XI. THE LAST YEARS OF ARCHBISHOP THEOBALD

XI. THE LAST YEARS OF ARCHBISHOP THEOBALD

1156–1161.

All Henry’s endeavours for the material and political revival of his kingdom had been regulated thus far by one simple, definite principle:--the restoration of the state of things which had existed under his grandfather. In his own eyes and in those of his subjects the duty which lay before him at his accession, and which he had faithfully and successfully fulfilled, was to take up the work of government and administration not at the point where he found it, but at the point where it had been left by Henry I. and Roger of Salisbury: to pull down and sweep away all the innovations and irregularities with which their work had been overlaid during the last nineteen years, and bring the old foundations to light once more, that they might receive a legitimate superstructure planned upon their own lines and built upon their own principles. In law, in finance, in general administration, there was one universal standard of reference:--“the time of my grandfather King Henry.”

But there was one side of the national revival, and that the most important of all, to which this standard could not apply. The religious and intellectual movement which had begun under Henry I., far from coming to a standstill at his death, had gone on gathering energy and strength during the years of anarchy till it had become the one truly living power in the land, the power which in the end placed Henry II. on his throne. It looked to find in him a friend, a fellow-worker, a protector perhaps; but it had no need to go back to a stage which it had long since overpassed and make a new departure thence under the guidance of a king who was almost its own creation. At the very moment of Henry’s accession, the hopes of the English Church were raised to their highest pitch by the elevation of an Englishman to the Papal chair. Nicolas Breakspear was the only man of English birth who ever attained that lofty seat; and the adventures which brought him thither, so far as they can be made out from two somewhat contradictory accounts, form a romantic chapter in the clerical history of the time. Nicolas was the son of a poor English clerk[1538] at Langley, a little township belonging to the abbey of S. Alban’s.[1539] The father retired into the abbey,[1540] leaving his boy, according to one version of the story, too poor to go to school and too young and ignorant to earn his bread; he therefore came every day to get a dole at the abbey-gate, till his father grew ashamed and bade him come no more; whereupon the lad, “blushing either to dig or to beg in his own country,” made his way across the sea.[1541] Another version asserts that Nicolas, being “a youth of graceful appearance, but somewhat lacking in clerkly acquirements,” sued to the abbot of S. Alban’s for admission as a monk; the abbot examined him, found him insufficiently instructed, and dismissed him with a gentle admonition: “Wait awhile, my son, and go to school that you may become better fitted for the cloister.”[1542] Whether stung by the abbot’s hint or by his father’s reproofs, young Nicolas found his way to Paris and into its schools, where he worked so hard that he out-did all his fellow-students.[1543] But the life there wearied him as it had wearied Thomas Becket; he rambled on across Gaul into Provence, and there found hospitality in the Austin priory of S. Rufus. His graceful figure, pleasant face, sensible talk and obliging temper so charmed the brotherhood that they grew eager to keep him in their midst,[1544] and on their persuasion he joined the order.[1545] It seems that he was even made superior of the house, but the canons afterwards regretted having set a stranger to rule over them, and after persecuting him in various ways appealed to the Pope to get rid of him. The Pope--Eugene III.--at first refused to hear them; but on second consideration he decided to give them over to their own evil devices and offer their rejected superior a more agreeable post in his own court.[1546] Nicolas, who had already twice visited Rome, proceeded thither a third time and was made cardinal[1547] and bishop of Albano.[1548] Shortly afterwards he was appointed legate to Norway and Denmark, an office which he filled with prudence and energy during some years.[1549] Returning to Rome about 1150, he apparently acted as secretary to Eugene III. until the latter’s death in July 1153.[1550] The next Pope, Anastasius III., reigned only sixteen months, and dying on December 2, 1154, was succeeded by the bishop of Albano, who took the name of Adrian IV.[1551]

[1538] Will. Newb., l. ii. c. 6 (Howlett, vol. i. p. 109).

[1539] Gesta Abbat. S. Albani (Riley), vol. i. p. 112.

[1540] Will. Newb. as above. Probably he separated from his wife in consequence of some of the decrees against clerical marriage passed under Henry I.; that she was not dead is plain from John of Salisbury’s mention of her as still living in the days of his friendship with Nicolas. Joh. Salisb., Metalog., l. iv. c. 42 (Giles, vol. v. p. 205).

[1541] Will. Newb. as above (pp. 109, 110).

[1542] Gesta Abbat. as above. The abbot’s name is there given as Robert, but this must be wrong, as Robert did not become abbot till 1151, and by 1150, as we shall see, Nicolas was at Rome.

[1543] Gesta Abbat. (as above), pp. 112, 113.

[1544] Will. Newb., l. ii. c. 6 (Howlett, vol. i. p. 110).

[1545] Ibid. Gesta Abbat. (Riley), vol. i. p. 113.

[1546] Will. Newb. as above (pp. 110, 111). The church of S. Rufus (diocese Valence) had between 1145 and 1151 an abbot named N.... The editors of Gall. Christ. (vol. xvi. cols. 359, 360) will not allow that this N. was Nicolas Breakspear, and of course the date will not agree with the version of his history in the Gesta Abbat.; but it agrees perfectly with that of Will. Newb.; while the Gesta’s dates are confuted by Nicolas’s undoubted signatures at Rome.

[1547] Gesta Abbat. as above.

[1548] Will. Newb. as above (p. 111). Rob. Torigni, a. 1154.

[1549] Will. Newb. as above.

[1550] “A partir de l’année 1150, on trouve la souscription de Nicolaus episcopus Albanensis au bas des bulles d’Eugène III.” Delisle, Rob. Torigni, vol. i. p. 288, note 2.

[1551] Will. Newb. as above (p. 111). Date from Cod. Vatic., Baronius, Annales (Pagi), vol. xix. p. 77.

The English Church naturally hailed with delight the accession of a pontiff who was at once one of her own sons and a disciple of Eugene, whom the leaders of the intellectual and spiritual revival in England had come to regard almost as their patron saint.[1552] Adrian indeed shared all their highest and most cherished aspirations far more deeply and intimately than Eugene himself could have done. It was in the cloisters of Canterbury that these aspirations were gradually taking definite shape under the guidance of Archbishop Theobald. There, beneath the shadow of the cathedral begun by Lanfranc and completed by S. Anselm, their worthy successor had been throughout the last ten or twelve years of the anarchy watching over a little sanctuary where all that was noblest, highest, most full of hope and promise in the dawning intellectual life of the day found a peaceful shelter and a congenial home. The Curia Theobaldi, the household of Archbishop Theobald, was a sort of little school of the prophets, a seminary into which the vigilant primate drew the choicest spirits among the rising generation, to be trained up under his own eyes in his own modes of thought and views of life, till they were fitted to become first the sharers and then the continuators of his work for the English Church and the English nation. Through his scholars had come the revival of legal and ecclesiastical learning in England; through them had come the renewal of intercourse and sympathy with the sister-Churches of the west; through them had been conducted the negotiations with Rome which had led to the restoration of order and peace; and in them, as Theobald hoped, the Church, having saved the state, would find her most fitting instruments for the work of reform and revival which still remained to be done within her own borders. One by one, as the occasion presented itself, he began to send them forth to take independent positions in the Church or in the world. Of the chosen three whom he specially trusted, the first who thus left his side was John of Canterbury, who in 1153 succeeded Hugh of Puiset as treasurer of York. Next year Theobald was able to place another of his disciples in the northern metropolis in a far more important capacity: he succeeded in obtaining the royal assent to the appointment of Roger of Pont-l’Evêque as archbishop of York, in succession to S. William, who had been restored by Pope Anastasius after Henry Murdac’s death, but died six weeks after his restoration.[1553]

[1552] John of Salisbury frequently writes of him as “Sanctus Eugenius.”

[1553] R. Diceto (Stubbs), vol. i. pp. 298, 299. Gerv. Cant. (Stubbs), vol. i. p. 158. Will. Newb., l. ii. c. 26 (Howlett, vol. i. pp. 80, 82). Anon. I. (Robertson, Becket, vol. iv.), pp. 10, 11.

Roger’s history before his entrance into the primate’s household is so completely lost that even the rendering of his surname is a matter of some doubt; it may have been derived from the English town of Bishopsbridge, and if so Roger was now going back as primate to his own native shire; it seems however more probable that he came from Pont-l’Evêque in Normandy.[1554] He was evidently some years older than Theobald’s other favourites, John of Canterbury and Thomas of London; for we find him and Gilbert Foliot quarrelling, apologizing, lecturing and forgiving each other with an outspoken freedom and familiarity possible only between two men of equal standing who have been friends from their youth.[1555] With Thomas Becket, on the other hand, Roger was never upon really friendly terms; jealous, no doubt, of the younger man who seemed likely to supersede him in the primate’s confidence, Roger lost no opportunity of teasing the “hatchet-clerk” (as he called Thomas, from the nickname of the man who had first introduced him to Theobald), and made his life so wretched that he was twice driven to quit the archbishop’s house and take refuge with Theobald’s brother, Walter, archdeacon of Canterbury, till the latter smoothed the way for his return.[1556] On Walter’s elevation to the see of Rochester in 1148 his archdeaconry was given to Roger;[1557] he also held some other preferments, all of which he was at one time in great danger of losing--most likely on account of his share in the famous “swimming-voyage” to Reims; but his friend Gilbert Foliot secured him the protection of the Pope;[1558] and the restoration of the archbishop would naturally involve that of the archdeacon. After six years’ tenure of his office at Canterbury Roger was called to go up higher. Theobald had more than one reason for desiring his archdeacon’s elevation. He wished it for Roger’s own sake; he wished it still more for the sake of his younger favourite, whom he longed to establish in a position of dignity and importance, yet close to his own side; above all, he wished it for the sake of the Church;[1559] for he naturally hoped that in leaving one of his own foremost disciples seated on the metropolitan chair of York, he would be leaving at least one prelate of the highest rank firmly pledged to those schemes of ecclesiastical policy and organization which he himself had most at heart. His confidence in Roger was over-great. After all the disputes about the canonical relations between Canterbury and York which had wasted the energies of Lanfranc and embittered the last days of S. Anselm, Theobald missed his opportunity of securing at last a full acknowledgement of Canterbury’s superior rights, and was rash enough to consecrate Roger without requiring from him a profession of obedience.[1560] The large-hearted primate evidently never dreamed that any question of obedience could arise between himself and one of his spiritual sons, or that Roger’s loyalty to him could fail to be extended to his successor. He never discovered his mistake; it was Roger’s old rival, and with him the English Church, who ultimately had to bear its unhappy consequences.

[1554] There is a bit of evidence on this side in Thomas Saga (Magnusson), vol. i. p. 40, where the writer calls him “Rogerum Nevstriensem.”

[1555] Gilb. Foliot, Epp. cix.–cxi. (Giles, vol. i. pp. 135–145). This was after Roger became archbishop; the quarrel went so far that Roger appealed to Rome about it, and carried his appeal in person. (What can be the date of this?) Gilbert owns that he had let his sharp tongue run away with him; Roger lectures him soundly, but ends with “ecce jam in occursum vestrum vetus festinat amicus,” and a proposal to kill the fatted calf in celebration of his repentance (Ep. cx. p. 141).

[1556] Will. Fitz-Steph. (Robertson, Becket, vol. iii.), p. 16. Cf. Anon I. (ib. vol. iv.), pp. 9, 10; E. Grim (ib. vol. ii.), p. 362; and Gamier (Hippeau), p. 10.

[1557] Gerv. Cant. (Stubbs), vol. i. p. 133.

[1558] “Clericus ... dilecti filii vestri domini Cantuariensis archiepiscopi Magister R. de Ponte Episcopi vestrum adit urgente necessitate præsidium ut ad tuenda ea quæ canonice possidet a vestrâ imploret serenitate patrocinium.” Gilb. Foliot, Ep. xvii (Giles, vol. i. p. 30). The salutation of the letter runs “Summo Dei gratiâ Pontifici E., frater G. Glocestriæ dictus abbas”; it looks very much as if written in the interval between the council of Reims and Gilbert’s consecration.

[1559] Anon. I. (Robertson, Becket, vol. iv.), p. 10.

[1560] “Sed professionem non fecit” [Roger], significantly remarks R. Diceto (Stubbs), vol. i. p. 298. Roger was consecrated at Westminster on October 10, 1154; ibid. Gerv. Cant. (Stubbs), vol. i. p. 158.

Immediately after Roger’s consecration Thomas was raised by his primate to deacon’s orders and made archdeacon of Canterbury.[1561] A few months later the accession of Henry II. opened the way for his advancement in another direction. His appointment to the chancellorship involved a great self-sacrifice on the part of Theobald; for the chancellor’s duties--at least as conceived by Thomas, and as Theobald had intended him to conceive them--took him not only quite away from those of his archdeaconry and from his primate’s side, but very often out of the country altogether; so that Theobald in giving him up to the king had condemned himself to pass his declining years apart from the object of his warmest earthly affections. But the Curia Theobaldi was by no means deserted; though it had lost its most brilliant star, there was no lack of lesser lights to brighten the primate’s home-circle; there was one whose soft mild radiance, less dazzling than the glory of Thomas, was a far truer and steadier reflex of Theobald’s own calm and gentle spirit. Yet John of Salisbury had entered the archbishop’s household within a comparatively recent period. His father’s name seems to have been Reinfred;[1562] his family connexions were all in or around the city whence his surname was derived;[1563] but there is some indication that John himself may have been born in London.[1564] In the year after the death of Henry I. he went to study in Paris, and there received his first lessons in dialectics from the greatest scholar of the day--sitting at the feet of Peter Abelard, and eagerly drinking in, to the utmost capacity of his young mind, every word that fell from the master’s lips. Abelard departed all too soon, and John pursued his studies for about two years under his successors Alberic and Robert, of whom the latter, although commonly called “Robert of Melun” from having taught with distinction in that place, was an Englishman by birth, and will come before us again in later days as Gilbert Foliot’s successor in the bishopric of Hereford. It must have been precisely during those two years that Thomas of London also was in Paris for the first time, striving for his mother’s sake to overcome his dislike of books; and it was possibly there that the two young Englishmen, who must have been of nearly the same age, began to form an acquaintance which afterwards ripened into a lifelong friendship. And it can only have been about the same time, and in that same wonderful meeting-place where so many of the happiest and most fruitful associations of the time had their beginnings, that John of Salisbury first met with Nicolas of Langley.

[1561] Will. Fitz-Steph. (Robertson, Becket, vol. iii.), p. 17. Herb. Bosh. (ibid.), p. 168. Will. Cant. (ib. vol. i.), p. 4. Anon. I. (ib. vol. iv.), p. 11. Garnier (Hippeau), p. 10. Gerv. Cant. (Stubbs), vol. i. p. 159. Rog. Howden (Stubbs), vol. i. p. 213, where he is called “Thomas Beket”--apparently for the first time.

[1562] “Magister B. filius Reinfred peccator, fraterculus meus,” is named by Joh. Salisb. Ep. xc. (Giles, vol. i. p. 135).

[1563] See his correspondence passim.

[1564] There is among John’s letters a most enigmatical one--Ep. cxxx. (Giles, vol. i. p. 109)--without date, address, or writer’s name, but very much in the tone and style of John’s familiar letters--in which a Londoner, or rather a man who tried to make himself out to be such, is described as “concivis noster.” It looks very much as if written by John to Thomas.

Thomas went home to the plodding life of a city merchant’s clerk; Nicolas set out on the long course of wandering which was to bring him at last to the Papal chair; John, having as he says “steeped himself to the finger-tips in dialectics, and moreover learned to think his knowledge greater than it really was,” applied himself for the next three years to the schools of the grammarians William of Conches and Richard l’Evêque, with whom he went over again the whole course of his previous studies, penetrated somewhat deeper into those of the quadrivium which he had begun under the direction of a German named Hardwin, and improved some slight notions of rhetoric which he had acquired at the lectures of a certain Master Theodoric. His relatives were quite unable to maintain him all this while; like all poor students of the day, he earned his living and his college-fees by teaching others, and as he pleasantly says “What I learned was the better fixed in my mind, because I constantly had to bring it out for my pupils.” One of these pupils was William of Soissons, to whom he taught the elements of logic, “and who afterwards contrived, as his followers say, a method of breaking down the old strongholds of logic, producing unexpected consequences, and overthrowing the opinions of the ancients.” John however declined to believe in a “system of impossibilities,” for which he at any rate was clearly not responsible; for he had soon transferred his pupil to the care of one Master Adam, an English teacher deeply versed in Aristotelian lore. It seems just possible that this Master Adam, who was at this time helping John in his studies not as a teacher but as a friend,[1565] was the same who many years before had stood in a somewhat similar relation to Gilbert Foliot.[1566] He may, however, perhaps be more probably identified with Adam “du Petit-Pont”--so called from the place where he lectured in Paris--who in 1176 became bishop of S. Asaph’s.[1567] After a while John found that with all his efforts he could hardly earn enough to live upon in Paris; so by the advice of his friends he determined to set up a school elsewhere.[1568] While sitting at the feet of the “Peripatetic” doctors on the Mont-Ste.-Geneviève he had become acquainted with a young native of Champagne, Peter by name, who was studying in the school of S. Martin-des-Champs.[1569] The two friends, it seems, settled together at Provins in Peter’s native land, and there, under the protection of the good Count Theobald,[1570] laboured and prospered for three years.[1571] Long afterwards, from his anxious post at the side of the dying Archbishop Theobald, John’s thoughts strayed tenderly back to the days which he and his young comrade, with hearts as light as their purses, had spent among the roses of Champagne: “I am the same that ever I was,” he wrote to Peter, now abbot of Celle, “only I possess more than you and I had between us at Provins.”[1572] He returned to Paris, revisited his old haunts on the Mont-Ste.-Geneviève, and was amused to find his old school-companions just where and as he had left them. “They did not seem to have advanced an inch towards disposing of the old questions, nor to have added one new proposition.” He, in his three years of healthy meditation in the country, had discovered that their dialectics, however useful as a help to other studies, were in themselves but a fruitless and lifeless system; he therefore now gave himself up to the study of theology under a certain Master Gilbert, Robert “Pullus”--in whom one is tempted to recognize the Robert Pulein who had planted the seed of the first English University by his divinity-lectures at Oxford in 1133--and lastly, Simon of Poissy.

[1565] Joh. Salisb. Metalog., l. ii. c. 10 (Giles, vol. v. pp. 78–80). Adam’s nationality appears in l. iii. c. 3 (p. 129), where he is described as “noster ille Anglus Peripateticus Adam.”

[1566] See below, p. 492, 493.

[1567] Wright, Biogr. Britt. Lit., vol. ii. pp. 245, 246.

[1568] Joh. Salisb. Metalog., l. ii. c. 10 (Giles, vol. v. pp. 80, 81).

[1569] On Peter of Celle see Migne, Patrologia, vol. ccii. cols. 399, 400, and Gall. Christ., vol. xii. col. 543.

[1570] Cf. Joh. Salisb. Epp. lxxxii. and cxliii. (Giles, vol. i. pp. 114, 206); and see also Demimuid, Jean de Salisbury, pp. 26, 27.

