Name: Esperanto Self-Taught with Phonetic Pronunciation
Author: William W. Mann

Opening

MARLBOROUGH'S SELF-TAUGHT SERIES

Esperanto Self-Taught WITH PHONETIC PRONUNCIATION. BY *WILLIAM W. MANN.* (Member of the British Esperanto Association.)

THIRD EDITION

PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN

LONDON: E. MARLBOROUGH & CO., LTD., 51 OLD BAILEY, E.C. 4

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Preface

The object of this volume is two-fold. It supplies very full and comprehensive vocabularies of the words required by the tourist or traveller, visitor or resident abroad, health or pleasure seeker, and professional or business man, together with a large number of conversational sentences of a typical and practical character. The words and phrases are classified according to subject, and the phonetic pronunciation of every word is added in accordance with Marlborough's simple and popular system of phonetics.

With the aid of this book anyone may undertake a trip to a foreign land, even if he know nothing of the language of the country he is going to, and, if he will put himself beforehand in communication with Esperantists in the various places he intends to visit, he will find them ready to help him in many ways, and his stay abroad will thus be made much more entertaining and instructive than if he had spent his time in the conventional manner of the ordinary tourist. A further great advantage of this international language is, that it opens up to the traveller, not merely one particular country, but the whole of Europe.

The book also aims at affording a practical guide to Esperanto for the student, who will find, in the section on Grammar, all that he needs to give him full insight into and grasp of the language, enabling him with very little effort to read, write and speak correctly.

By joining an Esperanto Group the learner may have frequent opportunity of conversational practice, and he will soon find that it is by no means a difficult matter to become as fluent in the auxiliary language as in his mother-tongue.[1]

Esperanto is not merely a language for tourists, but already possesses a rich literature of considerable extent, the beginnings of that "Weltlitteratur" foreseen by Goethe; it has a press of its own representing every country of importance in the world, and is constantly being made use of for professional purposes by doctors, scientists, teachers, lawyers, soldiers, sailors, merchants, etc., in every quarter of the globe. It is undoubtedly destined, ere many years have passed, to become a very important factor in the progress of the world.

WILLIAM W. MANN.

London, 1908.

PRINTED AND MADE IN GREAT BRITAIN.

Letchworth: THE GARDEN CITY PRESS LTD.

Fifth Impression

Preliminary Notes.--Accents, Vowels, Diphthongs, etc. 8

Vocabularies.--Pages 9 to 76. Amusement, Recreation and 41 Animals, Vegetables, &c.: Animals, Birds and Fishes 12 Fruit, Trees, Flowers and Vegetables 15 Reptiles and Insects 14 Colours 17 Commercial Terms 56 Correspondence 61 Countries and Nations 40 Cycling 44 Cooking and Table Utensils 29 House and Furniture, The 34 Legal Terms 54 Mankind: Relations 22 Dress and the Toilet 30 Food and Drink 27 Health 26 Human Body, The 23 Physical and Mental Powers, Qualities, etc. 24 Motoring 47 Numbers: Cardinal, Ordinal, Collective and Fractional 62-64 Parts of Speech.--Pages 64 to 76 Adjectives 64 Adverbs, Conjunctions, and Prepositions 72 Verbs 68 Photography 48 Post, Telegraph and Telephone 60 Professions and Trades 52 Recreation and Amusement 41 Religion 50 Telegraph and Telephone (Post, --) 60 Time and Seasons 17 Town, Country, and Agriculture 20 Travelling: By Road and Rail 36 " By Ship 39 Washing List 33 World and its Elements, The 9 Land and Water 10 Minerals and Metals 11

Grammar.--Pages 77 to 88. The Adjective 77 " Adverb 83 " Article 77 " Conjunction 83 " Noun 77 " Preposition 83 " Pronoun 78 " Verb 81

The Formation of Words, etc.--Pages 84 to 88. Prefixes and Suffixes 84-87 Compound Words 87 Correlatives 88

Conversations.--Pages 89 to 126. Amusements 112 Commercial and Trading 125 Correspondence 122 Custom House, At the 98 Cycling 114 Enquiries 93 Expressions, (Useful and Necessary) 89 Expressions of Emotion 93 Health 105 Legal and Judicial 123 Meals 102-105 Breakfast 102 Dinner 103 Tea 104 Money Changing 126 Motoring 115 Photography 117 Post and Telegraph 121 Religion 118 Shopping 108 Dressmaker 110 Laundress 111 Shoemaker 110 Telegraph (Post and) 121 Time of Day, The 118 Times, Seasons, and Weather 119 Town, In 106 Travelling:-- Arrival 99 Bus and Tram 100 Changing Money 126 Hotel and Rooms 100 Public Notices 94 Railway, By 95 Steamer, By 97 Useful and Necessary Expressions 89

Money.--Equivalent Values 127

Weights and Measures; Postage 128

THE ESPERANTO ALPHABET (WITH PHONETIC PRONUNCIATION).

The Esperanto Alphabet has 28 letters--23 consonants, 5 vowels:--

Characters. | Name and English Pronunciation. | Phonetics | | used. | | ------------+---------------------------------------------+----------- A, a | (ah) like a in father or pa; as | | patro (pah'troh). In unaccented syllables | | it should not be dwelt upon, and in all | | cases it should be pronounced quite purely, | | without the slight drawling r-sound which | | is sometimes added to the corresponding | | vowel in English | ah | | B, b | (bo) as in English | b | | C, c | (tsoh) like ts in gets, hits, and | | never as in English; as caro (tsah'roh) | ts | | Ĉ, ĉ | (cho) like ch in church; as ĉasi | | (chah'see) | ch | | D, d | (do) as in English, but with tip of tongue | | placed on back of teeth instead of on front | | ridge of roof of mouth | d | | E, e | (eh) like e in bend pronounced broadly, | | or a in hate shortly pronounced, but | | quite pure, entirely without the slight | | drawling ee-sound often heard after the | | English vowel; as beno (beh'noh) | e, eh | | F, f | (fo) as in English | f | | G, g | (go) like g in go, give, as gasto | | (gah'stoh), and never like g in gem, | | allege | g | | Ĝ, ĝ | (jo) like g in gem, general, and j | | in jovial; as ĝeni (jeh'nee) | j | | H, h | (ho) as in English | h | | Ĥ, ĥ | (ĥo) like ch in Scotch loch, ch in | | German hoch, j in Spanish mujer. This | | guttural sound is practically a very | | strongly aspirated h, and may be made by | | trying to pronounce "ho" with the throat | | arranged as for saying k:--ĥoro | | (khoro), ĥino (khino) | kh | | I, i | (ee) like ee in seen, as li (lee). In | | unaccented syllables, and before two | | consonants together, this i practically | | becomes the i in it or in wind; as | | ferminte (fehrr-min'teh) | ee, i | | J, j | (yo) *always* like y in yet, as jes | | (yehss), vojo (vo'yo), and never like j | | in judge, joke | y | | | It should be remembered that j is _always | | a consonant_, with the sound of the English | | y in you. Of course, when j occurs at | | the end of a word or before a consonant, it | | practically unites with the preceding vowel | | to form a diphthong, and loses the full | | consonantal sound which it has before a | | vowel. Thus: | | | | Aj (ahy), like ah y in ah yes (almost | | like y in my); as kaj (kah'y), | | rajdi (rah'y-dee), krajono (krah-yo'no) | ahy | | | Ej (ehy), like ay y in say yes; as | | plej (pleh'y, *one* syllable) | ehy | | | Oj (oy), like oh y in oh yes (almost | | like oy in toy); as ranoj (rah'noy), | | kojno (koy'noh) | oy | | | Uj (ooy), like oo y in too young; as | | tuj (too'y, *one* syllable), prujno | | (proo'yno, *two* syllables) | ooy | | Ĵ, ĵ | (zho) like s in vision or pleasure, | | or j in French jeune, j'ai; as ĵeti | | (zheh'tee) | zh | | K, k | (ko) as in English | k | | L, l | (lo) as in English | l | | M, m | (mo) as in English | m | | N, n | (no) as in English | n | | O, o | (oh) like o in horse, not | | diphthongized, but pronounced purely and | | rather shortly, as bona (boh'nah NOT | | bow'nah), quite without the short | | oo-sound frequently heard with the | | English vowel in such words as note, | | boat. Its sound is almost equivalent to | | aw in caw, pronounced shortly and with | | the lips placed roundly as if for saying | o, | oh; as estonta (ess-tohn'tah) | oh | | P, p | (po) as in English | p | | R, r | (ro) as in English, but sounded _much more | | forcibly_, and always with a trill as in | | singing; as korpo (kohr'po) | r | | S, s | (so) like s in say, as suno | | (soo'noh), and *never* as s in rose; as | | pesi (peh'see) | s, ss | | Ŝ, ŝ | (sho) like sh in show, she; as ŝipo | | (shee'poh) | sh | | T, t | (to) as in English, but dentally--with tip | | of tongue placed on back of teeth instead | | of on front ridge of roof of mouth | t | | U, u | (oo) like oo in boot, as nubo | | (*noo'*boh); and *never* as u in mute | | or but | oo | | Ŭ, ŭ | (wo) is equivalent to the English w, and | | is produced by a _partial bringing | | together_ of the lips. It practically only | | occurs after a or e | w, ŏŏ | | | (1) Aŭ. To say antaŭ, for instance, say | | "ahn'tah," and finish by bringing the lips | | slightly together to pronounce the ŭ | | (w). Similarly for laŭta (lah'w-tah). | | This sound is not exactly the English ou | | in house, but is just the au in the | | German Haus. The phonetic sign for aŭ, | | therefore is | ahw | | | (2) Eŭ, as in Eŭropo (ehw-ro'poh), is | | pronounced with a similar closing of the | | lips after the _eh-_sound | ehw | | V, v | (vo) as in English | v | | Z, z | (zo) as in English | z | |

