 | +------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+ TOTAL FOR | | | | | | | | | | ENGLAND | | | | | | | | | | AND WALES |16,918,458 |27,760 |31,309 |29,591 |26,542 |24,303 |25,107 |28,833 |30,349 | ================+============+=======+=======+=======+=======+=======+=======+=======+=======+

----------------+-----------+-----------+--------------+---------------- | | | | Number of | | | Proportion | Criminals to +-------+-------+ Total for | Average | to the | every 10,000 of | 1849. | 1850. | 10 years. | per Year. | Population. | Population. +-------+-------+-----------+-----------+--------------+---------------- | 162 | 161 | 1,855 | 185 | 1 in 654 | 15·2 | 358 | 318 | 3,135 | 313 | „ 622 | 16·0 | 287 | 242 | 2,880 | 288 | „ 489 | 20·4 | 309 | 302 | 2,660 | 266 | „ 679 | 14·7 | 861 | 900 | 8,981 | 898 | „ 440 | 22·6 | 277 | 226 | 2,815 | 281 | „ 1245 | 8·0 | 159 | 146 | 1,333 | 133 | „ 1404 | 7·1 | 245 | 255 | 2,641 | 264 | „ 947 | 10·5 | 893 | 807 | 7,872 | 787 | „ 704 | 14·1 | 326 | 190 | 2,533 | 253 | „ 682 | 14·6 | 321 | 358 | 2,901 | 290 | „ 1271 | 7·8 | 587 | 631 | 6,377 | 638 | „ 520 | 19·1 | 1063 | 920 | 10,675 | 1067 | „ 381 | 26·1 | 242 | 252 | 2,332 | 233 | „ 419 | 23·8 | 318 | 315 | 2,952 | 295 | „ 570 | 17·5 | 93 | 90 | 822 | 82 | „ 706 | 14·1 | 980 | 958 | 9,598 | 960 | „ 609 | 16·4 | 3290 | 3340 | 34,842 | 3484 | „ 539 | 18·5 | 299 | 300 | 3,914 | 391 | „ 582 | 17·1 | 529 | 528 | 4,836 | 484 | „ 781 | 12·8 | 3861 | 3732 | 42,672 | 4267 | „ 407 | 24·5 | 370 | 433 | 2,963 | 296 | „ 554 | 18·0 | 633 | 705 | 7,184 | 718 | „ 584 | 17·1 | 327 | 248 | 2,949 | 295 | „ 699 | 14·2 | 261 | 283 | 2,347 | 235 | „ 1211 | 8·2 | 341 | 325 | 3,330 | 333 | „ 848 | 11·8 | 303 | 252 | 2,968 | 297 | „ 591 | 17·8 | 35 | 27 | 333 | 33 | „ 718 | 13·9 | 347 | 307 | 3,630 | 363 | „ 670 | 14·9 | 885 | 754 | 9,020 | 902 | „ 501 | 19·9 | 751 | 686 | 6,701 | 670 | „ 562 | 17·7 | 1009 | 1053 | 10,382 | 1038 | „ 558 | 17·9 | 537 | 472 | 5,111 | 511 | „ 636 | 15·7 | 1109 | 1030 | 10,398 | 1040 | „ 611 | 16·3 | 502 | 480 | 4918 | 492 | „ 652 | 15·3 | 910 | 880 | 9601 | 960 | „ 463 | 21·6 | 57 | 70 | 467 | 47 | „ 1223 | 8·1 | 452 | 386 | 4570 | 457 | „ 529 | 18·9 | 653 | 607 | 6116 | 612 | „ 399 | 25·0 | 2022 | 1915 | 19,232 | 1923 | „ 876 | 11·4 | 338 | 316 | 2889 | 289 | „ 1370 | 7·2 | 514 | 613 | 4788 | 479 | „ 1186 | 8·4 +-------+-------+-----------+-----------+--------------+------------- | | | | | | | | | | | | |27,816 |26,813 | 278,423 | 27,842 | „ 607 | 16·4 +=======+=======+===========+===========+==============+=============

LIST OF COUNTIES IN THE ORDER OF THEIR CRIMINALITY, AS SHOWN BY THE NUMBER OF CRIMINALS TO EVERY 10,000 OF THE POPULATION.

Counties above the Average in Crime.

Gloucester 26·1 Worcester 25·0 Middlesex 24·5 Hereford 23·8 Chester 22·6 Warwick 21·6 Bucks 20·4 Somerset 19·9 Essex 19·1 Wilts 18·9 Lancaster 18·5 Monmouth 18·0 Stafford 17·9 Oxford 17·8 Southampton 17·7 Hertford 17·5 Leicester 17·1 Norfolk 17·1 Average for all England and Wales 16·4

Counties above the Average in Crime.

Kent 16·4 Surrey 16·3 Berks 16·0 Suffolk 15·7 Sussex 15·3 Bedford 15·2 Salop 14·9 Cambridge 14·7 Dorset 14·6 Northampton 14·2 Devon 14·1 Rutland 13·9 Lincoln 12·8 Nottingham 11·8 York 11·4 Derby 10·5 South Wales 8·4 Northumberland 8·2 Westmorland 8·1 Cornwall 8·0 Durham 7·8 North Wales 7·2 Cumberland 7·1

THE YEARS OF CRIME.

-------------------+------------+-------------+---------- | | | Number of | Number of | | Criminals Years. | Criminal | Population. | to every | Offenders. | | 10,000 | | | people. -------------------+------------+-------------+---------- 1811 | 5,337 | 10,150,615 | 5·2 1812 | 6,576 | 10,332,441 | 6·3 1813 | 7,164 | 10,515,267 | 6·8 1814 | 6,390 | 10,689,093 | 5·9 1815 | 7,818 | 10,881,919 | 7·3 1816 | 9,091 | 11,064,745 | 8·2 1817 | 13,932 | 11,247,571 | 11·5 1818 | 13,567 | 11,430,397 | 11·8 1819 | 14,254 | 11,613,223 | 12·2 1820 | 13,710 | 11,796,049 | 11·6 +------------+-------------+---------- Total for 10 years | 97,839 | 109,630,320 | +------------+-------------+ Average ditto. | 9,783 | 10,963,032 | 8·9 +------------+-------------+---------- 1821 | 13,115 | 11,978,875 | 10·9 1822 | 12,241 | 12,170,706 | 10·0 1823 | 12,263 | 12,362,537 | 9·9 1824 | 13,698 | 12,554,368 | 10·9 1825 | 14,437 | 12,746,199 | 11·3 1826 | 16,164 | 12,938,030 | 12·5 1827 | 17,924 | 13,129,861 | 13·6 1828 | 16,564 | 13,321,692 | 12·4 1829 | 18,675 | 13,531,523 | 13·8 1830 | 18,107 | 13,705,354 | 13·2 +------------+-------------+---------- Total for 10 years | 153,188 | 128,421,145 | +------------+-------------+ Average ditto | 15,318 | 12,842,114 | 11·9 +------------+-------------+---------- 1831 | 19,647 | 13,897,187 | 14·1 1832 | 20,829 | 14,098,142 | 14·7 1833 | 20,072 | 14,299,097 | 14·0 1834 | 22,451 | 14,500,052 | 15·4 1835 | 20,731 | 14,701,007 | 14·1 1836 | 20,984 | 14,901,962 | 14·1 1837 | 23,612 | 15,102,917 | 15·6 1838 | 23,094 | 15,303,872 | 15·1 1839 | 24,443 | 15,504,827 | 15·7 1840 | 27,187 | 15,705,782 | 17·3 +------------+-------------+---------- Total in 10 years | 223,050 | 148,114,825 | +------------+-------------+ Average ditto | 22,305 | 14,811,482 | 15·0 +------------+-------------+---------- 1841 | 27,750 | 15,914,148 | 17·4 1842 | 31,309 | 16,115,010 | 19·4 1843 | 29,591 | 16,315,872 | 18·1 1844 | 26,542 | 16,516,734 | 16·0 1845 | 24,303 | 16,717,596 | 14·5 1846 | 25,107 | 16,918,458 | 14·9 1847 | 28,833 | 17,119,320 | 16·8 1848 | 30,349 | 17,320,182 | 17·5 1849 | 27,816 | 17,521,044 | 15·9 1850 | 26,813 | 17,721,906 | 15·1 +------------+-------------+---------- Total for 10 years | 278,413 | 168,180,270 | +------------+-------------+ Average ditto | 27,841 | 16,818,027 | 16·5 +------------+-------------+----------

TABLE SHOWING THE IGNORANCE OF THE DIFFERENT COUNTIES IN ENGLAND AND WALES, DEDUCED FROM THE NUMBER WHO SIGNED THE MARRIAGE REGISTER WITH MARKS IN THE UNDERMENTIONED YEARS.

---------------+----------+------------------------------------------------------ | Average | Number of Males and Females who signed |Annual No.| the Marriage Register with Marks. COUNTIES. |of Persons+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+ | married, | 1839. | 1840. | 1841. | 1842. | 1843. | 1844. | | 1839-48. | | | | | | | ---------------+----------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+ Bedford | 1,850 | 1,112 | 1,148 | 956 | 921 | 1,028 | 1,110 | Berks | 2,588 | 1,036 | 1,131 | 1,061 | 1,063 | 1,111 | 1,079 | Bucks | 1,920 | 979 | 1,008 | 820 | 918 | 882 | 918 | Cambridge | 2,784 | 1,269 | 1,372 | 1,495 | 1,389 | 1,281 | 1,330 | Chester | 5,160 | 2,343 | 2,510 | 2,350 | 2,096 | 2,366 | 2,403 | Cornwall | 4,894 | 2,150 | 2,148 | 2,128 | 2,312 | 2,284 | 2,141 | Cumberland | 2,072 | 470 | 563 | 527 | 539 | 506 | 500 | Derby | 3,652 | 1,521 | 1,490 | 1,321 | 1,061 | 1,351 | 1,455 | Devon | 8,678 | 2,603 | 1,817 | 2,744 | 2,971 | 2,995 | 3,055 | Dorset | 2,358 | 725 | 930 | 785 | 852 | 449 | 945 | Durham | 5,770 | 1,900 | 2,083 | 2,001 | 1,830 | 1,771 | 1,825 | Essex | 4,228 | 1,964 | 2,215 | 2,103 | 2,062 | 2,110 | 2,157 | Gloucester | 6,918 | 2,329 | 2,541 | 2,347 | 2,197 | 2,393 | 2,277 | Hereford | 1,268 | 462 | 463 | 522 | 548 | 609 | 516 | Hertford | 1,976 | 1,189 | 1,045 | 1,057 | 954 | 1,083 | 1,038 | Hunts | 904 | 391 | 465 | 453 | 446 | 439 | 413 | Kent | 8,094 | 2,431 | 2,382 | 2,476 | 2,488 | 2,556 | 2,502 | Lancaster | 34,068 | 16,411 | 15,793 | 16,096 | 14,626 | 17,820 | 19,850 | Leicester | 3,460 | 1,494 | 1,504 | 1,281 | 1,189 | 1,416 | 1,505 | Lincoln | 5,530 | 1,944 | 2,209 | 2,174 | 2,082 | 1,959 | 1,998 | Middlesex | 31,590 | 5,134 | 5,569 | 5,242 | 5,045 | 5,416 | 6,141 | Monmouth | 2,562 | 1,646 | 1,697 | 1,283 | 1,091 | 1,110 | 1,228 | Norfolk | 6,042 | 2,485 | 2,772 | 2,514 | 2,832 | 2,816 | 2,901 | Northampton | 3,194 | 1,338 | 1,489 | 1,377 | 1,220 | 1,404 | 1,441 | Northumberland | 4,094 | 1,149 | 1,264 | 1,108 | 965 | 1,013 | 811 | Nottingham | 4,168 | 1,715 | 1,724 | 1,645 | 1,642 | 1,742 | 1,953 | Oxford | 2,316 | 826 | 961 | 951 | 957 | 929 | 889 | Rutland | 216 | 115 | 92 | 125 | 99 | 97 | 69 | Salop | 3,180 | 1,647 | 1,568 | 1,497 | 1,533 | 1,392 | 1,496 | Somerset | 6,226 | 2,300 | 2,608 | 2,705 | 2,643 | 2,654 | 2,643 | Southampton | 5,768 | 1,614 | 1,801 | 2,049 | 1,959 | 1,910 | 1,977 | Stafford | 8,292 | 3,886 | 4,045 | 3,552 | 3,065 | 3,335 | 3,937 | Suffolk | 4,738 | 2,173 | 2,353 | 2,342 | 2,057 | 2,124 | 2,304 | Surrey | 10,374 | 2,128 | 2,260 | 2,180 | 2,129 | 2,205 | 2,185 | Sussex | 4,268 | 1,452 | 1,480 | 1,400 | 1,364 | 1,443 | 1,427 | Warwick | 6,494 | 1,512 | 2,470 | 2,294 | 2,052 | 2,415 | 2,516 | Westmorland | 780 | 195 | 191 | 177 | 185 | 193 | 225 | Wilts | 3,236 | 1,495 | 1,603 | 1,550 | 1,487 | 1,522 | 1,527 | Worcester | 5,536 | 3,201 | 3,098 | 2,934 | 2,588 | 2,528 | 2,974 | York | 26,664 | 11,439 | 11,899 | 10,726 | 10,503 | 11,099 | 12,970 | North Wales | 5,164 | 3,028 | 3,022 | 2,999 | 2,925 | 2,694 | 2,737 | South Wales | 8,152 | 4,382 | 4,532 | 4,378 | 4,093 | 4,190 | 4,617 | +----------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+ Total for | | | | | | | | England | | | | | | | | and Wales | 261,340 |100,616 |104,335 | 99,634 | 94,996 |101,235 |107,985 | ===============+==========+========+========+========+========+========+========+

------------------------------------+---------+--------+--------------+---------- | | |No. of Persons| Per Cent. |Total for| Annual | who signed | above and +--------+--------+--------+--------+10 years.|Average.| with Marks in| below the | 1845. | 1846. | 1847. | 1848. | | | every 100 | Average. | | | | | | | married. | +--------+--------+--------+--------+---------+--------+--------------+---------- | 1,095 | 1,124 | 957 | 1,003 | 10,454 | 1,045 | 56 | †40·0 | 1,070 | 1,137 | 1,118 | 1,164 | 10,970 | 1,097 | 42 | † 5·0 | 975 | 1,074 | 906 | 999 | 9,479 | 948 | 49 | †22·5 | 1,471 | 1,398 | 1,213 | 1,328 | 13,546 | 1,355 | 45 | †12·5 | 2,777 | 2,608 | 2,121 | 2,503 | 24,017 | 2,408 | 46 | †15·0 | 2,338 | 2,407 | 2,102 | 2,146 | 22,156 | 2,216 | 45 | †12·5 | 581 | 647 | 520 | 350 | 5,203 | 520 | 25 | *37·5 | 1,642 | 1,544 | 1,382 | 1,377 | 14,144 | 1,414 | 39 | * 2·5 | 3,312 | 3,224 | 2,782 | 1,981 | 27,484 | 2,748 | 32 | *20·0 | 1,033 | 905 | 941 | 923 | 8,488 | 849 | 36 | *10·0 | 2,375 | 2,378 | 2,376 | 2,327 | 20,866 | 2,087 | 36 | *10·0 | 2,246 | 2,163 | 1,977 | 1,963 | 20,960 | 2,096 | 50 | †25·0 | 2,578 | 2,698 | 2,215 | 2,304 | 23,879 | 2,388 | 35 | *12·5 | 598 | 576 | 424 | 488 | 5,206 | 521 | 41 | † 2·5 | 1,153 | 1,102 | 947 | 1,013 | 10,581 | 1,058 | 54 | †35·0 | 434 | 466 | 438 | 440 | 4,385 | 439 | 49 | †22·5 | 2,944 | 2,855 | 2,569 | 2,481 | 25,684 | 2,568 | 32 | *20·0 | 22,177 | 20,709 | 16,588 | 18,161 | 178,231 | 17,823 | 52 | †30·0 | 1,518 | 1,579 | 1,329 | 1,441 | 14,256 | 1,426 | 41 | † 2·5 | 2,232 | 2,166 | 2,159 | 2,436 | 21,359 | 2,136 | 39 | * 2·5 | 6,456 | 6,163 | 5,666 | 5,433 | 56,265 | 5,627 | 18 | *55·0 | 1,722 | 1,982 | 1,720 | 1,574 | 15,053 | 1,505 | 59 | †47·5 | 3,120 | 2,964 | 2,783 | 2,855 | 28,042 | 2,804 | 46 | †15·0 | 1,504 | 1,467 | 1,253 | 1,332 | 13,825 | 1,383 | 43 | † 7·5 | 1,214 | 1,244 | 1,190 | 1,328 | 11,286 | 1,129 | 28 | *30·0 | 2,000 | 1,834 | 1,635 | 1,760 | 17,650 | 1,765 | 42 | † 5·0 | 831 | 880 | 869 | 843 | 8,936 | 894 | 39 | * 2·5 | 73 | 99 | 152 | 118 | 1,039 | 104 | 49 | †22·5 | 1,428 | 1,544 | 1,532 | 1,661 | 15,298 | 1,530 | 48 | †20·0 | 2,598 | 2,632 | 2,183 | 2,360 | 25,326 | 2,533 | 41 | † 2·5 | 2,181 | 2,185 | 2,019 | 1,875 | 19,570 | 1,957 | 34 | *15·0 | 5,091 | 4,920 | 6,423 | 5,263 | 43,517 | 4,352 | 52 | †30·0 | 2,436 | 2,389 | 2,325 | 2,354 | 22,857 | 2,286 | 48 | †20·0 | 2,473 | 2,451 | 2,134 | 2,039 | 22,184 | 2,218 | 21 | *47·5 | 1,594 | 1,534 | 1,512 | 1,371 | 14,577 | 1,458 | 34 | *15·0 | 2,670 | 2,958 | 2,870 | 2,855 | 24,612 | 2,461 | 38 | * 5·0 | 237 | 321 | 220 | 135 | 2,079 | 208 | 27 | *32·5 | 1,685 | 1,642 | 1,481 | 1,528 | 15,520 | 1,552 | 48 | †20·0 | 3,744 | 4,192 | 1,871 | 1,643 | 28,773 | 2,877 | 52 | †30·0 | 13,395 | 12,688 | 11,797 | 11,930 | 118,446 | 11,845 | 44 | †10·0 | 2,916 | 3,219 | 2,904 | 1,951 | 28,395 | 2,840 | 55 | †37·5 | 4,978 | 5,565 | 4,703 | 4,811 | 46,249 | 4,625 | 57 | †42·5 +--------+--------+--------+--------+---------+--------+--------------+---------- | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |118,894 |117,633 |104,306 |105,937 |1,050,907|105,091 | 40 | +========+========+========+========+=========+========+==============+==========

LIST OF COUNTIES IN THE ORDER OF THEIR IGNORANCE, AS SHOWN BY THE NUMBER WHO SIGNED THE MARRIAGE REGISTER WITH MARKS IN EVERY 100 PERSONS MARRIED.

Counties above the Average, or most Ignorant.

Monmouth 59 South Wales 57 Bedford 56 North Wales 55 Hertford 54 Lancaster 52 Stafford 52 Worcester 52 Essex 50 Bucks 49 Hunts 49 Rutland 49 Salop 48 Suffolk 48 Wilts 48 Chester 46 Norfolk 46 Cambridge 45 Cornwall 45 York 44 Northampton 43 Berks 42 Nottingham 42 Hereford 41 Leicester 41 Somerset 41

Counties below the Average, or least Ignorant.

Derby 39 Lincoln 39 Oxford 39 Warwick 38 Dorset 36 Durham 36 Gloucester 35 Southampton 34 Sussex 34 Devon 32 Kent 32 Northumberland 28 Westmorland 27 Cumberland 25 Surrey 21 Middlesex 18

Average for England and Wales 40

THE CRIME AND IGNORANCE OF THE SEVERAL COUNTIES COMPARED.

| Percentage above and below | the Average. +-------------+--------+--------- | | In No. |In No. of | In No. |signing |Criminals |of Criminals.|Register|unable to | | with |read and Counties having great | | Marks. | write. Crime and great Ignorance. +-------------+--------+--------- | | | Worcester | †52·4 | †36·0 | † 8·5 Chester | †37·8 | †15·0 | † 9·4 Hereford | †45·1 | † 2·5 | †41·5 Bucks | †24·4 | †22·5 | † 6·9 Somerset | †21·3 | † 2·5 | † 7·2 Essex | †16·4 | †25·0 | †24·2 Lancaster | †12·8 | †30·0 | †22·0 Hertford | † 6·7 | †35·0 | †29·8 Norfolk | † 4·2 | †15·0 | †19·1 | | | _Counties having little _ | | | Crime and little | | | Ignorance. | | | | | | Cumberland | *56·7 | *37·5 | *15·4 Westmorland | *50·6 | *32·5 | *38·6 Northumberland | *50·0 | *30·0 | *19·1 Derby | *36·0 | * 2·5 | *23·5 Lincoln | *22·0 | * 2·5 | *14·8 Devon | *14·0 | *20·0 | *12·9 Sussex | * 6·7 | *15·0 | * 4·0 Surrey | * ·6 | *47·5 | *13·8 | | | _Counties having great _ | | | Crime, and in which the | | | Ignorance Tests | | | are contradictory. | | | | | | Warwick | †31·7 | * 5·0 | † 9·7 Wilts | †15·2 | †20·0 | *20·4 Monmouth | † 9·7 | †47·0 | *12·2 Stafford | † 9·1 | †30·0 | * 3·4 Leicester | † 4·2 | † 2·5 | *11·6 | | | Counties having great Crime| | | and little Ignorance. | | | | | | Gloucester | †59·1 | *12·5 | *11·9 Middlesex | †49·4 | *55·0 | *21·7 Oxford | † 8·5 | * 2·5 | * ·9 Southampton | † 7·9 | *15·0 | *13·5 | | | _Counties having little _ | | | Crime and great Ignorance. | | | | | | North Wales | *56·1 | †37·5 | †20·4 South Wales | *48·7 | †42·5 | †14·7 Hants | *14·0 | †22·5 | † 1·9 Northampton | *13·4 | † 7·5 | † 1·5 Salop | * 9·1 | †20·0 | †25·8 Bedford | * 7·3 | †40·0 | †28·3 Suffolk | * 4·2 | †20·0 | † 8·1 | | | Counties having little | | | Crime,and in which the | | | _Ignorance_Tests are_ | | | contradictory. | | | | | | Durham | *51·8 | *10·0 | † 1·5 Cornwall | *51·2 | †12·5 | * 6·9 York | *30·5 | †10·0 | * 8·5 Nottingham | *28·0 | † 5·0 | * 5·6 Berks | *21·4 | † 5·0 | * 4·7 Rutland | *15·2 | †22·5 | * 2·5 Cambridge | *10·3 | †12·5 | * 2·5 Dorset | *10·0 | *10·0 | † 4·7 Kent | | *20·0 | † 6·3

TABLE SHOWING THE AMOUNT OF IGNORANCE AMONGST THE CRIMINALS IN THE DIFFERENT COUNTIES OF ENGLAND AND WALES IN THE UNDERMENTIONED YEARS.