[1571] “Reversus itaque in fine triennii.” Joh. Salisb. Metalog. as above (p. 81).

[1572] Joh. Salisb. Ep. lxxxii. (Giles, vol. i. p. 114).

John’s whole career in the schools, after occupying about twelve years,[1573] apparently came to an end shortly before the council of Reims. His old friend Peter had already retired into the peace of the cloister, and about this time became abbot of Celle, near Troyes. There John, who was utterly without means of living, found a shelter and a home, nominally, it seems, in the capacity of Peter’s “clerk” or secretary, but in reality as the recipient of a generous hospitality which sought for no return save the enjoyment of his presence and his friendship.[1574] Such a light as John’s, however, could not long remain thus hidden under a bushel. So felt Peter himself;[1575] and at that moment a better place for it was easily found. At the council of Reims, or during his exile after it, the archbishop of Canterbury probably met the abbot of Celle and his English “clerk”;[1576] he certainly must have met the abbot of Clairvaux; and S. Bernard, with his unerring instinct, had already discovered John’s merits. He named him to Theobald in terms of commendation; and it was he who furnished the letter of introduction,[1577] as it was Peter who furnished the means,[1578] wherewith John at last made his way to the archbishop’s court,[1579] of which he soon became one of the busiest and most valued members. So busy was he--so “distracted with diverse and adverse occupations,” as he himself said--that he complained of being scarce able to steal an hour for the literary and philosophical pursuits which he so dearly loved. Ten times in the next thirteen years[1580] did he cross the Alps, twice did he visit Apulia, on business with the Roman court for his superiors or his friends; besides travelling all over England and Gaul on a variety of errands, and fulfilling a crowd of home-duties which left him scarcely time to look after his own private affairs, much less to indulge in study.[1581] The greater part of the communications between Theobald and Eugene III. must have passed through his hands, either as messenger or as amanuensis; but his name never figures in their diplomatic history; his place therein was a subordinate one. It was not in his nature to take the foremost rank. Not that he was unfit for it:--with his gracious, genial temper; his calm clear judgement, generally sound because always disinterested; his delicate wit, his easy, elegant scholarship, and his wide practical experience of the world--John of Salisbury might have adorned far higher positions in either Church or state than any which he ever actually occupied. But his own position was a thing of which he seems never to have thought, save as a means of serving others. His apology for his unwilling neglect of literature--“I am a man under authority”[1582]--might have been the motto of his life. He left it to others to lead; if they led in the way of righteousness, they might be sure of one faithful adherent who would serve and follow them through good report and evil report, who would try to clear the path before them at any risk to himself; who would criticize their conduct and tell them of their errors with fearless simplicity, while striving to avert the consequence of those errors and to cover their retreat; who in poverty and exile, incurred for another’s sake, would make light of his own sufferings and be constantly endeavouring to relieve those of his fellow-sufferers, and who would always find or make a silver lining to the darkest cloud. This was what John did for the possible acquaintance of his early student-days whom he had now rejoined in the household of Archbishop Theobald. To the end of his life he was more than satisfied to count the friendship of Thomas Becket as his chief title of honour, and to let whatever share of lustre might have been his own go to brighten the aureole of his friend. It brightened it far more than he knew. When detractors and panegyrists have both done their worst, there remains this simple proof of the real worth of Thomas--that he inspired such devotion as this in a man such as John of Salisbury, and that he knew how to appreciate it as it deserved.

[1573] Joh. Salisb. Metalog., l. ii. c. 10 (Giles, vol. v. p. 81).

[1574] Joh. Salisb. Ep. lxxxv. (Giles, vol. i. p. 117). Pet. Cell. Epp. lxvii.–lxxv. (Migne, Patrol., vol. ccii. cols. 513–522).

[1575] Pet. Cell. Ep. lxx. (as above, col. 516).

[1576] The Historia Pontificalis, certainly the work of one who was present at this council, is attributed to John.

[1577] S. Bern. Ep. ccclxi. (Mabillon, vol. i. col. 325).

[1578] Joh. Salisb. Ep. lxxxv. (Giles, vol. i. p. 117).

[1579] From the Prologue to the Polycraticus, l. i. (Joh. Salisb. Opp., Giles, vol. iii. p. 13), it appears that at the time of writing it John had been twelve years at the court. As the Polycraticus was written during the war of Toulouse, this takes us back to 1148. He must in fact have joined Theobald very soon after the council of Reims.

[1580] He himself makes it twenty years (Joh. Salisb. Metalog., prolog. l. iii., Giles, vol. v. p. 113); but he cannot possibly have left Paris before 1147, and the Metalogicus was finished before Theobald’s death in 1161. Either there is something wrong in John’s reckoning, or in his copyist’s reading of it, or this passage was added some years after the completion of the book.

[1581] Joh. Salisb. Metalog. as above.

[1582] Joh. Salisb. Polycrat., prolog. l. vii. (Giles, vol. iv. p. 80).

It was however John’s friendship with Nicolas of Langley which in these years of his residence in the primate’s household made him so valuable to Theobald as a medium of communication with Rome. We can hardly doubt that this acquaintance, too, had begun in Paris; now, as the English cardinal-secretary and the envoy of the English primate discussed in the Roman court the prospects of their common mother-country and mother-Church, their acquaintance ripened into a friendship which no change of outward circumstances could alter or disturb. Nicolas cared more for John than for his own nearest relatives; he declared in public and in private that he loved him above all men living; he delighted in unburthening his soul to him. When he became Pope there was no change; a visit from John was still Adrian’s greatest pleasure; he rejoiced in welcoming him to his table, and despite John’s modest remonstrances insisted that they should be served from the same dish and flagon.[1583] King and primate were both alike quick to perceive and use such an opportunity of strengthening the alliance between England and Rome; while Adrian on his part was all the more ready to give a cordial response to overtures made to him from the land of his birth, when they came through the lips of his dearest friend. As a matter of course, it was John who very soon after the accession of Henry II. was sent to obtain a Papal authorization for the king’s projected conquest of Ireland.[1584] Naturally, too, it was John who now became Theobald’s private secretary and confidential medium of communication with Pope Adrian. A considerable part of the correspondence which goes under John’s name really consists of the archbishop’s letters, John himself being merely the amanuensis. This part of his work, however, was a relaxation which he only enjoyed at intervals; he was still constantly on active duty of some kind or other not only at the court of the primate but also at that of the king; and sorely did he long to escape from its weary trifling, to find rest for his soul in the pursuit of that “divine philosophy” which had been the delight of his youth.[1585] But obedience, not inclination, had brought him to court, and obedience kept him there. Thomas knew his worth and would not let him go; at last, to pacify his uneasiness, he bade him relieve his mind by pouring it out in a book. John protested he had scarce time to call his soul his own, much less his intellect or his hands.[1586] He was, however, set free by the removal of the court over sea for the expedition against Toulouse; and while Thomas was riding in coat of mail at the head of his troops against Count Raymond and King Louis, John was writing his Polycraticus in the quiet cloisters of Canterbury.[1587]

[1583] Joh. Salisb. Metalog., l. iv. c. 42 (Giles, vol. v. p. 205).

[1584] Joh. Salisb. Metalog., l. iv. c. 42 (Giles, vol. v. pp. 205, 206).

[1585] Joh. Salisb. Polycrat., l. i. prolog. (Giles, vol. iii. p. 13).

[1586] Ib. l. vii. prolog. (vol. iv. p. 80).

[1587] Ib. l. i. prolog. (vol. iii. p. 16). Cf. ib. l. viii. c. 24 (vol. iv. p. 379).

This book of Polycraticus on the Triflings of Courtiers and the Foot-prints of Philosophers[1588] is a strange medley of moral and political speculations, personal experiences, and reflections upon men and things, old and new. Its greatest charm lies in the revelation of the writer’s pure, sweet, child-like character, shining unconsciously through the veil of his scholastic pedantries and rambling metaphysics; its historical value consists in the light which it throws on the social condition of England with respect to a crowd of matters which the chroniclers leave wholly in the dark. “Part of it,” says the author in his dedication, “deals with the trifles of the court; laying most stress on those which have chiefly called it forth. Part treats of the foot-prints of the philosophers, leaving, however, the wise to decide for themselves in each case what is to be shunned and what to be followed.”[1589] We need not weary ourselves with John’s meditations upon Aristotle and Plato and their scholastic commentators; they all come round to one simple conclusion--that the fear of the Lord is the beginning of wisdom, and the love of Him the end of all true philosophy.[1590] It is in the light of this truth that he looks at the practical questions of the day, and reviews those “trifles of the court” which are really the crying abuses of the government, the ecclesiastical administration, and society at large. In the forefront of all he does not hesitate, although dedicating his book to the chancellor whose passion for hunting almost equalled that of the king himself, to set the inordinate love of the chase and the cruelties of the forest-law.[1591] The tardiness of the royal justice and the corruption of the judges--“justitiæ errantes, justices errant are they rightly called who go erring from the path of equity in pursuit of greed and gain”[1592]--was also, after seven years of Henry’s government, still a ground of serious complaint. So, too, was the decay of valour among the young knighthood of the day--a consequence of the general relaxation of discipline, first during the years of anarchy, and then in the reaction produced by the unbroken peace which England had enjoyed since Henry’s accession. Chivalry was already falling back from its lofty ideal; military exercises were neglected for the pleasures and luxury of the court; the making of a knight, in theory a matter almost as solemn as the making of a priest, was sinking into a mere commonplace formality;[1593] and the consequences were beginning to be felt on the Welsh border.[1594] John was moved to contrast the present insecurity of the marches with their splendid defence in Harold’s time,[1595] and to lament that William the Conqueror, in his desire to make his little insular world share the glories of the greater world beyond the sea, had allowed the naturally rich and self-sufficing island to be flooded with luxuries of which it had no need, and thus fostered rather than checked the indolent disposition which had helped to bring its people under his sway.[1596]

[1588] Polycraticus de Nugis Curialium et Vestigiis Philosophorum.

[1589] Joh. Salisb. Polycrat., l. i. prolog. (Giles, vol. iii. p. 13).

[1590] This is the idea which runs through the whole of Polycraticus, and indeed through all John’s writings. It is neatly expressed in two lines of his Entheticus (vv. 305, 306, Giles, vol. v. p. 248):

“Si verus Deus est hominum sapientia vera, Tunc amor est veri philosophia Dei.”

[1591] Joh. Salisb. Polycrat., l. i. c. 4 (Giles, vol. iii. pp. 19–32).

[1592] Ib. l. v. c. 15 (p. 322). Cf. cc. 10, 11 (pp. 300–311). Pet. Blois, Ep. xcv. (Giles, vol. i. p. 297), makes a like play on the title of the judges.

[1593] Joh. Salisb. Polycrat., l. vi. cc. 2, 3, 5, 8–10 (Giles, vol. iv. pp. 8–12, 15, 16, 20–23).

[1594] Ib. cc. 6, 16 (pp. 16, 17, 39, 40).

[1595] Ib. c. 6 (p. 18).

[1596] Ib. l. viii. c. 7 (p. 238).

The ills of the state had each its counterpart in the Church; the extortions and perversions of justice committed by the secular judges were paralleled by those of the ecclesiastical officials, deans and archdeacons;[1597] and at the bottom of the mischief lay the old root of all evil. Simony was indeed no longer public; spiritual offices were no longer openly bought with hard cash; but they were bought with court-interest instead;[1598] the Church’s most sacred offices were filled by men who came straight from the worldly life of the court to a charge for which they were utterly unfit;[1599] although, in deference to public opinion, they were obliged to go through an elaborate shew of reluctance, and Scripture and hagiology were ransacked for examples of converted sinners, which were always found sufficient to meet any objections against a candidate for consecration and to justify any appointment, however outrageous.[1600] All the sins of the worldly churchmen, however, scarcely move John’s pure soul to such an outburst of scathing sarcasm as he pours upon the “false brethren” who sought their advancement in a more subtle way, by a shew of counterfeit piety:--the ultra-monastic, ultra-ascetic school, with their overdone zeal and humility, and their reliance on those pernicious exemptions from diocesan jurisdiction which the religious orders vied with each other in procuring from Rome, and which were destroying all discipline and subverting all rightful authority.[1601]

[1597] Ib. l. v. c. 15 (vol. iii. pp. 327, 328).

[1598] Ib. l. vii. c. 18 (vol. iv. pp. 149, 152).

[1599] Ib. l. v. c. 15 (vol. iii. p. 329).

[1600] Ib. l. vii. cc. 18, 19 (vol. iv. pp. 149–152, 156–158).

[1601] Joh. Salisb. Polycrat., l. vii. c. 21 (Giles, vol. iv. pp. 169–178). It is to be noted that the two orders which John considers to be least infected with this hypocrisy are those of the Chartreuse and of Grandmont. Ib. c. 23 (pp. 180, 181).

Over against the picture of the world and the Church as they actually were, the disciple of Archbishop Theobald sets his ideal of both as they should be--as the primate and his children aimed at making them. For John’s model commonwealth, built up in a somewhat disjointed fashion on a foundation partly of Holy Writ and partly of classic antiquity, is not, like the great Utopia of the sixteenth century, the product of one single, exceptionally constituted mind; it is a reflection of the plans and hopes of those among whom John lived and worked, and thus it helps us to see something of the line of thought which had guided their action in the past and which moulded their schemes for the future. Like all medieval theorists, they began at the uppermost end of the social and political scale; they started from a definite view of the rights and duties of the king, as the head on which all the lower members of the body politic depended. The divine right of kings, the divine ordination of the powers that be, were fundamental doctrines which they understood in a far wider and loftier sense than the king-worshippers of the seventeenth century:--which they employed not to support but to combat the perverted theory that “the sovereign’s will has the force of law,” already creeping in through the influence of the imperial jurisprudence;[1602]--and which were no less incompatible with the principle of invariable hereditary succession. “Lands and houses and suchlike things must needs descend to the next in blood; but the government of a people is to be given only to him whom God has chosen thereto, even to him who has God’s Spirit within him and God’s law ever before his eyes.... Not that for the mere love of change it is lawful to forsake the blood of princes, to whom by the privilege of the divine promises and by the natural claims of birth the succession of their children is justly due, if only they walk according to right. Neither, if they turn aside from the right way, are they to be immediately cast off, but patiently admonished till it become evident that they are obstinate in their wickedness”[1603]--then, and then only, shall the axe be laid to the root of the corrupt tree, and it shall cumber the ground no more.[1604]

[1602] Ib. l. iv. c. 7 (vol. iii. p. 241).

[1603] Joh. Salisb. Polycrat., l. v. c. 6 (Giles, vol. iii. p. 278).

[1604] Ib. l. iv. c. 12 (pp. 259, 260).

Such was the moral which the wisest and most thoughtful minds in England drew from the lessons of the anarchy. On a like principle, it was in the growth of a more definite and earnest sense of individual duty and responsibility, as opposed to the selfish lawlessness which had so long prevailed, that they trusted for the regeneration of society. They sought to teach the knights to live up to the full meaning of their vows and the true objects of their institution--the protection of the Church, the suppression of treason, the vindication of the rights of the poor, the pacification of the country;[1605] so that the consecration of their swords upon the altar at their investiture should be no empty form, but, according to its original intention, a true symbol of the whole character of their lives and, if need be, of their deaths.[1606] And then side by side with the true knight would stand the true priest:--both alike soldiers of the Cross, fighting in the same cause though with different weapons--figured, according to John’s beautiful application of a text which medieval reformers never wearied of expounding, by the “two swords” which the Master had declared “enough” for His servants, all the lawless undisciplined activity of self-seekers and false brethren being merely the “swords and staves” of the hostile multitude.[1607] Into a detailed examination of the rights or the duties of the various classes of the people no one in those days thought it necessary to enter; their well-being and well-doing were regarded as dependent upon those of their superiors, and the whole question of the relation between rulers and ruled--“head and feet,” according to the simile which John borrows from Plutarch--was solved by the comprehensive formula, “Every one members one of another.”[1608] To watch over and direct the carrying-out of this principle was the special work of the clergy; and the clerical reformers were jealous for the rights of their order because, as understood by them, they represented and covered the rights of the whole nation; the claims which they put forth in the Church’s name were a protest in behalf of true civil and religious liberty against tyranny on the one hand and license on the other.[1609] “For there is nothing more glorious than freedom, save virtue; if indeed freedom may rightly be severed from virtue--for all who know anything aright know that true freedom has no other source.”[1610]

[1605] Ib. l. vi. c. 8 (vol. iv. p. 21).

[1606] Ibid. c. 10 (p. 23). Cf. Pet. Blois, Ep. xciv. (Giles, vol. i. pp. 291–296).

[1607] Joh. Salisb. Polycrat., l. vi. c. 8 (Giles, vol. iv. p. 21). John’s use of the text is perhaps only a generalization from S. Bernard’s application of it to Suger and the count of Nevers, left regents of France in 1149. Odo of Deuil, Rer. Gall. Scriptt., vol. xii. p. 93.

[1608] Joh. Salisb. Polycrat., l. vi. c. 20 (as above, pp. 51, 52).

[1609] Ib. l. vii. c. 20 (pp. 161–169).

[1610] Ibid. c. 25 (p. 192).

How far these lofty views had made their way into the high places of the Church it was as yet scarcely possible to judge. The tone of the English episcopate had certainly undergone a marked change for the better during the last six years of Stephen’s reign. Theobald’s hopes must, however, have been chiefly in the rising generation. Of the existing bishops there was only one really capable of either helping or hindering the work which the primate had at heart; for Henry of Winchester, although his royal blood, his stately personality and his long and memorable career necessarily made him to his life’s end an important figure in both Church and state, had ceased to take an active part in the affairs of either, and for several years lived altogether away from England, in his boyhood’s home at Cluny.[1611] A far more weighty element in the calculations of the reforming party was the character and policy of the bishop of Hereford, Gilbert Foliot. From the circumstances in which we find Gilbert’s relatives in England,[1612] it seems probable that he belonged to one of the poorer Norman families of knightly rank who came over either in the train of the great nobles of the conquest or in the more peaceful immigration under Henry I. His youth is lost in obscurity; of his education we know nothing, save by its fruits. Highly gifted as he unquestionably was by nature, even his inborn genius could hardly have enabled him to acquire his refined and varied scholarship, his unrivalled mastery of legal, political and ecclesiastical lore, his profound and extensive knowledge of men and things, anywhere but in some one or other of the universities of the day. It is curious that although Gilbert’s extant correspondence is one of the most voluminous of the time--extending over nearly half a century, and addressed to persons of the most diverse ranks, parties, professions and nationalities--it contains not one allusion to the studies or the companions of his youth, not one of those half playful, half tender reminiscences of student-triumphs, student-troubles and student-friendships, which were so fresh in the hearts and in the letters of many distinguished contemporaries. Only from an appeal made to him, when bishop of London, in behalf of his old benefactor’s orphan and penniless children, do we learn that he had once been the favourite pupil, the ward, almost the adoptive son, of a certain Master Adam.[1613] It is tempting, but perhaps hardly safe, to conjecture that this Master Adam was the learned Englishman of that name who in like manner befriended another young fellow-countryman, John of Salisbury, when he too was studying in Paris.[1614] This, however, was not till Gilbert Foliot’s student-days had long been past. Wherever his youth may have been spent, wherever his reputation may have been acquired, the one was quite over and the other was fully established before 1139, when he had been already for some years a monk of Cluny, had attained the rank of prior in the mother-house, and had thence been promoted to become the head of the dependent priory of Abbeville.[1615]

[1611] He went there in 1155 (Rob. Torigni, ad ann.), and does not reappear in England till March 1159 (Palgrave, Eng. Commonwealth, vol. ii. p. xii).