PRELIMINARY NOTES.

In order to make the best progress in acquiring the words and sentences in the following pages, the student is recommended to learn a few at a time by repeating them aloud with the aid of the phonetic pronunciation in the third column.

Although the system of phonetics may seem a little cumbersome, practice will soon enable the student to pronounce the words easily and naturally. The following notes will be useful:--

1. *Accent.*--In Esperanto, *every letter*, whether vowel or consonant, *is sounded*. *The accented syllable of a word is always the last but one.* Thus, nobla (noh'blah), irado (ee-rah'do), telefono (teh-leh-foh'no), internacia (in-tehr-naht-see'ah), folio (fohlee'oh).

It should be borne in mind that j and ŭ *are consonants*, and do not, like the vowels, of themselves constitute a syllable. Thus, tiu (tee'oo, *two* syllables) and tiuj (tee'ooy, also *two* syllables), rajdi (rah'y-dee, *not* rah-ĭ'dee), antaŭ (ahn'tahw, *not* ahn-tah'ŏŏ).

2. *The vowels, a, e, i, o, u, should in Esperanto be pronounced quite purely*, and entirely without any drawling after-sound. Many English speakers diphthongize a, i, o, and pronounce late as "l_a-i_t," pale as "p_a-i_l," paper as "p_a-y_-per," road as "row-d," etc. This habit of drawling the vowels, when transferred to Esperanto, thus: Mi ne povas bone paroli, mee'y nay'ee poh'ŏŏ-vah(r)ss boh'ŏŏ-nehy pah(r)-roh'ŏŏ-leey, immediately reveals the nationality of the speaker.

There is also an inclination to interpose an r-sound between la ("the") and a word beginning with a vowel, thus: la(r)ebleco instead of la ebleco, la(r)internacia lingvo instead of la internacia lingvo, etc. This should be avoided.

3. *Combinations of Consonants.*--There are a few consonantal combinations which offer a slight difficulty to English beginners, viz., gv, kn, kv, sc. The combinations gv, kn, and kv, as in gvidi (gvee'dee), knabo (knah'bo), kvieto (kvee-eh'toh), may be practised by first placing a vowel before the g or k, and gradually suppressing it. Thus, first say la knabo (lahk-nah'bo), and gradually drop the "lah," until finally knabo can be said without difficulty.

The combination sc, as in sceno (stseh'no), may be learnt thus: Say "last sane" several times, very distinctly pronouncing the st and the s, then gradually "'st sane", and finally sceno (stseh'no) without any preceding vowel-sound. When this combination follows a vowel, as in mi scias, it should cause no difficulty, for the s is easily pronounced with the first syllable, thus: meess-tsee'ahss.

* * * * *

LETTER FROM DR. ZAMENHOF. (Founder of Esperanto.)

Varsovio, 14.9.08.

KARAJ SINJOROJ,--Kun plezuro kaj danko mi ricevis vian leteron de 10.9, kaj ankaŭ la presprovaĵon de "Esperanto Self-Taught."

Ĉar Sro Mann estas tre kompetenta kaj sperta esperantisto, tial mi estas tute certa, ke la libro verkita de li estos tre bona kaj tre utila.

Via,

(Signed) ZAMENHOF.

[TRANSLATION.]

Warsaw, 14.9.08.

Dear Sirs,--I received your letter of Sept. 10, and the proofs of "Esperanto Self-Taught," with pleasure and thanks.

As Mr. Mann is a very competent and experienced Esperantist, I am quite certain that the book written by him will be very good and very useful.

Yours,

(Signed) ZAMENHOF.

VOCABULARIES.

1. The World & its Elements. (La Mondo kaj ĝiaj Elementoj.)

(See Notes on the Article)

2. Land and Water. (La Tero kaj la Akvo.)

3. Minerals & Metals. (Mineraloj kaj Metaloj.)

4. Animals, Birds & Fishes. (Bestoj, Birdoj, kaj Fiŝoj.)

(See Shopping, §. 53.)

5. Reptiles & Insects. (Rampuloj kaj Insektoj.)

6. Fruits, Trees[2], Flowers & Vegetables (Fruktoj, Arboj, Floroj, kaj Legomoj.)

(For Shopping, see §. 52.)

7. Colours. (Koloroj.)

8. Times & Seasons. (La Tempoj kaj la Sezonoj.)

(For Conversations, see §. 63.)

9. Town, Country and Agriculture. (La Urbo, la Kamparo, kaj la Terkulturo).

(For Conversations, see §. 52.)

10. Mankind: Relations. (La Homaro: Parencoj).

11. The Human Body. (La Homa Korpo).

12. Physical & Mental Powers, Qualities, etc. (Korpaj kaj Mensaj Kapabloj, Ecoj, k.t.p.)

13. Health. (La Sano.)

(For Conversations see §. 51.)

14. Food & Drink. (Manĝaĵoj kaj Trinkaĵoj.)

(For Conversations see §§. 48-50.)

15. Cooking & Table Utensils. (Kuiraj kaj Manĝaj Iloj.)

(For Conversations See §§. 48-50.)

16. Dress & the Toilet. (La Vestoj kaj la Tualeto.)

(See also Washing List, following, and Conversations §. 53-56.)

17. Washing List. (Lavlisto.)

(For Conversations see §. 56.)

18. The House and Furniture. (La Domo kaj la Meblaro.)

(For Shopping see §. 53.)

19. Travelling: By Road & Rail. (La Vojaĝado: per Vojo kaj Fervojo.)

(For Conversations, see §. 42.)

20. Travelling: by Ship. (Marveturado.)

(For Conversations see §. 43.)

21. Countries & Nations.[4] (Landoj kaj Nacioj.)

22. Recreation and Amusement. (La Ludado kaj Amuzado.)

(For Conversations see §. 57.)