---------------+--------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+ COUNTIES. |Average Annual| | Number | Number of Criminals who could | of Criminals | neither read nor write. | from +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+ | 1839-1848. | 1839. | 1840. | 1841. | 1842. | 1843. | 1844. | ---------------+--------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+ | | | | | | | | Bedford | 181 | 39 | 72 | 90 | 110 | 80 | 81 | Berks | 313 | 103 | 121 | 97 | 113 | 48 | 75 | Bucks | 285 | 89 | 107 | 87 | 112 | 113 | 91 | Cambridge | 249 | 79 | 65 | 90 | 78 | 80 | 77 | Chester | 904 | 285 | 370 | 334 | 333 | 336 | 259 | Cornwall | 294 | 81 | 95 | 82 | 80 | 82 | 65 | Cumberland | 130 | 39 | 30 | 26 | 45 | 37 | 41 | Derby | 263 | 74 | 48 | 66 | 92 | 77 | 61 | Devon | 755 | 143 | 154 | 146 | 144 | 204 | 235 | Dorset | 258 | 84 | 107 | 96 | 75 | 95 | 73 | Durham | 260 | 70 | 33 | 56 | 88 | 96 | 138 | Essex | 638 | 213 | 297 | 302 | 295 | 290 | 219 | Gloucester | 1067 | 326 | 322 | 370 | 414 | 330 | 211 | Hereford | 229 | 102 | 120 | 121 | 107 | 107 | 83 | Hertford | 288 | 147 | 133 | 146 | 119 | 98 | 111 | Hunts | 77 | 20 | 33 | 21 | 22 | 26 | 27 | Kent | 942 | 348 | 251 | 353 | 371 | 330 | 301 | Lancaster | 3462 | 1143 | 1391 | 1556 | 1947 | 1423 | 992 | Leicester | 419 | 141 | 159 | 135 | 141 | 137 | 135 | Lincoln | 458 | 117 | 119 | 99 | 133 | 131 | 134 | Middlesex | 4230 | 927 | 882 | 980 | 800 | 1033 | 933 | Monmouth | 272 | 83 | 94 | 112 | 73 | 79 | 67 | Norfolk | 727 | 285 | 266 | 258 | 308 | 284 | 290 | Northampton | 291 | 96 | 92 | 118 | 111 | 92 | 90 | Northumberland | 214 | 24 | 57 | 45 | 58 | 75 | 96 | Nottingham | 333 | 104 | 108 | 91 | 102 | 112 | 115 | Oxford | 308 | 113 | 134 | 106 | 99 | 117 | 84 | Rutland | 29 | 4 | -- | 1 | 11 | 13 | 8 | Salop | 367 | 136 | 176 | 182 | 173 | 215 | 164 | Somerset | 935 | 281 | 410 | 352 | 363 | 333 | 360 | Southampton | 664 | 215 | 207 | 188 | 186 | 159 | 126 | Stafford | 1017 | 233 | 271 | 324 | 465 | 313 | 304 | Suffolk | 511 | 187 | 201 | 184 | 188 | 195 | 198 | Surrey | 1026 | 315 | 320 | 274 | 300 | 223 | 233 | Sussex | 498 | 173 | 173 | 176 | 191 | 143 | 111 | Warwick | 959 | 293 | 396 | 403 | 363 | 392 | 267 | Westmorland | 41 | 8 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 3 | Wilts | 462 | 132 | 145 | 146 | 127 | 116 | 100 | Worcester | 594 | 169 | 275 | 244 | 250 | 242 | 204 | York | 1878 | 553 | 572 | 531 | 776 | 621 | 444 | North Wales | 274 | 84 | 110 | 92 | 122 | 116 | 107 | South Wales | 435 | 108 | 136 | 135 | 138 | 174 | 188 | +--------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+ TOTAL FOR | | | | | | | | ENGLAND | 27,542 | 196 | 9058 | 9220 | 10,128| 9173 | 7901 | AND WALES | | | | | | | | +--------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+

+-------+-------+-------+-------+---------+---------+----------------+---------------- | | |No. of Criminals|Per Cent. above | |Average | who can | and below the |Total for| Number | neither read | Average. +-------+-------+-------+-------+10 years.|per Year.| nor write |† denotes above. | 1845. | 1846. | 1847. | 1848. | | | in every 100. |* „ below. +-------+-------+-------+-------+---------+---------+----------------+---------------- | | | | | | | | | 64 | 66 | 64 | 79 | 745 | 74 | 40·8 | †28·3 | 79 | 88 | 100 | 127 | 951 | 95 | 30·3 | * 4·7 | 95 | 89 | 105 | 82 | 970 | 97 | 34·0 | † 6·9 | 69 | 78 | 75 | 81 | 772 | 77 | 30·9 | * 2·5 | 230 | 296 | 336 | 371 | 3,150 | 315 | 34·8 | † 9·4 | 90 | 89 | 125 | 86 | 875 | 87 | 29·6 | * 6·9 | 21 | 46 | 32 | 37 | 354 | 35 | 26·9 | *15·4 | 53 | 63 | 41 | 64 | 642 | 64 | 24·3 | *23·5 | 211 | 248 | 307 | 295 | 2,087 | 209 | 27·7 | *12·9 | 83 | 64 | 93 | 84 | 864 | 86 | 33·3 | † 4·7 | 66 | 78 | 97 | 120 | 842 | 84 | 32·3 | † 1·5 | 188 | 242 | 254 | 224 | 2,524 | 252 | 39·5 | †24·2 | 210 | 235 | 293 | 276 | 2,987 | 299 | 28·0 | *11·9 | 96 | 64 | 112 | 115 | 1,027 | 103 | 45·0 | †41·5 | 90 | 82 | 121 | 148 | 1,195 | 119 | 41·3 | †29·8 | 32 | 14 | 21 | 36 | 252 | 25 | 32·4 | † 1·9 | 301 | 267 | 305 | 368 | 3,195 | 319 | 33·8 | † 6·3 | 1023 | 1097 | 1283 | 1389 | 13,444 | 1344 | 38·8 | †22·0 | 87 | 96 | 66 | 82 | 1,179 | 118 | 28·1 | *11·6 | 112 | 125 | 136 | 137 | 1,243 | 124 | 27·1 | *14·8 | 1230 | 1177 | 1280 | 1322 | 10,564 | 1056 | 24·9 | *21·7 | 34 | 45 | 81 | 95 | 763 | 76 | 27·9 | *12·2 | 254 | 271 | 293 | 247 | 2,756 | 276 | 37·9 | †19·1 | 107 | 86 | 56 | 93 | 941 | 94 | 32·3 | † 1·5 | 44 | 45 | 49 | 57 | 550 | 55 | 25·7 | *19·1 | 79 | 88 | 95 | 106 | 1,000 | 100 | 30·0 | * 5·6 | 93 | 64 | 90 | 73 | 973 | 97 | 31·5 | * ·9 | 12 | 8 | 15 | 17 | 89 | 9 | 31·0 | * 2·5 | 104 | 89 | 112 | 119 | 1,470 | 147 | 40·0 | †25·8 | 298 | 224 | 266 | 313 | 3,200 | 320 | 34·1 | † 7·2 | 153 | 193 | 213 | 194 | 1,834 | 183 | 27·5 | *13·5 | 212 | 263 | 354 | 387 | 3,126 | 313 | 30·7 | * 3·4 | 113 | 159 | 159 | 179 | 1,763 | 176 | 34·4 | † 8·1 | 223 | 218 | 348 | 340 | 2,824 | 282 | 27·4 | *13·8 | 97 | 151 | 136 | 168 | 1,519 | 152 | 30·5 | * 4·0 | 237 | 234 | 324 | 440 | 3,349 | 335 | 34·9 | † 9·7 | 11 | 20 | 5 | 9 | 78 | 8 | 19·5 | *38·6 | 85 | 101 | 118 | 104 | 1,174 | 117 | 25·3 | *20·4 | 210 | 195 | 229 | 232 | 2,250 | 225 | 34·5 | † 8·5 | 378 | 453 | 528 | 619 | 5,475 | 547 | 29·1 | * 8·5 | 81 | 79 | 126 | 136 | 1,053 | 105 | 38·3 | †20·4 | 183 | 108 | 187 | 240 | 1,593 | 159 | 36·5 | †14·7 +-------+-------+-------+-------+---------+---------+----------------+---------------- | | | | | | | | | 7438 | 7698 | 9050 | 9691 | 87,553 | 8755 | 31·8 | | | | | | | | | +-------+-------+-------+-------+---------+---------+----------------+----------------

CRIMINALS, AS SHOWN BY THE NUMBER OF PERSONS WHO COULD NEITHER READ NOR WRITE IN EVERY 100 CRIMINALS.

Counties above the Average.

Hereford 45·0 Hertford 41·3 Bedford 40·8 Salop 40·0 Essex 39·5 Lancaster 38·8 North Wales 38·3 Norfolk 37·9 South Wales 36·5 Warwick 34·9 Chester 34·8 Worcester 34·5 Suffolk 34·4 Somerset 34·1 Bucks 34·0 Kent 33·8 Dorset 33·3 Hunts 32·4 Durham 32·3 Northampton 32·3 ---- Average for England and Wales 31·8

Counties below the Average.

Oxford 31·5 Rutland 31·0 Cambridge 30·9 Stafford 30·7 Sussex 30·5 Berks 30·3 Nottingham 30·0 Cornwall 29·6 York 29·1 Leicester 28·1 Gloucester 28·0 Monmouth 27·9 Devon 27·7 Southampton 27·5 Surrey 27·4 Lincoln 27·1 Cumberland 26·9 Northumberland 25·7 Wilts 25·3 Middlesex 24·9 Derby 24·3 Westmorland 19·5

THE COUNTIES ARRANGED CRIMINALLY AND TOPOGRAPHICALLY (to show the local association of crime).

DIVISION I.--Northern, Welsh, and Cornish Counties.

No. of Criminals in 10,000. Cumberland 7·1 Durham 7·8 Westmorland 8·1 Northumberland 8·2 North Wales 7·2 South Wales 8·4 Cornwall 8·0

DIVISION II.--York and N. Midland Counties.

York 11·4 Derby 10·5 Nottingham 11·8 Lincoln 12·8 Rutland 13·9

DIVISION III.--S. Midland & Eastern Counties.

Hunts 14·1 Northampton 14·2 Cambridge 14·7 Bedford 15·2 Suffolk 15·7 Norfolk 17·1 Essex 19·1 Oxford 17·8 Herts 17·5 Bucks 20·4

DIVISION IV.--South Eastern and South Western.

Berks 12·9 Devon 14·1 Dorset 14·8 Sussex 15·3 Surrey 16·3 Kent 16·4 Hants 17·7 Wilts 18·9 Somerset 19·9 Monmouth 18·0

DIVISION V.--Western and North Western.

Shropshire 14·9 Leicestershire 17·1 Stafford 17·9 Lancaster 18·5 Chester 22·6 Warwick 21·6 Hereford 23·8 Worcester 25·0 Gloucester 26·1

DIVISION VI.--Metropolitan.

Middlesex 24·5

The Northern, Welsh, and Cornish Counties range in criminality from 7·1 to 8·4 in 10,000.

York and the N. Midland Counties, from 11·4 to 13·9.

The S. Midland and Eastern Counties, from 14·1 to 20·4.

The S. Eastern and S. Western, from 12·9 to 19·9.

The Western and N. Western, from 14·9 to 26·1.

The Metropolitan, 24·5.

TABLE SHOWING THE RELATIVE CRIMINALITY AND IGNORANCE OF THE SEVERAL COUNTIES, ARRANGED ACCORDING TO THE OCCUPATION OF THEIR INHABITANTS. +------------------------------------+-------------------+-----------------+ | |No. of Criminals |No. of Persons | | |in every |who signed with | | |10,000 of Pop. |Marks in every | | | |100 married. | + +-------------------+-----------------+ | Agricultural Counties. | | | | | | | | Lincoln | 12 | 39 | | Rutland | 13 | 49 | | Huntingdon | 14 | 49 | | Cambridge | 14 | 45 | | Essex | 19 | 50 | | Sussex | 15 | 34 | | Hereford | 23 | 41 | | | | | |Agricultural and Sub-Manufacturing| | | |Counties. | | | | | | | | Westmorland | 8 | 27 | | Norfolk | 17 | 46 | | Suffolk | 15 | 48 | | Hertford | 17 | 54 | | Bedford | 15 | 56 | | Buckingham | 20 | 49 | | Northampton | 14 | 43 | | Oxford | 17 | 39 | | Berks | 12 | 42 | | Hants | 17 | 34 | | Wilts | 18 | 48 | | Dorset | 14 | 36 | | Somerset | 19 | 41 | | | | | | Sub-Agricul. and Sub-Manufact. | | | | County. | | | | | | | | Gloucester | 26 | 35 | | | | | | Manufacturing Counties. | | | | | | | | Lancaster | 18 | 52 | | Yorkshire | 11 | 44 | | Chester | 22 | 46 | | Nottingham | 11 | 42 | | Leicester | 17 | 41 | | Warwick | 21 | 38 | | Worcester | 25 | 52 | | | | | | Mining Counties. | | | | | | | | Durham | 7 | 36 | | Cornwall | 8 | 45 | | | | | | Manufacturing and Sub-Mining | | | | Counties. | | | | | | | | Derby | 10 | 39 | | Stafford | 17 | 52 | | | | | | Agricultural and Sub-Mining | | | | Counties. | | | | | | | | Salop | 14 | 48 | | North Wales | 7 | 55 | | South Wales | 8 | 57 | | | | | | Sub-Agricultural and | | | | Sub-Mining Counties. | | | | | | | | Northumberland | 8 | 28 | | Cumberland | 7 | 25 | | Monmouth | 18 | 59 | | | | | | Metropolitan County. | | | | | | | | Middlesex | 24 | 18 | | | | | | Sub-Metropolitan Counties. | | | | | | | | Surrey | 16 | 21 | | Kent | 16 | 32 |

For definition of Agricultural, Manufacturing, and Mining Counties, see Table of Density of Population, No. 37.

EDUCATION OF CRIMINALS (ENGLAND AND WALES).

TABLE SHOWING THE DEGREES OF INSTRUCTION OF PERSONS OF ALL AGES COMMITTED TO PRISON FROM 1839 TO 1848.

------+---------+------------+----------+------------+------------+-------- Years.|Unable to| Able to | Able to | Superior |Instruction | | read or | read and | read and |Instruction.| could | Total. | write. | write | write | | not be | | |imperfectly.| well. | |ascertained.| ------+---------+------------+----------+------------+------------+-------- 1839 | 8,196 | 13,071 | 2462 | 78 | 636 | 24,443 1840 | 9,058 | 15,109 | 2253 | 101 | 666 | 27,187 1841 | 9,220 | 15,732 | 2053 | 26 | 629 | 27,760 1842 | 10,128 | 18,260 | 2121 | 69 | 731 | 31,309 1843 | 9,173 | 17,045 | 2371 | 140 | 862 | 29,591 1844 | 7,901 | 15,735 | 2165 | 111 | 639 | 26,542 1845 | 7,438 | 14,179 | 2037 | 89 | 560 | 24,303 1846 | 7,698 | 14,942 | 1936 | 85 | 446 | 25,107 1847 | 9,050 | 16,980 | 2245 | 82 | 476 | 28,833 1848 | 9,691 | 17,111 | 2984 | 81 | 482 | 30,349 ------+---------+------------+----------+------------+------------+--------

TABLE SHOWING THE CENTESIMAL DEGREES OF INSTRUCTION OF PERSONS OF ALL AGES COMMITTED TO PRISON FROM 1839 TO 1848.

------+---------+------------+----------+------------+------------ Years.|Unable to| Able to | Able to | Superior |Instruction | read or | read and | read and |Instruction.| could | write. | write | write | | not be | |imperfectly.| well. | |ascertained. ------+---------+------------+----------+------------+------------ 1839 | 33·53 | 53·48 | 10·07 | 0·32 | 2·60 1840 | 33·32 | 55·57 | 8·29 | 0·37 | 2·45 1841 | 33·21 | 56·67 | 7·40 | 0·45 | 2·27 1842 | 32·35 | 58·32 | 6·77 | 0·22 | 2·34 1843 | 31·00 | 57·60 | 8·02 | 0·47 | 2·91 1844 | 29·77 | 59·28 | 8·42 | 0·42 | 2·41 1845 | 30·61 | 58·34 | 8·38 | 0·37 | 2·30 1846 | 30·66 | 59·51 | 7·71 | 0·34 | 1·78 1847 | 31·39 | 58·89 | 7·79 | 0·28 | 1·65 1848 | 31·93 | 56·38 | 9·83 | 0·27 | 1·59 ------+---------+------------+----------+------------+------------

⁂ “The instruction of the offenders,” say the Criminal Returns of 1848, “has been without much variation, exhibiting, on a comparison of the last ten years, a decreased proportion of those entirely uninstructed;” and it may be added a corresponding increase of those who are able to read and write imperfectly.

THE STATE OF EDUCATION AND DENSITY OF THE POPULATION IN THE SEVERAL COUNTIES COMPARED.

---------------+-------------------+----------------+------------------- | Percentage | | Percentage | above and below | | above and below | the Average. | | the Average. Counties +---------+---------+ Counties +---------+--------- having great | In No. |In No. of| having little| In No. |In No. of Ignorance | signing | Persons | Ignorance | signing | Persons and great | register| to 100 | and great | register| to 100 density of | with | Acres. | density of | with | Acres. Population. | Marks. | | Population. | Marks. | +---------+---------+----------------+---------+--------- Monmouth | †47 | † 9 | Middlesex | *55 | †2030 Lancaster | †30 | †270 | Surrey | *47 | † 189 Stafford | †30 | † 72 | Kent | *20 | † 28 Worcester | †30 | † 13 | Gloucester | *12 | † 6 Chester | †15 | † 31 | Durham | *10 | † 21 Nottingham | †5 | † 12 | Warwick | * 5 | † 70 | Counties having little Ignorance |Counties having great Ignorance and little density of Population.|and little density of Population. | Cumberland | *37 | *59 | South Wales | †42 | *55 Westmorland | *32 | *75 | Bedford | †40 | *12 Northumb | *30 | *48 | North Wales | †37 | *60 Devon | *20 | *30 | Hertford | †35 | *12 Sussex | *15 | *25 | Essex | †25 | *29 Southampton | *15 | *20 | Bucks | †22 | *37 Dorset | *10 | *43 | Hunts | †22 | *49 Oxford | * 2 | *26 | Rutland | †22 | *49 Lincoln | * 2 | *51 | Salop | †20 | *42 Derby | * 2 | *20 | Suffolk | †20 | *26 | Wilts | †20 | *44 | Norfolk | †15 | *32 | Cambridge | †12 | *28 | Cornwall | †12 | *16 | York | †10 | * 2 | Northampton | † 7 | *33 | Berks | † 5 | *15 | Hereford | † 2 | *63 | Leicester | † 2 | * 7 | Somerset | † 2 | *10

⁂ The rule appears to be, that those counties are the most ignorant in which the population is the least dense.

THE CRIME AND DENSITY OF THE POPULATION OF THE SEVERAL COUNTIES COMPARED.

---------------+--------------------+----------------+-------------------- | Percentage | | Percentage | above and below | | above and below | the Average. | | the Average. Counties +---------+----------+ Counties +----------+--------- having great | |In No. of| having great | |In No. of Crime |In Number | Persons | Crime |In Number | Persons and great | of | to 100 | and little | of | to 100 density of |Criminals.| Acres. | density of |Criminals.| Acres. Population. | | | Population. | | +----------+---------+----------------+----------+--------- Gloucester | †59·1 | † 6·4 | Hereford | †45·1 | *63·4 Worcester | †52·4 | † 13·3 | Bucks | †24·4 | *37·0 Middlesex | †49·4 | †2030·8 | Somerset | †21·3 | *10·9 Chester | †37·8 | † 31·2 | Essex | †16·4 | *29·6 Warwick | †31·7 | † 70·0 | Wilts | †15·2 | *44·1 Lancaster | †12·8 | † 270·6 | Oxford | † 8·5 | *26·8 Monmouth | † 9·7 | † 9·9 | Southampton | † 7·9 | *20·7 Stafford | † 9·1 | † 72·2 | Hertford | † 6·7 | *12·5 | Leicester | † 4·2 | * 7·4 | Norfolk | † 4·2 | *32·6

Counties having little Crime and | Counties having little Crime and little density of Population. | great density of Population. | Cumberland | *56·7 | *59·6 |Durham | *51·8 | † 21·9 North Wales | *56·1 | *60.4 |Nottingham | *28·0 | † 12·7 Cornwall | *51·2 | *16·3 |Surrey | * ·6 | †189·7 Westmorland | *50·6 | *75·9 |Kent | | † 28·0 Northumb | *50·0 | *48·1 | South Wales | *48·7 | *55·1 | Derby | *36·0 | *20·9 | York | *30·5 | * 2·0 | Lincoln | *22·0 | *51·7 | Berks | *21·4 | *15·5 | Hunts | *14·0 | *49·9 | Devon | *14·0 | *30·0 | Rutland | *15·2 | *49·9 | Northampton | *13·4 | *33·4 | Cambridge | *10·3 | *28·2 | Dorset | *10·0 | *43·1 | Salop | * 9·1 | *42·9 | Bedford | * 7·3 | *12·3 | Sussex | * 6·7 | *25·0 | Suffolk | * 4·2 | *26·6 |

⁂ The rule appears to be, that those counties are the least criminal in which the population is the least dense.

N.B. The † prefixed to a number denotes that it is above, the * that it is below the average by the percentage which it expresses.

A TABLE SHOWING THE NUMBER OF ILLEGITIMATE BIRTHS IN ENGLAND AND WALES IN THE UNDERMENTIONED YEARS.

⁂ The average is calculated for as long a series of years as the returns of the Registrar General will permit.

--------------+--------------+-----------------------------------------+ | | | | | Number of Illegitimate Births | | Total Number +---------+-------+-------+-------+-------+ COUNTIES. | of Birth for | Average | | | | | | 4 Years, from|per Year.| 1845. | 1846. | 1847. | 1848. | | 1845-48. | | | | | | --------------+--------------+---------+-------+-------+-------+-------+ Bedford | 17,384 | 4,346 | 355 | 349 | 302 | 338 | Berks | 23,195 | 5,799 | 463 | 472 | 438 | 470 | Bucks | 17,984 | 4,496 | 328 | 329 | 296 | 306 | Cambridge | 25,546 | 6,386 | 441 | 407 | 442 | 404 | Chester | 51,396 | 12,599 | 1188 | 1190 | 1064 | 1072 | Cornwall | 45,017 | 11,254 | 576 | 537 | 515 | 508 | Cumberland | 23,541 | 5,885 | 647 | 641 | 629 | 638 | Derby | 32,295 | 8,074 | 672 | 670 | 674 | 610 | Devon | 64,802 | 16,200 | 789 | 889 | 758 | 837 | Dorset | 20,529 | 5,132 | 364 | 331 | 309 | 366 | Durham | 54,916 | 13,729 | 804 | 821 | 812 | 859 | Essex | 41,356 | 10,339 | 588 | 673 | 590 | 634 | Gloucester | 49,444 | 12,361 | 811 | 855 | 720 | 767 | Hereford | 10,984 | 2,746 | 273 | 305 | 254 | 263 | Hertford | 21,590 | 5,397 | 402 | 414 | 368 | 367 | Hunts | 8,179 | 2,045 | 116 | 100 | 80 | 98 | Kent | 73,836 | 18,459 | 1015 | 1008 | 976 | 995 | Lancaster | 293,023 | 73,256 | 5929 | 5897 | 5477 | 5384 | Leicester | 29,512 | 7,378 | 640 | 624 | 531 | 536 | Lincoln | 49,546 | 12,386 | 843 | 845 | 773 | 821 | Middlesex | 217,523 | 54,381 | 2048 | 2254 | 2201 | 2298 | Monmouth | 21,995 | 5,499 | 247 | 266 | 253 | 309 | Norfolk | 52,387 | 13,097 | 1424 | 1440 | 1295 | 1336 | Northampton | 27,674 | 6,918 | 440 | 420 | 395 | 411 | Northumberland| 37,523 | 9,381 | 668 | 678 | 715 | 679 | Nottingham | 35,244 | 8,811 | 895 | 827 | 775 | 736 | Oxford | 20,886 | 5,221 | 368 | 468 | 386 | 361 | Rutland | 2,825 | 706 | 52 | 34 | 30 | 45 | Salop | 25,899 | 6,475 | 676 | 658 | 593 | 632 | Somerset | 53,509 | 13,377 | 903 | 860 | 796 | 830 | Southampton | 46,726 | 11,681 | 704 | 711 | 688 | 709 | Stafford | 77,972 | 19,493 | 1240 | 1283 | 1409 | 1433 | Suffolk | 42,055 | 10,514 | 937 | 950 | 849 | 846 | Surrey | 81,968 | 20,492 | 855 | 911 | 930 | 915 | Sussex | 38,454 | 9,613 | 657 | 669 | 695 | 626 | Warwick | 58,938 | 14,734 | 779 | 835 | 830 | 879 | Westmorland | 7,073 | 1,793 | 179 | 147 | 149 | 149 | Wilts | 29,008 | 7,252 | 521 | 549 | 485 | 469 | Worcester | 40,561 | 10,140 | 768 | 885 | 512 | 553 | York | 231,444 | 57,861 | 4266 | 4317 | 4030 | 4106 | North Wales | 43,268 | 10,817 | 872 | 854 | 830 | 832 | South Wales | 72,188 | 18,047 | 1407 | 1256 | 1271 | 1300 | +--------------+---------+-------+-------+-------+-------+ Total for | 2,219,170 | 554,792 |38,241 |38,259 |36,125 |36,747 | England and | | | | | | | Wales | | | | | | | --------------+--------------+---------+-------+-------+-------+-------+

+--------+---------+----------+------------+--------------- | | | | | Per Cent. | | | | | above and + Total | |Proportion| Number of | below the | for 4 | Average | to all |Illegitimate| Average. | Years. |per Year.| Births, | in every |† denotes above | | |1 in every|1000 Births.|* „ below +--------+---------+----------+------------+--------------- | 1,344 | 336 | 12·9 | 77 | †14·9 | 1,843 | 461 | 12·5 | 79 | †17·9 | 1,259 | 315 | 14·2 | 70 | †4·4 | 1,694 | 423 | 15·0 | 66 | *1·5 | 4,514 | 1128 | 11·3 | 89 | †32·8 | 2,136 | 534 | 21·0 | 47 | *29·8 | 2,555 | 639 | 9·2 | 108 | †61·2 | 2,626 | 656 | 12·2 | 81 | †20·9 | 3,273 | 818 | 19·7 | 50 | *25·3 | 1,370 | 342 | 14·9 | 66 | *1·5 | 3,296 | 824 | 16·3 | 60 | *10·4 | 2,485 | 621 | 16·6 | 60 | *10·4 | 3,153 | 788 | 15·6 | 64 | *4·5 | 1,095 | 274 | 10·0 | 100 | †49·2 | 1,551 | 388 | 13·9 | 72 | †7·4 | 394 | 98 | 20·7 | 48 | *28·3 | 3,994 | 998 | 14·8 | 54 | *19·4 | 22,687 | 5672 | 12·9 | 77 | †14·9 | 2,331 | 583 | 12·6 | 79 | †17·9 | 3,282 | 820 | 15·0 | 66 | *1·5 | 8,801 | 2200 | 24·7 | 40 | *40·3 | 1,075 | 269 | 20·4 | 49 | *26·8 | 5,495 | 1374 | 9·5 | 105 | †56·7 | 1,666 | 416 | 16·6 | 60 | *10·4 | 2,740 | 685 | 13·6 | 73 | †8·9 | 3,233 | 808 | 10·9 | 91 | †35·8 | 1,583 | 396 | 13·1 | 76 | †13·4 | 161 | 40 | 17·5 | 56 | *16·4 | 2,559 | 640 | 10·1 | 99 | †47·7 | 3,389 | 847 | 15·7 | 63 | *6·0 | 2,812 | 703 | 16·6 | 60 | *10·4 | 5,365 | 1341 | 14·5 | 69 | †3·0 | 3,582 | 895 | 11·7 | 85 | †26·8 | 3,611 | 903 | 22·6 | 44 | *34·3 | 2,647| 662 | 14·5 | 68 | †1·5 | 3,323| 831 | 17·7 | 56 | *16·4 | 624| 156 | 11·3 | 87 | †29·8 | 2,024| 506 | 14·3 | 69 | †3·0 | 2,718| 679 | 14·9 | 66 | *1·5 | 16,619| 4155 | 13·9 | 71 | †6·0 | 3,388| 847 | 12·7 | 78 | †16·4 | 5,234| 1308 | 13·7 | 72 | †7·4 +--------+---------+----------+------------+--------------- |149,642 |37,410 | 14·8 | 67 | | | | | | | | | | | +--------+---------+----------+------------+---------------

LIST OF COUNTIES IN THE ORDER OF THEIR ILLEGITIMATE BIRTHS, AS SHOWN BY THE NUMBER OF ILLEGITIMATES IN EVERY 1000 CHILDREN BORN.