[1612] See his letters passim.

[1613] Gilb. Foliot, Epp. dxv., dxvii. (Giles, vol. ii. pp. 323, 324, 326). The writer of the first is “Ranulfus de Turri”; the second is anonymous. Both appeal earnestly to the bishop’s charity and gratitude in behalf of “J. filius A. magistri quondam vestri, procuratoris vestri, tutoris vestri.... Hæreat animo sanctitatis vestræ illa M. Adæ circa vos curarum gravitas, alimoniæ fœcunditas, diligentia doctrinæ, specialis impensa benivolentiæ. Quis hodie proprios liberos regit providentius, educat uberius, instruit attentius, diligit ferventius? Sic pæne amor ille modum excessit, ut vos diligeret non quasi excellenter, sed quasi singulariter ... qui vos aliquando pro filio adoptavit” (Ep. dxv.). “Tangat memoriam vestram illa M. Adæ circa vos curarum gravitas, doctrinæ profunditas, alimoniæ ubertas, postremo fervens, immo ardens caritas. Hæreat animo vestro quantâ curâ, quali amplexu, quam speciali privilegio, illa doctoris vestri, procuratoris, tutoris, diligens vigilantia vos non modo supra familiares, verum supra quoslibet mortales adoptaverit, qualiterque ejus spiritus in vestro, ut ita dicam, spiritu quieverit.” Ep. dxvii.

[1614] See above, p. 482. In any case, Gilbert’s Master Adam is surely a somewhat interesting person, of whom one would like to know more. This was the condition of his eldest son, when commended to the gratitude of Gilbert: “Pater ejus cum fati munus impleret, filium reliquit ære alieno gravatum, fratrum numerositate impeditum, redituum angustiis constrictum, et quibusdam aliis nexibus intricatum.” Gilb. Foliot, Ep. dxvii. (Giles, vol. ii. p. 326). “Onerant enim eum supra modum redituum angustiæ, debitorum paternorum sarcinæ, amicorum raritas, fratrum sororumque pluralitas et reliquæ sarcinæ parentelæ.” Ep. dxv. (ib. p. 323).

[1615] Gilb. Foliot, Ep. cclxix. (Giles, vol. i. p. 366).

In 1139 the abbot of S. Peter’s at Gloucester died; Miles the constable, the lord of Gloucester castle and sheriff of the county, and the greatest man of the district after Earl Robert himself, secured the vacant office for Gilbert Foliot,[1616] who was a family connexion of his own.[1617] The abbey of S. Peter at Gloucester, founded as a nunnery in the seventh century, changed into a college of secular priests after the Danish wars, and finally settled as a house of Benedictine monks in the reign of Cnut, had risen to wealth and fame under its first Norman abbot, Serlo, some of whose work still survives in the nave of his church, now serving as the cathedral church of Gloucester. Gloucester itself, the capital of Earl Robert’s territories, was still, like Hereford and Shrewsbury, a border-city whose inhabitants had to be constantly on their guard against the thievery and treachery of the Welsh, who, though often highly useful to their English earl as auxiliary forces in war, were anything but loyal subjects or trustworthy neighbours. The position of abbot of S. Peter’s therefore was at all times one of some difficulty and anxiety; and Gilbert entered upon it at a specially difficult and anxious time. Stephen’s assent to his appointment can hardly have been prompted by favour to Miles, who had openly defied the king a year ago; he may have been influenced by fear of giving fresh offence to such a formidable deserter, or he may simply have been, as we are told, moved by the report of Gilbert’s great merits.[1618] The new abbot proved quite worthy of his reputation. His bitterest enemies always admitted that he was a pattern of monastic discipline and personal asceticism; and his admirable judgement, moderation and prudence soon made him a personage of very high authority in the counsels of the English Church. Holding such an important office in the city which was the head-quarters of the Empress’s party throughout the greater part of the civil war, he of course had his full share of the troubles of the anarchy, whereof Welsh inroads counted among the least. There is no doubt that in bringing him to England Miles had, whether intentionally or not, brought over one who sympathized strongly with the Angevin cause; but Gilbert’s sympathies led him into no political partizanship. During his nine years’ residence at Gloucester he consistently occupied the position which seems to have been his ideal through life: that of a churchman pure and simple, attached to no mere party in either Church or state, but ready to work with each and all for the broad aims of ecclesiastical order and national tranquillity. That these aims came at last to be identified with the success of the Angevin party was a result of circumstances over which Gilbert had no control. He was honoured, consulted and trusted by the most diverse characters among the bishops. Mere abbot of a remote monastery as he was, Nigel of Ely was glad to be recommended by him to Pope Celestine, Jocelyn of Salisbury to Lucius, and Alexander of Lincoln to Eugene III.[1619] He was treated almost as an equal not only by his own diocesan Bishop Simon of Worcester, by his neighbour Robert of Hereford, and by Jocelyn of Salisbury, but even by the archbishop of Canterbury and the legate Henry of Winchester; and he writes in the tone of a patron and adviser to Bishop Uhtred of Landaff and to the heads of the religious houses on the Welsh border.[1620] He seems indeed to have been the usual medium of communication between the Church in the western shires and its primate at far-off Canterbury, who evidently found him a trustworthy and useful agent in managing the very troublesome Church affairs of the Welsh marches during the civil war.

[1616] Flor. Worc. Contin. (Thorpe), vol. ii. p. 114. Hist. Monast. S. Pet. Gloc. (Riley), vol. i. p. 18.

[1617] Gerv. Cant. (Stubbs), vol. i. p. 162.

[1618] Flor. Worc. Contin., a. 1139 (Thorpe, vol. ii. p. 114). Hist. S. Pet. Gloc. (Riley), vol. i. p. 18.

[1619] Gilb. Foliot, Epp. v., xi., xxv. (Giles, vol. i. pp. 12, 22, 37).

[1620] See his correspondence while abbot of Gloucester; Gilb. Foliot Opp. (Giles), vol. i. pp. 3–94.

When at last the storm subsided and a turn of the tide came with the spring of 1148, Theobald openly shewed his confidence in the abbot of Gloucester by commanding his attendance on that journey to Reims which the king had forbidden, and which was therefore looked upon as the grand proclamation of ecclesiastical independence, as well as of devotion to the house of Anjou. Gilbert, with characteristic caution, excused himself on the plea that the troubles of his house urgently required his presence at home;[1621] but he ended by going nevertheless,[1622] and when his friend Bishop Robert of Hereford--one of the three prelates whom Stephen had permitted to attend the council of Reims--died during its session, the Pope and the primate rewarded Gilbert with the succession to the vacant see.[1623] For his perjury in doing homage to Stephen for its temporalities after swearing to hold them only of Henry Fitz-Empress he may be supposed to have quieted his conscience with the plea that there was no other means of securing them for Henry’s benefit;--a plea which Henry, after some delay,[1624] found it wise to accept. The heads of the Angevin party knew indeed that Gilbert regarded all homage to Stephen as simply null and void; he had just written it plainly to Brian Fitz-Count, when criticizing Brian’s apology for the Empress, in a letter[1625] which, we may be very sure, must have been handed about and studied among her friends as a much more valuable document than the pamphlet which had called it forth.

[1621] Gilb. Foliot, Epp. vi., vii. (ib. pp. 13, 14).

[1622] He writes--evidently from the spot--a report of the council of Reims to Robert archdeacon of Lincoln; Gilb. Foliot, Ep. lxxvi. (as above, p. 92). In July he was at Arras with Theobald: Ep. lxxiii. (ib. p. 89).

[1623] See above, pp. 370, 371.

[1624] Gilb. Foliot, Epp. xc., cxxx. (as above, pp. 116, 170).

[1625] Gilb. Foliot, Ep. lxxix. (Giles, vol. i. pp. 94–102); a most interesting and valuable letter, being a detailed review of the whole question of the succession, as well as of Brian’s “book.” The latter is unhappily lost.

The career of the new bishop of Hereford was but the natural continuation of that of the abbot of Gloucester. His more exalted office enabled him to be more than ever Theobald’s right hand in the direction of the western dioceses. In their secular policy he and Theobald were wholly at one; whether they really were equally so in their ideas of Church reform is a question which was never put to the test; but the tone of Gilbert’s mind, so far as it can be made out from his letters and from his course in after-years, does not seem to have altogether harmonized with that which prevailed in the primate’s household; and the one member of that household with whom Gilbert was on really intimate terms was precisely the one who, as afterwards appeared, had imbibed least of its spirit--Roger of Pont-l’Evêque. Gilbert’s character is not an easy one to read. Its inner depths are scarcely reflected in his letters, which are almost all occupied with mere business or formal religious exhortation; we never get from him such a pleasant little stream of unpremeditated, discursive talk as John of Salisbury or Peter of Blois delighted to pour out of the abundance of their hearts into the ears of some old comrade, or such a flood of uncontrolled passion as revealed the whole soul of Thomas Becket. Gilbert’s letters are carefully-balanced, highly-finished compositions; almost every one of them reads as if it had received as much polishing, in proportion to its length and importance, as the review of Earl Brian’s book, which, the abbot owns, occupied what should have been his hours of prayer during two days.[1626] A strong vein of sarcasm, very clever as well as very severe, is the only token of personal feeling which at times forces its way strangely, almost startlingly, through the veil of extreme self-depreciation with which Gilbert strove to cover it. The self-depreciation is even more disagreeable than the sarcasm; yet it seems hardly fair to accuse Gilbert of conscious hypocrisy. There was a bitter, sneering disposition ingrained in his innermost being, and he knew it. His elaborate expressions of more than monastic humility and meekness may have been the outcome of a struggle to smother what he probably regarded as his besetting sin; and if he not only failed to smother it, but drifted into a much more subtle and dangerous temptation, still it is possible that he himself never perceived the fact, and was less a deceiver than a victim of self-deception. During his episcopate at Hereford, at any rate, no shadow of suspicion fell upon him from any quarter; primate and Pope esteemed, trusted and consulted him as one of the wisest as well as most zealous doctors of the English Church; and when the young king came to his throne he did not fail to shew a duly respectful appreciation of Gilbert’s character and services.

[1626] “Et biduo saltem ores pro me, quia biduo mihi est intermissa oratio ut literas dictarem ad te.” Gilb. Foliot, Ep. lxxix. (Giles, vol. i. p. 102).

The king’s own attitude towards the religious revival was as yet not very clearly defined. Henry was not without religious impulse; but it had taken a special direction which indeed might naturally be expected in a grandson of Fulk of Jerusalem:--a restless desire to go upon crusade. He had no sooner mounted his throne than he began to urge upon the English Pope, newly crowned like himself, the importance of giving special attention to the necessities of the Holy Land.[1627] Four years later he proposed to join Louis of France in a crusade against the Moors in Spain. Louis wrote to the Pope announcing this project and begging for his advice and support; Adrian in reply assured the two kings of his sympathy and goodwill, but though praising their zeal he expressed some doubt of its discretion, advised them to ascertain whether the Spaniards desired their help before thrusting it upon them unasked, and reminded Louis in plain terms of the disastrous issue of his former rash crusade.[1628] The warning was needless, for it was hardly written before the intending brothers-in-arms were preparing to fight against each other; and before the war of Toulouse was over the English Pope was dead.[1629]

[1627] Pet. Blois, Ep. clxviii. (Giles, vol. ii. pp. 116–118). The letter is headed merely “Tali Papæ talis rex,” but there can be no doubt that they are Henry and Adrian. The king congratulates himself and his country--“noster Occidens”--on the elevation of a native thereof to the Papal chair, and makes suggestions to the Pope about the work which lies before him.

[1628] Adrian IV. Ep. ccxli. (Migne, Patrol., vol. clxxxviii., cols. 1615–1617; Duchesne, Hist. Franc. Scriptt., vol. iv. pp. 590, 591). Date, February 18 [1159].

[1629] Adrian died at Anagni on September 1, 1159. Alex. III. Ep. i. (Migne, Patrol., vol. cc., col. 70).

His death was a heavy blow to the Church of his native land; and it was followed by a schism which threatened disastrous consequences to all western Christendom. Two Popes were elected--Roland of Siena, cardinal of S. Mark and treasurer of the Holy See, and Octavian, cardinal of S. Cecilia, a Roman of noble birth. This latter, who assumed the name of Victor IV., was favoured by the Emperor, Frederic Barbarossa. After a violent struggle he was expelled from Rome and fled to the protection of his imperial patron, who thereupon summoned a general council to meet at Pavia early in the next year and decide between the rival pontiffs.[1630] Only the bishops of Frederic’s own dominions obeyed the summons, and only one of the claimants; for Alexander III. (as Roland was called by his adherents) disdained to submit to a trial whose issue he believed to have been predetermined against him. He was accordingly condemned as a rebel and schismatic, and Victor was acknowledged as the lawful successor of S. Peter.[1631] This decision, however, bound only the bishops of the Imperial dominions; and its general acceptance throughout the rest of Christendom, doubtful from the first, became impossible when Alexander and his partizans published their account of the mode by which it had been arrived at. Victor--so their story went--had actually placed his pontifical ring in the Emperor’s hands and received it back from him as the symbol of investiture.[1632] The Church at large could have no hesitation in deciding that a man who thus climbed into the sheepfold by surrendering, voluntarily and deliberately, the whole principle of spiritual independence whose triumph Gregory and Anselm had devoted their lives to secure, was no true shepherd but a thief and robber. Frederic however lost no time in endeavouring to obtain for him the adhesion of France and England; and in the last-named quarter he had great hopes of success. Henry had for several years past shewn a disposition to knit up again the old political ties which connected England with Germany; friendly embassies had been exchanged between the two countries;[1633] now that he had begun to quarrel with France, too, he was likely to be more inclined towards an imperial alliance. Moreover it might naturally be expected that Frederic’s bold and apparently successful attempt to revive the claims of his predecessor Henry IV. on the subject of ecclesiastical investitures would meet with sympathy from the grandson and representative of Henry I. Indeed, the official report of the council of Pavia declares that Henry had actually, by letters and envoys, given his assent to its proceedings.[1634] But nothing of the kind was known in Henry’s own dominions;[1635] and it seems that the Emperor was forestalled by a Norman bishop.

[1630] Radevic of Freisingen, l. ii. cc. 43, 50–56 (Muratori, Rer. Ital. Scriptt., vol. vi. cols. 819, 823–834), largely made up of official letters. This is the Victorian or Imperialist version; for the Alexandrine see Will. Newb., l. ii. c. 9 (Howlett, vol. i. pp. 118, 119), and Arn. Lisieux, Epp. 21, 22, 23 (Giles, pp. 108–122. Arnulf calls the antipope “Otto.”) It seems quite hopeless to reconcile them or decide between them.

[1631] Rad. Freising., l. ii. cc. 64–72 (as above, cols. 838–853). Will. Newb., l. ii. c. 9 (Howlett, vol. i. pp. 119, 120).

[1632] Arn. Lisieux, Ep. 23 (Giles, p. 118).

[1633] Pipe Roll 4 Hen. II. (Hunter), p. 112. Cf. Rad. Freising., l. i. c. 7 (Muratori, Rer. Ital. Scriptt., vol. vi. cols. 744, 745). Another embassy from Henry reached Frederic in Lombardy, in the winter of 1158–1159, immediately after one from Louis. The object of each king was to secure Frederic’s alliance against the other, in prospect of the coming war of Toulouse; Rad. Freising., l. ii. c. 22 (as above, col. 804).

[1634] Report in Rad. Freising., l. ii. c. 70 (as above, col. 850). But the bishop of Bamberg, also an eye-witness, says: “Nuntius regis Francorum promisit pro eo neutrum se recepturum usque dum nuntios Imperatoris recipiat. Nuntius regis Anglorum idem velle et idem nolle promisit, tam in his quam in aliis” (ib. c. 71, col. 851); which leaves it doubtful whether the English envoy really echoed the decision of the council, or the answer of his French brother.

[1635] Not even to Stephen of Rouen, the author of the Draco Normannicus, who has a long account of the schism, curious as proceeding from a Norman monk whose sympathies are wholly and openly on the opposite side to that which was formally adopted by his own sovereign, nation and Church. Draco Norm., l. iii. cc. 6–11, vv. 361–868 (Howlett, Will. Newb., vol. ii. pp. 724–739).

Arnulf of Lisieux came of a family which had for more than half a century been constantly mixed up in the diplomatic concerns of Normandy and Anjou. Arnulf himself had begun his career about 1130 by writing a treatise in defence of an orthodox Pope against an usurper;[1636] he had been chosen to succeed his uncle Bishop John of Lisieux[1637] shortly before Geoffrey Plantagenet’s final conquest of Normandy, and had bought at a heavy price his peace with the new ruler;[1638] and for the next forty years there was hardly a diplomatic transaction of any kind, ecclesiastical or secular, in England or in Gaul, in which he was not at some moment and in some way or other concerned. He had little official influence; he had indeed a certain amount of territorial importance in Normandy, for Lisieux was the capital of a little county of which the temporal as well as the spiritual government was vested in the bishop; but a Norman bishop, merely as such, had none of the political weight of an English prelate; and Arnulf never held any secular office. He was not exactly a busybody; he was a consummate diplomatist, of wide experience and far-reaching intelligence, with whose services no party could afford to dispense; and his extraordinary caution and sagacity enabled him to act as counsellor and guide of all parties at once without sacrificing his own reputation as a sound Churchman and a loyal subject. In his youth he had come in contact with most of the rising scholars and statesmen of the day in the schools of Paris; and as he was an indefatigable and accomplished letter-writer, he kept up through life a busy correspondence with men of all ranks and all schools of thought on both sides of the sea.[1639] During the quarrel between Louis VII. and Geoffrey Plantagenet concerning the affair of Montreuil-Bellay, Arnulf was intrusted by Suger with a chief part in the negotiations for the restoration of peace;[1640] the final settlement in 1151, whereby the investiture of Normandy was secured to Henry, was chiefly owing to his diplomacy;[1641] he accompanied Henry to England and was present at his crowning;[1642] and on all questions of continental policy he continued to be Henry’s chief adviser till he was superseded by Thomas Becket.

[1636] See his Tractatus de Schismate in his “Works” (ed. Giles), pp. 43–79.

[1637] In 1141. Gall. Christ., vol. xi. cols. 774, 775.

[1638] Ib. col. 775.