23. Cycling. (Ciklismo.)

(See also Motoring, following, and Conversations §§. 58-59.)

24. Motoring. (Aŭtomobilismo.)

(See also Cycling above, and Conversations §. 58-59.)

25. Photography. (La Fotografarto.)

(For Conversations see §. 60.)

26. Religion. (Religio.)

(For Conversations, see §. 61.)

27. Professions and Trades. (Profesioj kaj Metioj)

(For Shopping, etc., see §§. 53-56.)

NOTE.--The names of workers in the various trades and professions are formed by adding the suffix *-ist* to the root-word. Thus: vendi, to sell--vendisto, a salesman; lampo, a lamp--lampvendisto, a lamp-seller, lampfaristo, a lamp manufacturer; maro, sea--maristo, a sailor; akrigi, to sharpen--akrigisto, a grinder, etc.

28. Legal Terms. (Leĝaj Terminoj.)

(For Conversations see §. 66.)

29. Commercial Terms. (Komercaj Terminoj.)

(For Conversations see §. 67.)

30. Post, Telegraph and Telephone. (La Poŝto, la Telegrafo, kaj la Telefono.)

(For Conversations see §. 64.)

31. Correspondence. (Korespondado.)

(For Conversations see §. 65.)

32. The Cardinal Numbers. (La Fundamentaj Numeraloj.)

(For Grammatical Notes see section "Cardinal Numbers".)

0 Nulo (nool'oh) 17 dek sep 79 sepdek naŭ 1 unu (oo'noo) 18 dek ok 80 okdek 2 du (doo) 19 dek naŭ 90 naŭdek 3 tri (tree) 20 dudek 100 cent (tsehnt) 4 kvar (kvahr) 21 dudek unu 101 cent unu 5 kvin (kvin) 22 dudek du 102 cent du 6 ses (sehss) 23 dudek tri 200 du cent (doot'sehnt) 7 sep (sehp) 24 dudek kvar 300 tricent 8 ok (ohk) 30 tridek 400 kvarcent 9 naŭ (nahw) 35 tridek kvin 500 kvincent 10 dek (dehk) 40 kvardek 600 sescent 11 dek unu 46 kvardek ses 700 sepcent 12 dek du 50 kvindek 800 okcent 13 dek tri 57 kvindek sep 900 naŭcent 14 dek kvar 60 sesdek 1,000 mil (meel) 15 dek kvin 68 sesdek ok 16 dek ses 70 sepdek

2,679 dumil sescent sepdek naŭ. 3,000 trimil. 10,000 dek mil. 20,000 dudek mil. 389,345 tricent okdek naŭmil tricent kvardek kvin. 1,000,000 (unu) miliono [(oo'noo) meeleeoh'no]. 4,000,000 kvar milionoj.

1908 ... Mil naŭcent ok.

NOTE.--Observe that the cardinal numbers are grouped together (without hyphens) in thousands, hundreds, tens and units. Thus, 548 is kvincent kvardek ok, not kvincent-kvardek-ok, and 17 dek sep, not dek-sep.

33. Ordinal Numerals. (La Ordaj Numeraloj.)

(For Grammatical Notes see section "Ordinal Numbers".)

34. Collective and Fractional Numbers. (Kolektivaj kaj Nombronaj Numeraloj.)

35. Adjectives. (Adjektivoj.)

(For Grammatical Notes see section "The Adjective".)

36. Verbs.

(For Grammatical Notes see section "The Verb".)

37. Adverbs, Conjunctions & Prepositions. (Adverboj, Konjunkcioj kaj Prepozicioj.)

(For Grammatical Notes see the elementary grammar.)

ELEMENTARY GRAMMAR.

The Article.

The DEFINITE ARTICLE the is in Esperanto represented by la. Like the article in English, la does not vary with the number or gender of the noun before which it is placed; e.g., la briko, the brick; la brikoj, the bricks; la patro, the father; la patrinoj, the mothers.

The INDEFINITE ARTICLE a is not expressed in Esperanto. Thus, "filo" is son or a son.

The Noun.

In Esperanto every noun in the singular ends in *o*. Thus: viro, a man; la libro, the book. The plural is formed from the singular by adding the termination *-j*. Thus: viroj, men; la libroj, the books.

In order to allow each nation to construct its sentences in the order to which it is accustomed, every noun in Esperanto has two forms or "cases," (1) the NOMINATIVE, or unchanged form, and (2) the ACCUSATIVE, which is formed from the nominative by adding the termination *-n*. This is merely to distinguish between subject and object. The accusative form is also used to indicate motion towards, etc.

The Adjective.

All adjectives end in the nominative singular in *a*. They may be placed either before or after the noun. As in the case of the noun, the plural is formed by adding the termination *-j*, and the accusative is formed by adding *-n* to the nominative. The adjective agrees in number and case with the noun which it qualifies. Ex.:--

Blua libro (or libro blua), a blue book; bluaj libroj, blue books. La viro legas bluan libron. The man reads a blue book. La viroj legas bluajn librojn. The men are reading blue books.

Thanks to the accusative case, one might say without loss of clearness: Bluan libron legas la viro, or la viro bluan libron legas, or bluan libron la viro legas, etc.

Degrees of Comparison.

There are three degrees of comparison, as in English:

The POSITIVE, as bona, good; bela, beautiful; granda, big, great.

The COMPARATIVE is formed by placing pli (more) or malpli (less) before the positive, thus: bona, good--pli bona, better; bela, beautiful--malpli bela, less beautiful. The comparison may be heightened by using multe (much), thus: multe pli (or malpli) bela.

Than is translated by ol, thus: pli (or malpli) bela ol..., more (or less) beautiful than...

The SUPERLATIVE degree is formed by using plej (most) with the positive; as bela, beautiful--plej bela, most beautiful.

Of with a superlative is translated by the preposition el (out of). La plej granda el ĉiuj, the greatest of all.

The more...the more, the less...the less, are translated by means of the particles ju and des. Thus: Ju pli oni studas, des pli oni lernas, the more one studies, the more one learns. Ju pli mi kun li parolas, des malpli mi lin estimas, the more I speak to him, the less I esteem him.

Cardinal Numbers.

The CARDINAL NUMBERS may be used as nouns, by the addition of the ending *-o*. Thus, unuo, a unit; trio, a trio; dekduo, a dozen; dudeko, a score; cento, a hundred; milo, a thousand. Note that miliono is ALWAYS used as a noun.

When a number or any other word is used as a noun of quantity, the noun which follows it must be preceded by the quantitative preposition *da*:--Dekduo da ovoj, a dozen eggs; milo da soldatoj, a thousand soldiers (one might of course also say dek du ovoj, mil soldatoj); du metroj da drapo, two metres of cloth; tri funtoj da sukero, three pounds of sugar.

Ordinal Numbers.

The ORDINAL NUMBERS are formed by adding the adjectival ending *-a* to the Cardinals. In Compound Ordinal Numbers, the groups of hundreds, tens, units, etc., are joined by hyphens, and the ending *-a* is added to the unit numeral. Thus: unu, one--unua, first; tria, third; dek-unua, eleventh; tridek-sepa, thirty-seventh; kvarcent-sesdek-dua, 462nd, and so on. Written in figures these would be 1a, 3a, 11a, 37a, 462a. The Ordinals are of course inflected like adjectives. (See section "The Adjective".)

Fractions

FRACTIONALS are formed by adding the suffix *-on* (plus the endings *o*, *a*, or *e* as required) to the Cardinal Numbers. Thus: unu duono, one-half; tri kvaronoj, three-quarters; dek sep dek-naŭonoj, 17/19; dudek tri kvarmil-kvincent-tridek-naŭonoj, 23/4539. Duone vera (or duonvera), half-true. Tri-kvaronoj da funto (or trikvaronfuntoj), 3/4 lb. Duono da funto (or duonfunto), 1/2 lb.