Counties above the Average.

Cumberland 108 Norfolk 105 Hereford 100 Salop 99 Nottingham 91 Chester 89 Westmorland 87 Suffolk 85 Derby 81 Berks 79 Leicester 79 North Wales 78 Lancaster 77 Bedford 77 Oxford 76 Northumberland 73 Hertford 72 South Wales 72 York 71 Bucks 70 Wilts 69 Stafford 69 Sussex 68

Counties below the Average.

Cambridge 66 Dorset 66 Lincoln 66 Worcester 66 Gloucester 64 Somerset 63 Southampton 60 Northampton 60 Essex 60 Durham 60 Warwick 56 Rutland 56 Kent 54 Devon 50 Monmouth 49 Hunts 48 Cornwall 47 Surrey 44 Middlesex 40 --- Average for England and Wales 67

THE EARLY MARRIAGES AND THE INCREASE OF THE POPULATION IN EACH COUNTY COMPARED. ----------------------------+--------------+------------------------+ | | Annual No. of | | Rate of |Early Marriages in every| Counties in which the | Increase of | 1000 Marriages, from | _Increase of the _ |the Population| 1844-48. | Population and the | from +------------------------+ number of Early | 1841 to 1851 | Among | Among | Marriages are both | per cent. | Males. | Females. | above the Average. +--------------+-----------+------------+ Lancaster | 22 | 50 | 139 | Stafford | 20 | 62 | 176 | Bedford | 16 | 109 | 235 | Chester | 15 | 54 | 151 | | Counties in which the Increase of the Population and the | number of Early Marriages are both below the Average. | | Northumberland | 13 | 39 | 124 | Southampton | 13 | 25 | 118 | Cumberland | 10 | 33 | 105 | Gloucester | 6 | 42 | 104 | Devon | 6 | 22 | 82 | Rutland | 5 | 36 | 128 | Cornwall | 4 | 32 | 131 | North Wales | 4 | 27 | 77 | Hereford | 3 | 17 | 79 | Westmorland | 3 | 32 | 128 | Salop | 1 | 29 | 95 | | Counties in which the Increase of the Population and the | Early Marriages among Females are above the Average and | those among Males below it. | Durham | 26 | 35 | 142 | Kent | 14 | 46 | 140 | | County in which the Increase of the Population and Early | Marriages among Females are below the Average, and those | among Males above it. | Warwick | 18 | 46 | 131 | | | | | |

+----------------------------+--------------+-------------------------- | | | Annual No. of |Counties in which the | Rate of |Early Marriages in every |Increase of the Population| Increase of | 1000 Marriages, from |is below |the Population| 1844-48. +the Average, and | from +------------------------- |the number of | 1841 to 1851 | Among | Among |Early Marriages is | per cent. | Males. | Females. +above it. +--------------+------------+------------ |Cambridge | 13 | 73 | 227 |Worcester | 13 | 56 | 151 |York | 13 | 57 | 187 |Hunts | 9 | 99 | 336 |Nottingham | 9 | 60 | 158 |Derby | 9 | 46 | 138 |Essex | 7 | 57 | 204 |Hertford | 7 | 75 | 210 |Norfolk | 7 | 50 | 148 |Suffolk | 7 | 52 | 1623 |Northampton | 7 | 71 | 190 |Leicester | 7 | 79 | 179 |Berks | 5 | 148 | 143 |Bucks | 4 | 94 | 743 |Oxford | 4 | 46 | 151 |Wilts | 0·7 | 68 | 164 | | Counties in which the Increase of Population is above the | Average, and the number of Early Marriages is below it. |Middlesex | 20 | 18 | 85 |Surrey | 17 | 16 | 91 |Monmouth | 17 | 28 | 105 |South Wales | 14 | 30 | 82 | | Counties in which the Increase of the Population and the | Early Marriages among Males are below the Average and | those among Females above it. |Lincoln | 12 | 39 | 153 |Sussex | 12 | 38 | 160 | | Counties in which the Increase of the Population and Early | Marriages among Females is below the Average and those | among Males above it. |Somerset | 2 | 47 | 112 |Dorset | 6 | 47 | 125

TABLE SHOWING THE NUMBER OF EARLY MARRIAGES OF MALES AND FEMALES IN THE SEVERAL COUNTIES FOR THE UNDERMENTIONED YEARS.

⁂ The returns of the Registrar do not admit of the average being calculated from a longer series of years.

------------------+---------+--------------------------------------------------------- | Annual | Number of Early Marriages. | Average +--------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ COUNTIES. |Number of| | | | | |Marriages| 1844. | 1845. | 1846. | 1847. | | from | | | | | | 1844-48.|-----+--------+-----+-------+-----+-------+-----+-------+ | |Males| Females|Males|Females|Males|Females|Males|Females| ------------------+---------+-----+--------+-----+-------+-----+-------+-----+-------+ Bedford | 960 | 102 | 237 | 103 | 216 | 108 | 238 | 115 | 221 | Berks | 1,322 | 52 | 186 | 61 | 182 | 62 | 201 | 74 | 204 | Bucks | 974 | 66 | 181 | 66 | 175 | 87 | 196 | 76 | 179 | Cambridge | 1,428 | 115 | 324 | 89 | 308 | 112 | 349 | 96 | 311 | Chester | 2,764 | 153 | 393 | 175 | 427 | 154 | 455 | 132 | 372 | Cornwall | 2,510 | 86 | 312 | 84 | 348 | 80 | 334 | 86 | 313 | Cumberland | 1,060 | 31 | 88 | 54 | 145 | 28 | 133 | 23 | 94 | Derby | 1,954 | 86 | 276 | 76 | 243 | 104 | 289 | 82 | 270 | Devon | 4,574 | 84 | 324 | 95 | 352 | 104 | 367 | 97 | 401 | Dorset | 1,209 | 62 | 155 | 64 | 161 | 46 | 130 | 57 | 166 | Durham | 3,137 | 82 | 353 | 110 | 468 | 118 | 463 | 124 | 462 | Essex | 2,154 | 125 | 454 | 133 | 436 | 116 | 415 | 123 | 411 | Gloucester | 3,568 | 133 | 350 | 162 | 378 | 180 | 414 | 114 | 340 | Hereford | 648 | 15 | 47 | 10 | 61 | 11 | 60 | 14 | 47 | Hertford | 1,009 | 86 | 218 | 77 | 229 | 83 | 227 | 68 | 193 | Hunts | 455 | 77 | 370 | 41 | 91 | 29 | 110 | 42 | 94 | Kent | 4,339 | 98 | 584 | 112 | 614 | 128 | 659 | 108 | 567 | Lancaster | 18,785 | 831 | 2310 |1040 | 2729 |1005 | 2784 | 773 | 2330 | Leicester | 1,827 | 160 | 330 | 168 | 359 | 150 | 321 | 125 | 277 | Lincoln | 2,862 | 112 | 393 | 115 | 430 | 82 | 453 | 110 | 417 | Middlesex | 16,859 | 249 | 1262 | 360 | 1477 | 329 | 1606 | 322 | 1428 | Monmouth | 1,395 | 28 | 119 | 38 | 149 | 43 | 147 | 44 | 157 | Norfolk | 3,189 | 164 | 467 | 173 | 448 | 158 | 472 | 144 | 444 | Northampton | 1,648 | 109 | 317 | 136 | 354 | 112 | 326 | 110 | 287 | Northumberland | 2,161 | 68 | 219 | 79 | 283 | 98 | 310 | 97 | 255 | Nottingham | 2,204 | 148 | 369 | 133 | 365 | 139 | 365 | 113 | 302 | Oxford | 1,154 | 53 | 172 | 52 | 190 | 56 | 156 | 51 | 163 | Rutland | 164 | 2 | 10 | 5 | 16 | 4 | 14 | 11 | 34 | Salop | 1,596 | 36 | 144 | 32 | 118 | 62 | 165 | 52 | 151 | Somerset | 3,159 | 144 | 375 | 159 | 328 | 166 | 385 | 116 | 319 | Southampton | 3,085 | 77 | 370 | 81 | 414 | 100 | 370 | 67 | 304 | Stafford | 4,807 | 215 | 634 | 278 | 818 | 285 | 835 | 391 | 1045 | Suffolk | 2,453 | 115 | 367 | 133 | 401 | 139 | 420 | 123 | 394 | Surrey | 5,550 | 84 | 485 | 90 | 523 | 108 | 532 | 86 | 536 | Sussex | 2,231 | 83 | 320 | 98 | 355 | 95 | 411 | 72 | 345 | Warwick | 3,650 | 130 | 383 | 158 | 437 | 175 | 482 | 176 | 502 | Westmorland | 436 | 10 | 44 | 11 | 40 | 22 | 80 | 17 | 64 | Wilts | 1,681 | 117 | 265 | 108 | 294 | 134 | 308 | 99 | 246 | Worcester | 2,796 | 151 | 421 | 201 | 583 | 254 | 604 | 93 | 272 | York | 14,399 | 828 | 2586 | 934 | 2868 | 841 | 2774 | 747 | 2649 | North Wales | 2,643 | 75 | 200 | 75 | 186 | 65 | 224 | 67 | 207 | South Wales | 4,337 | 113 | 280 | 118 | 377 | 141 | 417 | 129 | 345 | +---------+-----+--------+-----+-------+-----+-------+-----+-------+ Total for England | | | | | | | | | | & Wales |139,146 |5515 |17,410 |6287 |19,376 |6313 |20,001 |5566 |18,118 | ------------------+---------+-----+--------+-----+-------+-----+-------+-----+-------+

--------------+---------------+--------------+--------------+----------------+--------------- | | | | |Per Cent. above +-------------+ Total | Average |Proportion to | Number of |and below the | | for 5 years. | per year. |all Marriages,| early Marriages| Average. | 1848. | | | 1 in every | to every 1000. |† denotes above | | | | | |* „ below +-----+-------+-------+-------+-----+--------+------+-------+------+---------+------+-------- |Males|Females| Males |Females|Males| Females| Males|Females| Males| Females | Males| Females +-----+-------+-------+-------+-----+--------+------+-------+------+---------+------+-------- | 96 | 218 | 524 | 1,130 | 105 | 226 | 9·1 | 4·2 | 109 | 235 | †153 | †74 | 70 | 171 | 319 | 944 | 64 | 189 | 20·6 | 6·9 | 48 | 143 | †12 | †6 | 67 | 213 | 362 | 944 | 72 | 189 | 13·5 | 5·1 | 74 | 194 | †72 | †44 | 115 | 328 | 527 | 1,620 | 105 | 324 | 13·6 | 4·4 | 73 | 227 | †70 | †68 | 136 | 446 | 750 | 2,093 | 150 | 419 | 18·4 | 6·5 | 54 | 151 | †25 | †12 | 68 | 341 | 404 | 1,648 | 81 | 330 | 30·9 | 7·6 | 32 | 131 | *25 | *3 | 38 | 97 | 174 | 557 | 35 | 111 | 30·2 | 9·5 | 33 | 105 | *23 | *22 | 109 | 275 | 457 | 1,353 | 91 | 271 | 21·4 | 7·2 | 46 | 138 | †7 | †2 | 124 | 430 | 504 | 1,874 | 101 | 375 | 45·2 | 12·1 | 22 | 82 | *49 | *39 | 57 | 147 | 286 | 759 | 57 | 152 | 21·2 | 7·9 | 47 | 125 | †9 | *7 | 115 | 489 | 549 | 2,235 | 110 | 447 | 28·5 | 7·0 | 35 | 142 | *19 | †5 | 121 | 462 | 618 | 2,178 | 124 | 436 | 17·3 | 4·9 | 57 | 202 | †33 | †50 | 163 | 372 | 752 | 1,854 | 150 | 371 | 23·7 | 9·6 | 42 | 104 | *2 | *23 | 7 | 42 | 57 | 257 | 11 | 51 | 58·9 | 12·7 | 17 | 79 | *60 | *41 | 68 | 192 | 382 | 1,059 | 76 | 212 | 13·2 | 4·7 | 75 | 210 | †74 | †56 | 37 | 102 | 226 | 767 | 45 | 153 | 10·1 | 2·9 | 99 | 336 | †130 | †149 | 128 | 625 | 574 | 3,049 | 115 | 610 | 37·7 | 7·1 | 26 | 140 | *40 | †4 |1100 | 2864 | 4749 |13,017 | 950 | 2603 | 19·7 | 7·2 | 50 | 139 | †16 | †3 | 124 | 347 | 727 | 1,634 | 145 | 327 | 12·6 | 5·5 | 79 | 179 | †84 | †33 | 138 | 509 | 557 | 2,202 | 111 | 440 | 25·7 | 6·5 | 39 | 153 | *9 | †13 | 286 | 1437 | 1546 | 7,210 | 309 | 1442 | 54·5 | 11·6 | 18 | 85 | *58 | *37 | 44 | 165 | 197 | 737 | 39 | 147 | 35·7 | 9·4 | 28 | 105 | *35 | *22 | 164 | 504 | 803 | 2,335 | 161 | 467 | 19·8 | 6·8 | 50 | 146 | †16 | †81 | 119 | 281 | 586 | 1,565 | 117 | 313 | 14·0 | 5·2 | 71 | 190 | †65 | †41 | 77 | 278 | 419 | 1,345 | 84 | 269 | 24·5 | 8·0 | 39 | 124 | *9 | *81 | 130 | 341 | 663 | 1,742 | 133 | 348 | 16·5 | 6·3 | 60 | 158 | †40 | †17 | 57 | 196 | 269 | 877 | 54 | 175 | 21·3 | 6·5 | 46 | 151 | †7 | †12 | 6 | 33 | 28 | 107 | 6 | 21 | 27·3 | 7·8 | 36 | 128 | *16 | *5 | 55 | 177 | 237 | 755 | 47 | 151 | 33·9 | 10·5 | 29 | 95 | *33 | *30 | 159 | 371 | 744 | 1,778 | 149 | 356 | 21·2 | 8·8 | 47 | 112 | †9 | *17 | 70 | 367 | 395 | 1,825 | 79 | 365 | 39·0 | 8·4 | 25 | 118 | *42 | *13 | 319 | 907 | 1488 | 4,239 | 298 | 848 | 16·1 | 5·6 | 62 | 176 | †44 | †30 | 128 | 420 | 638 | 2,002 | 128 | 400 | 19·1 | 6·1 | 52 | 163 | †21 | †21 | 70 | 462 | 438 | 2,538 | 88 | 508 | 63·0 | 10·9 | 16 | 91 | *63 | *25 | 79 | 356 | 427 | 1,787 | 85 | 357 | 26·2 | 6·2 | 38 | 160 | *12 | †19 | 212 | 597 | 851 | 2,401 | 170 | 480 | 21·4 | 7·6 | 46 | 131 | †7 | *3 | 8 | 50 | 68 | 278 | 14 | 56 | 31·1 | 7·7 | 32 | 128 | *25 | *5 | 115 | 282 | 573 | 1,395 | 115 | 279 | 14·6 | 6·0 | 68 | 164 | †58 | †21 | 89 | 240 | 788 | 2,120 | 158 | 424 | 17·6 | 6·5 | 56 | 151 | †30 | †12 | 794 | 2619 | 4144 |13,496 | 829 | 2699 | 17·3 | 5·3 | 57 | 187 | †33 | †39 | 79 | 211 | 361 | 1,028 | 72 | 206 | 36·7 | 12·8 | 27 | 77 | *37 | *43 | 150 | 372 | 651 | 1,791 | 130 | 358 | 33·3 | 12·1 | 30 | 82 | *30 | *39 +-----+-------+-------+-------+-----+--------+------+-------+------+---------+------+-------- | | | | | | | | | | | | |6091 |19,336 |29,772 |94,241 |5954 |18,848 | 23·3 | 7·3 | 43 | 135 | | +-----+-------+-------+-------+-----+--------+------+-------+------+---------+------+--------

LIST OF COUNTIES IN THE ORDER OF THEIR EARLY MARRIAGES, AS SHOWN BY THE NUMBER OF MARRIAGES, UNDER TWENTY-ONE YEARS OF AGE, IN EVERY 1000 MARRIAGES.

AMONGST MALES.

AMONGST FEMALES.

Counties above | Counties below | the Average. | the Average. |

Huntingdon 336 | Warwick 131 | Bedford 235 | Cornwall 131 | Cambridge 227 | Westmor. 128 | Hertford 210 | Rutland 128 | Essex 204 | Dorset 125 | Bucks 194 | Northumb. 124 | Northamp. 190 | Southamp. 118 | York 187 | Somerset 112 | Leicester 179 | Monmouth 105 | Stafford 176 | Cumberland 105 | Wilts 164 | Gloucester 104 | Suffolk 162 | Shropshire 95 | Sussex 160 | Surrey 91 | Nottingham 158 | Middlesex 85 | Lincoln 153 | Devon 82 | Oxford 151 | S. Wales 82 | Chester 151 | Hereford 79 | Worcester 151 | N. Wales 77 | Norfolk 148 | --- | Berks 143 | Average for | Durham 142 | England | Kent 140 | and Wales 135 | Lancaster 139 | Derby 138 |

⁂ The rule is, that where the greatest number of males marry at an early age, the greatest number of females do so likewise--the exceptions being Dorset, Somerset, and Warwick, among the males, and Sussex, Lincoln, Durham, and Kent among the females.

††† There are, on an average, rather more than 3 females married at an early age to every male.

----------------------------------------------------------- THE ILLEGITIMATE BIRTHS AND EARLY MARRIAGES IN THE SEVERAL († denotes plus.) COUNTIES COMPARED. (* denotes minus.) --------------------------+-------------------------------- |Percent. above & below the Aver. |-------------------------------- Counties in which the | In No. |In No. of Early Illegitimate Births | of | Marriages. and the Early | Illegitimate +-------+--------- Marriages are both | Births. | Among | Among above the Average. | |Males. |Females. +--------------+-------+--------- Norfolk | †56 | † 16 | †81 Nottingham | †35 | † 40 | †17 Suffolk | †26 | † 21 | †17 Suffolk | †26 | † 21 | †17 Suffolk | †26 | † 21 | †21 Derby | †20 | † 7 | † 2 Chester | †32 | † 25 | †12 Leicester | †17 | † 84 | †33 Berks | †17 | † 12 | † 6 Lancaster | †14 | † 16 | † 3 Bedford | †14 | †153 | †74 Oxford | †13 | † 7 | †12 Hertford | † 7 | † 74 | †56 York | † 6 | † 33 | †39 Bucks | † 4 | † 72 | †44 Stafford | † 3 | † 44 | †30 Wilts | † 3 | † 58 | †21

Counties in which the Illegitimate Children and Early Marriages are both below the Average.

Middlesex | *40 | *58 | *37 Surrey | *34 | *63 | *25 Cornwall | *29 | *25 | * 3 Monmouth | *26 | *35 | *22 Devon | *25 | *49 | *39 Rutland | *16 | *16 | * 5 Southampton | *10 | *42 | *13 Gloucester | * 4 | * 2 | *23

Counties in which the Illegitimate Children and Early Marriages among Males are both below the Average, and those among Females above it.

Kent | *19 | *40 | † 4 Durham | *10 | *19 | † 5 Lincoln | * 1 | * 9 | †13

Exceptional County.

Sussex | † 1 | *12 | †19

Counties in which the Illegitimate Births are above the Average and the Early Marriages below it.

+--------------+-------+--------- Cumberland | †61 | *23 | *22 Hereford | †49 | *60 | *41 Salop | †47 | *33 | *30 Westmorland | †29 | *25 | * 5 North Wales | †16 | *37 | *43 Northumberland | † 8 | * 9 | *81 South Wales | † 7 | *30 | *39

⁂ In the majority of these counties some peculiar form of courtship (as “night courtship” and “bundling”) prevails.

Counties in which the Illegitimate Children are below the Average, and the Early Marriages above it.

Hunts | *28 | †130 | †149 Northampton | *10 | † 65 | † 41 Essex | *10 | † 33 | † 50 Worcester | * 1 | † 30 | † 12 Cambridge | * 1 | † 70 | † 68

Counties in which the Illegitimate Children and the Early Marriages among Females are both below the Average, and those among Males above it.

Warwick | *16 | †7 | * 3 Somerset | * 6 | †9 | *17 Dorset | * 1 | †9 | * 7

⁂ The rule appears to be, that in those counties in which there are the greatest number of Early Marriages, there are (generally) the greatest number of Illegitimate Children, and vice versâ.

TABLE SHOWING THE PROPORTION OF FEMALES TO MALES IN THE DIFFERENT COUNTIES OF ENGLAND AND WALES.