[1639] One of his fellow-students was Ralf de Diceto, the future historian and dean of S. Paul’s, to whom he writes affectionately in after-years, recalling vividly the memories of joy and sorrow which they had shared in their college days. Arn. Lis. Ep. 16 (Giles, pp. 100, 101). Another of his early friends was Robert Bloet, bishop of Lincoln, whose good offices he earnestly entreated in behalf of the young Duke Henry when the latter made his expedition to England in 1149. Ep. 4 (pp. 85, 86).

[1640] Suger, Epp. clxvii., clxviii. (Migne, Patrol., vol. clxxxvi., cols. 1428, 1429).

[1641] Arn. Lis. Ep. 5 (Giles, pp. 86, 87). One passage looks as if the demand for Henry’s investiture had come from England; it is described as “postulatio Anglorum.”

[1642] Rob. Torigni, a. 1154.

To Arnulf there was nothing new or startling in a schism at Rome; his experiences of thirty years before enabled him to penetrate the present case at once, and as then with his pen, so now with his tongue, he proved the readiest and most powerful advocate of the orthodox pontiff. Fortunately, Henry was in Normandy; before any one else had time to gain his ear and bias his mind, before he himself had time to think of forming an independent judgement on the subject, Arnulf hurried to his side,[1643] and set forth the claims of Alexander with such convincing eloquence that the king at once promised to acknowledge him as Pope. He refrained however from issuing an immediate order for Alexander’s acceptance throughout his dominions, partly in deference to the Emperor,[1644] and partly to make sure of the intentions of the king of France. Louis, like Henry, had sent a representative to the council of Pavia, but he had taken care not to commit himself to any decision upon its proceedings.[1645] He was not naturally inclined to favour the Emperor’s views. The question of the investitures had never been as important in France as in Germany or in England, and had been settled by a kind of tacit concordat which the Most Christian King had no mind to forfeit his title by disturbing; France was always the staunchest upholder of the independence of the Apostolic see;[1646] and neither king nor clergy desired to change their attitude. They met in council at Beauvais some time in the summer of 1160; a similar gathering of the Norman bishops, in Henry’s presence, took place in July at Neufmarché; both assemblies resulted in the acknowledgement of Alexander.[1647] The formal assent of the Churches of England and Aquitaine had still to be obtained before either king would fully proclaim his decision.[1648] Archbishop Theobald’s anxious request for information and instructions concerning the schism[1649] was answered by an exhaustive and eloquent statement of the case from the pen of the indefatigable bishop of Lisieux;[1650] and in accordance with his directions the English bishops in council assembled unanimously declared their acceptance of Alexander III. as the lawful successor of S. Peter.[1651]

[1643] Arn. Lis. Epp. 18 and 21 (Giles, pp. 103, 104, 111).

[1644] Arn. Lis. Ep. 21 (Giles, p. 111).

[1645] See above, p. 499, note 3{1634}.

[1646] Arn. Lis. Ep. 23 (Giles, p. 120).

[1647] Rob. Torigni, a. 1160.

[1648] Arn. Lis. Epp. 23, 24 (Giles, pp. 120, 129).

[1649] Joh. Salisb. Ep. xliv. (Giles, vol. i. pp. 45, 46).

[1650] Arn. Lis. Ep. 23 (Giles, pp. 116–122). Cf. Gilb. Foliot, Ep. cxlviii. (Giles, vol. i. p. 197).

[1651] Gilb. Foliot, Ep. cxlviii. (as above). Joh. Salisb. Ep. lxiv (Giles, vol. i. p. 79).

Alexander’s legates were already in Normandy;[1652] unluckily, however, the use which Henry made of their presence led as we have seen to a fresh rupture between him and Louis; and by this the Emperor and the anti-pope immediately sought to profit. Tempting as their overtures were to Henry, it does not appear that he ever seriously entertained them; but the leaders of the English Church, having now learned the circumstances of the case and grasped the full importance of the triumph insured to the reforming party by his acceptance of Alexander, were naturally alarmed lest he should be induced to change his mind. Their anxiety was increased by the enfeebled state of their own ranks. The struggles of Bishop Richard of London to clear off the debts incurred in raising a fine required by Stephen at his election seemed to have only aggravated the confusion of his affairs, which his friends the bishops of Hereford and Lincoln were engaged in a desperate effort to disentangle,[1653] while Richard himself, to complete his misfortunes, was stricken helpless by paralysis.[1654] Henry of Winchester had returned to his diocese, after nearly four years’ absence, in 1159;[1655] but by the spring of 1161 he again left the Church of England to her fate and went back to his beloved Cluny.[1656] The bishoprics of Chester (or Lichfield), Exeter and Worcester were vacant;[1657] and, worst of all, Archbishop Theobald was dying.

[1652] Gilb. Foliot, Ep. cxlviii (as above).

[1653] Gilb. Foliot, Ep. cxx. (Giles, vol. i. p. 158).

[1654] R. Diceto (Stubbs), vol. i. p. 304.

[1655] See above, p. 492, note 1{1611}.

[1656] R. Diceto, as above.

[1657] Walter of Lichfield died December 7, 1160 (Stubbs, Registr. Sac. Ang., p. 30); Alfred of Worcester, July 31, 1160; and Robert of Exeter some time in the same year (ib. p. 31).

The primate’s letters during the last few months of his life shew him calmly awaiting his call to rest, yet anxiously longing to be assured of the future of those whom he was leaving behind, and to set in order a few things that were wanting before he could depart altogether in peace. Very touching are the expressions of his longing to “see the face of the Lord’s anointed once again”--to welcome the king back to his country and his home, safely removed from political temptations to break away from the unity of the Church.[1658] And there was another for whose return Theobald yearned more deeply still: his own long absent archdeacon--“the first of my counsellors, nay, my only one,” as he calls him, pleading earnestly with the king to let him come home.[1659] For a moment, indeed, Theobald was on the point of being left almost alone. Some rather obscure mischief-making in high places had caused John of Salisbury to be visited with the king’s severe displeasure; treated as a suspected criminal in England, forbidden to go and clear himself in Normandy, John found his position so unbearable that he contemplated taking refuge in France under the protection of his old friend Abbot Peter of Celle.[1660] He seems, however, to have ended by remaining in England under Theobald’s protection; before the winter of 1160, at any rate, he was again at Canterbury, watching over and tending the primate’s gradual decline;--almost overwhelmed with “the care of all the churches,” which Theobald had transferred to him;[1661]--characteristically finding relief from his anxieties in correspondence with old friends, and in the composition of another little philosophical treatise, called Metalogicus, whose chief interest lies in the sketch which it contains of its author’s early life.[1662] John’s disinterested affection and devoted services were fully appreciated by Theobald;[1663] but they could not make up for the absence of Thomas. Not only did the old man long to see his early favourite once more; not only were there grave matters of diocesan administration dependent on the archdeacon’s office and urgently requiring his personal co-operation:[1664]--it was on far weightier things than these that the archbishop desired to hold counsel with Thomas. In the hands of Thomas, as chief adviser and minister of the king, rested in no small degree the future of the English Church; Theobald’s darling wish was that it should rest in his hands as primate of all England.[1665]

[1658] Joh. Salisb. Epp. lxiii, lxiv,* lxiv** (Giles, vol. i. pp. 77, 78, 80–82), all from Theobald to Henry.

[1659] “Qui [sc. Thomas] nobis unicus est et consilii nostri primus.” Joh. Salisb. Ep. lxx. (ib. p. 93).

[1660] Joh. Salisb. Epp. lxi., xcvi., cviii., cxii., cxiii., cxv., cxxi. (ib. pp. 74, 75, 141–144, 158, 160, 161, 164, 165, 169, 170). See Demimuid, Jean de Salisbury, pp. 183–188.

[1661] Joh. Salisb. Metalog., prolog. (Giles, vol. v. pp. 8, 9), and l. iv. c. 42 (ib. p. 206).

[1662] Ib. l. ii. c. 10 (pp. 78–81).

[1663] Joh. Salisb. Ep. lxiv.* (Giles, vol. i. p. 80), from Theobald to Henry.

[1664] Joh. Salisb. Epp. xlix., lxxi. (ib. pp. 51, 52, 94, 95), both from Theobald to Thomas. The initial in the address of lxxi. is clearly wrong. See Robertson, Becket, vol. v. p. 11, note a.

[1665] This is distinctly stated by John of Salisbury:--

“Ille Theobaldus qui Christi præsidet aulæ, Quam fidei matrem Cantia nostra colit, Hunc successurum sibi sperat et orat, ut idem Præsulis officium muniat atque locum.”

Entheticus, vv. 1293–1296 (Giles, vol. v. p. 280.)

Later writers dilate upon the startling contrast between Becket’s character and policy as chancellor and as archbishop. That contrast vanishes when we look at the chancellor through the eyes of the two men who knew him best; and we find that the real contrast lies between their view of him and that of the outside world which only saw the surface of his life and could not fathom its inner depths. Those who beheld him foremost in every military exercise and every courtly pastime, far outdoing the king himself in lavish splendour and fastidious refinement, devoting every faculty of mind and body to the service and the pleasure of his royal friend:--those who saw all this, and could only judge by what they saw, might well have thought that for such a man to become the champion of the Church was a dream to be realized only by miracle or by imposture. But Archbishop Theobald and John of Salisbury had known his inmost soul, better perhaps than he knew it himself, before ever he went to court; and they knew that however startling his conduct there might look, he was merely fulfilling in his own way the mission on which he had been sent thither:--making himself all things to all men, if thereby he might by any means influence the court and the king for good.[1666] Even his suggestion of the scutage for the war of Toulouse did not seriously shake their faith in him; they blamed him, but they believed that he had erred in weakness, not in wilfulness.[1667] In the middle of the war John dedicated the Polycraticus to him as the one man about the court to whom its follies and its faults could be criticized without fear, because he had no part in them.[1668] Thomas himself does not seem to have contemplated the possibility of removal from his present sphere. It was not in his nature at any time to look far ahead; and Henry seemed to find his attendance more indispensable than ever, declaring in answer to Theobald’s intreaties and remonstrances that he could not possibly spare him till peace was thoroughly restored.[1669]

[1666] Joh. Salisb. Enthet., vv. 1435–1440 (Giles, vol. v. p. 285).

[1667] Joh. Salisb. Ep. cxlv. (Giles, vol. i. pp. 223, 224).

[1668] Joh. Salisb. Polycrat., prolog. (Giles, vol. iii. p. 13).

[1669] Joh. Salisb. Ep. lxxviii. (Giles, vol. i. p. 106).

Thomas was in a strait. His first duty was to his dying spiritual father; but he could not go against the king’s will without running such a risk as Theobald would have been the first to disapprove. Thomas himself therefore at last suggested that the archbishop should try to move the king by summoning his truant archdeacon to return home at once on pain of deprivation.[1670] Theobald, unable to reconcile the contradictory letters of king and chancellor with the general reports of their wonderful unanimity, steered a middle course between severity and gentleness, from fear of bringing down the royal displeasure upon his favourite, whom he yet half suspected of being in collusion with the king. His secretary, John, had no such doubts; but he too was urgent that by some means or other Thomas should come over before the primate’s death.[1671] If he did go, it can only have been for a flying visit; and there is no sign that he went at all. One thing he did obtain for Theobald’s satisfaction: the appointment of Bartholomew archdeacon of Exeter to the bishopric of that diocese.[1672] In April Richard Peche, on whom the see of Chester had been conferred, was consecrated at Canterbury by Walter of Rochester, the archbishop being carried into the chapel to sanction by his presence the rite in which he was too feeble to assist.[1673] By the hand of the faithful secretary John he transmitted to King Henry his last solemn benediction and farewell, and commended to the royal care the future of his church and the choice of his successor.[1674] A few days later, on April 18, 1161, the good primate passed away.[1675]

[1670] Ib. (p. 105).

[1671] Joh. Salisb. Ep. lxxviii. (Giles, vol. i. pp. 105–107).

[1672] Joh. Salisb. Epp. lxx., lxxi., lxxviii. (as above, pp. 94, 95, 106). On Bartholomew see also Ep. xc. (ib. pp. 132–136), where John addresses him as a personal friend.

[1673] Gerv. Cant. (Stubbs), vol. i. p. 168.

[1674] Joh. Salisb. Ep. liv. (Giles, vol. i. pp. 56–58). See the archbishop’s will in Ep. lvii. (ib. pp. 60–62).

[1675] Gerv. Cant. as above.

ERRATA

Page 50, line 8 from foot, insert “and” before “bore.” ” 158, ” 5, for “in” read “by.” ” 268, ” 18, dele “the following.” ” 274, ” 14 from foot, for “two” read “three.” ” 282, ” 14, insert “and” before “made.” ” 417, lines 3 and 4 from foot, for “husband ... heiress” read “head.” ” 438, note 5, line 8, for “David” read “Henry of Scotland.”

END OF VOL. I.

Printed by R. & R. CLARK, Edinburgh

INDEX

Aaron of Lincoln, ii. 487

Abelard, i. 480

Abingdon, its customs in 1185, ii. 475–477; its fair, 481, 482. See Faricius

Achard, lord of Châlus, ii. 382, 383

Aclea, battle of, i. 102

Acre taken by the crusaders, ii. 319

Adaland, archbishop of Tours, i. 131, 132

Adalbert, count of Périgord, i. 145

Adam, Master, i. 482, 492, 493

Adam de Bruce, ii. 145

Adam de Port, ii. 162

Adela, first wife of Geoffrey Greygown, i. 121, 135

Adela, countess of Chalon-sur-Saône, second wife of Geoffrey Greygown, i. 121, 134, 135, 199

Adela of France, daughter of Louis VII. and Eleanor, i. 445

Adela, daughter of Louis VII. and Constance, born, i. 468; betrothed to Richard, ii. 62; offered to John, 314; marries the count of Ponthieu, 374

Adela of Blois, daughter of Theobald IV., third wife of Louis VII., i. 468

Adela, daughter of William the Conqueror, wife of Stephen-Henry of Blois, i. 272; her children, 273

Adela of Vendôme, daughter of Fulk Nerra and Elizabeth, i. 172

Adela, see Hermengard

Adelaide or Blanche, mother of Queen Constance, i. 191, 192

Adelard of Bath, i. 94, 95

Adeliza of Louvain, second wife of Henry I., i. 94; married to William of Aubigny, 298; receives the Empress Matilda, i. 309

Ademar, count of Angoulême, ii. 316, 381, 398, 399

Ademar, viscount of Limoges, ii. 220, 230, 381, 382

Adrian IV., Pope, i. 476; his relations with the English Church and the Curia Theobaldi, 477; friendship with John of Salisbury, 485; bull for conquest of Ireland, 431; ii. 95, 96, 182; relations with Henry II., i. 497; dies, 498. See Nicolas

Ælendis of Amboise, wife of Ingelger, i. 105, 131

Aerschot, see Arnold

Agnes of Burgundy, her marriages, i. 174, 197–199; kinship with Geoffrey Martel, 136, 175, 199; divorced, 212

Agnes of Merania, ii. 395, 401

Agnes of Poitou, daughter of William IV., marries Emperor Henry III., i. 176

“Aids” from towns, i. 25, 29; the Sheriff’s, ii. 15; pour fille marier, 125, 126; for the king’s ransom, 325

Aileach, kings of, see Donell, Murtogh

Alan Barbetorte, count of Nantes and duke of Britanny, i. 115

Alan III., duke of Britanny, helps Herbert Wakedog against Avesgaud and Fulk, i. 159, note 4{343}; marriage, 205; death, 206, 211

Alan Fergant, duke of Britanny, his marriages, i. 328, note 4{930}

Alan, count of Nantes, i. 146

Alan of Richmond, i. 318, 319, 321

Albano, see Henry

Alberic, bishop of Ostia, legate, i. 299, 300

Alberic, count of Gâtinais, see Geoffrey

Albinus or Aubin, S., bishop of Angers, i. 98

Alcuin, i. 181

Aldgate, priory of Holy Trinity at, i. 66

Alençon, i. 208, 209; treaty of, 217; surrendered to Henry I., 233; restored to William Talvas, 236; won by Fulk V., ib. See Robert, William

Alexander II., Pope, i. 220

Alexander III., Pope, i. 498; acknowledged in France and England, 502; grants the pall to Thomas, ii. 6; meets Henry and Louis at Chouzy, 13; holds a council at Tours, 14; relation to the Becket quarrel, 29, 50–52; condemns Constitutions of Clarendon, 42; returns to Rome, 55; appoints Thomas legate, 67; sends commissioners to mediate between Henry and Thomas, 69, 70; authorizes Roger of York to crown young Henry, 71; forbids him, 72; interdicts the Angevin dominions and excommunicates the murderers of S. Thomas, 79; sends envoys to Henry, 80

Alexander, bishop of Lincoln, i. 83, 94, 303, 304

Alfhun, master of S. Bartholomew’s hospital, i. 67

Alfonso II., king of Aragon, ii. 133; helps Richard in Aquitaine, 230, 231

Alfonso VIII., king of Castille, marries Eleanor, daughter of Henry II., ii. 60; submits his quarrel with Navarre to Henry’s arbitration, 190

Alfonso Jordan, count of Toulouse, i. 455, 456, 458

Alfred of Beverley, ii. 445, 446

Alice of Maurienne betrothed to John Lackland, ii. 132–134; dies, 184

Almeric of Montfort, i. 232, 236, 237, 238, 241

Almeric, viscount of Thouars, ii. 395, 427, 428

Alnwick, ii. 161

Amboise, i. 105, 106; house of the Angevin counts at, 151; Odo’s last attack on, 163. See Lisoy, Sulpice

Ambrières, i. 209, 211

Anagni, see John

Andegavi, i. 97

Andely, Isle of, ii. 376, 377; besieged by Philip, 411, 412; John’s attempt to relieve it, 413–415; taken, 416

Andely, Nouvel or Petit, ii. 377; taken by Philip, 416; fate of its townsfolk, 417, 418

Andes, i. 97, 130

Andrew of London, i. 363

Angareth, wife of William de Barri, ii. 453

Angers (Juliomagus), i. 98; its position as a border-fortress, 101; seized by northmen, 103; relieved by Charles the Bald, ib., 104; its aspect in tenth century, 108; palace of the counts, 109, 132–134, 165; of the bishops, 133; fires at, ib., 152; R. Diceto’s description of, 134; Henry I. of France at, 213; betrayed to Fulk Rechin, 220; Urban II. at, 225; burghers of, revolt against Fulk V., 234; Fulk Nerra’s buildings at, 165; abbeys of S. Aubin and S. Sergius at, 98; our Lady of Charity (Ronceray), 165; S. Nicolas, ib., 172, 214, 225, 228; Henry II.’s buildings at, ii. 197, 199, 200; Henry and his sons at, 224; given up to Arthur, 389; seized by his friends, 407; retaken by John, 428; bishops, see Albinus, Dodo, Rainald, Raino, Ulger

Angevin March, the, i. 101; its extent, 130

Angevins, see Anjou

Angoulême, disputed succession, ii. 220. See Ademar, Isabel, Matilda, Vulgrin, William