Multiples, Collectives, and Distributives.

MULTIPLE Numbers are formed from the Cardinals by adding the suffix *-obl*, with the requisite grammatical ending *o*, *a*, or *e*. Thus: duobla, double; duoblo, a double; duoble, doubly; tridekoble, thirty-fold; sesoble naŭ estas (or faras) kvindek kvar, six nines are fifty-four; duoble du estas kvar, twice two are four.

COLLECTIVE Numerals are formed by the addition of the suffix *-op* (plus the grammatical termination required). Thus: duope, two at a time, two together; naŭope, nine at a time; ili venadis dekope, they came in tens; dumilopa taĉmento, a detachment two thousand strong.

DISTRIBUTIVES are shown by the preposition po, meaning at the rate of. Thus: li aĉetis por ĉiu infano po ses pomoj, he bought six apples for each child; li ricevas po dek ŝilingoj por ĉiu tago, he gets ten shillings a day; la vagonaro veturas po sesdek mejloj en ĉiu horo (or ĉiuhore), the train travels at (the rate of) sixty miles an hour, etc.

The Pronoun.

The PERSONAL PRONOUNS are, in the nominative: Mi, I; vi, you (sing. and pl.); ni, we; li, he; ŝi, she; ĝi, it; ili, they.

The archaic English thou may be translated by ci.

The Accusative case of the personal pronouns is formed like that of nouns and adjectives, by adding *-n*. Thus: Min, me; vin, you; nin, us; lin, him; ŝin, her; ĝin, it; ilin, them.

The REFLEXIVE PRONOUN of the 3rd person is si (accusative sin), standing for himself, herself, itself, one's-self, or themselves, as the case may be. There is no special reflexive form for the pronouns of the 1st and 2nd person, I, we, and you.

The INDEFINITE PERSONAL PRONOUN is oni (= the French on)--one, people, they, you. Ex.: Li amas sin, he loves himself; ŝi amas sin, she loves herself; ĝi montras sin, it shows itself; ili diras al si, they say to themselves; oni vidas sin, one sees one's-self; mi lavas min, I wash myself; vi laŭdas vin, you praise yourself.

Possessive Adjectives or Pronouns.

By adding the adjectival ending *-a* to the personal pronouns, the POSSESSIVE Adjectives and Pronouns are obtained. Thus: Mia, my, mine; cia, thy, thine; via, your, yours; nia, our, ours; lia, his; ŝia, her, hers; ĝia, its; sia (reflexive), his, her(s), its, their(s), one's.

NOTE the following use of sia. In English the sentence, "He saw his friend with his brother," is not clear. Does it mean that he saw his friend (1) with his friend's brother, or (2) with his own brother? In Esperanto, the use of sia makes the meaning quite clear; (1) would be: Li vidis sian amikon kun LIA frato, and (2) would be: Li vidis sian amikon kun SIA frato.

The word mem, meaning -self or -selves, may be added to a personal pronoun to give emphasis. Thus: Konu vin mem, know thyself; li iris mem, he went himself; li mem, himself; li parolis al si mem, he spoke to himself.

Like other adjectives, possessives agree in case and number with the noun to which they refer. Ex.:

lia libro, his book; liaj libroj, his books; ŝi havas lian, kaj li havas ŝian, she has his, and he has hers; liaj estas la plej bonaj libroj, his are the best books; mi preferas miajn, I prefer mine; li preferas siajn, he prefers his; ili preferas siajn, they prefer theirs.

Demonstrative Adjective or Pronoun.

The DEMONSTRATIVE Adjective and Pronoun "that" is rendered in Esperanto by the word tiu (acc. tiun); plural tiuj (acc. tiujn), those. The addition (either before or after) of the particle ĉi to the singular and plural respectively, gives this and these. Ex.:

Tiu viro, that man. Tiu estas mia, that (one) is mine. Mi elektas tiun, I choose that (one). Mi preferas tiun ĉi (or ĉi tiujn), I prefer this (one). Tiuj ĉi (or ĉi tiuj) estas miaj, these are mine. Mi portos tiujn ĉi, I will carry these.

Interrogative Pronouns.

Kiu?--who, which? Plural, kiuj? Kio?--what? Kies?--whose? Al kiu?--to whom? Kiun?--whom? (acc.), kiujn? (acc. plu.). Ex.:

Kiu estas tiu?--who is that? Kiun vi deziras vidi?--whom do you desire to see? Kiuj foriris?--which (ones) went away? Kiujn vi vidis?--which ones did you see?

Kiu is also used with ADJECTIVAL meaning. Thus: Kiu libro estas via?--which book is yours? Kiun libron vi preferas?--which book do you prefer? Kiuj domoj apartenas al vi?--which houses belong to you? Kiujn stratojn vi konas?--which streets do you know? Kio estas tio?--what is that? Kion li volas?--what does he want?

The English -ever is translated by ajn. For example: Kiu ajn li estas, ne parolu al li, whoever he be, do not speak to him. Kies ajn, whosesoever. Kiu(j)n ajn, whomever.

Relative Pronouns.

The Relative Pronouns are identical with the Interrogative: Kiu(j), who, that, which, kiu(j)n, whom, that, which. Ex.:

La libro, kiun vi legas, the book (which) you are reading. Tiu, kiu parolis al vi, the one who spoke to you. La personoj, kiujn li konas, the persons (whom) he knows. Tio, kion li diras, ne estas vera, what he says is not true. La arbo, kies supron vi vidas, the tree whose top you can see.

Indefinite Pronouns.

iu (acc. iun), anyone, someone or other; ies, anyone's, someone's; iuj (acc. iujn), any persons, some persons or other; io (acc. ion), anything, something.

ĉiu (acc. ĉiun), everyone, each; ĉies, everyone's, everybody's, each one's; ĉiuj (acc. ĉiujn), everybody, all; ĉio (acc. ĉion), everything, all.

neniu (acc. neniun), no one, nobody; nenies, no one's, nobody's; nenio (acc. nenion), nothing, not anything.

NOTE.--Iu, ĉiu, and neniu are also used with nouns. Thus: Kiun libron vi deziras? Which book do you desire? Iun ajn libron. Any book. Iu homo, any man, some man or other. Ĉiu bona patro amas siajn infanojn, every good father loves his children. Ĉiuj liaj amikoj (or ĉiu lia amiko), all his friends, every friend of his. Mi renkontis neniun amikon, I met no friend.

Other PRONOMINAL WORDS AND EXPRESSIONS are:

multaj(n), many; multo(n), much; malmultaj(n), malmulte da..., a few. Ex.: malmultaj personoj, few persons; malmulte da scio, little knowledge.

kelkajn, some, several; kelke da..., some. Ex.: kelkaj personoj, some persons, several persons; kelke da libroj, some (quantity of) books.

alia(n), another, other; aliaj(n), others. Ex.: ili parolis unu al alia, they spoke to one another; ni parolis unu al la alia, we spoke to each other; unu aŭ la alia taŭgos, either (one or the other) will do; nek unu nek la alia konvenas, neither (one nor the other) is suitable.

ambaŭ (invariable), both. Ex.: ambaŭ venis, both came; mi konas ambaŭ fratojn, I know both brothers; mi vidis ilin ambaŭ, I saw both of them; mi ŝatas ambaŭ, I like both.

The Verb.

Tenses.

The VERB in Esperanto has three main Tenses--the Present, Past, and Future. These are denoted by means of the verbal endings *-as*, *-is*, and *-os*. Thus, from the root vid, see, are formed:

Present. | Past. | Future. mi vidas, I see | mi vidis, I saw | mi vidos, I shall see

Moods.