----------------+-----------------------+----------+------------ | 1851. | | Proportion | | | per Cent. |-----------+-----------+ Number | above and | | |of Females| below the COUNTIES. | | | to every | Average. | Male | Female |100 Males.| † denotes |Population.|Population.| | above. | | | | * below. ----------------+-----------+-----------+----------+------------ Bedford | 62,420 | 67,369 | 108 | †2·9 Berks | 99,227 | 99,927 | 101 | *3·8 Bucks | 70,784 | 72,886 | 103 | *1·9 Cambridge | 95,505 | 96,351 | 101 | *3·8 Chester | 206,715 | 216,723 | 105 | Cornwall | 171,979 | 184,683 | 107 | †1·9 Cumberland | 96,106 | 99,381 | 103 | *1·9 Derby | 129,379 | 131,328 | 101 | *3·8 Devon | 271,579 | 300,628 | 111 | †5·7 Dorset | 85,816 | 91,781 | 107 | †1·9 Durham | 206,666 | 204,866 | 99 | *5·7 Essex | 172,161 | 171,755 | 100 | *4·8 Gloucester | 198,122 | 221,353 | 112 | †6·7 Hereford | 49,694 | 49,418 | 99 | *5·7 Hertford | 86,331 | 87,632 | 102 | *2·9 Hunts | 29,984 | 30,336 | 101 | *3·8 Kent | 308,115 | 311,092 | 101 | *3·8 Lancaster | 1,005,627 | 1,058,286 | 105 | Leicester | 115,295 | 119,643 | 104 | *1·0 Lincoln | 201,027 | 199,239 | 99 | *5·7 Middlesex | 885,614 | 1,010,096 | 114 | †8·6 Monmouth | 92,095 | 85,070 | 92 | *12·4 Norfolk | 210,360 | 223,443 | 106 | †1·0 Northampton | 106,533 | 107,251 | 101 | *3·8 Northumberland | 149,158 | 154,377 | 103 | *1·9 Nottingham | 144,428 | 150,010 | 104 | *1·0 Oxford | 85,449 | 84,837 | 99 | *5·7 Rutland | 12,270 | 12,002 | 98 | *6·7 Salop | 122,022 | 122,997 | 101 | *3·8 Somerset | 216,716 | 239,521 | 111 | †5·7 Southampton | 199,834 | 202,199 | 101 | *3·8 Stafford | 320,394 | 310,112 | 97 | *7·6 Suffolk | 165,267 | 170,724 | 103 | *1·9 Surrey | 325,155 | 359,650 | 111 | †5·7 Sussex | 166,828 | 172,600 | 103 | *1·9 Warwick | 235,263 | 244,716 | 104 | *1·0 Westmorland | 29,064 | 29,316 | 101 | *3·8 Wilts | 113,839 | 122,164 | 103 | *1·9 Worcester | 126,739 | 132,023 | 104 | *1·0 York | 886,845 | 901,922 | 102 | *2·9 North Wales | 200,538 | 203,622 | 102 | *2·9 South Wales | 300,645 | 306,851 | 102 | *2·9 +-----------+-----------+----------+------------ TOTAL FOR | | | | ENGLAND AND | 8,762,588 | 9,160,180 | 105 | WALES | | | |

LIST OF COUNTIES IN THE ORDER OF THEIR PROPORTION OF FEMALE TO MALE POPULATION, AS SHOWN BY THE NUMBER OF FEMALES TO EVERY 100 MALES.

COUNTIES ABOVE THE AVERAGE.

Middlesex 114 Gloucester 112 Devon 111 Somerset 111 Surrey 111 Bedford 108 Cornwall 107 Dorset 107 Norfolk 106 --- Average for England & Wales 105

COUNTIES BELOW THE AVERAGE.

Chester 105 Lancaster 105 Leicester 104 Nottingham 104 Warwick 104 Worcester 104 Bucks 103 Cumberland 103 Northumb. 103 Suffolk 103 Sussex 103 Wilts 103 Hertford 102 York 102 North Wales 102 South Wales 102 Berks 101 Cambridge 101 Derby 101 Hunts 101 Kent 101 Northampton 101 Salop 101 Southampton 101 Westmorland 101 Essex 100 Durham 99 Hereford 99 Lincoln 99 Oxford 99 Rutland 98 Stafford 97 Monmouth 92

THE EXCESS OF FEMALES AND ILLEGITIMATE BIRTHS COMPARED.

-------------------+---------------------+-------------------+--------------------- | Percentage | | Percentage | above and below | | above and below | the Average. | | the Average. | † denotes above | | † denotes above | and * below. |Counties in | and * below. Counties in | |which the | which the +--------+------------+Number of Females+--------+------------ Number of Females| In No. | In No. |is above and of | In No. | In No. and Illegitimate | of | of |the Illegitimate | of | of Births |Females |Illegitimate|Births |Females |Illegitimate are both above | to | Births. |is below | to | Births. the Average. | Males. | |the Average. | Males. | +--------+------------+ +--------+------------ Bedford | † 3 | †14 | Middlesex | † 8 | *40 Norfolk | † 1 | †56 | Gloucester | † 6 | * 4 | Devon | † 5 | *25 | Surrey | † 5 | *34 | Somerset | † 5 | * 6 | Cornwall | † 2 | *29 | Dorset | † 1 | * 1 | Counties in which the Number of |Counties in which the Number of Females and Illegitimate Births |Females is below the Average and are both below the Average. |the Illegitimate Births above it. | Monmouth | *12 | *26 | Stafford | * 7 | † 3 Rutland | * 6 | *16 | Oxford | * 5 | †13 Lincoln | * 5 | * 1 | Hereford | * 5 | †49 Durham | * 5 | *10 | Westmorland | * 3 | †29 Essex | * 4 | *10 | Salop | * 3 | †47 Hunts | * 3 | *28 | Derby | * 3 | †20 Northampton | * 3 | *10 | Berks | * 3 | †17 Kent | * 3 | *19 | York | * 2 | † 6 Cambridge | * 3 | * 1 | Hertford | * 2 | † 7 Southampton | * 3 | *10 | South Wales | * 2 | † 7 Warwick | * 1 | *16 | North Wales | * 2 | † 6 Worcester | * 1 | * 1 | Northumb. | * 1 | † 8 | Cumberland | * 1 | †61 | Wilts | * 1 | † 3 | Suffolk | * 1 | †26 | Bucks | * 1 | † 4 | Nottingham | * 1 | †35 | Leicester | * 1 | †17 | Sussex | * 1 | † 1 | Lancaster | .. | †14 | Chester | .. | †32

⁂ The rule appears to be, that in those counties in which the number of females, in proportion to the males, is the smallest, the number of illegitimate births is the greatest, and where it is the greatest, the illegitimate births are the smallest.

TABLE SHOWING THE CRIMINALITY OF THE DIFFERENT COUNTIES OF ENGLAND AND WALES WITH REGARD TO RAPE.

----------------+----------+-----------------------------------------------------------+ | | | | Average | Total Number Committed for Rape. | COUNTIES. |Population+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+ | from | | | | | | | | | | | | 1841-50. |1841.|1842.|1843.|1844.|1845.|1846.|1847.|1848.|1849.|1850.| ----------------+----------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+ Bedford | 121,083| 2 | 2 | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | 1 | 1 | 1 | Berks | 194,763| 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | .. | .. | .. | 3 | 1 | 2 | Bucks | 140,959| 1 | 1 | 2 | 7 | 2 | .. | 2 | .. | 5 | 2 | Cambridge | 180,747| 1 | .. | .. | .. | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | Chester | 395,919| 1 | 9 | 7 | 6 | .. | 7 | 1 | 11 | 2 | 6 | Cornwall | 349,991| 7 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 3 | .. | 5 | 2 | 2 | Cumberland | 186,762| .. | .. | .. | 3 | .. | 2 | .. | .. | 2 | .. | Derby | 250,249| .. | .. | 5 | 2 | .. | 2 | 1 | .. | 1 | 1 | Devon | 554,738| 1 | 1 | 5 | 1 | 1 | 5 | 4 | 4 | .. | 5 | Dorset | 172,736| .. | 1 | 3 | .. | 2 | .. | 1 | 1 | .. | 1 | Durham | 368,787| 2 | 2 | 8 | 5 | 1 | 9 | 7 | 4 | 5 | 4 | Essex | 332,363| 2 | 10 | 2 | 12 | 1 | 4 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 2 | Gloucester | 407,504| .. | 1 | 2 | 7 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 4 | 7 | Hereford | 97,813| .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 | 1 | 2 | .. | 1 | .. | Hertford | 168,178| .. | 6 | .. | 5 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 4 | 2 | 1 | Hunts | 57,942| 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 | 1 | Kent | 585,249| 1 | 10 | 7 | 8 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | Lancaster | 1,881,261| 8 | 8 | 11 | 12 | 10 | 8 | 12 | 12 | 4 | 9 | Leicester | 227,621| 1 | 3 | 2 | 2 | .. | 2 | 1 | .. | 4 | 1 | Lincoln | 378,246| .. | 1 | 2 | 1 | .. | .. | 3 | 4 | .. | 2 | Middlesex | 1,740,814| 9 | 13 | 11 | 8 | 12 | 12 | 15 | 15 | 11 | 9 | Monmouth | 164,093| 3 | 2 | 2 | 5 | 4 | 6 | 1 | .. | 1 | 5 | Norfolk | 419,463| 2 | 1 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 7 | 2 | 4 | 5 | 9 | Northampton | 206,496| 3 | .. | 1 | 2 | 3 | .. | .. | 1 | 2 | 4 | Northumberland | 284,777| 1 | .. | 6 | 3 | .. | 1 | 2 | .. | 3 | .. | Nottingham | 282,584| .. | 1 | 2 | 1 | .. | 1 | .. | 1 | 1 | 1 | Oxford | 166,751| 1 | .. | 2 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 1 | Rutland | 23,711| .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | Salop | 243,352| .. | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | .. | .. | 5 | Somerset | 452,515| 2 | .. | 3 | 6 | .. | 4 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 3 | Southampton | 377,040| 4 | 1 | 4 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 1 | Stafford | 579,686| 6 | 4 | 8 | 4 | 5 | 10 | 8 | 6 | 17 | 13 | Suffolk | 325,336| 1 | 3 | 2 | .. | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | Surrey | 635,917| .. | 1 | 6 | 1 | 7 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 4 | Sussex | 320,944| 5 | 4 | 2 | .. | 3 | 2 | .. | .. | 1 | .. | Warwick | 444,558| .. | 5 | 1 | 4 | .. | .. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 3 | Westmorland | 57,494| .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 4 | .. | .. | .. | .. | Wilts | 241,887| 3 | 6 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 3 | Worcester | 244,574| 1 | 1 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 8 | 1 | .. | 3 | 3 | York | 1,686,461| 5 | 12 | 3 | 2 | 12 | 17 | 7 | 14 | 15 | 15 | North Wales | 396,161| 3 | 2 | .. | .. | 2 | .. | 1 | 2 | .. | 2 | South Wales | 568,430| .. | 3 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 2 | +----------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+ Total for |16,918,458| 78 |118 |127 |127 | 86 |139 | 97 |124 |121 |137 | England | | | | | | | | | | | | and Wales | | | | | | | | | | | |

+-------+---------+-------------+---------------- | | |No. committed| Proportion per | Total | | annually for| Cent above and + for 10| Annual |Rape in every| below the Aver. | years.| Average.| 10,000,000 |† denotes above. | | | Persons. |* „ below. +-------+---------+-------------+---------------- | 8 | ·8 | 66 | *2·9 | 12 | 1·2 | 62 | *8·8 | 22 | 2·2 | 156 | †129·4 | 10 | 1·0 | 55 | *19·1 | 50 | 5·0 | 126 | †85·3 | 24 | 2·4 | 68 | | 7 | ·7 | 37 | *45·6 | 12 | 1·2 | 48 | *29·4 | 27 | 2·7 | 49 | *27·9 | 9 | ·9 | 52 | *23·5 | 47 | 4·7 | 127 | †86·8 | 42 | 4·2 | 126 | †85·3 | 28 | 2·8 | 69 | †1·5 | 5 | ·5 | 51 | *25·0 | 24 | 2·4 | 143 | †110·3 | 3 | ·3 | 52 | *23·5 | 35 | 3·5 | 60 | *11·8 | 94 | 9·4 | 50 | *26·5 | 16 | 1·6 | 70 | †2·9 | 13 | 1·3 | 34 | *50·0 | 115 | 11·5 | 66 | *2·9 | 29 | 2·9 | 177 | †145·6 | 39 | 3·9 | 93 | †36·8 | 15 | 1·5 | 73 | †7·4 | 16 | 1·6 | 56 | *17·6 | 8 | ·8 | 28 | *58·8 | 15 | 1·5 | 90 | †32·4 | 2 | ·2 | 84 | †23·5 | 15 | 1·5 | 62 | *8·8 | 26 | 2·6 | 57 | *16·2 | 29 | 2·9 | 77 | †13·2 | 81 | 8·1 | 140 | †105·9 | 20 | 2·0 | 61 | *10·3 | 35 | 3·5 | 55 | *19·1 | 17 | 1·7 | 53 | *22·1 | 19 | 1·9 | 43 | *36·8 | 4 | ·4 | 70 | †2·9 | 23 | 2·3 | 95 | †39·7 | 24 | 2·4 | 9 | †44·1 | 102 | 10·2 | 60 | *11·8 | 12 | 1·2 | 30 | *55·9 | 20 | 2·0 | 35 | *48·5 +-------+---------+-------------+---------------- |1154 | 115·4 | 68 | | | | | | | | |

⁂ The proportionate number of persons perpetrating this crime has been calculated with reference to the entire population, instead of the male part of it only, as at the first glance might seem necessary, males only being capable of committing the above offence. But it was found, on examination, that the intensity of the criminality in the several counties in this respect was influenced by the relative number of females. Monmouth contains the greatest number of males in proportion to females; so that, were the male population alone considered, the criminality of that county in the above respect would be considerably decreased. But the fact of there being more rapes in Monmouth than elsewhere would appear to be owing to the very excess of males over females in that county; the average, therefore, has been calculated from the entire population.

LIST OF COUNTIES IN THE ORDER OF THEIR CRIMINALITY WITH REGARD TO RAPE, AS SHOWN BY THE NUMBER COMMITTED FOR THIS OFFENCE IN EVERY 10,000,000 OF THE POPULATION.

Counties above the Average.

Monmouth 177 Bucks 156 Hertford 143 Stafford 140 Durham 127 Chester 126 Essex 126 Worcester 98 Wilts 95 Norfolk 93 Oxford 90 Rutland 84 Southamp. 77 Northamp. 73 Leicester 70 Westmor. 70 Gloucester 69 --- Average for England and Wales 68

Counties below the Average.

Cornwall 68 Bedford 66 Middlesex 66 Berks 62 Salop 62 Suffolk 61 Kent 60 York 60 Somerset 57 Northumb. 56 Cambridge 55 Surrey 55 Sussex 53 Dorset 52 Hunts 52 Hereford 51 Lancaster 50 Devon 49 Derby 48 Warwick 43 Cumberland 37 S. Wales 35 Lincoln 34 N. Wales 30 Nottingham 28

THE CRIME OF RAPE COMPARED WITH THE NUMBER OF ILLEGITIMATE CHILDREN IN EACH COUNTY. ---------------+---------------------+----------------+--------------------- | Percentage | | Percentage | above and below | | above and below | the Average. | | the Average. | † denotes above. | | † denotes above. Counties in | * „ below. | Counties in | * „ below. which the +--------+------------+ which the |+--------+----------- Number of | In | In No. | Number of | In | In No. Rapes and the| Number | of | Rapes is | Number | of Number of | of |Illegitimate| above and the| of |Illegitimate Illegitimate | Rapes. | Births. | Number of | Rapes. | Births. Births are | | | Illegitimate | | both above | | | Births below | | the Average. +--------+------------+the Average. +--------+------------ Bucks | †129·4 | † 4·4 | Monmouth | †145·6 | *26·8 Hertford | †110·3 | † 7·4 | Durham | † 86·8 | *10·4 Stafford | †105·9 | † 3·0 | Essex | † 85·3 | *10·4 Chester | † 85·3 | †32·8 | Worcester | † 44·1 | * 1·5 Wilts | † 39·7 | † 3·0 | Rutland | † 23·5 | *16·4 Norfolk | † 36·8 | †56·7 | Southampton | † 13·2 | *10·4 Oxford | † 32·4 | †13·4 | Northampton | † 7·4 | *10·4 Leicester | † 2·9 | †17·9 | Gloucester | † 1·5 | * 4·5 Westmorland | † 2·9 | †29·8 | Counties in which the Number of |Counties in which the Number of Rapes and the Number of |Rapes is below and the Number Illegitimate Births are both |of Illegitimate Births above the below the Average. |Average. Lincoln | *50·0 | * 1·5 | Nottingham | *58·8 | †35·8 Warwick | *36·8 | *16·4 | North Wales | *55·9 | †16·4 Devon | *27·9 | *25·3 | South Wales | *48·5 | † 7·4 Hunts | *23·5 | *28·3 | Cumberland | *45·6 | †61·2 Dorset | *23·5 | * 1·5 | Derby | *29·4 | †20·9 Surrey | *19·1 | *34·3 | Lancaster | *26·5 | †14·9 Cambridge | *19·1 | * 1·5 | Hereford | *25·0 | †49·2 Somerset | *16·2 | * 6·0 | Sussex | *22·1 | † 1·5 Kent | *11·8 | *19·4 | Northumb. | *17·6 | † 8·9 Middlesex | * 2·9 | *40·3 | York | *11·8 | † 6·0 Cornwall | * | *29·8 | Suffolk | *10·3 | †26·8 | | | Salop | * 8·8 | †47·7 | | | Berks | * 8·8 | †17·9 | | | Bedford | * 2·9 | †14·9

⁂ The rule appears to be, that the crime of Rape is (in the majority of cases) the least where the number of Illegitimate Children is the greatest.

THE CRIME OF RAPE COMPARED WITH THE RELATIVE NUMBER OF FEMALES TO MALES IN EACH COUNTY. ----------------+---------------------+----------------+-------------------- | Percentage | | Percentage | above and below | | above and below | the Average. | | the Average. | † denotes above. | | † denotes above. Counties in | * „ below. | Counties in | * „ below. which the +--------+------------+ which the |+--------+---------- Number of | In | In No. | Number of | In | In No. Rapes and | Number | of | Rapes is | Number | of the Number | of | Females | above and | of | Females of Females are| Rapes. | to Males. | the Number of| Rapes. | to Males. both above | | | Females below| | the Average. +--------+------------+ the Average. +--------|+---------- Norfolk | †36·8 | †1·0 | Monmouth | †145·6 | *12·4 Gloucester | † 1·5 | †6·7 | Bucks | †129·4 | * 1·9 Counties in which the Number of | Hertford | †110·3 | * 2·9 Rapes and the Number of Females | Stafford | †105·9 | * 7·6 are both below the Average. | Durham | † 86·8 | * 5·7 Nottingham | *58·8 | *1·0 | Chester | † 85·3 | * North Wales | *55·9 | *2·9 | Essex | † 85·3 | * 4·8 Lincoln | *50·0 | *5·7 | Worcester | † 44·1 | * 1·0 South Wales | *48·5 | *2·9 | Wilts | † 39·7 | * 1·9 Cumberland | *45·6 | *1·9 | Oxford | † 32·4 | * 5·7 Warwick | *36·8 | *1·0 | Rutland | † 23·5 | * 6·7 Derby | *29·4 | *3·3 | Southampton | † 13·2 | * 3·8 Lancaster | *26·5 | * | Northampton | † 7·4 | * 3·8 Hereford | *25·0 | *5·7 | Leicester | † 2·9 | * 1·0 Hunts | *23·5 | *3·8 | Westmorland | † 2·9 | * 3·8 Sussex | *22·1 | *1·9 | Counties in which the Number of Cambridge | *19·1 | *3·8 | Rapes is below and the Number Northumb. | *17·6 | *1·9 | of Females above the Average. York | *11·8 | *2·9 | Devon | *27·9 | † 5·7 Kent | *11·8 | *3·8 | Dorset | *23·5 | † 1·9 Suffolk | *10·3 | *1·9 | Surrey | *19·1 | † 5·7 Salop | * 8·8 | *3·8 | Somerset | *16·2 | † 5·7 Berks | * 8·8 | *3·8 | Middlesex | * 2·9 | † 8·6 | | | Bedford | * 2·9 | † 2·9 | | | Cornwall | * | † 1·9

⁂ The rule appears to be, that the number of Rapes is the greatest in those counties where the number of Females is the least.

TABLE SHOWING THE CRIMINALITY OF THE DIFFERENT COUNTIES OF ENGLAND AND WALES WITH REGARD TO CARNALLY ABUSING GIRLS BETWEEN THE AGE OF 10 AND 12 YEARS.

| Average | |Population | Total number committed for carnally abusing girls COUNTIES. | from | between the age of 10 and 12 years. | 1841-50. +--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+ | | 1841. | 1842. | 1843. | 1844. | 1845. | 1846. | 1847. | ---------------+-----------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+ Bedford | 121,083 | | | | | | | | Berks | 194,763 | | | 1 | | | | | Bucks | 140,959 | | | | | | | 2 | Cambridge | 180,747 | | | 1 | | | | | Chester | 395,919 | | | | 2 | | 1 | | Cornwall | 349,991 | | | | | 1 | | | Cumberland | 186,762 | | | | | | | | Derby | 250,249 | | | | | | | | Devon | 554,738 | | | | | | | | Dorset | 172,736 | | | | | | | | Durham | 368,787 | | | | | | | | Essex | 332,363 | | | | | | 1 | | Gloucester | 407,504 | 1 | | | | | | | Hereford | 97,813 | | | | | | | | Hertford | 168,178 | | | | 1 | | | | Hunts | 57,942 | | | | | | | | Kent | 585,249 | | | 2 | 1 | 1 | | 1 | Lancaster | 1,881,261 | | | | | | 1 | | Leicester | 227,621 | | | | | | | | Lincoln | 378,246 | | | | | | | | Middlesex | 1,740,814 | | 1 | 2 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 2 | Monmouth | 164,093 | | | | | | | | Norfolk | 419,463 | | | | | | | | Northampton | 206,496 | | | | | | | | Northumberland | 284,777 | | | | | | | | Nottingham | 282,584 | | | | | | | | Oxford | 166,751 | | | | | | | | Rutland | 23,711 | | | | | | | | Salop | 243,352 | | | | | | | | Somerset | 452,515 | 1 | | | 1 | | | | Southampton | 377,040 | | | | | | | | Stafford | 579,686 | | | | | | | | Suffolk | 325,336 | | | | | | | | Surrey | 635,917 | | 1 | | | | | | Sussex | 320,944 | | | | | | | | Warwick | 444,558 | | | | | | | | Westmorland | 57,494 | 1 | | | | | | | Wilts | 241,887 | | | | 1 | | | | Worcester | 244,574 | | | | 1 | | 1 | | York | 1,686,461 | 1 | | 1 | | | | | North Wales | 396,161 | | | | | | | | South Wales | 568,430 | | | | | | | | ---------------+-----------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+ Total for |16,918,458 | 4 | 2 | 7 | 8 | 6 | 5 | 5 | England | and Wales | ---------------+-----------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+

| | | | Proportion per | Total | Annual | No. committed |Cent. above and | for 10|Average.| annually in | below the Aver. +--------+--------+--------+ years.| |every 10,000,000|† denotes above. | 1848. | 1849. | 1850. | | | Persons. |* „ below. +--------+--------+--------+-------+--------+----------------+------------------ | | | | | | | †100·0 | | | | 1 | ·1 | 5 | †66·7 | | | | 2 | ·2 | 14 | †366·7 | | | | 1 | ·1 | 6 | †100·0 | | | | 3 | ·3 | 8 | †166·7 | | | | 1 | ·1 | 3 | | | | | | | | †100·0 | | | | | | | †100·0 | | | | | | | *100·0 | | | | | | | *100·0 | | | | | | | *100·0 | | | | 1 | ·1 | 3 | | | | 1 | 2 | ·2 | 5 | †66·7 | | | | | | | *100·0 | | | | 1 | ·1 | 6 | †100·0 | | | | | | | *100·0 | 3 | | | 8 | ·8 | 14 | †366·7 | 1 | 2 | | 4 | ·4 | 2 | *33·3 | | | 1 | 1 | ·1 | 4 | †33·3 | | 1 | | 1 | ·1 | 3 | | 1 | 2 | | 14 | 1·4 | 8 | †166·7 | | | | | | | *100·0 | | | | | | | *100·0 | 1 | | | 1 | ·1 | 5 | †66·7 | | | | | | | *100·0 | | | | | | | *100·0 | | | | | | | *100·0 | | | | | | | *100·0 | | | | | | | *100·0 | | 1 | | 3 | ·3 | 7 | †133·3 | | 1 | | 1 | ·1 | 3 | | | | | | | | *100·0 | | | | | | | *100·0 | 1 | 1 | | 3 | ·3 | 5 | †66·7 | | | | | | | *100·0 | | | | | | | *100·0 | | | | 1 | ·1 | 17 | †466·7 | | | | 1 | ·1 | 4 | †33·3 | 2 | | | 4 | ·4 | 16 | †433·3 | | | | 2 | ·2 | 1 | *66·7 | | | | | | | *100·0 | | | | | | | *100·0 +--------+--------+--------+-------+--------+----------------+------------------ | 9 | 8 | 2 | 56 | 5·6 | 3 | +--------+--------+--------+-------+--------+----------------+------------------

⁂ The proportionate number of persons perpetrating the above crime has been calculated with reference to the entire population, instead of the male part of it only, as at the first glance might seem necessary, males only being capable of committing the above offence. But it was found, on examination, that the intensity of the criminality in the several counties in this respect was influenced by the relative number of females (see comparative table below); the average, therefore, has been calculated from the entire population.