Anjou, its geographical position and character, i. 97; political position, 106, 107; its character as a marchland, 107; its golden age, 113; sources of its history, 126, 127; county of, “bipartite,” 128, 129, 130; its extent, 97, 130; dependence on the duchy of France, 130; condition at Fulk Rechin’s death, 229; placed under interdict, 242; revolts of the barons, 266–267, 343; rebels in (1173), ii. 136; condition under Henry II., 194–196; John acknowledged in, 388; accepts Arthur, 389; submits to Philip, 425; counts of, their origin, i. 105; character, 108; palace at Angers, 109, 132–134, 165; burial-place, 117, note 3{263}; claims upon Nantes, 116, 117; upon Maine, i. 124, 140–142; the demon-countess, 143; house at Amboise, 151; rivalry with Blois, 145, 150, 188, 271, 279; extinction of the male line, 214; decline after Martel’s death, 215, 218; relations with France, 164; ii. 357; growth of their power, 187, 188; career in Palestine, 239; their work for England, 490, 492. See Elias, Fulk, Geoffrey, Guy, Henry, Hermengard, Ingelger, Lambert, Matilda, Odo, Robert, Sibyl, William

Annonain, Pont de l’, ii. 200, 201

Anselm, S., archbishop of Canterbury, i. 8, 9; his struggle with Henry I., 15–18; consecrates Malchus to Waterford, ii. 89; dies, i. 63; proposal to canonize him, ii. 14

Aquitaine, its relations with France, i. 123, 145, 383, 456, 457; ii. 202; extent and history, i. 454; granted to Richard, ii. 62; rebels in (1173), 136; country and people, 201, 203–205; its importance for England, 201; relations with Henry II., 203, 205; risings in, 58, 109, 220; submits, 230; proposal to give it to John, 233; restored to Richard, 247. See Eleanor, Odo, Richard, William

Aquitania, i. 99, 454

Aragon, see Alfonso, Ramirez, Petronilla

Arcelles, see Saher

Archambald, brother of Sulpice of Amboise, i. 194

Architecture, English, in twelfth century, i. 55

Aremburg of Maine, betrothed to Geoffrey Martel II., i. 226; marries Fulk V., 232; dies, 245

Argentan, i. 373; ii. 79, 80

Aristotle, study of, in the middle ages, ii. 466, 467

Arles, see Bertha, Burgundy, Provence, William

Armagh, synod at, ii. 105. See Malachi

Arms, Assize of, ii. 177, 178

Arnold, count of Aerschot, i. 362

Arnulf, bishop of Lisieux, i. 500; persuades Henry II. to acknowledge Pope Alexander, 501; advises Henry to appeal against Thomas, ii. 65; rebels, 140

Arques, i. 342; ii. 405, 406, 425

Arthur, King, i. 33; Henry II.’s correspondence with, ii. 57 note 2{226}, 447; invention and translation of, 447, 448; romances of, 448, 449

Arthur, son of Geoffrey and Constance of Britanny, born, ii. 245; recognized by Richard as his heir, 295; in custody of Philip, 370; joins Richard, 374; acknowledged in Anjou, Touraine and Maine, 389; does homage to Philip, 390; quarrels with Philip and goes to John, 394; flies, 395; does homage to John, 397; knighted, 404; meets the Lusignans at Tours, 405; besieges Mirebeau, 406; captured, ib.; imprisoned, 407; death, 408, 429, 430; its consequences, 409

Arundel, i. 10, 309. See William

Assize of Arms, ii. 177, 178; of Clarendon, 122, 123; of the Forest, 177; Great, 122; Henry Fitz-Aylwine’s, 485; of Measures, 348; of Mort d’ancester, 172; of Northampton, 172, 173; later developements, 338–340

Aubigny, see William

Aubrey de Vere, i. 305

Augustinians, see Canons

Aulerci Cenomanni, i. 201, 202

Aumale, see William

Austin canons, see Canons

Austria, see Leopold

Autun, see Lambert

Auvergne, its feudal relations, ii. 202, 203; attacked by Philip, 252; Richard gives up his claims upon, 361

Auxerre, Thomas Becket studies at, i. 379

Avesgaud, bishop of Le Mans, i. 159 note 4{343}, 204, 205

Avice of Gloucester betrothed to John Lackland, ii. 184; married, 282; divorced, 398

Avranches, ii. 81

Axholm, ii. 152, 155

Azay, conference at, ii. 263

Baggamore, i. 291

“Baille-hache,” i. 353, 354

Bailleul, see Bernard, Jocelyn

Baldwin II., king of Jerusalem, i. 246

Baldwin III., king of Jerusalem, ii. 239

Baldwin IV., king of Jerusalem, ii. 239, 247

Baldwin, archbishop of Canterbury, takes the cross, ii. 248; preaches the crusade in Wales, 249; opposes John’s marriage, 282; dies, 296, 297; his proposed college, 437

Baldwin, count of Flanders, i. 235

Baldwin of Clare, i. 318, 320

Baldwin of Redvers, i. 284

Balliol, see Bernard, Jocelyn

Ballon, ii. 394

Bamborough, i. 288

Bar, i. 167

Barcelona, county of, i. 462. See Raymond-Berengar

Barnwell priory, ii. 463

Barri, see Gerald, William

Bartholomew, bishop of Exeter, i. 506

Bath, i. 35, 296. See Adelard

Bayeux, i. 11, 307. See Ralf

Baynard’s Castle, i. 44

Beauchamp, see Miles

Beaugency, council at, i. 392

Beaulieu abbey (Hants), ii. 400

Beaulieu abbey (Touraine), i. 154, 155, 168

Beaumont, see Hermengard

Beauvais, council at, i. 502

Becket, see Gilbert, Rohesia, Thomas

Bedford, i. 320

Bela III., king of Hungary, marries Margaret of France, ii. 235

Bellême, house of, i. 204. See Robert

Benedictines contrasted with the Cistercians, i. 73

“Bene-work,” i. 57

Berengaria of Navarre, wife of Richard I., ii. 295, 296

Bermondsey, council at, i. 427

Bernard, S., abbot of Clairvaux, i. 70, 72; his influence, 359; relations with Rome, 360, 361; with S. Malachi, ii. 94; plans for England, i. 364; pleads for Gerald of Montreuil, 388; recommends John of Salisbury to Abp. Theobald, 483; death, 400

Bernard de Balliol, ii. 145, 161

Berry, its feudal relations, ii. 202; war in, 245, 251, 252

Bertha of Arles, widow of Odo I. of Blois, marries King Robert, i. 149; separated, ib.

Bertha, daughter of Odo of Blois, wife of Alan of Britanny, i. 205; of Hugh II. of Maine, 206

Bertha, daughter of Conan III. of Britanny, i. 449

Bertrada of Montfort, marries Fulk Rechin, i. 223, 224; elopes with King Philip, 224; suspected of contriving her stepson’s death, 228; her policy, 232

Bertrand de Born, ii. 204, 205; stirs up revolt in Aquitaine, 209, 220, 366; his sirvente for Toulouse, 211, 212; sets the young king against Richard, 222; submits, 231; enters a monastery, 371

Bertrand, count of Toulouse and Tripoli, i. 455

Beverley, i. 30, 37, 38. See Alfred

Béziers, see Raymond

Bigod, see Hugh

Biota of Maine, i. 217, 218, 254

Bishops, English, their political position, i. 20; appeal against Thomas, ii. 67. See Church

Blanche of Castille, daughter of Alfonso and Eleanor, ii. 395, 397

Blanche, see Adelaide

Blanchelande, i. 223, 257

Bloet, see Robert

Blois, counts of, their rivalry with Anjou, i. 145, 150, 188; their character, 150. See Adela, Bertha, Henry, Odo, Stephen, Theobald, William

Blondel, ii. 324

Bodmin, gild at, ii. 469

“Bogis,” Peter, ii. 421, 422

Bohun, see Humfrey

Bologna, university of, ii. 460; S. Thomas at, i. 379

Bonmoulins, conference at, ii. 254, 255

Bonneville, i. 307; council at, ii. 157

“Boon-work,” i. 57

Bordeaux, see William

Born, see Bertrand

Bosham, see Herbert

Boulogne, see Matilda, Matthew, Mary, William

Bourbon, see Hermengard

Bourges, its feudal relations, ii. 202

Bourgthéroulde, battle of, i. 241

Brabantines, ii. 223

Breakspear, see Nicolas

Breffny, ii. 97

Brenneville, battle of, i. 237

Brian Boroimhe, king of Munster, ii. 85

Brian Fitz-Count, i. 243, 328, 396; his “book,” 369

Bridgenorth, sieges of, i. 10, 429, 430

Brissarthe, i. 103

Bristol, i. 33, 34, 295, 296; its slave-trade, 35, ii. 87; Stephen’s attempt on, i. 296, 297; ill-doings of its garrison, 297; Dermot of Leinster at, ii. 98, 99; Henry II.’s charters to, 118

Britanny, i. 99; its extent under Herispoë, 102 note 1{236}, 130; civil wars in, 115; Geoffrey Martel’s dealings with, 211, 212; claimed by Eudo of Porhoët and Conan of Richmond, 449; granted by Henry II. to Conan, 451; Henry’s designs on, 452, 453; conquered by Henry, ii. 57, 58; rebels in (1173), 137; barons of, appeal to Philip against John, 408. See Alan, Arthur, Conan, Constance, Eleanor, Geoffrey, Herispoë, Hoel, Juhel, Nomenoë, Odo, Solomon

Broc, see Ralf

Bruce, see Adam, Robert

Brulon, see Geoffrey

Burchard, count of Vendôme, i. 149, 189

Burgundy, kingdom of, granted to Richard I., ii. 331. See Hugh, Robert, Rudolf.

Cadoc, ii. 416, 421, 425

Cadwallader, brother of Owen of North Wales, i. 435

Caen, surrendered to Henry I., i. 11; to Geoffrey Plantagenet, 307; to Philip, ii. 424; hospital, i. 471; ii. 198; palace, ii. 196, 197. See Robert

Cæsarodunum, see Tours

Cahors, i. 464, 466

Calixtus II., Pope, i. 237

Cambridge, ii. 462, 463

Camville, see Gerard

Candé, i. 228

Canons, Austin or Augustinian, their origin, i. 64, 65; character, 43, 66, 357; in England, 66–69. See Aldgate, Barnwell, Carlisle, Chiche, Kirkham, Nostell, Oseney, Oxford, Smithfield

Canons, White, i. 357

Canon law, its effects in England, ii. 18

Canterbury, canons of Laon visit, i. 30; plot to kill Henry Fitz-Empress at, 403; Thomas elected at, ii. 3; privilege of the archbishop to crown the king, 62; S. Thomas slain at, 79; Henry II.’s penance at, 159; Louis VII. at, 216; Philip of Flanders at, 235; Richard at, 328; John crowned at, 400. See Anselm, Baldwin, Geoffrey, Hubert, John, Ralf, Richard, Roger, Theobald, Thomas, Walter, William

Capua, see Peter

Caputii, ii. 223, 224

Carcassonne, see Raymond Trencavel

Carham, i. 286, 287, 292. See Wark

Carlisle, i. 36, 37; S. Godric at, 76; council at, 300; Henry Fitz-Empress knighted at, 377; meeting of Henry and Malcolm IV. at, 462; besieged by William the Lion, ii. 153, 154; meeting of William and Henry at, 237; earldom of, granted to Henry of Scotland, i. 282; claimed by Ralf of Chester, 314; see of, 37, 69

Carrick, ii. 109, 111

Carthusians, ii. 435, 436 note 1{2171}

Carucage of 1194, ii. 328, 329, 342; the Great, 352–354

Carucate, ii. 352

Cashel, metropolis of Munster, ii. 94; council at, 115

Castille, see Alfonso, Blanche, Constance, Eleanor

Castle Cary, i. 295, 298

Celestine II., Pope, i. 355, 356

Celestine III., Pope, ii. 303, 304, 312, 351

Celle, see Peter

Cenomanni (Aulerci), i. 201, 202

Cenomannia, see Maine

Châlus, ii. 382, 385

Champagne, see Henry, Odo, Stephen, Theobald

Chancellor, the, his office, i. 22, 419. See Geoffrey, Matthew, Nigel, Ralf, Robert, Roger, Waldric, William

Charles the Bald, Emperor, i. 99, 102, 103, 105

Charles the Fat, king of West-Frankland and Emperor, i. 104

Charles the Simple, king of West-Frankland, i. 104

Charter of Henry I., i. 8; Henry II., 427; Stephen, 279, 284

Chartres, see Blois

Château-Gaillard, ii. 375–380; siege, 416–423; John’s buildings at, 413, 421, 422

Châteaudun, i. 156. See Landry

Châteaulandon, see Gâtinais

Château-du-Loir, i. 390. See Gervase

Châteauneuf-sur-Sarthe, i. 267

Châteauneuf, see Tours

Châteauroux, ii. 211, 213, 245, 251

Châtillon, conference at, ii. 253

Chaumont-sur-Loire, i. 272 note 1{662}, 471

Chef-Boutonne, battle of, i. 215, 252, 253

Cherbourg, siege of, i. 340

Chester, i. 36; its slave-trade, ib., ii. 87; meeting of Henry II. and Malcolm IV. at, i. 438; privileges granted to its burghers at Dublin, ii. 484; earldom of, its peculiar character, i. 313, 314. See Hugh, Ralf

Chiche, priory of S. Osyth at, i. 68, 80

Chichester, see Hilary

Chinon won by Fulk Nerra, i. 167; Geoffrey the Bearded imprisoned at, 221; bequeathed to Geoffrey Plantagenet II., 394, 444; councils at, ii. 58, 64; Henry II.’s buildings at, 197, 200; treasury at, plundered by Richard, 246; Henry II. at, 263, 267; given up to John, 388, 395; taken by Philip, 426

Chouzy, conference at, ii. 13

Christchurch or Twinham, i. 32

Chrodegang of Metz, rule of, i. 65

Chronicle, English, i. 81, 82

Church, English, under Henry I., i. 63; the Augustinian revival, 64–69; the Cistercian revival, 69–74; new sees, 68, 69; its national character, 80; political position of the bishops, 20; condition during the anarchy, 347–360; relations with Rome, 378; position at accession of Henry II., 474; vacant sees (1161), 503; Henry’s schemes of reform, ii. 17–20; question of the “two swords,” ib. 22, 23; quarrel of Henry and Thomas, its effects, 46–50; course of the revival after Theobald’s death, 432; condition in Henry II.’s later years, 433–438. See Clergy

Church, Irish, its early glory, ii. 82, 86; condition in eleventh and twelfth centuries, 91–93; settlement at Synod of Kells, 94; submits to Henry II., 115

Circuits, see Justices

Cirencester, i. 330, 333

Cistercians or White Monks, their origin, i. 69, 70; in England, 71; work and influence, 74, 358, 359; quarrel with John, ii. 396, 399, 400; fall, 434, 435. See Cîteaux, Clairvaux, Fountains, Newminster, Pontigny, Rievaux, Tintern, Waverley

Cîteaux, i. 70

Clairvaux (abbey), i. 70; ii. 70, 94

Clairvaux (castle), ii. 222, 224

Clare, see Baldwin, Gilbert, Isabel, Richard, Roger, Walter

Clarendon, council of, ii. 25–28, 44, 45; Constitutions of, 26, 27; condemned by the Pope, 42; Assize of, 46, 122, 123

Cleobury, i. 429

Clergy, their position under Henry I., i. 63, 64; regular and secular, 64, 65; attitude in the civil war, 321; criminal clerks, ii. 19. See Church

Clerkenwell, council at, ii. 241

Clontarf, battle of, ii. 85

Cogan, see Miles

Coinage, debasement under Stephen, i. 293; new, in 1149, 402 note 1{1204}; in 1158, 453

Colechurch, see Peter

Cöln, gildhall of its citizens in London, ii. 485. See Reginald

Colombières, conference at, ii. 265, 266

Commune of Le Mans, i. 222; Gloucester, ii. 469; London, 309, 310, 344; York, 469

Conan the Crooked, count of Rennes and duke of Britanny, i. 121; his war with Geoffrey Greygown, 122, 137–139; with Fulk the Black, 146–148

Conan II., duke of Britanny, i. 211, 212, 220

Conan III., duke of Britanny, i. 449

Conan, earl of Richmond, claims Britanny, i. 449; duke, 451; dies, ii. 80

Conquereux, first battle of, i. 122, 138; second, 147, 148

Connaught invaded by Miles Cogan, ii. 184. See Roderic, Terence

Conrad III., Emperor, i. 361

Conrad, marquis of Montferrat, ii. 320, 321

Consilt, battle of, i. 436

Constables, see Henry, Humfrey

Constance of Arles, wife of Robert I. of France, i. 155; her parents, 190, 192; her policy, 160, 164

Constance of Britanny, daughter of Conan IV., betrothed to Geoffrey, son of Henry II., ii. 57; married, 233; marries Ralf of Chester, 369; imprisoned, 370; joins Arthur in Anjou, 389; does homage to Philip, 390; marries Guy of Thouars, 395; dies, 404, note 4{2050}

Constance of Castille, second wife of Louis VII. of France, i. 446, 468

Constance of France, daughter of Louis VI., betrothed to Stephen’s son Eustace, i. 384; marries him, 394; marries Raymond V. of Toulouse, 458

Constance, heiress of Sicily, ii. 319

Constantine, Donation of, ii. 95

Constitutions of Clarendon, ii. 26, 27; condemned by the Pope, 42

Corbeil, see William

Cork, its origin, ii. 83. See Dermot

Cornwall, see Reginald, William

Coroners, their origin, ii. 338, 339

Councils, see Argentan, Armagh, Beaugency, Beauvais, Bermondsey, Bonneville, Carlisle, Cashel, Clarendon, Clerkenwell, Chinon, Geddington, Gloucester, Inispatrick, Kells, Lisieux, London, Neufmarché, Northampton, Nottingham, Oxford, Pavia, Pipewell, Poitiers, Rathbreasil, Tours, Wallingford, Westminster, Woodstock, Würzburg, York

Council, the Great, its character, i. 20

Courcy, see John, William

Coutances, see Walter

Coventry, see Hugh

Cowton Moor, i. 289

Cricklade, i. 335

Cross, S., see Winchester

Crowmarsh, i. 336, 396

Crown, pleas of the, ii. 337

Crusade, the second, i. 361–363; in Spain, proposed by Louis VII. and Henry II., 453, 497; the third, ii. 318–321

Curia Regis, see King’s Court

Customs, “paternal,” i. 16; royal, ii. 22, 26, 27; of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, i. 37

Cyprus, ii. 317, 321

Danegeld, i. 25; abolished, ii. 16, 44

David I., king of Scots, i. 95; invades England, 282, 286, 287, 288; defeated at Cowton Moor, 289–291; treaties with Stephen, 282, 300; joins the Empress in London, 323; escapes from Winchester, 328; knights Henry Fitz-Empress, 377; dies, 399