Every Esperanto verb has three Moods--the Conditional, the Imperative, and the Infinitive, which are formed respectively by means of the endings *-us*, *-u*, and *-i*. Thus:

Conditional. | Imperative. | Infinitive. mi vidus, I should see | vidu, see! | vidi, to see

The CONDITIONAL Mood is used to express supposition; the three Tenses, on the other hand, are used to express facts or actual happenings. (For examples, see §. "Conjunctions".)

The IMPERATIVE Mood is used to express an order, desire, wish, will, etc. (See §. "Use of Imperative".) Used with the personal pronouns of the 1st and 2nd persons, this mood corresponds to the English let, used as an expression of a wish. Thus: mi pensu, let me think; li venu morgaŭ, let him come to-morrow; ili parolu, let them speak.

NOTE that let sometimes means to allow, to give leave, in which case the verb lasi is used. Thus: let (allow) him come, lasu lin veni; leave it there, lasu ĝin tie.

The Imperative may be used interrogatively to translate the English shall, with an idea of wish or desire. Thus:

What shall I give you? Kion mi donu al vi? What shall we do to-day? Kion ni faru hodiaŭ?

What will he do? would of course be simply Kion li faros?--for there is here no question of desire or wish, but merely a question of future action.

The INFINITIVE Mood is used to express the mere idea of the verb, without any limit of person or number, and corresponds to the English to before the verb. Thus: kuri, to run; paroli, to speak.

NOTE.--In Esperanto, as is largely the case in English, the mood and tense endings of the verb do not vary according to person or number. For instance: mi vidas, I see, li vidas, he sees; also ni vidis, we saw, ili vidis, they saw; vi vidos, you will see; oni vidos, one will see; ŝi vidus, she would see, vi vidus, you would see.

Participles.

There are in Esperanto six participles, three active and three passive, corresponding to three tenses. They are formed in the ACTIVE by means of the endings *-ant*, *-int*, and *-ont*, and in the PASSIVE by means of the endings *-at*, *-it*, *-ot*, with the addition of the adjectival termination *-a*. Thus:

ACTIVE. Present. | Past. | Future. vidanta, seeing | vidinta, having-seen | vidonta, about-to-see

PASSIVE. vidata, | vidita, | vidota, (being) seen | (having-been) seen | (about-to-be) seen

The PARTICIPLES may be used either as Nouns, Adjectives, or Adverbs, the terminations *-o*, *-a*, *-e* being added to the participial endings as required. When used as nouns or adjectives, they of course take the sign of the Plural (*-j*) and of the Accusative (*-n*) when the construction of the sentence so requires. Ex.:

(1) ACTIVE. En la venonta jaro, in the coming year. La parolanto, the speaker. La aŭskultantoj, the audience (lit., listeners). Mi vidis lin skribantan, I saw him writing. Li foriris kurante, he went off at a run. Li revenis ne vidinte sian amikon, he returned without having seen his friend.

(2) PASSIVE. La ekzamenato, the examinee. La mortigitoj kaj vunditoj, the killed and wounded. Estimata sinjoro, dear (lit., esteemed) sir. Frapote, li sin defendis, about to be struck, he defended himself. Mi aŭdis tiun himnon kantatan, I heard that hymn sung.

Compound Tenses.

The COMPOUND TENSES are formed by means of the auxiliary verb *esti*, to be. Thus, by the combination of the participles with the six tenses and moods, we obtain thirty-six compound tenses, enabling us to express with the utmost precision any time-relation whatsoever. We have in all:

li estas, or estis, or estos { vidanta or vidata or estus, or estu, or esti { vidinta or vidita { vidonta or vidota

The use of the participles is very easy when once one grasps the fact that the auxiliary esti serves to denote the particular division of time, or the particular manner, of the occurrence of the action denoted by the participle. Ex.:

Li estis skribanta, kiam mi vidis lin, he was writing when I saw him. Li estis fininta, kiam mia amiko alvenis, he had finished (lit., was having finished) when my friend arrived. Mi estis tuj forironta, kiam vi aperis, I was just about to go out when you appeared. Li estas nunmomente parolanta, he is speaking at this very moment. Li estas mortonta, he is about to die. Li estus jam foririnta, he would have already departed (lit., would be already gone away).

The word by after a Passive is translated by the preposition *de*. Thus: The wood was being chopped by the boy, la ligno estis hakata de la knabo. He has been seen by all, li estas vidita de ĉiuj.

NOTE.--The COMPOUND TENSES should not be used if the SIMPLE TENSES suffice to show the meaning clearly. Thus, I have seen him is more neatly expressed by mi jam vidis lin than by mi estas vidinta lin. Li jam foriris might stand for either he had gone or he has gone, according to circumstances, and the context would clearly show which was meant. Li parolas is generally quite right for he is speaking. Li estas parolanta should be used only when it is particularly intended to show that he is actually engaged in the act of speaking.

The Adverb.

In Esperanto, ADVERBS are denoted by the ending *-e*, and may be placed in any position, either before or after the verb. Thus: bela, beautiful--bele, beautifully; vera, true--vere, truly. Li parolas saĝe, he speaks wisely. Li rapide kuras, he runs quickly.

Adverbial Numbers.

ADVERBIAL NUMBERS are formed by adding *-e* to the Cardinals. Thus: unue (1e), firstly; trie (3e), thirdly; sepe (7e), etc.

The Preposition.

In English, one preposition often has many different meanings. In Esperanto, on the contrary, every preposition, with the exception of the word je, has one precise and fixed meaning.

The preposition *je* is the only one in Esperanto without a definite meaning. It sometimes happens that one wishes to use a preposition of some sort or other, but is uncertain just which preposition will precisely express the idea. In such cases je is used. Thus: He laughed at me, li ridis je mi; full of water, plena je akvo; six metres long, longa je ses metroj; fear of him, timo je li, etc.

Je should not be abused. Its too frequent use is a mark of the beginner in the language.

Use of Accusative.

When there is no ambiguity to be feared, the preposition je, and even other prepositions, are often omitted in Esperanto; and the word to which the preposition, if expressed, would have referred is put into the accusative. Thus, instead of saying li ridas je mi (he is laughing at me), one might say li ridas min; similarly, du metrojn alta would stand for alta je du metroj. Ĝi kostis je tri ŝilingoj is more usually expressed: ĝi kostis tri ŝilingojn. Mi restis tie dum kvin horoj (I stayed there for five hours) could be: mi restis tie kvin horojn; and so on.

Certain prepositions, viz., antaŭ, before, ĉe, at, en, in, sub, under, sur, on, kontraŭ, against, super, over, and trans, across, are often used to denote movement towards, whereas of themselves they only express rest at. In order to make it quite clear whether motion or rest is intended, use is made of the accusative. Thus: li promenis en la urbo, he took a walk in the city; but li promenis en la urbon, he took a walk into the city. Li kuris antaŭ mi, he ran (along) before or in front of me; but li paŝis antaŭ min, he stepped in front of me; and so on.

ADVERBS are sometimes used with prepositional force. Thus: proksime de la domo, near the house; dekstre de la arbo, on the right of the tree, etc.

The Conjunction.

A full list of CONJUNCTIONS will be found on §. 37. The following constructions should be noted:

Tenses after Ke (that).

Mi vidis, ke ŝi ploras, I saw (that) she was crying. Mi sciis, ke li venos, I knew that he would come. Mi sciis, ke li jam alvenis, I knew (that) he had already arrived. Li diris, ke se li estus tiel granda, kiel mi, li facile farus tion, he said that if he were as tall as I, he would easily do that.

Note that in Esperanto the verb is put in the exact time or tense used by the speaker. Thus: mi ne sciis, ĉu li venos, I did not know whether he would (lit., will) come; ili ne diris, ĉu ili vin renkontis, they did not say whether they had met you.

Use of Imperative.

After verbs expressing wish, intention, will, or desire, or command, the verb following is put in the IMPERATIVE MOOD. Thus: mi ordonas, ke li venu, I order that he come (him to come); mi tre deziris, ke li vivu, I very much wanted him to live; ili intencis, ke ni perdu, they intended us to lose. Here the actual expressions used were: li venu, li vivu, ili perdu.