LIST OF COUNTIES IN THE ORDER OF THEIR CRIMINALITY WITH REGARD TO CARNALLY ABUSING GIRLS BETWEEN THE AGE OF 10 AND 12 YEARS, AS SHOWN BY THE NUMBER COMMITTED FOR THIS OFFENCE IN EVERY 10,000,000 OF THE POPULATION.

Counties above the Average.

Westmor. 17 Worcester 16 Kent 14 Bucks 14 Middlesex 8 Chester 8 Somerset 7 Cambridge 6 Hertford 6 Surrey 5 Gloucester 5 Berks 5 Northamp. 5 Leicester 4 Wilts 4 -- Average for England and Wales 3

Counties below the Average.

Cornwall 3 Essex 3 Lincoln 3 Southamp. 3 Lancaster 2 York 1 Bedford Cumberland Derby Devon Dorset Durham Hereford Hunts Monmouth Norfolk Northumb. Nottingham Oxford Rutland Salop Stafford Suffolk Sussex Warwick N. Wales S. Wales

THE CRIME OF RAPE COMPARED WITH THAT OF CARNALLY ABUSING CHILDREN IN EACH COUNTY. -----------------+----------------+----------------+---------------- | Percentage | | Percentage |above and below | |above and below | the Average. | | the Average. Counties in |† denotes above.|Counties in |† denotes above. which the |* „ below. |which the |* „ below. Number of +----------------+Number of +---------------- Rapes and the | In | In No. |Rapes is above| In | In No. Number of Cases|Number |of Cases|and the Number|Number |of Cases of Carnal | of | of |of Cases of | of | of Abuse are both |Rapes. | Carnal |Carnal Abuse |Rapes. | Carnal above the | | Abuse. |is below the | | Abuse. Average. +-------+--------+Average. +-------+-------- | | | | | Bucks | †129·4| †366·7 | Monmouth | †145·6| *100·0 Hertford | †110·3| †100·0 | Stafford | †105·9| *100·0 Chester | † 85·3| †166·7 | Durham | † 86·8| *100·0 Worcester | † 44·1| †433·3 | Essex | † 85·3| * Wilts | † 39·7| † 33·3 | Norfolk | † 36·8| *100·0 Northampton | † 7·4| † 66·7 | Oxford | † 32·4| *100·0 Leicester | † 2·9| † 33·3 | Rutland | † 23·5| *100·0 Westmorland | † 2·9| †466·6 | Southampton | † 13·2| * Gloucester | † 1·5| † 66·7 | Counties in which the No. of |Counties in which the No. of Rapes and the No. of Cases | Rapes is below and the No. of of Carnal Abuse are both below| Cases of Carnal Abuses above the Aver. | the Aver. Nottingham | *58·8 | *100·0 | Surrey | *19·1 | † 66·7 North Wales | *55·9 | *100·0 | Cambridge | *19·1 | †100·0 Lincoln | *50·0 | * | Somerset | *16·2 | †133·3 South Wales | *48·5 | *100·0 | Kent | *11·8 | †355·7 Cumberland | *45·6 | *100·0 | Berks | * 8·8 | † 66·7 Warwick | *36·8 | *100·0 | Middlesex | * 2·9 | †166·7 Derby | *29·4 | *100·0 | Devon | *27·9 | *100·0 | Lancaster | *26·5 | * 33·3 | Hereford | *25·0 | *100·0 |⁂ The rule appears to be, Hunts | *23·5 | *100·0 |that where the Number of Dorset | *23·5 | *100·0 |Rapes is the greatest, the Number Sussex | *22·1 | *100·0 |of Cases of Carnally Abusing Northumb. | *17·6 | *100·0 |Children is (generally speaking) York | *11·8 | * 66·7 |the greatest also; and vice Suffolk | *10·3 | *100·0 |versâ, where the Rapes are the Salop | * 8·8 | *100·0 |least, the carnal abuse of Children Bedford | * 2·9 | *100·0 |is the least likewise. Cornwall | * | * |

THE CRIME OF CARNALLY ABUSING CHILDREN COMPARED WITH THE NUMBER OF FEMALES TO MALES IN EACH COUNTY.

| Percentage | | Percentage | above and below | | above and below | the Average. | | the Average. Counties in | † denotes above. |Counties in | † denotes above. which the Carnal | * „ below. |which the Carnal | * „ below. Abuse of +-------------------+Abuse of +------------------- Children and | In No. | In No. |Children is | In No. | In No. the Number of |of Cases | of |above, and the |of Cases | of Females to Males | of | Females |Number of Females| of | Females are both above | Carnal | to |to Males below | Carnal | to the Average. | Abuse. | Males. |the Average. | Abuse. | Males. -------------------+---------+---------+-------------------+---------+--------- Middlesex | †166·7 | †8·6 |Westmorland | †466·6 | *3·8 Somerset | †133·3 | †5·7 |Worcester | †433·3 | *1·0 Gloucester | † 66·7 | †6·7 |Bucks | †366·7 | *1·9 Surrey | † 66·7 | †5·7 |Kent | †366·7 | *3·8 Counties in which the Carnal |Cambridge | †100·0 | *3·8 Abuse of Children and the No. |Chester | †166·7 | * of Females to Males are both |Hertford | †100·0 | *2·9 below the Average. |Berks | † 66·7 | *3·8 South Wales | *100·0 | * 2·9 |Northampton | † 66·7 | *3·8 North Wales | *100·0 | * 2·9 |Leicester | † 33·3 | *1·0 Warwick | *100·0 | * 1·0 |Wilts | † 33·3 | *1·9 Sussex | *100·0 | * 1·9 |Counties in which the Carnal Suffolk | *100·0 | * 1·9 |Abuse of Children is below and Stafford | *100·0 | * 7·6 |the No. of Females to Males Salop | *100·0 | * 3·8 |above the Average. Rutland | *100·0 | * 6·7 |Norfolk | *100·0 | †1·0 Oxford | *100·0 | * 5·7 |Dorset | *100·0 | †1·9 Nottingham | *100·0 | * 1·0 |Devon | *100·0 | †5·7 Northumb. | *100·0 | * 1·9 |Bedford | *100·0 | †2·9 Monmouth | *100·0 | *12·4 |Cornwall | * | †1·9 Hunts | *100·0 | * 3·8 | Hereford | *100·0 | * 5·7 | Durham | *100·0 | * 5·7 | Derby | *100·0 | * 3·8 | Cumberland | *100·0 | * 1·9 | ⁂ The rule appears to be, York | * 66·7 | * 2·9 |that the crime of Carnally Lancaster | * 33·3 | * |Abusing is (generally speaking) Southampton | * | * 3·8 |the greatest in those Counties Lincoln | * | * 5·7 |where the number of Females is Essex | * | * 4·8 |the least.

TABLE SHOWING THE NUMBER OF PERSONS COMMITTED FOR KEEPING DISORDERLY HOUSES IN THE DIFFERENT COUNTIES OF ENGLAND AND WALES FOR THE UNDERMENTIONED YEARS.

| | | | Average | | |Population| Number Committed for keeping Disorderly Houses. | COUNTIES. | from +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+ | 1841-50. |1841.|1842.|1843.|1844.|1845.|1846.|1847.|1848.|1849.|1850.| ------------------+----------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+ Bedford | 121,083 | | | | | | | | | | | Berks | 194,763 | 4 | 4 | | 1 | | | | | | | Bucks | 140,959 | | | | | | | | | | | Cambridge | 180,747 | | | | | | 4 | | | | | Chester | 395,919 | 4 | 12 | 3 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | Cornwall | 349,991 | 4 | 3 | 7 | 1 | 2 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 2 | Cumberland | 186,762 | 7 | 1 | 1 | | | | 2 | | | | Derby | 250,249 | | | | 2 | | | | | | | Devon | 554,738 | 2 | 3 | 1 | | | | 4 | 4 | 1 | 1 | Dorset | 172,736 | 3 | | | | | | | 1 | | 1 | Durham | 368,787 | | 3 | | | | | 2 | | | 14 | Essex | 332,363 | | 2 | | | | | | | | | Gloucester | 407,504 | 5 | 9 | 1 | 5 | 2 | | 1 | | | | Hereford | 97,813 | 3 | | 2 | 2 | | | 1 | 2 | | | Hertford | 168,178 | | | | | 4 | | | | | | Hunts | 57,942 | | | | 2 | | | | | 1 | 1 | Kent | 585,249 | | 1 | | | | 2 | | | | | Lancaster |1,881,261 | 85 | 55 | 45 | 27 | 24 | 16 | 14 | 32 | 42 | 4 | Leicester | 227,621 | | | | | | 2 | | | 1 | | Lincoln | 378,246 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 2 | | 7 | 1 | 7 | 3 | | Middlesex |1,740,814 | 36 | 67 | 31 | 114 | 37 | 31 | 51 | 42 | 79 | 27 | Monmouth | 164,093 | | | | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | | | | Norfolk | 419,463 | | | | 2 | | | | | 1 | 1 | Northampton | 206,496 | 8 | 5 | 2 | | | | | 1 | 1 | 1 | Northumberland | 284,777 | | | | | | 1 | 1 | | | 13 | Nottingham | 282,584 | | | | | | | | | | | Oxford | 166,751 | | 1 | | | | 1 | | | | | Rutland | 23,711 | | | | | | | | | | | Salop | 243,352 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | | | | | | | Somerset | 452,515 | 7 | | 1 | 5 | 2 | 1 | | | 1 | 1 | Southampton | 377,040 | | | | 1 | 2 | | 1 | | | 8 | Stafford | 579,686 | 1 | 2 | | | 2 | | 1 | 4 | 5 | 2 | Suffolk | 325,336 | | | | | | | | | | 1 | Surrey | 635,917 | | 1 | 15 | 3 | 2 | 3 | | | | | Sussex | 320,944 | 2 | | 1 | | | | | | | | Warwick | 444,558 | 2 | 6 | | 1 | | 2 | 4 | | | | Westmorland | 57,494 | | | | | | | | 2 | | | Wilts | 241,887 | | 1 | | | | 1 | | 1 | | 5 | Worcester | 244,574 | 1 | 3 | 11 | | | 2 | 4 | 1 | 2 | 2 | York |1,686,461 | 21 | 3 | 21 | 11 | 5 | 3 | 4 | 7 | 4 | 6 | North Wales | 396,161 | | | | 1 | 1 | | | | | | South Wales | 568,430 | | | | | | | | | | | ------------------+----------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+ Total for England | | | | | | | | | | | | and Wales |16,918,458| 198 | 186 | 145 | 187 | 86 | 84 | 99 | 190 | 148 | 93| ------------------+----------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+

| | | No. committed | Proportion per | | |annually in every| Cent above and |Total | Annual | 10,000,000 | below the Aver. +for 10|Average.| of the |† denotes above. |Years.| | Population. |* „ below. +------+--------+-----------------+---------------- | | | | *100·0 | | ·9 | 46 | *41·8 | 9 | | | *100·0 | 4 | ·4 | 22 | *72·2 | 33 | 3·3 | 83 | †5·1 | 38 | 3·8 | 109 | †38·0 | 11 | 1·1 | 59 | *25·3 | 2 | ·2 | 8 | *89·9 | 16 | 1·6 | 29 | *63·3 | 5 | ·5 | 29 | *63·3 | 19 | 1·9 | 52 | *34·2 | 2 | ·2 | 6 | *92·4 | 24 | 2·4 | 59 | *25·3 | 10 | 1·0 | 102 | †29·1 | 4 | ·4 | 24 | *69·6 | 4 | ·4 | 70 | *11·4 | 3 | ·3 | 5 | *93·7 | 344 | 34·4 | 183 | †131·6 | 3 | ·3 | 13 | *83·5 | 26 | 2·6 | 69 | *12·7 | 515 | 51·5 | 296 | †274·7 | 6 | ·6 | 37 | *53·2 | 4 | ·4 | 10 | *87·3 | 18 | 1·8 | 87 | †10·1 | 15 | 1·5 | 53 | *32·9 | | | | *100·0 | 2 | ·2 | 12 | *84·8 | | | | *100·0 | 5 | ·5 | 21 | *73·4 | 18 | 1·8 | 40 | *49·4 | 12 | 1·2 | 32 | *59·5 | 17 | 1·7 | 29 | *63·3 | 1 | ·1 | 3 | *96·2 | 24 | 2·4 | 38 | *51·9 | 3 | ·3 | 9 | *88·6 | 15 | 1·5 | 34 | *57·0 | 2 | ·2 | 35 | *55·7 | 8 | ·8 | 33 | *58·2 | 26 | 2·6 | 106 | †34·2 | 85 | 8·5 | 50 | *36·7 | 2 | ·2 | 5 | *93·7 | | | | *100·0 +------+--------+-----------------+----------------- | | | | | 1335 | 133·5 | 79 | +------+--------+-----------------+-----------------

LIST OF COUNTIES IN THE ORDER OF THEIR BROTHELS, AS SHOWN BY THE NUMBER OF PERSONS COMMITTED FOR KEEPING DISORDERLY HOUSES IN EVERY 10,000,000 OF THE POPULATION.

Counties above the Average.

Middlesex 296 Lancaster 183 Cornwall 109 Worcester 106 Hereford 102 Northampton 87 Chester 83

--- Average for England and Wales 79

Counties below the Average.

Hunts 70 Lincoln 69 Gloucester 59 Cumberland 59 Northumberland 53 Durham 52 York 50 Berks 46 Somerset 40 Surrey 38 Monmouth 37 Westmorland 35 Warwick 34 Wilts 33 Southampton 32 Devon 29 Dorset 29 Stafford 29 Hertford 24 Cambridge 22 Salop 21 Leicester 13 Oxford 12 Norfolk 10 Sussex 9 Derby 8 Essex 6 Kent 5 North Wales 5 Suffolk 3 Bedford 0 Bucks 0 Nottingham 0 Rutland 0 South Wales 0

THE NUMBER OF DISORDERLY HOUSES COMPARED WITH THE NUMBER OF ILLEGITIMATE BIRTHS IN EACH COUNTY.

Counties in which the Number of Disorderly Houses and the Number of Illegitimate Children are both below the Average.

Rutland | *100· | *16 Kent | * 93· | *19 Essex | * 92· | *10 Cambridge | * 72· | * 1 Dorset | * 63· | * 1 Devon | * 63· | *25 Southampton | * 59· | *10 Warwick | * 57· | *16 Monmouth | * 53· | *26 Surrey | * 51· | *34 Somerset | * 49· | * 6 Durham | * 34· | *10 Gloucester | * 25· | * 4 Lincoln | * 12· | * 1 Hunts | * 11· | *28

⁂ The rule appears to be, that the number of Disorderly Houses is the least in those Counties where the number of Illegitimate Births is the greatest, and, vice versâ, the greatest where the Illegitimates are the least.

Counties in which the Number of Disorderly Houses is above and the Number of Illegitimate Children below the Average.

Lancaster | †131· | †14 | Middlesex | †274· | *40 | Cornwall | † 38· | *29 | Worcester | † 34· | * 1 | Northampton | † 10· | *10 |

Counties in which the Number of Disorderly Houses is below and the Number of Illegitimate Children above the Average.

South Wales | *100· | † 7 | Nottingham | *100· | †35 | Bucks | *100· | † 4 | Bedford | *100· | †14 | Suffolk | * 96· | †26 | North Wales | * 93· | † 6 | Derby | * 89· | †20 | Sussex | * 88· | † 1 | Norfolk | * 87· | †56 | Oxford | * 84· | †13 | Leicester | * 83· | †17 | Salop | * 73· | †47 | Hertford | * 69· | † 7 | Stafford | * 63· | † 3 | Wilts | * 58· | † 3 | Westmorland | * 55· | †29 | Berks | * 41· | †17 | York | * 36· | † 6 | Northumberland | * 32· | † 8 | Cumberland | * 25· | †61 |

TABLE SHOWING THE CRIMINALITY OF THE DIFFERENT COUNTIES OF ENGLAND AND WALES WITH REGARD TO THE CONCEALMENT OF THE BIRTHS OF INFANTS.

| | | | Average | | |Yearly No. of| | COUNTIES. | Illegitimate+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+ | Births. |1841.|1842.|1843.|1844.|1845.|1846.|1847.|1848.|1849.|1850.| ------------------+-------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+ Bedford | 336 | ... | ... | ... | 1 | ... | ... | ... | ... | 1 | ... | Berks | 461 | ... | ... | ... | 2 | 2 | ... | ... | 1 | 3 | 2 | Bucks | 315 | ... | ... | 1 | ... | ... | ... | 1 | ... | ... | 1 | Cambridge | 423 | ... | ... | ... | 2 | 1 | ... | ... | 1 | 3 | ... | Chester | 1128 | 3 | 2 | 2 | ... | ... | 1 | ... | 3 | ... | 5 | Cornwall | 534 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | ... | ... | 4 | 1 | Cumberland | 639 | ... | ... | ... | 1 | 1 | ... | 1 | 1 | ... | 1 | Derby | 656 | ... | 2 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | 1 | 1 | 4 | Devon | 818 | 2 | 1 | 8 | ... | 2 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 3 | Dorset | 342 | 1 | 1 | ... | ... | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | Durham | 824 | ... | 1 | 2 | 7 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 2 | ... | ... | Essex | 621 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5 | 2 | 1 | ... | ... | 4 | 1 | Gloucester | 788 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 4 | ... | 4 | 5 | ... | 3 | 2 | Hereford | 274 | 1 | ... | ... | ... | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | ... | ... | Hertford | 388 | 2 | ... | ... | ... | ... | 1 | 1 | ... | 1 | ... | Hunts | 98 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | Kent | 998 | 2 | ... | 2 | 4 | 3 | 1 | 5 | ... | 3 | 2 | Lancaster | 5672 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 3 | Leicester | 583 | 2 | 1 | 2 | ... | 1 | ... | ... | 2 | 2 | 1 | Lincoln | 820 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 7 | 2 | 1 | ... | 2 | 1 | 4 | Middlesex | 2200 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 7 | 5 | 8 | 7 | 5 | 6 | 4 | Monmouth | 269 | 1 | ... | 2 | ... | 2 | ... | ... | ... | 3 | ... | Norfolk | 1374 | ... | 2 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 6 | 3 | 2 | 3 | ... | Northampton | 416 | ... | ... | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 1 | ... | ... | ... | Northumberland | 685 | 1 | ... | ... | 2 | ... | ... | ... | 1 | 1 | ... | Nottingham | 808 | ... | 1 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | 1 | 2 | Oxford | 396 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | 1 | ... | ... | ... | ... | Rutland | 40 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | Salop | 640 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | ... | 2 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 2 | Somerset | 847 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | ... | 3 | 1 | 2 | Southampton | 703 | 1 | 1 | 5 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 4 | 2 | ... | 2 | Stafford | 1341 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 6 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | Suffolk | 895 | 3 | ... | 2 | 5 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 2 | Surrey | 903 | 4 | 6 | 3 | 5 | 1 | 4 | 2 | 4 | 3 | 3 | Sussex | 662 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 5 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ... | Warwick | 831 | 1 | ... | 1 | 1 | 1 | ... | 1 | 4 | ... | 2 | Westmorland | 156 | ... | ... | 1 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | 2 | 1 | Wilts | 506 | ... | ... | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | ... | Worcester | 679 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 1 | ... | 3 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | York | 4155 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 10 | 5 | 7 | 5 | North Wales | 847 | ... | ... | 2 | 2 | ... | 1 | ... | 1 | 2 | 1 | South Wales | 1308 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | ... | 3 | 4 | ------------------+-------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+ Total for England | | | | | | | | | | | | and Wales | 37,410 | 51 | 49 | 66 | 87 | 53 | 78 | 65 | 60 | 75 | 66 | ------------------+-------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+

| | | No. committed | Proportion per | | |for concealments |Cent. above and | Total| Annual | in every 10,000 |below the Aver. +for 10|Average.| Illegitimate |† denotes above. |Years.| | Births. |* „ below. +---------------+-----------------+---------------- | 2 | ·2 | 6 | *64·7 | 10 | 1·0 | 22 | †29·5 | 3 | ·3 | 10 | *41·2 | 7 | ·7 | 17 | ..... | 16 | 1·6 | 54 | *17·6 | 16 | 1·6 | 30 | †76·9 | 5 | ·5 | 8 | *52·9 | 8 | ·8 | 12 | *29·4 | 23 | 2·3 | 28 | †64·8 | 10 | 1·0 | 29 | †70·6 | 19 | 1·9 | 23 | †35·3 | 16 | 1·6 | 26 | †53·0 | 22 | 2·2 | 28 | †64·8 | 7 | ·7 | 26 | †53·0 | 5 | ·5 | 13 | *23·5 | ... | ... | ... | *100·0 | 22 | 2·2 | 22 | †29·5 | 50 | 5·0 | 9 | *47·1 | 11 | 1·1 | 19 | †11·8 | 23 | 2·3 | 28 | †64·8 | 54 | 5·4 | 25 | †47·1 | 8 | ·8 | 30 | †76·9 | 21 | 2·1 | 15 | *11·8 | 9 | ·9 | 22 | †29·5 | 5 | ·5 | 7 | *58·8 | 4 | ·4 | 5 | *70·6 | 1 | ·1 | 3 | *82·4 | ... | ... | ... | *100·0 | 19 | 1·9 | 14 | *17·6 | 16 | 1·6 | 19 | †11·8 | 26 | 2·6 | 37 | †117·7 | 23 | 2·3 | 17 | ..... | 20 | 2·0 | 22 | †29·5 | 35 | 3·5 | 39 | †129·5 | 16 | 1·6 | 24 | †41·2 | 11 | 1·1 | 13 | *23·5 | 4 | ·4 | 26 | †53·0 | 9 | ·9 | 18 | †4·1 | 17 | 1·7 | 25 | †47·1 | 49 | 4·9 | 12 | *29·4 | 9 | ·9 | 11 | *35·3 | 19 | 1·9 | 15 | *11·8 +------+--------+-----------------+---------------- | | | | | 650 | 65·0 | 17 | +------+--------+-----------------+----------------

LIST OF COUNTIES, IN THE ORDER OF THEIR CRIMINALITY WITH REGARD TO THE CONCEALMENT OF THE BIRTHS OF INFANTS, AS SHOWN BY THE NUMBER COMMITTED FOR THIS OFFENCE IN EVERY 10,000 ILLEGITIMATE BIRTHS.

Counties above the Average.

Surrey 39 Southampton 37 Cornwall 30 Monmouth 30 Dorset 29 Devon 28 Gloucester 28 Lincoln 28 Essex 26 Hereford 26 Westmorland 26 Middlesex 25 Worcester 25 Sussex 24 Durham 23 Berks 22 Kent 22 Northampton 22 Suffolk 22 Leicester 19 Somerset 19 Wilts 18

Counties below the Average.

Cambridge 17 Stafford 17 Norfolk 15 South Wales 15 Chester 14 Salop 14 Hertford 13 Warwick 13 Derby 12 York 12 North Wales 11 Bucks 10 Lancaster 9 Cumberland 8 Northumberland 7 Bedford 6 Nottingham 5 Oxford 3 Hunts O Rutland O

Average for England and Wales 17

THE ATTEMPTS AT CONCEALING THE BIRTHS OF INFANTS AND ILLEGITIMATE BIRTHS COMPARED.

(The Number of cases of Concealing Births is 22 in every 10,000 Illegitimate Births, and the Number of Illegitimate Births 88 in every 1000 Births.)

_Counties in which the No. of cases of Concealing Births and No. of Illegitimate Births are both below the Average._

Rutland | * ---- | * 1·5 Hunts | * 23·5 | *16·5 Warwick | *100·0 | *28·3 Cambridge | *100·0 | *16·4 The Average for the whole of the | | above Counties is | * 23·5 | *13·4

(The Number of cases of Concealing Births is 13 in every 10,000 Illegitimate Births, and the Number of Illegitimate Births 58 in every 1000 Births.)

_Counties in which the No. of cases of Concealing Births is below the Average and the No. of Illegitimate Births above it._ Oxford | *82·4 | †13·4 Nottingham | *70·6 | †35·8 Bedford | *64·7 | †14·9 Northumberland | *58·8 | † 8·9 Cumberland | *52·9 | †61·2 Lancaster | *47·1 | †14·9 Bucks | *29·5 | † 4·4 North Wales | *35·3 | †16·4 York | *29·4 | † 6·0 Derby | *29·4 | †20·9 Hertford | *23·5 | † 7·4 Salop | *17·6 | †47·7 Chester | *17·6 | †32·8 South Wales | *11·8 | † 7·4 Norfolk | *11·8 | †56·7 Stafford | *---- | † 3·0 The Average for the whole of the | | above Counties is | *29·4 | †17·9

(The Number of cases of Concealing Births is 12 in every 10,000 Illegitimate Births, and the Number of Illegitimate Births 79 in every 1000 Births.)