David, prince of North-Wales, marries Henry II.’s sister Emma, ii. 181

David, bishop of S. David’s, ii. 454

David, brother of William of Scotland, ii. 140, 153; claims on Huntingdon and Northampton, 154

David or Hugh, count of Maine, i. 124, 140

David’s, S., bishops of, see David, Peter

Defensor of Le Mans, i. 202

Denis, S., see Suger

Denmark, see Ingebiorg

Déols, ii. 211

Dermot Mac-Carthy, king of Cork or South Munster, ii. 114

Dermot Mac-Maelnambo, king of Leinster, ii. 87, 88

Dermot Mac-Murrough, king of Leinster, ii. 97; seeks aid of Henry II., 98; returns to Ireland, 100; successes in Ossory etc., 102; summons Richard of Striguil, 103; dies, 106

Dervorgil, wife of Tighernan O’Ruark, ii. 97

Devizes, i. 304, 321, 330

Dialogus de Scaccario, i. 26

Diceto, see Ralf

Dinan, see Joceas

Dodo, bishop of Angers, i. 109, 133

Dol, ii. 148

Domfront, i. 6, 208, 209

Donatus, bishop of Dublin, ii. 87

Doncaster, earldom of, granted to Henry of Scotland, i. 282

Donell O’Brien, king of Limerick or North Munster, ii. 102, 103, 109, 111, 114

Donell O’Lochlainn, king of Aileach, ii. 90

Donell Kavanagh, ii. 109, 112

Dorchester, see Remigius

Dover, i. 295, 299; chief mart of the wool trade, 52; Geoffrey of York arrested at, ii. 305, 306. See Simon, William

Drausius, S., ii. 65

Dress, English, in twelfth century, i. 56

Dreux, see Robert

Drogo of Nantes, son of Alan Barbetorte, i. 115, 116

Dublin, its origin, ii. 83; metropolis of Leinster, 94; taken by Dermot etc., 105; attacked by wikings, 106; blockaded by Roderic O’Conor, 109; Henry II. at, 114, 115; colonized by Henry, 118; privileges of the Chester merchants at, 484. See Donatus, Godred, Gregory, Laurence, Patrick

Dudley, i. 295, 298

Dulcia of Gévaudan, i. 463

Dunstan, S., lives of, i. 80

Dunster, i. 295

Durham, S. Godric at, i. 77; cathedral, 80; treaty made at, 300; customs of the bishop’s estates in 1183, ii. 478–480. See Hugh, Ralf, Simeon, William

Eadgyth or Edith, S., i. 33

Eadgyth, see Matilda

Eadmer, i. 80, 88

Eadward the Confessor, king of England, his prophecy, i. 1; his laws demanded by the citizens of London, 324

Eadwulf, prior of Nostell and confessor to Henry I., i. 68; bishop of Carlisle, 69

Ealdhelm, S., i. 84, 86, 90; life by Faricius, 81

Earldoms created by Stephen, i. 293

Edith, see Eadgyth

Edmund’s, S., Henry II. at, i. 430; massacre of Jews at, ii. 289; its customs, 473, 474; merchant-gild, 481; dispute with Ely, 482, 483

Eleanor of Aquitaine, daughter of William IX., marries Louis VII. of France, i. 383; divorced, 392; marries Henry, 393; claims on Toulouse, 457, 458; attempt to divorce her from Henry, ii. 61; turns against him, 129; imprisoned, 135; Richard gives up Aquitaine to, 235; regent for Richard, 273, 282; arranges his marriage, 295, 296; negotiates at Rome, 303; returns to England, 314; ravages Anjou, and does homage to Philip, 390; goes to Spain, 396; retires to Fontevraud, 405; besieged in Mirebeau, 406; dies, 426

Eleanor, daughter of Henry II., marries Alfonso of Castille, ii. 60, 189

Eleanor of Britanny, daughter of Geoffrey and Constance, ii. 244, 325, 371

Elias, count of Maine, i. 224, 225; war with William Rufus, 225, 226; Le Mans surrendered to, 227; relations with Henry I., 11, 227, 233; marriages, 255; death, 233

Elias of Anjou, son of Fulk V., i. 343

Elias of Saint-Saëns, i. 235

Elizabeth of Hainaut, first wife of Philip Augustus, ii. 217, 234, note 7{1115}

Elizabeth of Vendôme, first wife of Fulk Nerra, i. 152

Ely, see of, founded, i. 68; quarrel with S. Edmund’s, ii. 482, 483. See Geoffrey, Nigel

Emma, daughter of Geoffrey Plantagenet, ii. 181

Emperors, see Charles, Conrad, Frederic, Henry, Otto

Engelram of Trie, i. 467

England under the Angevins, i. 1–3; relations with Rome, 15; with Normandy, 23, 24; invaded by Robert Curthose, 9; journey of canons of Laon in, 30–35; its peace under Henry I., 48; Flemings settle in, 52; town life in twelfth century, 54, 55; rural life, 56–62; revival under Henry I., 64–95; religious revival during the anarchy, 356–358; effects of the second Crusade, 362; rebels in (1173), ii. 138, 139; loyal barons in, 144, 145; rebel castles in the north, 152; royal strongholds, 153; condition of rural population under the Angevins, 473–480; fusion of races, 489; growth of national feeling, 489. See Church, Literature, Towns, Trade. See also Eadward, Eleanor, Henry, John, Jane, Matilda, Richard, Stephen, William

“English” and “French,” i. 24

“English” and “Normans,” different meanings of, i. 23, 24

English and Normans, fusion of, i. 24, 48, 49; ii. 489, 490

Englishry, presentment of, abolished, ii. 489

Essex, see Geoffrey, Henry, William

Este, see Hugh

Euclid, Adelard of Bath’s version of, ii. 95

Eudo, count of Porhoët, i. 449

Eugene III., Pope, i. 361; deposes S. William and consecrates Henry Murdac, 366; suspends Henry of Winchester and threatens Stephen, 368; makes Abp. Theobald legate, 380; forbids the crowning of Eustace, 391; dies, 400

Eustace, son of Stephen, king of England, does homage to Louis VI. for Normandy, i. 286; knighted, 377; goes to York, 380; his prospects, 382; goes to France, 383; betrothed to Constance, 384; attacks Normandy, 385; receives homage, 391; proposal to crown him, ib.; marriage, 394; character, 398; death, 399

Eustace Fitz-John, i. 72, 288

Eva, daughter of Dermot Mac-Murrough, ii. 104

Evreux ceded to Henry I., i. 11, 62; betrayed to Almeric of Montfort, 236; fired by Henry I., ib., 237; granted to Almeric, 238; taken by Philip Augustus, ii. 389; ceded to him, 396. See Simon

Exchequer, court of, i. 21; organization under Bishop Roger, 25–27; headquarters, 31; Black Book of, ii. 125; the Norman Exchequer, 194, 197

Exeter, i. 32, 284. See Bartholomew

Eynesford, see William

Falaise besieged by Henry I., i. 11; attacked by Geoffrey Plantagenet, 307; submits, 338; treaties at, ii. 165, 166; Arthur imprisoned at, 407; submits to Philip, 424

Faricius, abbot of Abingdon, i. 68 note 1{187}, 81

Farringdon, i. 335

Faye, see Ralf

Ferm of the shire, i. 25; of towns, 29

Ferrers, see Robert

Ferté-Bernard, La, conference at, ii. 257

Finchale, i. 77, 78

Fitz-Alan, see William

Fitz-Aldhelm, see William

Fitz-Aylwine, see Henry

Fitz-Count, see Brian, Richard

Fitz-David, see Miles

Fitz-Duncan, see William

Fitz-Gerald, see Maurice

Fitz-John, see Eustace, William

Fitz-Osbert, see William

Fitz-Peter, see Geoffrey, Simon

Fitz-Ralf, see William

Fitz-Stephen, see Robert, William

Fitz-Urse, see Reginald

Flambard, see Ralf

Flanders granted to William the Clito, i. 243; trade with England, 30, 51, 52. See Baldwin, Matthew, Philip, Theodoric

Flèche, La, i. 222, 223, 256, 257

Flemings, their settlements in England and Wales, i. 52, 53; in England under Stephen, 285; plot to kill Henry, 403; expelled, 427; land in Suffolk, ii. 155; at Hartlepool, 162

Fleury, abbey, i. 112

Florence, S., of Saumur, i. 162

Florence of Worcester, i. 82, 88, 89, 90

Foliot, see Gilbert

Folkmoot of London, i. 45

Fontevraud, i. 248; Henry II. buried at, ii. 270–272; Richard buried at, ii. 386; Eleanor at, 385, 405

Forest, assizes of, i. 285; ii. 171, 177, 356

Fornham, battle at, ii. 150

Foss-Dyke, i. 40

Foss-Way, i. 38

Fougères, see Ralf

Fountains abbey, i. 71–73; burnt, 366

France, duchy of, see French

France, kingdom of, character of its early history, i. 144; condition under Hugh Capet, 145; under Louis VI., 230; relations with Normandy, 24, 111; with Toulouse, 457, 458; with Rome, 501, 502; union with Aquitaine, 383; its developement, ii. 357–361. See Adela, Constance, Henry, Hugh, Louis, Margaret, Mary, Odo, Philip, Robert

Frankland, West, northmen in, i. 100. See Charles, Lothar, Louis, Odo, Robert, Rudolf

Frederic Barbarossa, Emperor, supports antipope Victor IV., i. 498; relations with Henry II., 499; ii. 55, 60, 238; banishes Henry the Lion, 238, 257; takes the cross, 256; dies, 318

French, dukes of the, extent of their duchy, i. 103, 105; underfiefs, 105; claims upon Maine, 124. See Hugh, Odo, Robert

“French and English,” i. 24

Fréteval, ii. 73, 366

Fritheswith or Frideswide, S., i. 43. See Oxford

Fulk the Red, first count of Anjou, i. 106; his neighbours, 109; political position, 109, 110; marriage, 110; death, 113; chronology of his life, 128, 129, 132

Fulk II. the Good, count of Anjou, i. 113; his rule, 113, 115; canon of S. Martin’s, 114; letter to Louis IV., ib.; marriages, 116; claims upon Nantes, ib.; death, 117; vision of S. Martin, 118; prophecy made to, ib.; its fulfilment, ii. 187, 373

Fulk III., the Black, count of Anjou, his mother, i. 136; surnames, 143, note 2{294}; character, 144; significance of his life, 145, 146, 169; war with Conan of Rennes, 146, 147; regains Anjou west of Mayenne, 148; attacks Blois, 149; rivalry with Odo II., 150; castle-building, 151; seizure of the water-ways, 151–152; first marriage, 152; first pilgrimage, 153, 192; founds Beaulieu abbey, 153–155; marries Hildegard, 154; second pilgrimage, 156, 192–195; his oath, 155; contrives the death of Hugh of Beauvais, ib.; sacks Châteaudun, 156; alliance with Maine, ib.; victory at Pontlevoy, 157, 158; subdues Hugh of Maine, 159; imprisons Herbert of Maine, ib.; invested with Saintes, ib., 173; fortifies Montboyau, 161; takes Saumur, 162; besieges Montbazon, 163; treaty with Odo, ib.; his policy and its success, 164; makes peace between Constance and her son, ib.; joins King Henry’s expedition against Sens, ib.; his home, 165; buildings at Angers, ib.; third pilgrimage, 166, 195, 196; rebellion of his son, 166, 195; wins Chinon, 167; fourth pilgrimage, 167, 168; quarrels with his son, 172, 175; death, 168; his tomb, ib.; his work, 169, 188

Fulk IV. Rechin, son of Geoffrey of Gâtinais and Hermengard of Anjou, invested with Saintonge, i. 214; his character, 219; intrigues against his brother, ib.; wins Saumur and Angers, 220; captures Geoffrey, ib.; does homage for Touraine, 221; cedes Gâtinais to France, ib.; his rule, ib.; drives Geoffrey of Mayenne from Le Mans, 222; besieges La Flèche, ib., 223, 257; receives Robert’s homage for Maine, 223; his marriages, 224; excommunicated, ib.; absolved, 225; quarrels with his eldest son, 227, 228; dies, 229; his reign and its results, ib.; his Angevin history, 127

Fulk V., count of Anjou, i. 229; character and policy, 231, 232; marries Aremburg, 232; quarrel with Henry I. and alliance with France, 233; homage to Henry, 234; revolt of the burghers against, ib.; joins league against Henry, 235; wins Alençon, 236; treaty with Henry, ib.; goes to Jerusalem, 238; quarrel with Henry, 240; offers Maine to Clito, ib.; imprisons the legate’s envoys, 242; marries Melisenda and becomes king of Jerusalem, 246–248; dies, 361

Fulk the Gosling, count of Vendôme, i. 214

Gaimar, see Geoffrey

Galloway, ii. 164, 179, 237

Gandrea, wife of Theobald III. of Blois, i. 255, 256

Gascony, Richard’s campaign in, ii. 214; revolt in, 316. See Guy-Geoffrey, Odo

Gatian, S., bishop of Tours, i. 179

Gâtinais, county of, i. 129; ceded to France, 221; counts, 249, 250

Gaubert of Mantes, ii. 415

Geddington, council at, ii. 249

Gelduin of Saumur, i. 161, 162

Geoffrey I. Greygown, count of Anjou, i. 118; his character, 119; joins invasion of Lorraine, 120; his marriages, 121, 134–136; relations with Britanny, 121, 122, 137–139; with Maine, 124, 140–142; war with Poitou, 123, 137, 139; wins Loudun, 123, 124, 139; founds church of our Lady at Loches, 153; dies at siege of Marson, 125

Geoffrey II. Martel, son of Fulk the Black, born, i. 154; nursed at Loches, ib.; count of Vendôme, 172; quarrel with Fulk, ib., 175; marries Agnes, 136, 174, 197, 199; war with Poitou, 173–175; wins Saintonge, 174; rebels, 166, 195, 196; count of Anjou, 169; his character, 170–172; invested with Tours, 178; besieges it, 184; victory at Montlouis, 186; treaty with Theobald, 187; its significance, 188; advocate of see of Le Mans, 205; imprisons Bp. Gervase, 206; master of Maine, ib.; excommunicated, ib.; revolts, 207; wins Alençon and Domfront, 208; challenges William and retires, 209; war with Aquitaine, 210; besieges Ambrières, 211; dealings with Nantes, 211, 212; marries Grecia, 212; blockaded in Saumur, 213; joins invasion of Normandy, ib., 214; loses Vendôme, 214; dies, ib.; break-up of his dominions, 215; dispute over them, 218; his heirs, 251–252

Geoffrey III. the Bearded, count of Anjou, i. 214; victory at Chef-Boutonne, 215, 252, 253; receives Robert’s homage for Maine, 217; wrongs Marmoutier, 220; captured by Fulk, ib.; imprisoned at Chinon, 221; released and dies, 228

Geoffrey Martel II. of Anjou, son of Fulk Rechin, betrothed to Aremburg of Maine, i. 226; joins Henry I., 11; quarrel with Fulk, 227, 228; slain, 228

Geoffrey V. Plantagenet, son of Fulk V. and Aremburg, knighted by Henry I., i. 244; marriage, ib., 258–260; his person and character, 261–265; quarrels with his wife, 266; with Henry, 269, 270; invades Normandy, 281, 306, 307; revolts against, 266, 267, 306, 343, 384; summoned to England, 330; treaty with Theobald, 337; conquers Normandy, 338–342; recalls his son, 343; challenge to Stephen, 369; cedes Normandy to his son, ib., 377; his siege of Montreuil, 384, 386; treatment of Gerald, 387; cedes the Vexin to Louis, 388; death, 389, 390; burial, 390; will, 444

Geoffrey of Anjou, second son of Geoffrey and Matilda, born, i. 373; seeks to marry Eleanor, 393; rebels against Henry, 394, 395, 444, 445; count of Nantes, 449; dies, ib.

Geoffrey I., duke of Britanny, i. 137, 148

Geoffrey, fourth son of Henry II. and Eleanor, born, i. 453; acknowledged heir to Britanny, ii. 58; duke, 80; revolts, 135; knighted, 214; joins young Henry, 225; submits, 232; marries Constance, 233; dies, 243

Geoffrey, son of Henry II., bishop-elect of Lincoln, ii., 155; takes Kinardferry etc., ib.; chancellor, 245; secures castles of Anjou, 256; with Henry at Le Mans, 258, 259, 260; at La Frênaye, 262; goes to Alençon, ib.; rejoins Henry, 263; his devotion to Henry, 268; appointed archbishop of York, 274, 278, 302; early life, 301, 302; character, 304; consecrated, 305; returns to England, ib.; arrested, ib.; released, 306; joins John, 307; enthroned, 313; quarrel with Hugh of Durham, ib., 316; buys sheriffdom of Yorkshire, 330; driven from England, 335; redeems the Lincoln church-plate, 487

Geoffrey (Alberic), count of Gâtinais, marries Hermengard of Anjou, i. 214, 249, 250

Geoffrey of Brulon, ii. 259

Geoffrey of Chaumont, i. 272, note 1{662}

Geoffrey Fitz-Peter, justiciar, ii. 355, 356; earl of Essex, 393

Geoffrey Gaimar, ii. 446

Geoffrey of Lusignan, ii. 59 note 1{235}, 136, 250, 405

Geoffrey of Mandeville, i. 334, 335

Geoffrey de Mandeville, earl of Essex, ii. 124

Geoffrey of Mayenne, i. 211; holds Le Mans for Walter of Mantes, 218; submits to William, ib.; revolts, 221, 222, 224

Geoffrey of Monmouth, ii. 445, 448

Geoffrey of Rancogne, ii. 214, 250, 367

Geoffrey Ridel, archdeacon of Canterbury, ii. 30, 77; vice-chancellor, 142; bishop of Ely, 176; dies, 277

Geoffrey Talbot, i. 294, 296

Gerald de Barri (“Giraldus Cambrensis”), ii. 452–460

Gerald of Montreuil-Bellay, i. 384, 385, 386, 388

Geraldines, the, ii. 108, 183

Gerard de Camville, ii. 280, 298, 299, 300, 329

Gerard la Pucelle, ii. 449

Gerberga, wife of Fulk the Good, i. 116, note 1{258}

Germany, English trade with, under the Angevins, ii. 484, 485

Gersendis of Maine, i. 221, 254–256

Gervase of Château-du-Loir, bishop of Le Mans, i. 205; imprisoned by Geoffrey Martel, 206; released, ib.; archbishop of Reims, 207

Gesta Consulum Andegavensium, its authorship and character, i. 126, 127

Gévaudan, see Dulcia

Gilbert of Sempringham, S., i. 359, 360

Gilbert Becket, i. 50

Gilbert Foliot, abbot of Gloucester, i. 369, 370, 493; bishop of Hereford, 371, 495; his earlier history, 492, 493; career as abbot, 494, 495; relations with Abp. Theobald and with Henry II., 495, 496; with Roger of Pont-l’Evêque, 478, 479; character, 496, 497; remarks on Thomas’s election, ii. 3, 6; translated to London, 13, 14; relations with Thomas, 13, 31, 49; at council of Northampton, 35, 36, 37, 39; his attitude in the Becket quarrel, 47–49; his share in the bishops’ appeal, 67; excommunicated, 70; denies the primate’s jurisdiction, ib.; absolved, 72; dies, 277