Use of Conditional after Se.

Se vi tiel diris, vi malprave faris, if you spoke thus you did wrongly. Se vi tiel dirus, vi estus malprava, if you said (were to say) thus, you would be wrong. Se vi venos, vi vidos, if you (will) come, you will see.

Interjections.

The following are the principal INTERJECTIONS:

adiaŭ! adieu! farewell! ah! ah! antaŭen! forward! atentu! look out! bis! encore! bone! good! certe! certainly! ĉu ne? or ĉu ne vere? is not that so? ĉu vere? is that so? efektive! indeed! fi! fie! for! away! be off! ha! ha! halt! halt! he! hey! halloo! ho! oh! ho ve! alas! hontinde! shameful! jen! there! kompreneble! naturally! of course! ne! no! neeble! impossible! nu! well! rapide! quick! rapidu! hurry up!

Formation of Words.

In Esperanto, considerable use is made of prefixes and suffixes, every one of which has a clear, fixed meaning. Great economy of vocabulary is thus effected, one root-word in Esperanto sufficing, when modified by suitable affixes, to translate many English words. Many of the affixes are often met with as single words. In such cases the English translation is added after the various examples of the affix in question.

Prefixes.

*bo-* denotes RELATIONSHIP BY MARRIAGE: patro, father, bopatro, father-in-law; filo, son, bofilo, son-in-law.

*dis-* denotes SEPARATION: ĵeti, to throw, disĵeti, to scatter, throw about; peli, to drive along, dispeli, to dispel, fali, to fall, disfali, to fall apart, fall to pieces.

*ek-* denotes a BEGINNING OF AN ACTION, a MOMENTARY ACTION: iri, to go, ekiri, to begin to go, to start; brili, to shine, ekbrili, to begin to shine, to flash.

*ge-* denotes the TWO SEXES TAKEN TOGETHER: patro, father, gepatroj, father and mother, parents; frato, brother, gefratoj, brother(s) and sister(s); Gesinjoroj B., Mr. and Mrs. B.

*mal-* denotes the OPPOSITE OF AN IDEA: bona, good, malbona, bad; ŝati, to like, malŝati, to dislike; amiko, friend, malamiko, enemy; laŭta, loud, mallaŭte, softly.--Malo, an opposite; male, on the contrary.

*pra-* is a prefix of RELATIONSHIP, corresponding to the English FORE-, GREAT-: patro, father, prapatro, forefather, ancestor; avo, grandfather; praavo, great-grandfather; nepo, grandson, pranepo, great-grandson.

*re-* denotes RETURN AND REPETITION: iri, to go, reiri, to go back, or to go again; repreni, to take back; revidi, to see again.--Ree, again.

Suffixes.

*-aĉ* denotes that a word is used in a BAD SENSE, with DISPARAGEMENT: domo, a house, domaĉo, a hovel; ridi, to laugh, ridaĉi, to sneer.

*-ad* denotes CONTINUATION OR DURATION of an action: paroli, to speak, paroladi, to make a speech; kanto, a song, kantado, singing; vojaĝo, a voyage, vojaĝado, travelling; rido, a laugh, ridado, laughter.

*-aĵ* denotes some CONCRETE THING characterized by the idea contained in the root: bela, beautiful, belaĵo, a beautiful thing; nutri, to feed, nourish, nutraĵo (or nutrantaĵo), food; ĝentila, polite, ĝentilaĵo, a polite act, act of politeness; bovo, ox, bovaĵo, beef.--Aĵo, a thing.

*-an* denotes a PARTISAN OF, a MEMBER, an INHABITANT: Kristo, Christ, Kristano, a Christian; eklezio, a church, ekleziano, a churchman; Londonano, a Londoner.--Ano, a member.

*-ar* denotes a COLLECTION OF, a NUMBER OF: arbo, tree, arbaro, a forest; homo, a human being, homaro, mankind; vorto, a word, vortaro, a dictionary.--Aro, a collection, number, gathering.

*-ĉj* added to the first two to five letters of a word, is used to denote MASCULINE DIMINUTIVES OF ENDEARMENT: Johano, John, Joĉjo, Jack; patro, father, paĉjo, papa, daddy.

*-ebl* denotes POSSIBILITY, and corresponds to the English suffixes -ABLE, -IBLE: kredi, to believe, kredebla, credible; videbla, visible; al, to, iri, to go, alirebla, accessible.

*-ec* denotes ABSTRACT IDEAS, QUALITIES and corresponds to the English suffixes -NESS, -SHIP, etc.: feliĉa, happy, feliĉeco, happiness; alta, high, alteco, height; reĝo, king, reĝeco, kingship.

*-eg* denotes AUGMENTATION, INTENSITY OF DEGREE: granda, big, great, grandega, enormous; bela, beautiful, belega, magnificent; ŝtono, stone, ŝtonego, rock; pafilo, a gun, pafilego, cannon.

*-ej* denotes a PLACE SPECIALLY SET APART FOR or allotted to: preĝi, to pray, preĝejo, church; manĝi, to eat, manĝejo, refectory; kuirejo, kitchen; enirejo, entrance; elirejo, exit.

*-em* denotes PROPENSITY, INCLINATION, DISPOSITION: paroli, to talk, parolema, talkative; mensogi, to lie, mensogema, untruthful.

*-er* denotes an ELEMENT OF, a UNIT, a GRAIN: polvo, dust, polvero, a grain of dust; fajrero, a spark; hajlero, hailstone; mono, money, monero, a coin.--Ero, particle, grain, element.

*-estr* denotes a CHIEF, LEADER, HEAD: regno, state; regnestro, head of the state, ruler; lernejo, school, lernejestro, head-master.--Estro, leader, chief; estraro, the authorities; estri, to act as chief.

*-id* denotes a DESCENDANT, OFFSPRING, YOUNG OF: bovo, ox, bovido, calf; ŝafo, a sheep, ŝafido, lamb; Izraelido, Israelite; la homidoj, the sons of man; Sro. Brown kaj la Brownidoj, Mr. Brown and the little Browns.--Ido, a descendant, child; idaro, descendants, offspring.

*-et* denotes DIMINUTION OF DEGREE (compare -eg above): bela, beautiful, beleta, pretty; venteto, breeze; ridi, to laugh, rideti, to smile; bona, good, boneta, fairly good, mediocre.--Eta, tiny.

*-ig* denotes a MAKING, RENDERING, CAUSING TO BE: granda, great, grandigi, to enlarge; venigi kuraciston, to send for (cause to come) a doctor; halti, to stop (intr.), haltigi, to stop (tr.); tranĉigi al si la harojn, to get one's hair cut.--Igi, to make, render.

*-iĝ* denotes a BECOMING, GETTING, GROWING, BEING MADE: hela, bright, heliĝi, to grow or become bright; ruĝa, red, ruĝiĝi, to redden, blush; disiĝi, to separate (intr.).--Iĝi, to become.

With transitive verbs iĝ- is used to make intransitive verbs, thus: renversi, to overthrow, turn upside down, renversiĝi, to turn (intr.) upside down, to get overthrown; fari, to make, fariĝi, to become; perdiĝi, to get lost; vidiĝi, to be seen.

Used with intransitive verbs, iĝ- gives the idea of a becoming, a GRADUAL TRANSITION from one state to another: morti, to die, mortiĝi, to become dead, to die away, to expire; sidi, to be seated, sidiĝi, to become seated, to sit down.

NOTE that, since verbs in -iĝ are of necessity intransitive, their participles should only be used in the ACTIVE FORM. Thus: renversiĝ*inta*, having become overthrown, and not renversiĝ*ita*; perdiĝ*inta*, having become lost, not perdiĝ*ita*; and so on. One might of course simply say renversita, overthrown, and perdita, lost, though the meaning would in that case not be quite the same.