TABLE SHOWING THE CRIMINALITY OF THE DIFFERENT COUNTIES OF ENGLAND AND WALES, WITH REGARD TO THE ATTEMPTS TO PROCURE THE MISCARRIAGE OF WOMEN.

| | Total number committed for attempting | Average | to procure the miscarriage of women. COUNTIES. |Yearly No. of+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+ |Illegitimate | | | | | | | | Births. | 1841. | 1842. | 1843. | 1844. | 1845. | 1846. | -----------------+-------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+ Bedford | 336 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | Berks | 461 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 | Bucks | 315 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | Cambridge | 423 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | Chester | 1128 | .. | 2 | 1 | .. | .. | .. | Cornwall | 534 | .. | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | Cumberland | 639 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | Derby | 656 | .. | .. | 2 | .. | .. | .. | Devon | 818 | .. | .. | .. | 3 | .. | .. | Dorset | 342 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | Durham | 824 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | Essex | 621 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | Gloucester | 788 | .. | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | Hereford | 274 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | Hertford | 388 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | Hunts | 98 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | Kent | 998 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | Lancaster | 5672 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | Leicester | 583 | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | 1 | Lincoln | 820 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | Middlesex | 2200 | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | .. | Monmouth | 269 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | Norfolk | 1374 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 | Northampton | 416 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | Northumberland | 685 | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | .. | Nottingham | 808 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 | Oxford | 396 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | Rutland | 40 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | Salop | 640 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | Somerset | 847 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | Southampton | 703 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | Stafford | 1341 | 1 | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | Suffolk | 895 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | Surrey | 903 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | Sussex | 662 | .. | .. | 4 | .. | .. | .. | Warwick | 831 | .. | 1 | 1 | 1 | .. | .. | Westmorland | 156 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | Wilts | 506 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | Worcester | 679 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | York | 4155 | 2 | 1 | 2 | .. | 1 | .. | North Wales | 847 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | South Wales | 1308 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | -----------------+-------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+ Total for England| | | | | | | | and Wales | 37,410 | 3 | 5 | 13 | 6 | 1 | 4 |

| | |No. committed| Proportion per | Total | Annual | annually in | Cent. above and +-------+-------+-------+-------+ for 10|Average.| every 10,000|below the Aver. | | | | | Years.| | Illegitimate|† denotes above. | 1847. | 1848. | 1849. | 1850. | | | Births. |* „ below. +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+--------+-------------+---------------- | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | *100·0 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 | ·1 | 2 | †100·0 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | *100·0 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | *100·0 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 3 | ·3 | 3 | †200·0 | .. | 1 | .. | .. | 2 | ·2 | 4 | †300·0 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | *100·0 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 2 | ·2 | 3 | †200·0 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 3 | ·3 | 4 | †300·0 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | *100·0 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | *100·0 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | *100·0 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 | ·1 | 1 | .... | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | *100·0 | 1 | .. | .. | .. | 1 | ·1 | 3 | †200·0 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | *100·0 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | *100·0 | .. | 1 | .. | .. | 1 | ·1 | 0·2 | †80·0 | .. | .. | .. | 1 | 3 | ·3 | 5 | *400·0 | .. | .. | 1 | .. | 1 | ·1 | 1 | .... | .. | .. | .. | 1 | 2 | ·2 | 0·9 | *10·0 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | *100·0 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 | ·1 | 0·7 | *30·0 | .. | .. | 1 | 1 | 2 | ·2 | 5 | †400·0 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 | ·1 | 1 | .... | .. | .. | 1 | 1 | 3 | ·3 | 4 | †300·0 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | *100·0 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | *100·0 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | *100·0 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | *100·0 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | *100·0 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 2 | ·2 | 1 | .... | .. | 1 | .. | .. | 1 | ·1 | 1 | .... | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | *100·0 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 4 | ·4 | 6 | †500·0 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 3 | ·3 | 4 | †300·0 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | *100·0 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | *100·0 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | *100·0 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 6 | ·6 | 1 | .... | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | *100·0 | 1 | .. | .. | .. | 1 | ·1 | 0·8 | *20·0 +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+--------+-------------+---------------- | | | | | | | | | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 44 | 4·4 | 1 |

LIST OF COUNTIES, IN THE ORDER OF THEIR CRIMINALITY WITH REGARD TO ATTEMPTING TO PROCURE THE MISCARRIAGE OF WOMEN, AS SHOWN BY THE NUMBER COMMITTED FOR THIS OFFENCE IN EVERY 10,000 ILLEGITIMATE BIRTHS.

Counties above the Average.

Sussex 6 Leicester 5 Northampton 5 Devon 4 Nottingham 4 Warwick 4 Cornwall 4 Chester 3 Derby 3 Hertford 3 Berks 2

Counties below the Average.

York 1 Stafford 1 Gloucester 1 Lincoln 1 Northumb. 1 Suffolk 1 Middlesex 0·9 S. Wales 0·8 Norfolk 0·7 Lancaster 0·2 Bedford 0 Bucks 0 Cambridge 0 Cumberland 0 Dorset 0 Durham 0 Essex 0 Hereford 0 Hunts 0 Kent 0 Monmouth 0 Oxford 0 Rutland 0 Salop 0 Somerset 0 Southamp. 0 Surrey 0 Westmor. 0 Wilts 0 Worcester 0 N. Wales 0

Average for England and Wales 1

THE CONCEALMENT OF THE BIRTHS OF INFANTS AND THE ATTEMPTS TO PROCURE THE MISCARRIAGE OF WOMEN COMPARED.

| Percentage | | Percentage | above and below | | above and below | the Average. | | the Average. | † denotes above. | | † denotes above. Counties in which | * „ below. |Counties in which | * „ below. the Concealment +-----------+------------+the Concealment +-----------+------------ of Births | In No. of | In No. |of Births is above | In No. of | In No. and attempts to |Concealment| of Attempts|the Average, |Concealment| of Attempts procure Miscarriage| of | at |and the attempts to| of | at are both | Births. |Miscarriage |procure Miscarriage| Births. |Miscarriage above the Average. | | |below it. | | +-----------+------------+ +-----------+------------ Cornwall | †76·9 | †300·0 |Surrey | †129·5 | *100·0 Devon | †64·8 | †300·0 |Southampton | †117·7 | *100·0 Sussex | †41·2 | †500·0 |Monmouth | † 76·9 | *100·0 Berks | †29·5 | †100·0 |Dorset | † 70·6 | *100·0 Northampton | †29·5 | †400·0 |Gloucester | † 64·8 | * ---- Leicester | †11·8 | †400·0 |Lincoln | † 64·8 | * ---- The Average for | | |Essex | † 53·0 | *100·0 the whole of | | |Hereford | † 53·0 | *100·0 the above | | |Westmorland | † 53·0 | *100·0 Counties is | †41·1 | †300·0 |Middlesex | † 47·1 | * 10·0 (The Number of cases of Concealing |Worcester | † 47·1 | *100·0 Births is 24, and of Attempts |Durham | † 35·3 | *100·0 at Miscarriage 4 in every |Kent | † 29·5 | *100·0 10,000 Illegitimate Births.) |Suffolk | † 29·5 | * ---- |Somerset | † 11·8 | *100·0 |Wilts | † 4·1 | *100·0 Counties in which the Concealment |The Average for | | of Births and Attempts to procure | the whole of | | Miscarriage are both below the | the above | | Average. | Counties is | † 53·0 | * 60·0 Rutland | *100·0 | *100·0 |(The Number of cases of Concealing Hunts | *100·0 | *100·0 |Births is 26, and Attempts Oxford | * 82·4 | *100·0 |at Miscarriage 0·4 in every 10,000 Bedford | * 64·7 | *100·0 |Illegitimate Births.) Northumb. | * 58·8 | * ---- | Cumberland | * 52·9 | *100·0 | Lancaster | * 47·1 | * 80·0 |Counties in which the Concealment Bucks | * 41·2 | *100·0 |of Births is below the Average, North Wales | * 35·3 | *100·0 |and the Attempts to procure Miscarriage York | * 29·4 | * ---- |above it. Salop | * 17·6 | *100·0 |Nottingham | * 70·6 | †300·0 South Wales | * 11·8 | * 20·0 |Derby | * 29·4 | †200·0 Norfolk | * 11·8 | * 30·0 |Warwick | * 23·5 | †300·0 Stafford | * ---- | * ---- |Hertford | * 23·5 | †200·0 Cambridge | * ---- | *100·0 |Chester | * 17·6 | †200·0 The Average for | | |The Average for | | the whole of | | | the whole of | | the above | | | the above | | Counties is | * 29·4 | * 30·0 | Counties is | * 29·4 | †200·0 (The Number of cases of Concealing | (The Number of cases of Concealing Births is 14, and Attempts |Births is 12, and Attempts at Miscarriage 0·7 in every 10,000 |at Miscarriage 3 in every 10,000 Illegitimate Births.) |Illegitimate Births.)

THE ATTEMPTS TO PROCURE THE MISCARRIAGE OF WOMEN AND ILLEGITIMATE BIRTHS COMPARED.

Counties in which the cases of Attempts at Miscarriage are below the Average and the Number of Illegitimate Births above it. Bedford | *100·0 | †14·9 Bucks | *100·0 | † 4·4 Cumberland | *100·0 | †61·2 Hereford | *100·0 | †49·2 Oxford | *100·0 | †13·4 Salop | *100·0 | †47·7 Westmorland | *100·0 | †29·8 Wilts | *100·0 | † 3·0 North Wales | *100·0 | †16·4 Lancaster | * 80·0 | †14·9 Norfolk | * 30·0 | †56·7 South Wales | * 20·0 | † 7·4 Suffolk | * ---- | †26·8 Northumb. | * ---- | † 8·9 Stafford | * ---- | † 3·0 York | * ---- | † 6·0 The Average for | | the whole of | | the above | | Counties is | * 40·0 | †16·4 (The Number of cases of Attempts at Miscarriage is ·6 in every 10,000 Illegitimate Births, and Number of Illegitimate Births 78 in every 1000 Births.)

TABLE SHOWING THE CRIMINALITY OF THE DIFFERENT COUNTIES OF ENGLAND AND WALES, WITH REGARD TO ASSAULTS WITH INTENT TO RAVISH AND CARNALLY ABUSE.

| | Total Number Committed for Assaults, with | | Average | intent to Ravish and Carnally Abuse. | COUNTIES. |Population+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+ | 1841-50. | | | | | | | | | | | | |1841|1842|1843|1844|1845|1846|1847|1848|1849|1850| -----------------+----------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+ Bedford | 121,083| .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | .. | Berks | 194,763| 1 | .. | 1 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | Bucks | 140,959| .. | 1 | 4 | 4 | 1 | .. | 1 | 1 | 1 | .. | Cambridge | 180,747| 3 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 1 | .. | 2 | .. | 2 | Chester | 395,919| 7 | 5 | 2 | 5 | 7 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 5 | 3 | Cornwall | 349,991| 2 | 3 | 1 | 4 | .. | 2 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 2 | Cumberland | 186,762| 1 | .. | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | .. | .. | 2 | 3 | Derby | 250,249| 2 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 1 | .. | 1 | 1 | 1 | Devon | 554,738| 3 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 5 | 7 | 1 | 7 | 3 | Dorset | 172,736| .. | .. | 2 | 3 | 3 | 4 | .. | 1 | .. | .. | Durham | 368,787| 1 | 3 | 7 | .. | 1 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 4 | 3 | Essex | 332,363| 2 | 6 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 3 | 2 | .. | Gloucester | 407,504| 6 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 1 | 6 | 3 | .. | 6 | 5 | Hereford | 97,813| 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 2 | .. | 4 | .. | 1 | Hertford | 168,178| .. | .. | 3 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 3 | .. | 2 | Hunts | 57,942| 1 | .. | 1 | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | Kent | 585,249| 3 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 7 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 1 | 11 | Lancaster | 1,881,261| 13 | 19 | 21 | 21 | 26 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 11 | 6 | Leicester | 227,621| 2 | 5 | 4 | .. | 4 | 3 | .. | .. | 1 | 4 | Lincoln | 378,246| 2 | 6 | 2 | 6 | 3 | .. | 1 | 4 | 3 | 2 | Middlesex | 1,740,814| 14 | 10 | 10 | 11 | 9 | 12 | 6 | 20 | 8 | 11 | Monmouth | 164,093| 1 | 1 | 2 | 4 | .. | 2 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 1 | Norfolk | 419,463| 3 | 3 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 1 | 3 | 5 | Northampton | 206,496| .. | 1 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 1 | 1 | Northumberland | 284,777| 1 | .. | 4 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 3 | .. | 1 | .. | Nottingham | 282,584| 1 | 1 | .. | 3 | 1 | 2 | 2 | .. | .. | .. | Oxford | 166,751| .. | 4 | .. | 2 | .. | 2 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 2 | Rutland | 23,711| .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | Salop | 243,352| 1 | 3 | 5 | .. | .. | .. | 2 | 3 | .. | .. | Somerset | 452,515| 5 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 7 | 6 | 5 | 2 | 4 | 2 | Southampton | 377,040| 2 | 3 | 7 | 7 | 2 | 7 | 1 | 7 | 3 | 1 | Stafford | 579,686| 4 | 7 | 11 | 4 | 2 | 5 | 7 | 3 | 4 | 11 | Suffolk | 325,336| 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | .. | 4 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 3 | Surrey | 635,917| 2 | 5 | 2 | 10 | 2 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 2 | 2 | Sussex | 320,944| .. | 7 | 1 | .. | 3 | 4 | 2 | 4 | 7 | 4 | Warwick | 444,558| 5 | 3 | 4 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 3 | 5 | 3 | 8 | Westmorland | 57,494| .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 | .. | 1 | 2 | 1 | .. | Wilts | 241,887| 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | .. | 5 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 3 | Worcester | 244,574| 3 | 3 | 5 | 4 | 2 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 1 | York | 1,686,461| 16 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 12 | 19 | 16 | 6 | 8 | 14 | North Wales | 396,161| 5 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 7 | 5 | 1 | 4 | South Wales | 568,430| 1 | 1 | .. | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | -----------------+----------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+ Total for England|16,918,458|118 |141 |158 |167 |123 |164 |131 |133 |112 |122 | and Wales | | | | | | | | | | | |

| | | No. | Percentage |Total for| Annual |Committed |above and below +10 Years.|Average.| Annually | the Average. | | | in every |† denotes above. | | |1,000,000.|* „ below. +---------+--------+----------+---------------- | 6 | 0·6 | 50 | *39·3 | 13 | 1·3 | 67 | *19·2 | 13 | 1·3 | 92 | †10·8 | 14 | 1·4 | 77 | * 7·2 | 46 | 4·6 | 116 | †39·8 | 23 | 2·3 | 66 | *20·5 | 15 | 1·5 | 80 | * 3·6 | 12 | 1·2 | 48 | *42·2 | 35 | 3·5 | 63 | *24·7 | 13 | 1·3 | 75 | * 9·6 | 26 | 2·6 | 71 | *14·5 | 28 | 2·8 | 84 | † 1·2 | 37 | 3·7 | 91 | † 9·6 | 8 | 0·8 | 82 | * 1·2 | 13 | 1·3 | 78 | * 6·0 | 3 | 0·3 | 52 | *37·4 | 62 | 6·2 | 106 | †27·7 | 162 | 16·2 | 87 | † 4·8 | 23 | 2·3 | 101 | †21·7 | 29 | 2·9 | 80 | * 3·6 | 111 | 11·1 | 64 | *22·9 | 17 | 1·7 | 104 | †25·3 | 50 | 5·0 | 119 | †43·4 | 21 | 2·1 | 102 | †22·9 | 16 | 1·6 | 56 | *32·5 | 10 | 1·0 | 36 | *56·6 | 17 | 1·7 | 102 | †22·9 | 1 | 0·1 | 42 | *49·4 | 14 | 1·4 | 58 | *30·1 | 51 | 5·1 | 115 | †38·6 | 40 | 4·0 | 106 | †27·7 | 58 | 5·8 | 101 | †21·7 | 18 | 1·8 | 56 | *32·5 | 38 | 3·8 | 60 | *27·7 | 32 | 3·2 | 100 | †20·5 | 41 | 4·1 | 92 | †10·8 | 5 | 0·5 | 87 | † 4·8 | 28 | 2·8 | 116 | †39·8 | 34 | 3·4 | 139 | †67·5 | 136 | 13·6 | 81 | * 2·4 | 32 | 3·2 | 81 | * 2·4 | 18 | 1·8 | 33 | *60·2 +---------+--------+----------+---------------- | 1369 | 137·0 | 83 | | | | |

LIST OF COUNTIES, IN THE ORDER OF THEIR CRIMINALITY WITH REGARD TO ASSAULTS WITH INTENT TO RAVISH AND CARNALLY ABUSE, AS SHOWN BY THE NUMBER COMMITTED FOR THIS OFFENCE IN EVERY 1,000,000 OF THE POPULATION.

Counties above the Average.

Worcester 139 Norfolk 119 Chester 116 Wilts 116 Somerset 115 Kent 106 Southampton 106 Monmouth 104 Northampton 102 Oxford 102 Stafford 101 Leicester 101 Sussex 100 Warwick 92 Bucks 92 Gloucester 91 Lancaster 87 Westmorland 87 Essex 84

Counties below the Average.

Hereford 82 York 81 North Wales 81 Lincoln 80 Cumberland 80 Hertford 78 Cambridge 77 Dorset 75 Durham 71 Berks 67 Cornwall 66 Middlesex 64 Devon 63 Surrey 60 Salop 58 Suffolk 56 Northumberland 56 Hunts 52 Bedford 50 Derby 48 Rutland 42 Nottingham 36 South Wales 33

Average for England and Wales 83

TABLE SHOWING THE CRIMINALITY OF THE DIFFERENT COUNTIES OF ENGLAND AND WALES WITH REGARD TO BIGAMY.

| Average | Total Number committed for Bigamy. | | Marriages | | COUNTIES. |for 10 years,+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+ | from | | | | | | | | | | | | 1830-48. |1841|1842|1843|1844|1845|1846|1847|1848|1849|1850| -----------------+-------------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+ Bedford | 925 | 1 | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 | .. | Berks | 1,294 | 1 | 1 | 2 | .. | .. | .. | 2 | 1 | .. | .. | Bucks | 960 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | Cambridge | 1,392 | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 | 1 | Chester | 2,580 | 4 | 7 | 11 | 6 | 2 | 2 | 12 | 6 | 9 | 8 | Cornwall | 2,447 | .. | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | Cumberland | 1,036 | 2 | .. | 1 | 3 | 2 | 2 | .. | 1 | 2 | .. | Derby | 1,826 | .. | 1 | .. | .. | .. | 3 | .. | .. | .. | 2 | Devon | 4,339 | 1 | .. | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 3 | .. | Dorset | 1,174 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | Durham | 2,885 | .. | 6 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 2 | Essex | 2,114 | 2 | .. | 1 | 2 | .. | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | Gloucester | 3,459 | 2 | 1 | 5 | .. | .. | 1 | .. | 3 | 2 | .. | Hereford | 634 | 1 | .. | 1 | .. | .. | .. | 1 | 1 | .. | .. | Hertford | 988 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | Hunts | 452 | .. | .. | 2 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | Kent | 4,047 | 2 | 5 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | .. | 1 | 1 | Lancaster | 17,034 | 13 | 11 | 35 | 19 | 20 | 27 | 29 | 19 | 19 | 20 | Leicester | 1,730 | .. | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | Lincoln | 2,765 | .. | .. | 1 | 4 | .. | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 2 | Middlesex | 15,795 | 8 | 8 | 10 | 9 | 16 | 9 | 12 | 10 | 9 | 11 | Monmouth | 1,281 | .. | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | .. | .. | .. | 2 | 2 | Norfolk | 3,021 | .. | 1 | 3 | 2 | .. | 1 | .. | 2 | 1 | 2 | Northampton | 1,597 | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | Northumberland | 2,047 | .. | 1 | .. | 1 | .. | 3 | 1 | 1 | .. | .. | Nottingham | 2,084 | .. | .. | .. | 1 | .. | 3 | 1 | .. | .. | .. | Oxford | 1,158 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | Rutland | 158 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | Salop | 1,590 | 2 | 1 | .. | 1 | .. | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | Somerset | 3,113 | 1 | 2 | 1 | .. | 1 | 1 | .. | 1 | 1 | 1 | Southampton | 2,884 | .. | .. | 2 | .. | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | 2 | Stafford | 4,146 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 4 | Suffolk | 2,369 | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 | .. | Surrey | 5,187 | 2 | 7 | 5 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 8 | Sussex | 2,134 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 | 1 | .. | 2 | .. | .. | Warwick | 3,247 | 3 | 1 | 2 | .. | 1 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 2 | 1 | Westmorland | 390 | .. | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | Wilts | 1,618 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | Worcester | 2,769 | .. | .. | 3 | .. | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 1 | York | 13,332 | 3 | 6 | 6 | 8 | 4 | 9 | 7 | 14 | 9 | 13 | North Wales | 2,582 | .. | 1 | 1 | .. | 2 | .. | .. | 2 | 1 | 1 | South Wales | 4,076 | 1 | .. | 1 | .. | 1 | .. | 1 | 1 | 2 | .. | -----------------+-------------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+ Total for England| 130,670 | 50 | 65 |107 | 69 | 62 | 82 | 84 | 88 | 83 | 82 | and Wales | | | | | | | | | | | |

| | |No. committed| Percentage |Total for| Annual | Annually |above and below +10 Years.|Average.| in every | the Average. | | | 100,000 |† denotes above. | | | Marriages. |* „ below. +---------+--------+-------------+---------------- | 3 | 0·3 | 32 | * 45·8 | 7 | 0·7 | 54 | * 8·5 | .. | .. | .. | *100·0 | 3 | 0·3 | 22 | * 62·7 | 67 | 6·7 | 259 | †338·9 | 2 | 0·2 | 8 | * 86·4 | 13 | 1·3 | 125 | † 11·2 | 6 | 0·6 | 33 | * 44·1 | 14 | 1·4 | 32 | * 45·8 | 1 | 0·1 | 9 | * 4·8 | 28 | 2·8 | 97 | † 64·4 | 6 | 0·6 | 28 | * 52·5 | 14 | 1·4 | 40 | * 32·2 | 4 | 0·4 | 63 | † 6·8 | .. | .. | .. | *100·0 | 2 | 0·2 | 44 | * 25·4 | 21 | 2·1 | 52 | * 11·9 | 212 | 21·2 | 124 | †110·2 | 1 | 0·1 | 6 | * 89·8 | 14 | 1·4 | 51 | * 13·6 | 102 | 10·2 | 65 | † 10·2 | 10 | 1·0 | 78 | † 32·2 | 12 | 1·2 | 39 | * 33·9 | 1 | 0·1 | 6 | * 89·8 | 7 | 0·7 | 34 | * 42·4 | 5 | 0·5 | 24 | * 59·3 | .. | .. | .. | *100·0 | .. | .. | .. | *100·0 | 5 | 0·5 | 31 | * 47·5 | 9 | 0·9 | 29 | * 50·9 | 5 | 0·5 | 17 | * 71·2 | 19 | 1·9 | 46 | * 22·0 | 2 | 0·2 | 8 | * 86·4 | 43 | 4·3 | 83 | † 40·7 | 4 | 0·4 | 19 | * 67·8 | 20 | 2·0 | 62 | † 5·1 | 2 | 0·2 | 51 | * 13·6 | 2 | 0·2 | 12 | * 79·7 | 12 | 1·2 | 43 | * 27·1 | 79 | 7·9 | 59 | * . .. | 8 | 0·8 | 31 | * 47·5 | 7 | 0·7 | 17 | * 71·2 +---------+--------+-------------+---------------- | 772 | ·2 | 59 | | | | |

LIST OF COUNTIES, IN THE ORDER OF THEIR CRIMINALITY WITH REGARD TO BIGAMY, AS SHOWN BY THE NUMBER COMMITTED FOR THIS OFFENCE IN EVERY 100,000 MARRIAGES.

Counties above the Average.

Chester 259 Cumberland 125 Lancaster 124 Durham 97 Surrey 83 Monmouth 78 Middlesex 65 Hereford 63 Warwick 62

Counties below the Average.