Gilbert, bishop of Limerick, ii. 92; legate in Ireland, ib., 93

Gilbert de Clare, earl of Pembroke, i. 377, 395, 396; ii. 99

Gilds, i. 29; under Henry II. and Richard, ii. 469, 470; leather-sellers’, i. 30; merchant, i. 29, 36, 40, 43; ii. 481; weavers’, i. 30, 52; ii. 481

Gildhall, i. 129; of German merchants, ii. 485

Gilles, St., see Raymond

Giraldus Cambrensis, see Gerald

Gisors, i. 231, 234, 343; meeting of Henry I. and Pope Calixtus at, 237, 238; of Louis VII. and Henry II. at, ii. 148, 165; claimed by Philip, 232, 236

Glanville, see Hervey, Ralf

Glastonbury, invention of Arthur at, ii. 447, 448

Gleeman, the, i. 90

Gloucester, i. 35, 36; abbey and city, 493, 494; council at, ii. 170; commune at, 469. See Avice, Gilbert, Miles, Philip, Robert, William

Godfrey de Lucy, bishop of Winchester, ii. 277, 288

Godfrey, abbot of Malmesbury, i. 84, 85

Godred, king of Dublin, ii. 88

Godric, S., i. 74–79

“Goliath, Bishop,” ii. 452

Gouleton, ii. 396, 402

Gournay, ii. 403. See Hugh

Graçay, ii. 213, 361

Grandmesnil, see Ivo, Petronilla

Grandmont, ii. 58, 226; order of, 435

Gratian, his work on canon law, i. 378

Grecia of Montreuil, second wife of Geoffrey Martel, i. 212

Gregory, archbishop of Dublin, ii. 94

Gregory, bishop of Tours, i. 181

Gué-St.-Rémy, ii. 244

Guerech, bishop and count of Nantes, i. 121, 122, 146

Guimund, prior of S. Frideswide’s, Oxford, i. 43

“Guirribecs,” i. 306

Guy of Anjou (son of Fulk the Red), bishop of Soissons, i. 112, 113

Guy of Anjou, son of Fulk the Good, i. 119

Guy of Crema, see Paschal

Guy, viscount of Limoges, ii. 407

Guy of Lusignan, ii. 59 note 1{235}, 136; king of Jerusalem, 247; Cyprus, 317, 321; ally of Richard, 318, 320

Guy of Thouars, ii. 395, 424

Guy-Geoffrey, count of Gascony, i. 176, 212. See William VII. of Aquitaine

Hackington, college at, ii. 437

Hainaut, see Elizabeth

Hameline, earl of Warren, son of Geoffrey Plantagenet, ii. 40, 144

Hamo de Massey, ii. 139

Hans-house, i. 29; at York, 36

Harding or Stephen, founder of Cîteaux, i. 69, 70

Harptree, i. 295, 298

Hasculf Thorgils’ son, ii. 105, 106

Hautefort, ii. 204, 231

Haye, La, see Richard

Henry I., son of William the Conqueror, his early life, i. 4–6; character, 6, 7; election and coronation, 7; charter, 8; marriage, 1, 8, 9; treaty with Robert, 9; proceedings against traitors, 10; Norman campaigns, 11; victory at Tinchebray, 12, 13; policy, 13–15, 19; struggle with Anselm, 15–18; character of his reign, 19; his work, 19, 20; love of “foreigners,” 23; his ministers, ib.; called “the Lion of Justice,” 26; charter to York, 30, 36; to Norwich, 41; London, 45, 46; palace at Woodstock, 44, 94; court at Oxford, 44; his “good peace,” 30 note 4{58}, 48, 95; settles Flemings in Pembroke, 52; dealings with the Church, 63; results, 64; founds see of Ely, 68; Carlisle, 69; revival of literature under, 80–95; relations with Maine, 227; with France, 230, 231; wars with France and Anjou, 233, 235; treaties with Fulk, 234, 236; victory at Brenneville, 237; meets Calixtus at Gisors, ib., 238; treaty with Louis, 238; wreck of his hopes, 239, 240; quarrel with Fulk, 240; quells revolt in Normandy, 241; alliance with Henry V., ib.; proclaims Matilda his heiress, 243; last years, 268–270; death, 271; possible successors, 274–275; state of England after his death, 279; burial, 282; his court, 413

Henry II. Fitz-Empress born, i. 268; Eadward’s prophecy fulfilled in, 1; Witan swear fealty to, 269; his early life, 372–374; tutors, 375, 376; goes to England, 334; returns to Anjou, 343; duke of Normandy, 369, 377; goes to England, 377; knighted, ib.; returns, 378; besieges Torigni, 386, 405; does homage to Louis, 388; marries Eleanor, 393; ignores Louis’s jurisdiction, 394; war with Louis and Geoffrey, 395; lands in England, 396; besieges Malmesbury, 397; colloquy at Wallingford, ib.; treaty with Stephen, 400, 401; receives homage, 402; plot to kill him, 403; returns to Gaul, ib.; effects of his visit to England, ib.; resumes Norman demesnes, 404; peace with Louis, 405; comes to England, ib.; crowned, ib.; his work, 407; person and character, 408–411, 414–417; court, 411–413; first ministers, 417, 418; relations with Becket, 420, 423–427; charter, 427; settlement of the country, ib.; of the succession, 429; subdues William of Aumale, 428; and Hugh of Mortemer, 429; holds court at S. Edmund’s, 430; goes to Anjou, 431; scheme for conquering Ireland, ib., ii. 95; effects of his first two years’ work in England, i. 431–434; returns, 434; demands Northumberland etc., 435; receives Malcolm’s homage, 438; wears his crown at Wigford, ib., 439; at Worcester, 439; his position compared with Cnut’s, 2, 440, 441; relations with France, 441, 442; does homage, 443; subdues Geoffrey, 444, 445; proposes for Margaret as wife for his son, 446; seneschal of France, 450; grants Britanny to Conan and obtains Nantes, 451; designs on Britanny, 452, 453; claims Toulouse, 458; great scutage, 459–461; his allies, 462, 463; knights Malcolm, 464; takes Cahors and threatens Toulouse, ib.; withdraws, 465; treaty, 467; quarrel with Thomas, 469; drives Louis from Chaumont, 471; principle of his reforms, 474; projects of crusade, 453, 497; attitude towards the religious revival, 497; relations with Adrian IV., ib.; with Germany, 499, 502; acknowledges Alexander III. as Pope, 502; appoints Thomas archbishop, ii. 1; meets Alexander and Louis, 13; goes to England, ib.; receives homage of Welsh princes at Woodstock, 14; quarrel with Thomas, 15, 16; plans of reform in criminal legislature, 17–20; propounds his grandfather’s customs at Westminster, 22; meets Thomas at Northampton, 23; at Oxford, 24; publishes constitutions of Clarendon, 26; meets Thomas at Woodstock, 31, 32; council of Northampton, 32–40; sends envoys to the Pope, 41; confiscates the primate’s estates and banishes his friends, 42; effects of the quarrel, 46–49; goes to Normandy, 54; receives envoys from the Emperor, 55, 60; plans for his children, 57, 60; conquers Britanny, 57, 58; correspondence with Arthur, 57 note 2{226}, 447; meets Raymond, 58; attempt to divorce him from Eleanor, 61; does homage at Montmirail, ib., 62; holds council at Chinon, 64; appeals to Rome, 65; drives Thomas from Pontigny, 68; meets him at Montmirail, 69; meets Louis and Thomas at Montmartre, 71; at Fréteval, 73; meets Thomas at Tours and Chaumont, 74; goes to Rocamadour, ib.; rash words at Bures, 78; absolved, 81; promises help to Dermot, 99; forbids the war in Ireland, 108; summons Richard of Striguil to Wales, 112; goes to Ireland, 80, 113; his fleet, 112; Irish princes submit to, 114; settlement of Ireland, 117; of Dublin, 118; goes to Normandy, 119; relations with the barons, 120, 121, 126, 128; legal and administrative reforms, 122–127; inquest on Norman demesnes, 128; alliance with Maurienne, 131; receives homage of Toulouse, 133; quarrel with young Henry, 134, 135; revolt against, 141; visits England, 143; his adherents, 144–146; takes Dol, 148; meets Louis, ib.; subdues rebels in Touraine, 151; regains Saintes, 157; returns to England, 158; pilgrimage to Canterbury, 159; receives news of William’s capture, 160; takes Huntingdon and subdues Hugh Bigod, 163; relieves Rouen, 164; subdues Poitou, 165; reconciled with his sons, ib.; treaty with William the Lion, 166; treatment of the rebels, 167; end of the struggle, 166, 168; his position after it, 169; administrative work in England, 170–178; his forest visitations, 171; receives homage for Scotland, 178; dealings with Wales, i. 435–437; ii. 179–181, 237, 453, 455; treaty with Roderic O’Conor, ii. 182; appoints John king of Ireland, 184; character of his empire, 185–187; continental policy, 188–191; arbitrates between Castille and Navarre, 190; administration in Normandy, 192–194; buildings, 196, 197; religious foundations, 197 and note 4{948}; hospitals, 198, 199; Levée, 200; bridges, ib.; relations with Aquitaine, 203, 205; quarrel with Louis, 212; treaty, 213; takes Châteauroux, ib.; buys La Marche, 214; house of Blois seek his help, 217; makes peace in France, ib., 219; tries to make peace among his sons, 224; summons a conference at Mirebeau, 225; besieges Limoges, ib.; arrests rebel leaders of 1173, 226; forgives young Henry, 227; Aquitaine submits to, 230; interview with Bertrand de Born, 231; homage to Philip, 232; proposes to transfer Aquitaine to John, 233, 242; makes John governor of Ireland, 234; mediates between France and Flanders, 235; receives submission of Galloway, 237; receives the patriarch Heraclius, 240; meets Philip, 244; marches into Berry, 245; truce, 246; reinstates Richard in Aquitaine, 247; meets Philip, 248; takes the cross, 249; musters his forces in Normandy, 252; meets Philip, 253; conference at Bonmoulins, 254; goes into Aquitaine, 256; meets Richard, ib.; goes to Le Mans, 257; conference at La Ferté, ib.; flies, 259–262; returns to Anjou, 262; goes to Chinon and Azay, 263; submits to Philip at Colombières, 265, 266; learns John’s treason, 267; last days, 268; death, 269; burial, 270, 272; points out Arthur’s tomb, 447; grants trading privileges to Chester, 484; grants burial-grounds to the Jews, 486

Henry, second son of Henry II. and Eleanor, born, i. 429, 445; betrothal, 446, 448; does homage for Normandy, 468; marriage, 470; intrusted to Thomas for education, 471, 472; recognised heir to the crown, 472, 473; receives homage of Malcolm IV., ii. 15; withdrawn from Thomas, 23; homage at Montmirail, 62; receives Geoffrey’s homage for Britanny, ib.; officiates as seneschal and does homage to Philip, ib.; crowned, 72; crowned again, 81; rebels, 129, 130; flies to France, 134; threatens to invade England, 158, 162; reconciled, 165; receives homage of William the Lion, 178; joins Richard in Aquitaine, 209, 210; besieges Châteauroux, 211; at crowning of Philip Augustus, 216, 218, 219; character, 221; quarrel with Richard, 222; enters Aquitaine, 223; confesses his league with the Poitevins, 224; holds Limoges against his father, 225; driven thence, 226; plunders Grandmont, ib.; and Rocamadour, 227; death, ib., 228; burial, 230, 232

Henry III., Emperor, i. 176

Henry V., Emperor, i. 241, 242

Henry VI., Emperor, his claims on Sicily, ii. 319; demands for Richard’s ransom, 324, 325; negotiates with Philip and John, 327; grants Burgundian kingdom to Richard, 331; conquers Sicily, 371, 372; stirs up Richard against France, 372; dies, ib.

Henry I., king of France, joins Odo II. against Fulk Nerra, i. 163; tries to drive Odo from Sens, 164; revolt against, 177, 178; grants Tours to Geoffrey Martel, 178; relations with Normandy and Anjou, 207, 210; visits Angers, 213; invades Normandy, ib.; defeated at Varaville, ib., 214; dies, 214

Henry of Blois, bishop of Winchester, his early life, i. 347; supports Stephen, 277, 279; legate, 305; summons Stephen before a council at Winchester, 305; advice at siege of Arundel, 309; escorts Matilda to Bristol, 310; receives her at Winchester, 321; holds council there, 322; again declares for Stephen, 324, 325; his fortress of Wolvesey, 325; besieged, 326; fires the city, ib.; holds council at Westminster and again proclaims Stephen, 329, 330; his Church policy, 348; character, 349; position as legate, ib., 350; elected to Canterbury, 350; rivalry with Theobald, 351; loses the legation, 356; goes to Rome, ib.; founds S. Cross, 357; suspended, 368; appeals, 381; absolved, ib.; consecrates S. Thomas, ii. 5; at council of Northampton, 35, 36, 37, 41; dies, 80

Henry the Liberal, count of Champagne, joins invasion of Normandy, i. 394; betrothed to Mary of France, 445

Henry II., count of Champagne, king of Jerusalem, ii. 321

Henry the Lion, duke of Saxony, betrothed to Matilda, daughter of Henry II., ii. 55; married, 59, 60; exiled 238, 257; regains his lands, 319

Henry, son of David king of Scots, made earl of Carlisle and Huntingdon, i. 282; Northumberland promised to, 286; at battle of the Standard, 290, 291; earl of Northumberland, 300; at siege of Ludlow, 301, 302; dies, 399

Henry of Albano, legate, ii. 256, 257

Henry of Essex, constable, i. 434; drops standard at Consilt, 436, 437; present in war of Toulouse, 466; defeated in ordeal of battle, ii. 61

Henry Fitz-Aylwine, mayor of London, ii. 472; his assize, 485

Henry of Huntingdon, i. 82, 83, 94

Henry Murdac, abbot of Fountains, i. 365; opposes S. William, ib.; archbishop of York, 366; his troubles in Yorkshire, 367, 380; reconciled to the king and enthroned, 381; goes to Rome, ib.; opposes election of Hugh of Puiset to Durham, 399, 400; death, 400

Henry of Pisa, cardinal, ii. 2

Heraclius, patriarch of Jerusalem, ii. 240

Herbert I. Wake-dog, count of Maine, saves Fulk at Pontlevoy, i. 157, 158; his surname, 159; imprisoned by Fulk, ib.; quarrels with Bp. Avesgaud, ib. note 4{343}, 204; death, 204; daughters, 254, 255

Herbert II., count of Maine, i. 216

Herbert Bacco usurps the county of Maine, i. 204; quarrels with Bishop Gervase, 205; expelled, ib.

Herbert Lozinga, bishop of Thetford, removes his see to Norwich, i. 41

Herbert, bishop of Salisbury, withstands Hubert Walter, ii. 350

Herbert of Bosham, ii. 9, 10, 38, 40, 75; verdict on the Becket quarrel, 47

Hereford, i. 36; castle seized by Geoffrey Talbot, 294; yields to Stephen, 295. See Gilbert, Miles, Robert, Roger

Herispoë, king of Britanny, i. 130, 203

Hermengard of Anjou, daughter of Geoffrey Greygown and wife of Conan of Rennes, i. 121, 135

Hermengard (Adela) of Anjou, daughter of Fulk Nerra, wife of Geoffrey of Gâtinais, i. 214, 249

Hermengard of Anjou, daughter of Fulk Rechin, marries Alan Fergant, duke of Britanny, i. 328 note 4{930}

Hermengard of Beaumont, wife of William the Lion, ii. 237

Hermengard of Bourbon, second wife of Fulk Rechin, i. 224

Hervey of Glanville, i. 362

Hervey of Lions, i. 321

Hervey of Mountmorris, ii. 101, 112

Hicmar, legate, i. 364

Higra, the, i. 34

Hilary, bishop of Chichester, ii. 24, 39

Hildegard, wife of Fulk III. of Anjou, i. 154, 165, 168

Historia Comitum Andegavensium, its authorship and character, i. 126, 127

History, English, under Henry I., i. 81–83, 87–91; decay during the anarchy, ii. 438; new school of, under Henry II., 439–445; romantic school, 445, 449

Hoel, duke of Britanny, i. 222

Hoel I., count of Nantes, i. 117, 121

Hoel II., count of Nantes, i. 212

Hoel of Rennes, count of Nantes, i. 449

Holy Land, see Jerusalem

Hommet, see Richard

Hospitaliers, i. 357

Hospitals founded in Stephen’s reign, i. 357; Henry II., ii. 198, 199

Houses, English, in twelfth century, i. 54, 55

Howden, see Roger

Hrolf the Ganger, i. 111, 124, 203

Hubert Walter, dean of York, ii. 278; bishop of Salisbury, ib., 333; elected to Canterbury, 326; justiciar, ib.; suppresses revolt, 327; early life, 332, 333; rivals, 334–336; legate, 336; his policy, ib.; administration, 337–341, 348, 352–354; fires Bow church and hangs William Fitz-Osbert, 347; defeated in council at Oxford, 349, 350; expedition to Wales, 351; resigns the justiciarship, ib., 354, 355; negotiates with Philip, 374; regent for John, 390, 391; crowns him, 392; chancellor, ib.; persuades John to dismiss the host, 427; dies, 428; his proposed college, 437

Hubert de Burgh, ii. 400, 407, 408, 426

Hugh, S., bishop of Lincoln, excommunicates the De Clères, ii. 306; withstands Hubert Walter, 349; buries Richard, 386; dies, 399

Hugh of Nonant, bishop of Chester or Coventry, ii. 280, 293, 306, 310, 329; his scheme of “new foundation,” 436

Hugh of Puiset, treasurer of York, excommunicated, i. 367; absolved, 382; bishop of Durham, 399, 400; rebels, ii. 140, 141; makes a truce with the Scots, 151; fortifies Northallerton, 152; calls in the Flemings, 162; submits, 163; takes the cross, 248; justiciar, 279; earl of Northumberland, 280; character and antecedents, 283–285; quarrels with the chancellor, 288, 291, 292; relations with York, 303, 304; quarrel with Geoffrey, 313, 316; mission to France, 316; besieges Tickhill, 323, 327, 328; resigns Northumberland, 330; tries to regain it, 335; dies, 336; his Boldon Buke, 478–480

Hugh, duke of Burgundy, i. 103, 104

Hugh the Great, duke of the French, i. 112, 123, 124, 204

Hugh Capet, duke of the French, i. 120, 124, 141, 142; king, 125

Hugh I. count of Maine, i. 124; subdued by Fulk the Black, 159; dies, 156

Hugh II. count of Maine, set aside by Herbert Bacco, i. 204; restored, 205; marriage and death, 206

Hugh of Este, count of Maine, i. 221, 224

Hugh the Poor, earl of Bedford, i. 320

Hugh Bigod, i. 278; revolts against Stephen, 284; earl of Norfolk, 430; revolts against Henry, ii. 139; takes Norwich, 155; submits, 163; his punishment, 167