*-il* denotes an INSTRUMENT, TOOL, or MEANS: tranĉi, to cut, tranĉilo, a knife; filtri, to filter, filtrilo, a filter; teni, to hold, tenilo, a handle.--Ilo, tool, instrument; ilaro, set of tools.

*-ind* denotes WORTHINESS (English -WORTHY): laŭdi, to praise, laŭdinda, praiseworthy; vidinda, worth seeing, vidindaĵoj, things worth seeing, sights.--Inda (je), worthy (of); indeco, worthiness.

*-ing* denotes the HOLDER OF A SINGLE OBJECT (compare -uj below): plumo, pen, plumingo, penholder; fingro, finger, fingringo, thimble; cigaringo, cigar-holder.--Ingo, a socket, holder.

*-in* denotes FEMININES: viro, a man, virino, a woman; patro, father, patrino, mother.--Ino, a female.

*-ist* denotes TRADE, OCCUPATION, PROFESSION: labori, to work, laboristo, workman; kuraci, to treat (medically), kuracisto, doctor.

*-nj* added to the first two to five letters of a word, is used to form FEMININE DIMINUTIVES OF ENDEARMENT (compare -ĉj above): Johanino, Jane, Johanjo, Jenny; patrino, mother, panjo, mamma.

*-uj* denotes a RECEPTACLE which contains or bears a COLLECTION OR A QUANTITY of things or material (compare -ing above): mono, money, monujo, purse; inko, ink, inkujo, inkstand.--Ujo, a utensil case, bin.

The suffix -uj is also used to denote TREES bearing certain fruits: pomo, apple, pomujo, apple-tree; ĉerizujo, cherry-tree; rozujo, rose-bush. The word arbo, however, is more frequently used in such cases: pomarbo, rozarbeto, etc.

-Uj is also used to denote the NAMES OF COUNTRIES: Anglo, Englishman, Anglujo, England; Franco, a Frenchman, Francujo, France. (See footnote 4.)

*-ul* denotes a BEING CHARACTERISED BY THE IDEA CONTAINED IN THE ROOT-WORD: bela, beautiful, belulino, a beautiful woman, a beauty; kulpo, blame, kulpulo, culprit; laŭdindulo, one worthy to be praised; bonulo, a good fellow; bonegulo, a jolly good fellow.

*-um* is an INDEFINITE SUFFIX, like the word je among the prepositions, Thus: pleni, to fill, plenumi, to fulfil (compare plenigi, to fill); kolo, neck, kolumo, collar; aero, air, aerumi, to air (a room, clothes, etc.).

[Words containing -um should be learnt as independent roots.]

Compound Words.

In Esperanto, any word can be combined with any other word or words to form a compound word. Considerable use is made of prepositions for this purpose. The requisite grammatical ending must of course be added in each case. The student should carefully study the following words, and also those given above, and endeavour to form words for himself.[9] Ability to form words readily is absolutely necessary to fluent speech or composition in the language. In the examples given below the component parts of the words are separated by a small stroke ('), but these are of course omitted in ordinary usage:

El'iri, to go out antaŭ'ĉambro, antechamber pri'pensi, to think over, reflect upon preter'paŝi, to pass by per'labori, to earn (gain by working) per'forto, violence tra'vivi, to live through, experience supre'n'iri, to go up, ascend inter'rompi, to interrupt kun'veno, an assembly, meeting al'paroli, to address, accost inter'rilati, to relate one with another inter'rilatoj, inter-relations inter'nacia, international skrib(o)'tablo, writing-table dorm(o)'ĉambro, bedroom naz'tuko, handkerchief ter'tremo, earthquake glit'iri, to skate glit'veturilo, a sleigh pied'ir'anto, a pedestrian bru'fermi, to slam facil'mova, agile, easy-moving hom'amo, philanthropy bon'far'anto, benefactor strat'lanterno, street-lamp bot'far'isto, bootmaker sam'profesi'anoj, members of the same profession ĉio'potenca, all-powerful libr'amanto, a book-lover doktor'edzino, doctor's wife mon'akir'ilo, a means of getting money ĉio'n'faranta, all-doing alt'anima, high-souled vivi'pova, capable of life ali'landulo, foreigner ali'maniere, in another way tiu'speca, of that kind

CORRELATIVE WORDS.

CONVERSATIONAL PHRASES AND SENTENCES.

38. Useful and Necessary Expressions. (Utilaj kaj Necesaj Esprimoj.)

39. Expressions of Emotion, etc. (Esprimoj de Emocio, k.t.p.)

40. Enquiries. (Demandoj.)

41. Public Notices. (Publikaj Avizoj.)

42. Travelling: By Railway. (Veturado: per la Fervojo.)

(For Vocabulary see §. 19.)

43. Travelling: By Steamer. (Veturado: per Vaporŝipo.)

(For Vocabulary see §. 20.)

44. At the Custom House. (Ĉe la Doganejo.)

45. Arrival. (Alveno.)

(For Vocabulary see §. 19.)

46. 'Bus and Tram. (Omnibuso kaj Tramveturilo.)

(For Vocabulary see §. 19.)

47. Hotel and Rooms. (Hotelo kaj Ĉambroj.)

48. Breakfast. (Matenmanĝo.)

(For Vocabularies see §§. 4-6 & 14-15.)

49. Dinner. (Ĉefmanĝo.)

(For Vocabularies see §§. 4-6 & 14-15.)

50. Tea. (Teo.)

(For Vocabularies see §§. 4-6 & 14-15.)

51. Health. (La Sano.)

(For Vocabulary see §. 13.)

52. In Town. (En la Urbo.)

(For Vocabulary see §. 9.)

53. Shopping. (Aĉetado.)

(For Vocabularies see §§. 3-8 & 14-18.)

54. The Dressmaker. (La Modistino.)

(For Vocabulary see §. 16.)

55. The Shoemaker. (La Ŝuisto.)

56. The Laundress. (La Lavistino.)

(For Washing List see §. 17.)

57. Amusements. (Amuzaĵoj.)

(For Vocabulary see §. 22.)

58. Cycling. (La Ciklismo.)

(For Vocabularies see §§. 23-24.)

59. Motoring. (Aŭtomobilismo.)

(For Vocabularies see §§. 23-24; see also Cycling Phrases, above.)

60. Photography. (La Fotografarto.)

(For Vocabulary see §. 25.)

61. Religion. (La Religio.)

(For Vocabulary see §. 26.)

62. The Time of Day. (La Horo.)

63. Times, Seasons and Weather. (La Horoj, la Sezonoj, kaj la Vetero.)

(For Vocabularies see §§. 1 & 8.)

64. Post and Telegraph. (La Poŝto kaj la Telegrafo.)

(For Vocabulary see §. 30.)

65. Correspondence. (La Korespondado)

(For Vocabulary see §. 31.)

66. Legal and Judicial. (Leĝaj kaj Juraj Frazoj.)

(For Vocabulary, see §. 28.)

67. Commercial and Trading. (Komercaj kaj Negocaj Frazoj.)

(For Vocabulary see §. 29.)

68. Changing Money. (Por ŝanĝi monon.)

MONEY, WEIGHTS & MEASURES.

MONEY. (Mono.)

The following tables will be found useful:

English Money, with French, German and Italian Equivalents.