York 59 Berks 54 Kent 52 Lincoln 51 Westmorland 51 Stafford 46 Hunts 44 Worcester 43 Gloucester 40 Norfolk 39 Northumberland 34 Derby 33 Devon 32 Bedford 32 North Wales 31 Salop 31 Somerset 29 Essex 28 Nottingham 24 Cambridge 22 Sussex 19 South Wales 17 Southampton 17 Wilts 12 Dorset 9 Cornwall 8 Suffolk 8 Leicester 6 Northampton 6 Bucks 0 Hertford 0 Oxford 0 Rutland 0

Average for England and Wales 59

TABLE SHOWING THE CRIMINALITY OF THE DIFFERENT COUNTIES OF ENGLAND AND WALES WITH REGARD TO ABDUCTION.

| | | | Average | Total Number committed for Abduction. | COUNTIES. | Male |_________________________________________________| | Population| | | | | | | | | | | | 1841-50. |1841|1842|1843|1844|1845|1846|1847|1848|1849|1850| | | | | | | | | | | | | __________________|___________|____|____|____|____|____|____|____|____|____|____| | | | | | | | | | | | | Bedford | 58,372 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | Berks | 97,055 | .. | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | Bucks | 69,226 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .1 | .. | .. | .. | Cambridge | 89,762 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 | Chester | 193,728 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | Cornwall | 168,854 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | Cumberland | 91,199 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | Derby | 124,224 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | Devon | 263,055 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | Dorset | 82,998 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | Durham | 183,956 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | Essex | 166,255 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | Gloucester | 192,960 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | Hereford | 48,985 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | Hertford | 83,264 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | Hunts | 28,761 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | Kent | 291,219 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 | Lancaster | 917,922 | 1 | 6 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | Leicester | 111,629 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | Lincoln | 189,768 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | Middlesex | 815,107 | .. | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | Monmouth | 85,564 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | Norfolk | 202,811 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | Northampton | 102,853 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | Northumberland | 139,028 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 | Nottingham | 138,413 | 2 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | Oxford | 83,290 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | Rutland | 11,937 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | Salop | 121,316 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | Somerset | 216,177 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | Southampton | 186,661 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | Stafford | 294,120 | .. | .. | .. | 1 | .. | 1 | .. | 1 | .. | .. | Suffolk | 159,561 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | Surrey | 303,083 | .. | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | .. | Sussex | 157,915 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | Surrey | 303,083 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | Warwick | 217,569 | .. | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 | Westmorland | 28,680 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | Wilts | 119,528 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | Worcester | 119,808 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | York | 835,816 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | North Wales | 196,064 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | South Wales | 279,818 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | __________________|___________|____|____|____|____|____|____|____|____|____|____| | | | | | | | | | | | | Total for England | 8,270,087 | 3 | 7 | .. | 4 | .. | 1 | 2 | 2 | .. | 4 | and Wales | | | | | | | | | | | |

| | |No. | | Total | |committed | | for | |Annually | Percentage above | 10 |Annual |in every | and below the Average. | Years.|Average.|10,000,000| † denotes above. | | |Males. | * „ below. |_______|________|__________|_______________________ | | | | | .. | .. | .. | *100·0 | 1 | ·1 | 10 | †233·3 | 1 | ·1 | 14 | †366·7 | 1 | ·1 | 11 | †266·7 | .. | .. | .. | *100·0 | .. | .. | .. | *100·0 | .. | .. | .. | *100·0 | .. | .. | .. | *100·0 | .. | .. | .. | *100·0 | .. | .. | .. | *100·0 | .. | .. | .. | *100·0 | .. | .. | .. | *100·0 | .. | .. | .. | *100·0 | .. | .. | .. | *100·0 | .. | .. | .. | *100·0 | .. | .. | .. | *100·0 | 1 | .1 | 3 | *.... | 7 | ·7 | 8 | †166·7 | .. | .. | .. | *100·0 | .. | .. | .. | *100·0 | 2 | ·2 | 2 | *133·3 | .. | .. | .. | *100·0 | .. | .. | .. | *100·0 | .. | .. | .. | *100·0 | 1 | ·1 | 7 | †133·3 | 2 | ·2 | 14 | †366·7 | .. | .. | .. | *100·0 | .. | .. | .. | *100·0 | .. | .. | .. | *100·0 | .. | .. | .. | *100·0 | .. | .. | .. | *100·0 | 3 | ·3 | 10 | †233·3 | .. | .. | .. | *100·0 | 2 | ·2 | 7 | †133·3 | .. | .. | .. | *100·0 | .. | .. | .. | *100·0 | 2 | ·2 | 9 |†200·0 | .. | .. | .. | *100·0 | .. | .. | .. | *100·0 | .. | .. | .. | *100·0 | .. | .. | .. | *100·0 | .. | .. | .. | *100·0 | .. | .. | .. | *100·0 |_______|________|__________|_______ | | | | | 23 | 2·3 | 3 | | | | |

LIST OF COUNTIES, IN THE ORDER OF THEIR CRIMINALITY WITH REGARD TO ABDUCTION, AS SHOWN BY THE NUMBER COMMITTED FOR THIS OFFENCE IN EVERY 10,000,000 OF THE MALE POPULATION.

Counties above the Average.

Nottingham 14 Bucks 14 Cambridge 11 Stafford 10 Berks 10 Warwick 9 Lancaster 8 Northumberland 7 Surrey 7

Counties below the Average.

Kent 3 Middlesex 2 Bedford 0 Chester 0 Cornwall 0 Cumberland 0 Derby 0 Devon 0 Dorset 0 Durham 0 Essex 0 Gloucester 0 Hereford 0 Hertford 0 Hunts 0 Leicester 0 Lincoln 0 Monmouth 0 Norfolk 0 Northampton 0 Oxford 0 Rutland 0 Salop 0 Somerset 0 Southampton 0 Suffolk 0 Sussex 0 Westmorland 0 Wilts 0 Worcester 0 York 0 North Wales 0 South Wales 0

Average for England and Wales 3

TABLE SHOWING THE RELATIVE AMOUNT OF FEMALE AND MALE CRIMINALITY IN THE SEVERAL COUNTIES OF ENGLAND AND WALES.

† denotes above the average, * below it.

| Average | Number of Female Criminals in each year. | COUNTIES. | Female | | |Population,| | | 1841-50. |----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+ | |1841|1842|1843|1844|1845|1846|1847|1848|1849|1850| -----------------+-----------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+ Bedford | 62,711 | 11| 36| 22| 20| 15| 20| 21| 22| 17| 19| Berks | 97,708 | 45| 55| 43| 44| 42| 37| 55| 43| 52| 39| Bucks | 71,732 | 20| 23| 31| 17| 25| 21| 22| 21| 27| 16| Cambridge | 90,985 | 29| 28| 33| 42| 34| 20| 44| 32| 34| 44| Chester | 202,190 | 195| 171| 170| 147| 139| 183| 197| 209| 169| 184| Cornwall | 181,137 | 61| 67| 75| 56| 62| 67| 78| 68| 69| 46| Cumberland | 95,563 | 39| 39| 38| 40| 37| 36| 37| 34| 36| 43| Derby | 126,025 | 21| 26| 34| 33| 28| 47| 24| 25| 27| 25| Devon | 291,683 | 171| 194| 177| 151| 184| 184| 206| 226| 224| 193| Dorset | 89,738 | 46| 34| 42| 41| 33| 35| 51| 53| 61| 38| Durham | 184,931 | 46| 57| 58| 65| 40| 55| 61| 72| 45| 82| Essex | 166,108 | 82| 85| 99| 89| 75| 89| 65| 75| 64| 64| Gloucester | 214,544 | 193| 221| 224| 198| 178| 190| 204| 188| 188| 148| Hereford | 48,828 | 64| 49| 45| 38| 39| 34| 52| 52| 44| 45| Hertford | 84,914 | 35| 34| 24| 27| 30| 21| 28| 30| 29| 23| Hunts | 29,181 | 7| 8| 10| 15| 19| 14| 12| 18| 15| 10| Kent | 294,029 | 161| 183| 147| 156| 151| 161| 171| 182| 200| 167| Lancaster | 963,338 | 927| 947| 847| 689| 698| 826| 882| 902| 819| 950| Leicester | 115,991 | 56| 69| 55| 56| 30| 61| 49| 37| 38| 41| Lincoln | 188,477 | 74| 100| 86| 92| 71| 78| 106| 87| 91| 72| Middlesex | 926,007 | 869| 989| 980| 948|1102|1118|1176|1223| 945| 882| Monmouth | 78,528 | 63| 51| 53| 77| 41| 46| 67| 64| 78| 97| Norfolk | 216,652 | 112| 127| 117| 127| 101| 120| 143| 78| 100| 89| Northampton | 103,642 | 45| 38| 25| 34| 47| 41| 32| 38| 24| 38| Northumb. | 145,749 | 54| 52| 66| 77| 46| 43| 50| 44| 64| 83| Nottingham | 144,171 | 38| 49| 43| 51| 42| 45| 64| 33| 37| 34| Oxford | 82,461 | 46| 48| 52| 37| 44| 43| 41| 35| 34| 31| Rutland | 11,774 | 6| 4| 7| 3| 3| 4| 7| 10| 4| 2| Salop | 122,035 | 80| 75| 89| 84| 73| 48| 62| 65| 61| 59| Somerset | 236,337 | 172| 166| 136| 160| 143| 150| 141| 145| 159| 134| Southampton | 190,379 | 102| 127| 124| 93| 115| 94| 137| 115| 120| 120| Stafford | 285,566 | 179| 190| 197| 175| 161| 188| 221| 176| 189| 193| Suffolk | 165,775 | 77| 80| 68| 92| 66| 77| 82| 57| 76| 74| Surrey | 332,838 | 212| 236| 177| 194| 215| 200| 316| 278| 275| 237| Sussex | 163,028 | 61| 81| 83| 69| 86| 93| 83| 92| 101| 83| Warwick | 226,989 | 168| 157| 177| 119| 144| 163| 179| 199| 142| 162| Westmorland | 28,814 | 9| 9| 10| 6| 7| 8| 4| 6| 9| 8| Wilts | 122,359 | 65| 57| 65| 57| 52| 60| 86| 59| 78| 47| Worcester | 124,766 | 75| 102| 104| 87| 121| 105| 128| 116| 112| 109| York | 850,625 | 331| 380| 375| 323| 290| 294| 351| 344| 347| 321| North Wales | 200,096 | 60| 56| 48| 45| 49| 47| 68| 65| 63| 62| South Wales | 288,612 | 93| 79| 84| 117| 84| 91| 127| 145| 134| 151| -----------------+-----------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+ Total for England| 8,648,371 |5200|5569|5340|4993|4962|5257|5930|5763|5401|5265| & Wales | | | | | | | | | | | |

| | | | | | | | Average No. | No. of Female | | Total Female | Average No. of | of Male | Criminals in | +Criminals in Ten| Female Criminals|Criminals[96] | every 100,000 of | | Years. |per year 1841-50.|per year 1841-50.|Female Population.| +----------------+-----------------+-----------------+------------------+ | 203 | 20·3 | 166 | 32 | | 455 | 45·5 | 268 | 47 | | 223 | 22·3 | 266 | 31 | | 340 | 34·0 | 232 | 37 | | 1764 | 176·4 | 722 | 87 | | 649 | 64·9 | 217 | 35 | | 379 | 37·9 | 95 | 40 | | 290 | 29·0 | 235 | 23 | | 1910 | 191·0 | 596 | 31 | | 434 | 43·4 | 210 | 48 | | 581 | 58·1 | 232 | 31 | | 787 | 78·7 | 559 | 48 | | 1932 | 193·2 | 875 | 90 | | 462 | 46·2 | 187 | 94 | | 281 | 28·1 | 267 | 33 | | 128 | 12·8 | 69 | 45 | | 1679 | 167·9 | 792 | 57 | | 8487 | 848·7 | 2635 | 88 | | 492 | 49·2 | 342 | 42 | | 857 | 85·7 | 398 | 46 | | 10232 | 1023·2 | 3244 | 110 | | 637 | 63·7 | 232 | 81 | | 1114 | 111·4 | 607 | 51 | | 362 | 36·2 | 259 | 35 | | 579 | 57·9 | 177 | 40 | | 436 | 43·6 | 289 | 31 | | 411 | 41·1 | 256 | 50 | | 50 | 5·0 | 28 | 42 | | 696 | 69·6 | 293 | 57 | | 1506 | 150·6 | 751 | 64 | | 1147 | 114·7 | 555 | 60 | | 1869 | 186·9 | 851 | 65 | | 749 | 74·9 | 436 | 45 | | 2340 | 234·0 | 806 | 70 | | 832 | 83·2 | 409 | 52 | | 1610 | 161·0 | 799 | 71 | | 76 | 7·6 | 39 | 28 | | 626 | 62·6 | 394 | 51 | | 1059 | 105·9 | 506 | 85 | | 3356 | 335·6 | 1587 | 40 | | 563 | 56·3 | 233 | 28 | | 1105 | 110·5 | 368 | 38 | +----------------+-----------------+-----------------+------------------+ | 53680 | 5368·0 | 22474 | 62 | | | | | |

|No. of Male Criminals| Percentage above|Percentage above|No. of Female |Percentage above | in every | and below the | and below the | Criminals to | and below the | 100,000 of Male |average of Female| Average of Male|every 100 Male| Average of Female | Population. | Criminals. | Criminals. | Criminals. |to Male Criminals. +---------------------+-----------------+----------------+--------------+------------------ | 284 | *48·4 | † 4·4 | 11 | *52·2 | 276 | *24·2 | † 1·5 | 17 | *26·1 | 384 | *50·0 | †41·2 | 8 | *65·2 | 258 | *40·3 | * 5·2 | 14 | *39·1 | 373 | †40·3 | †37·1 | 23 | * -- | 128 | *43·6 | *52·9 | 27 | †17·4 | 104 | *35·5 | *61·8 | 38 | †65·2 | 189 | *62·9 | *30·5 | 12 | *47·8 | 227 | *50·0 | *16·5 | 14 | *39·1 | 253 | *22·6 | * 7·0 | 19 | *17·4 | 126 | *50·0 | *53·7 | 25 | † 8·7 | 336 | *22·6 | †23·5 | 14 | *39·1 | 453 | †45·2 | †66·6 | 20 | *13·0 | 382 | †51·6 | †40·4 | 24 | † 4·4 | 321 | *46·8 | †18·0 | 10 | *56·5 | 240 | *27·4 | *11·8 | 19 | *17·4 | 272 | * 8·1 | * -- | 21 | * 8·7 | 287 | †41·9 | † 5·5 | 31 | †34·8 | 306 | *32·3 | †12·5 | 14 | *39·1 | 210 | *25·8 | *22·8 | 22 | * 4·4 | 398 | †77·4 | †46·3 | 28 | †21·7 | 271 | †30·6 | * O·4 | 30 | †30·4 | 299 | *17·7 | † 9·9 | 17 | *26·1 | 252 | *43·6 | * 7·4 | 14 | *39·1 | 127 | *35·5 | *53·3 | 31 | †34·8 | 209 | *50·0 | *23·2 | 15 | *34·8 | 307 | *19·4 | †12·9 | 16 | *30·4 | 235 | *32·3 | *13·6 | 18 | *21·7 | 242 | * 8·1 | *11·0 | 24 | † 4·4 | 347 | † 3·2 | †27·6 | 18 | *21·7 | 297 | * 3·2 | † 9·2 | 20 | *13·0 | 289 | † 4·8 | † 6·2 | 22 | * 4·4 | 273 | *27·4 | † O·4 | 16 | *30·4 | 266 | †12·9 | * 2·2 | 26 | †13·0 | 259 | *16·1 | * 4·8 | 20 | *13·0 | 367 | †14·5 | †34·9 | 19 | *17·4 | 136 | *54·9 | *50·0 | 21 | * 8·7 | 330 | *17·7 | †21·3 | 15 | *34·8 | 422 | †37·1 | †55·1 | 20 | *13·0 | 190 | *35·5 | *30·1 | 21 | * 8·7 | 119 | *54·9 | *56·3 | 13 | *43·5 | 132 | *38·7 | *51·5 | 29 | †26·1 +---------------------+-----------------+----------------+--------------+------------------ | 272 | | | 23 | | | | | |

LIST OF COUNTIES, IN THE ORDER OF THEIR CRIMINALITY AMONGST FEMALES, AS SHOWN BY THE NUMBER OF FEMALE CRIMINALS IN EVERY 100,000 OF THE FEMALE POPULATION.

Counties above the Average.

Middlesex 110 Hereford 94 Gloucester 90 Lancaster 88 Chester 87 Worcester 85 Monmouth 81 Warwick 71 Surrey 70 Stafford 65 Somerset 64

Counties below the Average.

Southamp. 60 Kent 57 Salop 57 Sussex 52 Norfolk 51 Wilts 51 Oxford 50 Essex 48 Dorset 48 Berks 47 Lincoln 46 Suffolk 45 Hunts 45 Leicester 42 Rutland 42 York 40 Northumb. 40 Cumberland 40 S. Wales 38 Cambridge 37 Cornwall 35 Northamp. 35 Hertford 33 Bedford 32 Devon 31 Durham 31 Nottingham 31 Bucks 31 N. Wales 28 Westmor. 28 Derby 23

Average for England and Wales 62

FOOTNOTES

[1] Meliora, No. viii., p. 317.

[2] The City, its Sins and its Sorrows, p. 8.

[3] Any person wishing for further information respecting these Societies, may obtain it from a work published by Messrs. Low and Son, entitled “London Charities.”

[4] The following circumstance may be regarded as an illustration of this assertion:--

A girl is reported to have applied for admission into one of the older Institutions in London for the rescue of the fallen. On examination, however, it was ascertained that she had not fallen low enough to merit the assistance she craved, and she was accordingly rejected because her moral character was not sufficiently depraved. Here, at least, the greater the sinner, the greater the compassion!

[5] The Homes are situated in Nutford Place, Edgware Road; Hatton Garden, Holborn; Blackfriars Road; and Woodland Terrace, Greenwich. The Society is very inadequately supported, and is greatly in need of funds to maintain its efficiency.

[6] Any one desiring further information respecting this truly admirable movement, will do well to procure a little pamphlet, entitled, “A Brief Sketch of the Origin, Aim, and Mode of Conducting the Young Women’s Christian Association, and West London Home for Young Women engaged in Houses of Business, 49, Great Marlborough-street, Regent-street, London; in a Letter to the Earl of Roden, President of the Association.”

[7] “The Magdalen’s Friend and Female Homes’ Intelligencer, No. 12, vol. ii.”

[8] Those who wish for further information respecting these Institutions are referred to a handbook containing authentic accounts of the various Metropolitan Reformatories, Refuges, and Industrial Schools, published by the Reformatory and Refuge Union. A magazine, edited by a clergyman, price 3_d._ monthly, designed to awaken and sustain public sympathy on behalf of the fallen, and to draw attention to the most prolific causes, contributing to the extension of the social evil.

[9] “Magdalen’s Friend,” vol. ii. p. 131.

[10] Mr. Mill’s mistake in ranking the Employers and Distributors among the Enrichers, or those who increase the exchangeable commodities of the country, arose from a desire to place the dealers and capitalists among the productive labourers, than which nothing could be more idle, for surely they do not add, directly, one brass farthing, as the saying is, to the national stock of wealth. A little reflection would have shown that gentleman that the true function of employers and dealers was that of the indirect aiders of production rather than the direct producers. The economical scale of production appears to be as follows:--(1) The Employer, providing the materials, tools, and shelter necessary for the due performance of the work, together with the food for the subsistence of the artificer during the work. (2) The Labourer, fitting or preparing the materials for the artificer. (3) The Artificer or workman, positively doing the work and creating a new product. (4) The Superlative Artizan, engaged in adding to the beauty or utility of such product. (5) The Distributor or Dealer, engaged in carrying and disposing of the product in the best market. The functions of Nos. 1 and 2 generally precede production, those of Nos. 4 and 5 usually succeed it; while No. 3 is the absolute producer. The labours of No. 4, however, are so intimately associated with the produce--sometimes designing the work, and sometimes “finishing” it--that it seems but right that the superlative artizan should be ranked with the artificer; the mere labourer, however, who turns the wheel for the turner, or carries the bricks to the bricklayer and the like, cannot strictly be ranked as a producer any more than a porter or dock labourer.

[11] At one time, however, murder became a trade in this country, namely, when the dead bodies of human beings grew to be of such value that the burking of the living was resorted to by the “resurrectionists,” as a means of keeping up the supply.

[12] The word Shoful is derived from the Danish skuffe, to shove, to deceive, cheat; the Saxon form of the same verb is Scufan, whence the English Shove.

[13] A Charley Pitcher seems to be one who pitches to the Ceorla, or countryman, and hence is equivalent to the term Yokel-hunter.

[14] The titles of the classes as here given do not form part of the original table.

[15] Those marked thus [15] are of a non-migratory character.

[16] The marriage institution is mentioned early in Genesis vi. 1, 2, “And it came to pass, when men began to multiply on the face of the earth, and daughters were born unto them,

“That the sons of God saw the daughters of men that they were fair; and they took them wives of all which they chose.”

[17] The passage here alluded to is as follows:--

“Then said Judah to Tamar his daughter in law, Remain a widow at thy father’s house, till Shelah my son be grown: for he said, Lest peradventure he die also, as his brethren did. And Tamar went and dwelt in her father’s house.

“And in process of time the daughter of Shuah Judah’s wife died; and Judah was comforted, and went up unto his sheepshearers to Timnath, he and his friend Hirah the Adullamite.

“And it was told Tamar, saying, Behold thy father in law goeth up to Timnath to shear his sheep.

“And she put her widow’s garments off from her, and covered her with a vail, and wrapped herself, and sat in an open place, which is by the way to Timnath; for she saw that Shelah was grown, and she was not given unto him to wife.

“When Judah saw her, he thought her to be an harlot; because she had covered her face.

“And he turned unto her by the way, and said, Go to, I pray thee, let me come in unto thee; (for he knew not that she was his daughter in law.) And she said, What wilt thou give me, that thou mayest come in unto me?

“And he said, I will send thee a kid from the flock. And she said, Wilt thou give me a pledge, till thou send it?

“And he said, What pledge shall I give thee? And she said, Thy signet, and thy bracelets, and thy staff that is thine hand. And he gave it her and came in unto her, and she conceived by him.

“And she arose, and went away, and laid by her vail from her, and put on the garments of her widowhood.

“And Judah sent the kid by the hand of his friend the Adullamite, to receive his pledge from the woman’s hand: but he found her not.

“Then he asked the men of that place, saying, Where is the harlot, that was openly by the way side? And they said, There was no harlot in this place.

“And he returned to Judah, and said, I cannot find her; and also the men of the place said, that there was no harlot in this place.

“And Judah said, Let her take it to her, lest we be shamed: behold, I sent this kid, and thou hast not found her.

“And it came to pass about three months after, that it was told Judah, saying, Tamar thy daughter in law hath played the harlot; and also, behold, she is with child by whoredom. And Judah said, Bring her forth, and let her be burnt.

“When she was brought forth, she sent to her father in law, saying, By the man, whose these are, am I with child: and she said, Discern, I pray thee, whose are these, the signet, and bracelets, and staff.

“And Judah acknowledged them, and said, She hath been more righteous than I; because that I gave her not to Shelah my son. And he knew her again no more.”--Gen. xxxviii. 11-26.

[18] All this is based on the authority of the Bible. Elucidations also have been afforded by “The Book of the Religion &c., of the Jews,” from the Hebrew, by Gamaliel ben Peldahzur; “The Laws and Polity of the Jews,” Sigonius, “Republica Hebræorum;” and the various commentators.

[19] Mary Magdalene, of Magdala, was not the sinner, the woman of the city, who washed the feet of Jesus. She appears to have been a reputable person, while the other had been a prostitute. What a lesson is read to us by Christ’s behaviour to her!

[20] See Goguet, “Origine des Loix,” with Herodotus, Strabo, and Quintus Curtius.

[21] Dr. Beloe also takes this view.

[22] Diodorus Siculus, i. 59. See also the Euterpe of Herodotus, and Sir G. Wilkinson’s Ancient Egypt.

[23] Manners and Customs of Ancient Greece, by J. A. St. John.

[24] Manners and Customs of Ancient Greece, by J. A. St. John.

[25] Mackinnon’s History of Civilization.

[26] This view is chiefly drawn from information collected in Manners and Customs of Ancient Greece, by J. A. St. John.

[27] Potter’s Antiquities of Greece.

[28] Ibid.

[29] Hase On the Ancient Greeks.

[30] Boeck’s Public Economy of Athens.

[31] Potter’s Antiquities of Greece.

[32] Hase On the Ancient Greeks.

[33] Boeck. Potter. Mitford’s notions of the Hetairæ appear to have been somewhat fanciful.

[34] Occasional exceptions occurred. At one time there was no connubium between the plebeian and the patrician; but the Lex Canuleia allowed it.

[35] The sacerdotal functionary, termed flamen dialis, like the high-priest of the Jews, could only wed a virgin of unblemished honour, and when she died, could not marry again, but was forced to resign his office.

[36] See Julian Law, Ulpian, Gaius, Tacitus, Suetonius, and Dion Cassius, from whom, with various others, Smith’s Dictionary is compiled.

[37] Dion. Halicar.; Apuleius; Festus; Lactarra Columna; Tertullian’s Apolog.; Ambrose’s Hexam.; Lucian, De Syriâ Deâ.

[38] See Satire vi. 121-2.

[39] Taylor’s Elements of the Civil Law; Becker’s Private Life of the Greeks and Romans; Suetonius, with Burmann’s Notes; the Codes of Justinian and Constantine; Smith’s Dictionary of Antiquities; Adams’s Antiquities; Fergusson’s Roman Republic; Niebuhr’s History; Gibbon’s Decline and Fall, supply facts for the above; while the writings of Horace, Juvenal, Lactantius, Dion Cassius, the Augustine History, and numerous other authors, afford scattered notices, not easy to collect or digest.

[40] To show that a prostitute class existed, among women without means of support, we might mention instances of wills in which mothers left property to their daughters, on condition that they should marry or keep themselves chaste, and not earn money by prostitution.

[41] Consult Sharon Turner; the various old chroniclers; the Leges Anglo-Saxonicæ, ed. Wilkins; Brand’s Popular Antiquities, &c.

[42] Napier’s Excursions in Southern Africa.

[43] Harriet Ward’s Five Years in Kaffir Land; Barrow’s Travels; Methuen’s Life in the Wilderness.

[44] Cowries are valued at fifteen pence to the thousand.

[45] Bowdich’s Essay; Thompson and Allen’s Expedition to the Niger; Laird’s Voyage.

[46] A letter, published in the Times in August last, announces the disastrous defeat of the celebrated body of fighting women in the pay of the King of Dahomey. The Amazons had advanced to the attack of Abbeokuta, a town in the Bight of Benin, with the object of surprising and carrying off the inhabitants, to supply the demand for slaves; but the latter, being apprised of the approach of the female warriors, turned out in force, repulsed them from the town, and in the course of pursuit effected great slaughter amongst their ranks. More than 1000 are reported to have been left dead on the field.

[47] Dahomey and the Dahomans, by J. E. Forbes; Dalzel’s History of Dahomey; MʻLeod’s Account; John Duncan’s Travels; Adams’s Remarks on the West Coast; Adams’s Sketches; Meredith’s Account of the Gold Coast.

[48] Dupuis’ Observations.

[49] Thompson and Allen’s Expedition up the Niger.

[50] Isaacs’ Travels on the East Coast; Captain Owen’s Voyage.

[51] Richardson’s Travels in the Sahara.

[52] Account of Africa, by Jameson, Wilson, and Hugh Murray.

[53] Count St. Marie’s Visit to Algeria.

[54] These views of Abyssinian society are afforded by Bruce, and lately by Gogat, and have been contradicted by Mr. Salt. They are fully corroborated, however, by the more recent and valuable authority of Sir Cornwallis Harris.

[55] Ignatius Palme’s Travels in Kordofan.

[56] Expedition to Dongola and Sennaar.

[57] Werne’s Expedition up the White Nile.

[58] See Sturt’s Two Expeditions, and Sturt’s Expedition to Central Australia; Westgarth’s Australia Felix; Leichardt’s Expeditions; Hodgson’s Australian Settlements; Haydon’s Australia Felix; Stoke’s Discoveries; Angas’ Savage Life and Scenes; Sir George Grey’s Journals; Eyre’s Expedition; Pridden’s History; Earl, Mackenzie, Mitchell, Howitt, Mudie, Macconochie, Oxley, Henderson, Cunningham, with the other travellers and residents, almost innumerable, who have described the aborigines of Australia.

[59] Tyrone Power’s Pen and Pencil Sketches; Angas’s Savage Life and Scenes; Handbook of New Zealand, by a Magistrate of the Colony; Dieffenbach’s Travels; Brown on the Aborigines; Jerningham Wakefield; Earl’s Travels, &c., &c.

[60] Rovings in the Pacific, by a Merchant long Resident in Tahiti, 1851.

[61] See Stuart’s Voyage to the South Seas; Walpole’s Four Years in the Pacific; Ellis’s Tour through Hawaii; Ellis’s Polynesian Researches; Herman Melville’s Omoo and Typee; Progress of the Gospel in Polynesia; Montgomery’s Narrative of Bennett and Tyerman’s Voyage; Williams’s Missionary Enterprise; Mariner’s Tonga Islands; Wilkes’s United States Exploring Expedition; Three Years in the Pacific, by Ruschenberger; Rovings in the Pacific, by a Merchant; Sir George Simpson’s Voyage round the World; Coulter’s Travels in South America; and Coulter’s Voyage in the Pacific.

[62] See Bancroft’s History of the United States; Catlin’s Eight Years’ Travels; Carver’s Travels in North America; Wilkes’s United States’ Exploring Expedition; Mackenzie’s Memoirs, Official and Personal; West’s Residence in the Red River Colony; West’s Mission to the Indians of New Brunswick; Hunter’s Memoirs of his Captivity; Drake’s Book of the Indians; Halkett’s Historical Notes; Buchanan’s Sketches of History; Sir James Alexander’s Acadie; Maclean’s Twenty-Five Years’ Service in Hudson’s Bay; Sir George Simpson’s Voyage round the World; Robertson’s History of America; Robertson’s History of Missions to the Indians; Cleveland’s Voyages and Enterprises.

[63] Short and general as this sketch is, the facts it contains, or is based upon, are drawn from Dunlop’s Travels in Central America; Captain Basil Hall’s Journal; King’s Twenty-Four Years in the Argentine Republic; Robertson’s Letters on Paraguay; Robertson’s Letters on South America; Stephenson’s Incident of Travel in Central America; Norman’s Rambles in Yucatan; Waterton’s Wanderings in South America; Southey’s History of Brazil; Young’s Residence on the Mosquito Shore; Gardiner’s Travels in Brazil; Hawkshaw’s Reminiscences; Stephenson’s Historical and Descriptive Narrative; Humboldt’s Personal Narrative; Prince Adalbert’s Travels; Macgregor’s Progress of America.

[64] Macgregor’s Progress of America; Kidder’s Residence in Brazil; Walpole’s Four Years in the Pacific; Ruschenberger’s Three Years in the Pacific; Rovings in the Pacific, by a Merchant; Mayer’s Mexico as it is; Matheson’s Travels in Brazil; Wilkes’s Exploring Expedition; Caldcleugh’s Travels in South America; Robertson’s Letters on South America.

[65] Capadose’s Sixteen Years in the West Indies; Antigua and the Antiguans; Breen’s Historical Account of St. Lucia; Gurney’s Winter in the West Indies; Bidwell’s West Indies as they Are; Stewart’s State of Jamaica; Lloyd’s Letters from the West Indies; Bayley’s Four Years’ Residence; Southey’s History of the West Indies; Washington Irving’s Life and Voyages of Columbus; Baird’s Impressions of the West Indies, &c.

[66] Raffles’s History of Java; Crawfurd’s Indian Archipelago; Stavorinus’s Voyages; Earl’s Eastern Seas, &c.

[67] Marsden’s Sumatra; Anderson’s Mission to the East Coast; Crawfurd’s Indian Archipelago; Journal of the Indian Archipelago.

[68] Brooke, Keppel, Mundy, Belcher, Low, &c.

[69] Brooke’s Journals; Mundy; Keppel’s Voyage of the Dido; Crawford’s Archipelago.

[70] Malcolm’s History of Persia; Javler’s Three Years in Persia; Kotzebue’s Embassy to Persia; Brydges’ Narrative of the Embassy; Morier’s Second Journey in Persia; Ker Porter’s Travels; Stocqueler’s Pilgrimage.

[71] See Elphinstone’s Kabul; Vignes’ Visit to Ghuzni; Burnes’ Kabul.

[72] Vigne’s Travels in Kashmir; Hugel’s Travels in Kashmir; Moorcroft’s Travels in the Himalayan Provinces; Forster’s Travels from Bengal to England; Hamilton’s East India Gazetteer; Bernier’s Travels in the Empire of the Mogul.

[73] Hamilton’s East India Gazetteer; Buchanan’s Journey in the Mysore, &c.; Bishop Heber’s Journal; Hamilton’s Description of Hindustan; British Friend of India Magazine; Asiatic Researches; Hugh Murray’s Account of India; Conformité des Coutumes des Indes Orienteaux avec celles des Juifs; Tod’s Travels in Western India; Tod’s Annals of Rajasthan; Launcelot Wilkinson’s Second Marriage of Widows in India; Papers presented to Parliament in 1803, on Infanticide; Grant’s Observations on Society and Morals among our Asiatic Subjects; Davidson’s Travels in Upper India; Mayne’s Continental India; Campbell’s British India; Hough’s Christianity in India; Abbé Dubois’ Letters on the Hindus; Malcolm’s Memoir on Central India; Bevan’s Thirty Years in India; Crawfurd’s Researches concerning India; Hoffmeister’s Travels in India; Ward’s Account of the Hindus; Mill’s History of British India, Notes by Wilson; Ferishta’s Mohammedan History; Thornton’s History; Penhoen’s Empire Anglais; Xavier; Raymond; Jaseigny; L’Inde.

[74] Sirr’s Ceylon and the Singhalese; Pridham’s History of Ceylon; Forbes’s Eleven Years in Ceylon; Davy’s Interior of Ceylon; Campbell’s Excursions in Ceylon; Knox’s Captivity in Ceylon; Knighton’s History of Ceylon; Tennent’s Christianity in Ceylon.

[75] Staunton, Tee Tsing Leu Lee, Code of Criminal Law; Davis, the Chinese; Guttzlaff’s China Opened; Fortune’s Wanderings in the North of China; Smith’s Visits to the Consular Cities of China; Montgomery Martin’s China; Forbes’s Five Years in China; Williams’s Survey of the Chinese Empire; Tradescant Lay’s Chinese as they Are; Morrison’s View of China; Meadow’s Desultory Notes on China; The Chinese Repository; Hugh Murray’s Description of China; Thornton’s History of China; Abeel’s Residence in China; Cunynghame’s Recollections of Service; Abel’s Embassy to China; Medhurst’s State of China; Auguste Harpman, Revue des Deux Mondes; Langdon’s China; De Guignes, Voyage à Peking.

[76] Craufurd’s Embassy to Siam; Craufurd’s Embassy to Avar; Tomkin’s Journals and Letters; Finlayson’s Mission; White’s Journey; Latham’s Natural History of the Varieties of Man.

[77] Lane’s Modern Egyptians; Poole’s Englishwoman in Egypt; Yates’s Egypt; St. John’s Egypt and Mohammed Ali; St. John’s Egypt and Nubia; St. John’s Oriental Album; Cadalvene and Breuvery, l’Égypte; Mugin’s Histoire de l’Égypte; Burckhardt’s Arabic Proverbs; Expédition Française à l’Égypte; Niebuhr’s Travels in Egypt, &c.; Thackeray’s From Cornhill to Cairo; Warburton’s Crescent and the Cross; Bayle St. John’s Levantine Family; Henniker’s Travels; Minutoli’s Recollections of Egypt; Boaz’s Modern Egypt; Clot Bey’s Aperçu Général sur l’Égypte; Pueckler Muskau’s Egypt and Mehemet Ali.

[78] See Kennedy’s Algeria and Tunis in 1845; Russel’s Barbary States; Jackson’s Account; St. Marie’s Visit to Algeria; Pananti’s Narrative; Beechey, Blaquière, &c.

[79] The most valuable body of information on the Turkish Empire ever published was collected by the Rev. Robert Walpole, whose acquirements as a scholar are equalled by his accomplishments as a writer and a preacher.

[80] Niebuhr’s Description de l’Arabie; Burckhardt’s Travels in Arabia; Burckhardt’s Notes on the Bedouins, &c.; Chesney’s Euphrates Expedition; Farren’s Letters to Lord Lindsay; Perrier’s Syrie sous Mehemet Ali; Skinner’s Overland Journey; Kinnear’s Cairo, Petra, and Damascus; Kelly’s Syria and the Holy Land; Walpole’s Memoirs; Poujolat’s Voyage en Orient; Ainsworth’s Travels in Asia Minor; Blondel’s Deux Ans en Syrie.

[81] Walpole’s Memoirs of Turkey; Deux Années à Constantinople; Walpole’s Travels; Sketches of Turkey by an American; Castellan’s Mœurs des Ottomanes; Macfarlane’s Constantinople in 1828; Porter’s Philosophical Transactions; Lady M. W. Montague’s Letters; St. John’s Notes; Thornton; Walsh; Slade’s Travels; Marshall; Marmont’s Turkey; Arvieux’s Voyages; Russel’s Aleppo, &c.

[82] Spenser’s Western Caucasus; Klaproth’s Voyages dans le Caucase; Spenser’s Travels in Circassia; Wilbraham’s Travels; Marigny’s Three Voyages.

[83] Levchine’s Les Kirghiz Kazaks; Spencer’s Travels; Klaproth’s Travels, &c., &c.

[84] Kohl’s Russia and the Russians; La Russie en 1844--par un Homme d’État; Russia under Nicolas I.; Clarke’s Travels; Lyall’s Character of the Russians; Voyages des Deux Français; Granville’s Travels; Golovine’s Russia under the Autocrat; Venables’ Domestic Manners of the Russians; Bourke’s St. Petersburgh and Moscow; Thompson’s Life in Russia; Jesse’s Notes by a Half-Pay; Erman’s Travels.

[85] Wrangell’s Nord de la Siberie; Cottrell’s Recollections of Siberia; Dobell’s Travels; Hollman’s Travels; Erman’s Travels; Parry’s Three Voyages; Bache’s Narrative; Bache’s Land Expedition; King’s Journey to the Arctic Ocean; Fisher’s Voyage of Discovery; Barrow’s Voyage; Shillinglau’s Arctic Discoveries; Snow’s Arctic Regions; Scoresby’s Arctic Countries, &c., &c.

[86] Henderson’s Residence in Iceland; Trail’s Letters on Iceland; Kames’ Sketches of Man; Gaimard’s Voyages en Islande; Hooker’s Tour in Iceland; Crantz’s History of Greenland; Account of Greenland, Iceland, &c.; Dillon’s Winter in Greenland; Barrow’s Visit to Iceland; Egede’s Descriptions of Greenland; Graah’s Voyage to Greenland.

[87] Angelot’s Legislation des États du Nord; Capel Brookes’s Winter in Lapland and Sweden; Reiçhard’s Guide des Voyageurs; Bramsen’s Letters of a Prussian Traveller; Laing’s Tour in Sweden; Tryzell’s History of Sweden; Frankland’s Visits to Courts of Russia and Sweden.

[88] Laing’s Residences in Norway; Wittich’s Western Coast of Norway; Two Summers in Norway; Latham’s Norway and the Norwegians; Elliot’s Letters from the North; Mathew Jones’s Travels; Clarke’s Travels; Count Bjornstyere’s Moral State of Norway; Buch’s Travels in Norway; Price’s Wild Scenes in Norway; Ross’s Yacht Voyage to Norway; Kraft’s Topographisk, Statistisk, Bestrifelse-iber Kongeriget Norge, Christiania, 1820, 5 vols. 8vo.

[89] Angelot’s Legislations des États du Nord; Bremner’s Excursions in Denmark; Feldborg’s Denmark Delineated, &c., &c.

[90] Rabuteaux, ex Lascher, La Chaus, Layard, Knight, Dulaure, Chaussard, Jacob, Saint Hilaire, Hugues, Faumin, Sabatier, Beraud, &c., &c.

[91] We rely for certain facts, statistics, &c., upon Reports of the Society for the Suppression of Vice; information furnished by the Metropolitan Police; Reports of the Society for the Prevention of Juvenile Prostitution; Returns of the Registrar-General; Ryan, Duchatelet, M. les Docteurs G. Richelot, Léon Faucher, Talbot, Acton, &c., &c.; and figures, information, facts, &c., supplied from various quarters: and lastly, on our own researches and investigations.

[92] Life and Adventures of Col. George Hanger, 1704.

[93] Acton.

[94] Imprisoned for three months.

[95] In 1841 Flats were returned in Northumberland as separate Houses: this accounts for the decrease in 1851.

[96] The average number of Male Criminals has been arrived at in the same manner as that for Female Criminals, but the table itself is reserved for another place.

Transcriber's Note

The following apparent errors have been corrected:

p. vii "City Mission," changed to "City Mission"

p. viii "Houses of Assignation" changed to "Houses of Assignation 258"

p. xx "clasess" changed to "classes"

p. xxxix "But ‘the demand" changed to "“But ‘the demand"

p. 6 "20 years of age" changed to "20 years of age."

p. 6 "iron manufacturers" changed to "iron manufacturers,"

p. 9 "all persone" changed to "all persons"

p. 10 "Army, Navy." changed to "Army, Navy,"

p. 11 "printing bookbinding" changed to "printing, bookbinding"

p. 17 "viii. Breaking (stones)" changed to "ix. Breaking (stones)"

p. 17 "ix. Scouring" changed to "x. Scouring"

p. 20 "Commisioners" changed to "Commissioners"

p. 41 "unto me!’" changed to "unto me!”"

p. 48 "occuption" changed to "occupation"

p. 48 (note) "Antiquities of Greece" changed to "Antiquities of Greece."

p. 53 "recordered" changed to "recorded"

p. 54 "characters to lose[39]" changed to "characters to lose[39]."

p. 72 "difficul course" changed to "difficult course"

p. 74 "expected. in any general" changed to "expected, in any general"

p. 76 "comnities" changed to "communities"

p. 93 "regions, espepecially" changed to "regions, especially"

p. 111 (note) "Stocqueler’s Pilgrimage" changed to "Stocqueler’s Pilgrimage."

p. 125 (note) "Hoffmeister’s Travel’s" changed to "Hoffmeister’s Travels"

p. 135 "says Conyngham" changed to "says Cunynghame"

p. 136 "appaparently" changed to "apparently"

p. 136 (note) "Cunyngham’s Recollections" changed to "Cunynghame’s Recollections"

p. 137 "cross.”" changed to "cross."

p. 144 "the case" changed to "the ease"

p. 146 "Enggland" changed to "England"

p. 163 "longer period" changed to "longer period."

p. 179 "parents or guardians or guardians" changed to "parents or guardians"

p. 180 "frighful" changed to "frightful"

p. 183 "heavest punishment" changed to "heaviest punishment"

p. 196 "40 centimes;" changed to "40 centimes."

p. 197 "week of labour," changed to "week of labour."

p. 200 "be estalished" changed to "be established"

p. 203 "with out expressing" changed to "without expressing"

p. 203 "numeous" changed to "numerous"

p. 203 "w-er at Turin" changed to "were at Turin"

p. 203 "prostituion" changed to "prostitution"

p. 204 "sanitary visis" changed to "sanitary visits"

p. 204 "away from him," changed to "away from him."

p. 208 "Ismeria." changed to "Ismeria"

p. 210 "‘Rue Fromenteau”" changed to "“Rue Fromenteau”"

p. 216 "possessed o" changed to "possessed of"

p. 219 "minds o" changed to "minds of"

p. 225 "his divison" changed to "his division"

p. 231 "fron the ashes" changed to "from the ashes"

p. 232 "rapped up" changed to "wrapped up"

p. 233 "which, however" changed to "which, however,"

p. 238 "abound there" changed to "abound there."

p. 249 "disapointment" changed to "disappointment"

p. 250 "nighbourhood" changed to "neighbourhood"

p. 262 "we had supper.," changed to "we had supper,"

p. 264 "Females" changed to "Females."

p. 264 "9 12" changed to "9 3 12"

p. 266 "3 P.M" changed to "3 P.M."

p. 269 "lots of money”" changed to "lots of money’"

p. 270 "sixteen years’ old" changed to "sixteen years old"

p. 272 "come to me!" changed to "come to me!”"

p. 279 "descriptious" changed to "descriptions"

p. 280 "low neigbourhood" changed to "low neighbourhood"

p. 281 "such a street.”" changed to "such a street."

p. 283 "of his property" changed to "of his property"

p. 283 "pinafores towels" changed to "pinafores, towels"

p. 284 "the others’ cap" changed to "the other’s cap"

p. 293 "Attic or Garret Thieves" changed to "_Attic or Garret Thieves._"

p. 295 "neighbourhoood" changed to "neighbourhood"

p. 303 "starving Some" changed to "starving. Some"

p. 306 "to sip the hand" changed to "to slip the hand"

p. 310 "£6 194" changed to "£6,194"

p. 319 "It was on a Saturday" changed to "“It was on a Saturday"

p. 329 "somes cases" changed to "some cases"

p. 330 "seven o’clock, P M." changed to "seven o’clock, P. M."

p. 339 "eater, or it gives" changed to "enter, or it gives"

p. 339 "in wich drills" changed to "in which drills"

p. 343 "police station" changed to "police station."

p. 345 "burglareis" changed to "burglaries"

p. 348 "bought this instrument" changed to "brought this instrument"

p. 356 "fashionable careeer" changed to "fashionable career"

p. 357 "in the West-end" changed to "in the West-end."

p. 360 "thorougfares" changed to "thoroughfares"

p. 360 "want and suffering" changed to "want and suffering."

p. 361 "I don’t mind seeing" changed to "“I don’t mind seeing"

p. 361 "King s Cross, and" changed to "King’s Cross, and"

p. 364 "healthy girls. When" changed to "healthy girls When"

p. 366 "with plunderiug" changed to "with plundering"

p. 368 "pay, they were" changed to "pay they, were"

p. 371 "Ionly get copper" changed to "I only get copper"

p. 372 "jacket for 2_d_" changed to "jacket for 2_d._"

p. 372 "cap for 1/2_d_" changed to "cap for 1/2_d._"

p. 374 "low coffee-house" changed to "low coffee-houses"

p. 375 "515_l_" changed to "515_l._"

p. 375 "in the City" changed to "in the City."

p. 375 "from a well known" changed to "from a well-known"

p. 375 "2 843" changed to "2,843"

p. 378 "shilling’s worth, Then" changed to "shilling’s worth. Then"

p. 380 "than a-good one" changed to "than a good one"

p. 390 "remittance, This system" changed to "remittance. This system"

p. 390 "position in society," changed to "position in society."

p. 395 "c. 3 and 4 (1598,)" changed to "c. 3 and 4 (1598),"

p. 400 "350 were convicted," changed to "350 were convicted."

p. 403 "expenses, and--’" changed to "expenses, and--”"

p. 409 "as to character." changed to "as to character.”"

p. 410 "about town He tells you" changed to "about town. He tells you"

p. 418 "done it ,for" changed to "done it, for"

p. 422 "Waldegrave" changed to "Waldegrave)"

p. 427 "obliged to you." changed to "obliged to you.”"

p. 428 "sitting on the sca fold" changed to "sitting on the scaffold"

p. 428 "arm? Your’e a" changed to "arm? You’re a"

p. 430 "clohes, first of all" changed to "clothes, first of all"

p. 432 "desease. This man" changed to "disease. This man"

p. 435 "small piece of soup" changed to "small piece of soap"

p. 438 "clothes, as as if" changed to "clothes, as if"

p. 445 "Brass Rods &c" changed to "Brass Rods &c."

p. 445 "Lord Brougham 2" changed to "Lord Brougham 2”"

p. 448 "machinery, which, &c. &c. &c." changed to "machinery, which, &c. &c. &c.”"

p. 453 "Manufacturing and Sub-Mining Counti" changed to "Manufacturing and Sub-Mining Counties."

p. 473 "There aer, on an average" changed to "There are, on an average"

p. 477 "841 to 1850" changed to "1841 to 1850"

p. 479 "Females is the least" changed to "Females is the least."

p. 489 "ENGLAND & WALES" changed to "ENGLAND & WALES."

p. 495 "Middlesex 09" changed to "Middlesex 0·9"

p. 495 "Norfolk 07" changed to "Norfolk 0·7"

p. 495 "Lancaster 02" changed to "Lancaster 0·2"

p. 501 "’ ’" changed to "„ „"

Inconsistent or archaic spelling and punctuation have otherwise have been left as printed.

The following possible errors have not been changed:

p. 1 the elimination of the truth

p. 139 Mesco

p. 178 Mary Wolstonecroft

p. 180 oath that he had intercourse

p. 185 regulations was

p. 244 expences

p. 366 ladened

p. 377 pair this off

p. 396 except in ordinary cases

p. 413 by, a despairing

p. 440 sell his work for him?

p. 447 The sufferings of this minority is

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