ENGLISH. | FRENCH. | GERMAN. | ITALIAN. -------------+-------------+-------------+----------- £ s. d. | Fr. C. | Mark Pf. | Lire Cent. 50 0 0 | 1250 00 | 1000 00 | 1260 00 10 0 0 | 250 00 | 200 00 | 252 00 5 0 0 | 125 00 | 100 00 | 126 00 4 0 0 | 100 00 | 80 00 | 100 80 1 0 0 | 25 00 | 20 00 | 25 20 16 0 | 20 00 | 16 00 | 20 16 10 0 | 12 50 | 10 00 | 12 60 5 0 | 6 25 | 5 00 | 6 30 4 0 | 5 00 | 4 00 | 5 04 2 6 | 3 12.5 | 2 50 | 3 15 1 0 | 1 25 | 1 00 | 1 25 6 | 62.5 | 50 | 62 5 | 52 | 41 | 52 4 | 41 | 33 | 41 1 | 10 | 8 | 10 0-1/2 | 5 | 4 | 5

French, German and Italian Money, with English Equivalents.

Considerable use is also made by Esperantists of the International Auxiliary Money-unit (Internacia Helpa Mono) introduced by M. René de Saussure, of the Internacia Scienca Asocio, Geneva. The unit is the Speso, equivalent to one-tenth of a farthing in English money.

10 spesoj (abbr. 10 s.) = 1 spesdeko (1 sd.) = 1/4d. 100 spesdekoj (100 sd.) = 1 spesmilo (1 sm.) = 2s. 0d. 1 sm. = 100 sd. = 1,000 s.

The approximate values of 10 spesmiloj in terms of the various national units are as follows: 10 spesmiloj = 25 francs = 20 shillings = 20 marks = 5 dollars = 24 Austrian kroner = 18 Scandinavian kroner = 12 Dutch florins = 9-1/2 roubles = 4-1/2 Portuguese milreis = 9 Brazilian milreis = 5 pesetas = 9-3/4 yen.

The chief point to remember is that 1 spesmilo equals 2 shillings, and 1 spesdeko equals approximately 1 farthing.

WEIGHTS & MEASURES. (Pezoj kaj Mezuroj.)

The Metric System is the one in general use among Esperantists. The following table shows the essential decimal character of the system:

Parts. Length. Weight. Capacity. One-thousandth. Milimetro. Miligramo. Mililitro. One-hundredth. Centimetro. Centigramo. Centilitro. One-tenth. Decimetro. Decigramo. Decilitro. ONE. METRO (unit). GRAMO (unit). LITRO (unit). Ten. Dekametro. Dekagramo. Dekalitro. Hundred. Hektometro. Hektogramo. Hektolitro. Thousand. Kilometro. Kilogramo. Kilolitro.

MEASURES OF LENGTH. (Mezuroj de Longeco.)

English. Esperanto. 1 inch = 2.54 centimetroj 1 foot (12 in.) = 30.48 " 1 yard (3 ft.) = 91.43 " 1 furlong (220 yds.) = 201 metroj 1 mile (1760 yds.) = 1.61 kilometroj 5 miles = 8.05 "

Esperanto. English. 1 centimetro = 0.394 (1/3) inch 1 decimetro = 3.94 inches 1 metro = 39.37 in. (3 ft. 3-1/3 in.) 1 hektometro = 109 yds. 1 ft. 1 kilometro = 1093 yds. (5/8 mile) 5 kilometroj = 3 miles 220 yds.

WEIGHTS. (Pezoj.)

English. Esperanto. 1 ounce... = 28 gramoj 1 lb. (16 oz.) = 453 " 1 stone (14 lb.) = 6 kilo. 345 gr. 1 quarter (28 lb.) = 12 kilo. 690 gr. 1 cwt. (112 lb.) = 50 kilo. 750 gr. 1 ton (20 cwt.) = 1015 kilogramoj

Esperanto. English. 1 gramo = .0357 (1/30) oz. (15.432 gr.) 1 hektogramo = 3-1/2 oz. 1 kilogramo = 2.2 lb. 5 kilogramoj = 11 lb. 1000 " = 19 cwt. 2 qr. 23 lb.

LIQUIDS. (Fluidaĵoj.)

English. Esperanto. 1 pint = 0.57 litro 1 quart (2 pints) = 1.14 litroj 1 gallon (4 quarts) = 4.54 " 1 barrel (36 gallons) = 160.32 " 1 hogshead (54 gall.) = 240.48 "

Esperanto. English. 1 litro = 1.76 (1-3/4) pints (0.22 gall.) 5 litroj = 1 gallon 1 pint 1 hektolitro = 22 gallons 1 kilolitro = 220 "

AREA. (Areo.)

English. Esperanto. 1 sq. inch = 6.45 kvadrataj centimetroj 1 sq. foot = 9.29 " decimetroj 1 sq. yard = 83.6 " decimetroj 1 acre = 4046.78 kv. metroj

Esperanto. English. 1 centiaro (1 kv. metro) = 1.196 sq. yd. 1 aro (100 kv. metroj) = 0.099 rood 1 hektaro (10,000 kv. metroj) = 2.471 acres

The following Esperanto translations of English units are sometimes needed: Colo, inch; futo, foot; jardo, yard; mejlo, mile; unco, ounce; funto, pound; ekro, acre.

POSTAGE.

The postage on LETTERS from the United Kingdom to foreign countries (except Egypt and the United States) is 2-1/2d. for 1 ounce, and 1-1/2d. for each succeeding ounce or fraction thereof; POSTCARDS, 1d.; NEWSPAPERS, 1/2d. for every 2 ounces; COMMERCIAL PAPERS, 2-1/2d. for the first 10 ounces, and 1/2d. per 2 ounces thereafter. Special Coupons for PREPAYMENT OF REPLY are issued in connection with many countries.

NOTES

[1] Any information as to Esperanto groups, literature, etc., may be obtained on application to The British Esperanto Association, 142, High Holborn, London, W.C. 1.

[2] The names of trees and bushes are formed by adding the suffix -uj (or simply -arbo, tree) to the root denoting the fruit or flower. E.g., pruno, plum--prunujo or prunarbo, plum-tree; marono, chestnut--maronujo, maronarbo, chestnut-tree; rozo, rose--rozujo, rozarbeto, rose-bush.

[3] See §. "The Noun."

[4] Where a country is called after its inhabitants, the Esperanto name for it is formed by adding the suffix *-uj* (= that which contains, see section "Suffixes") or *-lando* (land) to the root denoting the inhabitant. Thus: Belg-o, Belgian--Belg-ujo, Belgium; Brito, Briton--Grandbritujo, Great Britain; Sviso, a Swiss--Svisujo, Switzerland; or Belgolando, Skotlando, Anglolando, Svislando, etc. Where the name of the inhabitants is formed from that of the country, use is made of the suffix *-ano* (= member of). Thus: Eŭropo, Europe--Eŭropano, European; Irlando, Ireland--Irlandano, Irishman.

[5] See *-an*, section "Suffixes".

[6] See section "Participles".

[7] See section "Suffixes".

[8] See section "Suffixes".

[9] For this purpose the small penny Esperanto "key," which contains the fundamental roots of the language, will be found useful. It may be obtained of any Esperanto bookseller.

------------------- TRANSCRIBER'S NOTES

Text printed in italics or in *bold* was represented as shown.

References to page numbers have been rewritten to use section titles or numbers (including sections 38 to 68 which are not numbered in the original).

The following typographic errors were corrected:

p. 20, piedovojeto > piedvojeto p. 46, ŝraubturnilo > ŝraŭbturnilo p. 60, Telephono > Telefono (in title) p. 78, double > duoble (duoble, doubly) p. 85, -ac > -aĉ p. 87, autaŭ'ĉambro > antaŭ'ĉambro p. 101, Lauhore > Laŭhore p. 103, esta > estas (Ĉu la matenmanĝo estas...?) p. 108, miaj-amikoj > miaj amikoj p. 114, ŝraubingon > ŝraŭbingon p. 118, ight-horse-power > eight-horse-power

as well as several punctuation errors and inconsistencies in the Prononciation column of the tables, which were silently corrected.

Spotted a typo or a problem in this chapter? Tell us

Esperanto Self-Taught with Phonetic Pronunciation

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Esperanto Self-Taught with Phonetic Pronunciation

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