Hugh, earl of Chester, rebels against Henry II., ii. 138; taken prisoner, 148; restored, 167

Hugh Bardulf, ii. 283, 330, 335

Hugh of Beauvais, seneschal of France, i. 155

Hugh of Gournay, ii. 146, 403

Hugh de Lacy, ii. 113, 116; governor in Ireland, 117; with Henry in Normandy, 145, 147; viceroy again, 185; slain, 242, 243

Hugh IX., the Brown, of Lusignan, ii. 398

Hugh X. of Lusignan, ii. 398, 405

Hugh of Ste.-Maure, ii. 129, 136

Hugh of Mortemer, i. 429, 430

Hugh de Morville, ii. 78

Hugh of Sillé, ii. 137

Huitdeniers, see Osbern

Humbert, count of Maurienne, ii. 132, 133, 134

Humfrey de Bohun, constable, ii. 113, 145, 149

Hungary, see Bela

Huntingdon, siege of, ii. 154, 156; surrenders, 163; earldom of, i. 282, ii. 154; weavers at, i. 30, 52. See Henry, Simon

Hyde abbey, i. 31

Ilchester, see Richard

Ingebiorg of Denmark, second wife of Philip Augustus, ii. 395

Ingelger, son of Tortulf, i. 105, 114, 128–131, 182

Ingelger, son of Fulk the Red, i. 112

Inispatrick, synod at, ii. 94

Innocent II., Pope, i. 299, 351, 355; ii. 93

Innocent III., Pope, ii. 351

Inquest, see Jury

Investitures, i. 15–18

Ireland, English trade with, i. 32, 35, ii. 87; northmen in, ii. 82–86; civil wars in, 89–91; Henry II.’s proposal to conquer, 95, 431; plans of Eugene III. and S. Bernard for, 95; bull for its conquest, i. 431, 486, ii. 96; Henry II. in, ii. 113–118; condition in his later years, 181–185; John made governor of, 234; John in, 242; Gerald’s treatises on, 457, 458. See Brian, Dermot, Donell, Malachi, Murtogh, Niall, Roderic, Terence. See also Church

Isaac, king of Cyprus, ii. 317, 319

Isabel of Angoulême, ii. 398; married to John, 399

Isabel de Clare, wife of William the Marshal, ii. 274

Isabel de Warren, ii. 29

Issoudun, ii. 361. See Ralf

Ivo of Grandmesnil, i. 10

Jane, third daughter of Henry II., betrothed to William II. of Sicily, ii. 60; marries him, 189, 190; marries Raymond VI. of Toulouse, 371; dies, 397

Jane of Montferrat, wife of William the Clito, i. 243

Jerusalem, kingdom of, condition under the Angevin kings, ii. 239; taken by Saladin, 247. See Baldwin, Fulk, Guy, Henry, Melisenda, Sibyl

Jews in England, i. 27, 46, 53; under Henry II., ii. 486; burial-grounds granted to, ib.; massacres of, 289, 290; relations with the Christians, 487, 488; ordinance for their bonds, 488, 489

Joceas of Dinan, i. 301

Jocelyn, bishop of Salisbury, ii. 37, 67, 76

Jocelyn de Balliol, ii. 66

John “Lackland,” son of Henry II. and Eleanor, born, ii. 130; betrothed to Alice of Maurienne, 132–134; to Avice of Gloucester, 184; appointed king of Ireland, ib.; proposal to give him Aquitaine, 233; knighted and sent to Ireland, 234; his misconduct in Ireland, 242; recalled, ib.; proposal to crown him, ib., 244; his treason discovered, 267; reconciled to Richard, 274; treats with Rees, 280; his lands in England, 282; marries Avice, ib.; his power in England, 293; quarrels with the chancellor, 297–301; calls up the barons against him, 307; enters London, 309; appointed regent, 310; alliance with Philip, 314, 323; its terms, 363; acknowledged heir by the English barons, 314; negotiates with the chancellor, 315; struggle with the justiciars, 323; truce, 324; charged with treason, 329; reconciled to Richard, 334; helps him against Philip, 369; acknowledged in Anjou, 388; invested as duke of Normandy, ib., 389; burns Le Mans, 390; goes to England, 391; crowned, 391–393; administrative arrangements, 393; quarrel with Philip, 394; treaty, 395, 397; visits England, 396; receives Arthur’s homage, 397; Raymond’s, ib.; does homage to Philip, ib.; divorces Avice, 398; marries Isabel, 398, 399; crowned with her, 399; meets the Scot king at Lincoln, ib.; founds Beaulieu abbey, 400; crowned at Canterbury, ib.; summons the barons to Portsmouth, ib.; goes to Paris, 401; seizes Driencourt, ib.; charges the Poitevin barons with treason, ib., 402; cited to the French king’s court, 402; condemned to forfeiture, 403; sends troops into Britanny, 404; relieves Mirebeau and captures Arthur, 406; destroys Tours, 407; quarrels with Otto, ib.; cited by Philip for murder, 408; condemned, ib.; his apathy, 410; plan for relief of Les Andelys, 413, 414; letter to garrison of Château-Gaillard, 419; goes to England, ib., 420; sends ambassadors to Philip, 424; summons the host and dismisses it, 427; sails to La Rochelle, 428; takes Angers, ib.; flies back to England, ib.; comment on Hubert Walter’s death, 428, 429; charter to London, 471, 472

John of Anagni, legate, ii. 257, 258

John of Canterbury, i, 354; treasurer of York, 477; ii. 19; bishop of Poitiers, ii. 30, 209

John de Courcy, ii. 184, 242

John of La Flèche, i. 222

John of Marmoutier, i. 126, 127

John the Marshal, ii. 32, 33, 260

John Oldman, ii. 157

John of Oxford excommunicated, ii. 66; negotiations at Rome, 68; escorts Thomas to England, 75, 77; bishop of Norwich, 176

John Paparo, cardinal, legate to Ireland, i. 380; ii. 94

John of Salisbury, his studies and early life, i. 480–483; enters Abp. Theobald’s household, 483; becomes his secretary, 484; character, 484, 485; relations with Adrian IV., 485, 486; with Theobald, 486, 504; Polycraticus, 486–191; Metalogicus, 504; exiled, ii. 30; brings bull “Laudabiliter,” 96

John Scotus, i. 86, 87

John, count of Vendôme, ii. 137, 151

John the Wode, ii. 106

John, S., knights of, see Hospitaliers

Jouin-de-Marne, S., battle of, i. 174

Judges, see Justices

Judicaël, bishop and count of Nantes, i. 148

Juhel Berenger, count of Rennes, i. 116

Julian, S., of Le Mans, i. 202

Juliomagus, see Angers

Jury, the grand, ii. 338

Jury-inquest, ii. 122, 123, 353, 354

Justices itinerant under Henry I., i. 26; under Henry II., 433, 434; ii. 124, 125, 173–177; commission of 1194, 337; circuit of 1198, 356

Justiciar, the, his office, i. 21. See Hubert, Hugh, Ralf, Richard, Robert, Roger, Walter, William

Kavanagh, see Donell

Kells, synod at, ii. 94

Ketel of S. Edmund’s, ii. 472

Kinardferry, ii. 152, 155

King’s Court, the, i. 20, 21; its judicial work, 25; Henry II.’s changes in, ii. 174, 175

Kinsellagh, ii. 100

Kirkham priory, i. 67

Lacy, see Hugh, Roger

L’Aigle, see Richer

Lakenheath, dispute about market at, ii. 482, 483

Lambert, count of the Angevin march, i. 101, 130

Lambert, count of Autun, i. 121, 134, 135

Lambeth, college at, ii. 437

Landry of Châteaudun, i. 156, 193, 194

Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury, consecrates Patrick to Dublin, ii. 89

Langley, see Nicolas

Laon, canons of, their journey in England, i. 30–35

Laurence, archbishop of Dublin, ii. 105, 108, 110

Law, canon, introduced into England, i. 378; Roman civil, 379; study of, in the schools, ii. 466

Layamon, ii. 491, 492

Leather-sellers’ gild at Oxford, i. 30

Legates in England, i. 350. See Alberic, Gilbert, Henry, Hicmar, John, Malachi, Peter, Theobald, Thomas, William

Leia, see Peter

Leicester, siege of, ii. 146, 147. See Robert, Petronilla

Leinster, see Dermot

Leopold, duke of Austria, ii. 319, 371

Lespec, see Walter

Levée, the, on the Loire, ii. 200

Liber Niger Scaccarii, ii. 125

Liber Niger, see Peterborough

Lichfield, i. 40

Lidford, gild at, ii. 469

Lidorius, S., bishop of Tours, i. 179

Limerick, ii. 83. See Donell, Gilbert

Limoges besieged by Henry II., ii. 225; plundered by the young king, 226; surrenders, 230. See Ademar, Guy

Lincoln, i. 38–40; weavers at, 30, 52; merchant gild, 40; castle seized by Ralf of Chester, 315; besieged by Stephen, ib.; battle of, 316–320, 344–346; sacked by Earl Robert, 320; castle again seized by Ralf, 334; given up to Stephen, 336; Stephen at, 337; Henry II. at, 438; castle besieged by William of Longchamp, ii. 299; John at, 399; minster-library, 464, 465; Richard’s charter to, 470. See Aaron, Alexander, Geoffrey, Hugh, Remigius, Robert, William

Lions, see Hervey

Lisbon won by English crusaders, i. 363

Lisieux, council at, i. 392. See Arnulf

Lisoy of Bazogers, commandant of Amboise and Loches, i. 157, 184, 185; advice to Geoffrey Martel, 185; captures Theobald, 186

Literature, revival of, under Henry I., i. 80–95; under the Angevins, ii. 439–460, 491–492

Loches, i. 110, 153; treaty of, 187; pledged to Philip, ii. 364; taken by Richard, 366; taken by Philip, 426. See Lisoy, Thomas

Lodden, conferences at the, ii. 307, 308

Lombard, see Peter

London, its growing importance, i. 31; walls and castles, 44; cathedral, folkmoot, portreeve, sheriffs, 45; fires, ib., 55; weavers, 30, 52, ii. 481; constitution under William I., i. 45; under Henry I., ib., 46; Jews in, 46; suburbs, ib., 47; schools, 47; character of its citizens, 47, 48; Normans in, 48, 49; trade, 49; claim of its citizens to elect the king, 277; loyal to Stephen, 313; submits to the Empress, 323; expels her, 324; citizens at siege of Winchester, 326; hospitals in, 357; councils at, 381, 390, 429; ii. 314; tumults in (1173), ii. 156–157; meeting of barons at, 309, 310, 311; the commune, 309, 310, 344; rising under William Fitz-Osbert, 345–347; gilds in, 469; constitution under Henry II., Richard and John, 471, 472; foreign commerce, 485; gildhall of German merchants, ib.; stone bridge, ib., 486. See Andrew, Gilbert, Henry, Richard, Serlo, Thomas, Westminster

Longchamp, see William

Lorraine, i. 120

Lothar, king of West-Frankland, i. 119, 120, 122

Lothar, see Innocent III.

Lotharingia, i. 120

Loudun, i. 123, 124, 139, 394, 444

Louis the Gentle, Emperor, partition of his realms, i. 98, 99

Louis From-beyond-sea, King of West Frankland, i. 112, 113; Fulk’s letter to, 114; dies, 119

Louis the Lazy (Fainéant), King of West Frankland, i. 123; marriage, 191; death, 125

Louis VI., King of France, his policy, i. 230; supports William Clito, 235; defeated at Brenneville, 237; treaty with Henry, 238; marches against the Emperor, 241; grants Flanders to Clito, 243

Louis VII., King of France, his quarrel with Blois and alliance with Anjou, i. 342; helps Geoffrey to conquer Normandy, ib.; grants him its investiture, 343; takes the cross, 361; marries Eleanor, 383; strife with Blois, 384; attacks Normandy, 385; dealings with Geoffrey and Eustace, 386, 387; grants Normandy etc. to Henry, 388, 389; divorces Eleanor, 392; cites Henry to his court, 393; war in Normandy, 395; receives Henry’s homage, 443; marries Constance, 446; makes Henry seneschal, 450; proposed crusade in Spain, 453, 497; claims on Toulouse, 457; throws himself into Toulouse, 464; attacks Normandy, 466; treaty, 467; marries Adela, 468; alliance with Blois, 469, 471; driven from Chaumont, 471; acknowledges Alexander III. as Pope, 502; meets Alexander and Henry at Chouzy, ii. 13; threatens war in Auvergne, 31; welcomes Thomas, 42; his view of the Becket quarrel, 53, 54; receives homage of the two Henrys and grants Aquitaine to Richard, 62; meets Henry at Montmartre, 71; Fréteval, 73; supports young Henry’s revolt, 135, 136; attacks Normandy, 143; burns Verneuil, 147; meets Henry II. at Gisors, 148; besieges Rouen, 164; truce, 165; renewed quarrel, 212; treaty, 213; pilgrimage to Canterbury, 216; dies, 219

Louis, son of Philip Augustus, ii. 395, 397

Lucius II., Pope, i. 356, 360

Lucy, see Richard

Ludlow, i. 301

Lupicar, ii. 413

Lusignan, see Geoffrey, Guy, Hugh

Mabel of Glamorgan, wife of Robert, earl of Gloucester, i. 294, 328

MacCarthy, see Dermot

MacMurrough, see Dermot, Eva, Murtogh

Madoc Ap-Meredith, prince of Powys, i. 436, 437

Maidulf, founder of Malmesbury, i. 83

Maine (Cenomannia), duchy of, i. 203; county, 106, 107; its defiance of the house of France, 109; claims of Normandy and France upon, 124, 203, 204; granted to Geoffrey Greygown, 124, 140–142; subject to Geoffrey Martel, 206; relations with Normandy and Anjou, 216, 217, 222, 223; conquered by William, 218; revolts, 221, 222; revolts against Robert, 223, 224; condition under Elias, 224, 225; won back by William Rufus, 3, 226; Henry I. overlord of, 227, 233, 234; united with Anjou, 233; settled on William and Matilda, 236, 238; on Sibyl and Clito, 240; pedigree of the counts, 253–256; rebels in (1173), ii. 137. See Aremburg, Biota, David, Elias, Gersendis, Herbert, Hugh, Margaret, Paula, Roland

Maine, river, see Mayenne

Malachi, S., ii. 93, 94

Malachi II., king of Ireland, ii. 85

Malchus, bishop of Waterford, ii. 89

Malcolm IV., king of Scots, his claims on Northumberland etc., i. 435; submits to Henry II., 438; at war of Toulouse, 462; homage to young Henry, ii. 14, 15

Malmesbury abbey, i. 83–87; castle surrendered to Stephen, 304; taken by Henry, 397. See Ealdhelm, Godfrey, Maidulf, Turold, Warin, William

Maminot, see Walkelyn

Mandeville, see Geoffrey, William

Manorbeer, ii. 452

Mans, Le, (Vindinum), its early history, i. 201–203; cathedral, 202, 238; bishop, people and count, 202, 204; advocacy of the see granted to Geoffrey Martel, 205; taken by William, 218; “commune” of, 222; surrendered to Elias, 227; marriage of Geoffrey and Matilda at, 244; Henry Fitz-Empress born at, 268; Geoffrey buried at, 390; the young king buried at, ii. 230; Henry II. at, 257, 258; taken by Philip, 259, 263; submits to Arthur, 389; burnt by John, 390; given up to John, 394; hospital, 198. See Avesgaud, Gervase, Julian, Sainfred

Mantes, see Gaubert, Walter

Map, see Walter

March, Spanish, see Barcelona

Marche, La, bought by Henry II., ii. 214

Margaret of France, daughter of Louis VII. and Constance, i. 446; betrothed to young Henry, 448; intrusted to Henry II., 451; Vexin settled upon her, 467; married, 470; crowned, ii. 81; quarrels over her dowry, 232, 236; marries Bela of Hungary, 235

Margaret of Maine, i. 216, 254

Marmion, see Robert

Marmoutier, abbey of, i. 181

Marshal, see John, William

Marson, i. 125

Martel, ii. 227

Martin, S., bishop of Tours, his life, i. 179–181; appearance to Fulk the Good, 118; “reversion,” 128, 131, 182; “subvention,” 182, 187; abbey, see Tours

Martin-le-Beau, S., i. 187

Mary of Boulogne, daughter of Stephen and Matilda, i. 469

Mary of France, daughter of Louis VII. and Eleanor, i. 445

Massey, see Hamo

Matilda (Eadgyth) of Scotland, first wife of Henry I., i. 9, 17, 93, 94; called “good queen Maude,” 66

Matilda, daughter of Henry I. of England, widow of Emperor Henry V., i. 242; acknowledged as Henry’s heiress, 243, 268, 269, 274; marries Geoffrey, 243, 244, 258–260; leaves him, 266; goes to England, 268; returns, ib.; quarrels with Henry, 270; qualifications for the throne, 274, 275; enters Normandy, 276; lands at Arundel, 309; goes to Bristol and Gloucester, 310; negotiates with the legate, 321; in London, 323, 324; besieges the legate at Winchester, 325, 326; blockaded by the queen, 326; escapes, 327, 328; goes to Oxford, 329; sends for Geoffrey, 330; besieged at Oxford, 332; escapes, 333; returns to Gaul, 344; trial of her claims at Rome, 370; later years, 442, 443; death, ii. 61

Matilda of Boulogne marries Stephen, i. 273; crowned, 283; blockades Dover, 299; mediates between Stephen and David, 300; drives the Empress from London, 324; wins over the legate, ib.; besieges Winchester, 326; negotiates for Stephen’s release, 328; founds S. Katharine’s Hospital, 357; tries to reconcile Stephen and Theobald, 369; dies, 399

Matilda, eldest daughter of Henry II. and Eleanor, born, i. 445; betrothed to Henry the Lion, ii. 55; married, 59–60, 189; aid for her marriage, 125; death, ii. 257 note 2{1241}

Matilda of Anjou, daughter of Fulk V., betrothed to William the Ætheling, i. 234; married, 236; quarrel over her dowry, 240; nun at Fontevraud, 248

Matilda of Angoulême, wife of Hugh IX. of Lusignan, ii. 398

Matilda of Saxony, daughter of Henry the Lion, her suitors, ii. 237; marriage, 274

Matilda of Ramsbury, i. 304

Matthew, son of Theodoric count of Flanders, marries Mary of Boulogne, i. 469; dies, ii. 147

Matthew, tutor to Henry Fitz-Empress, i. 375; chancellor, 376

Maude, “Good Queen,” i. 66. See Matilda

Mauléon, see Savaric

Maurice, son of Geoffrey Greygown, i. 134, 135; regent of Anjou, 153, 156, 194

Maurice Fitz-Gerald, ii. 100, 102

Maurice de Prendergast, ii. 102, 110, 111

Maurienne, ii. 131, 132. See Alice, Humbert

Mayenne or Maine, river, i. 97

Mayenne, see Geoffrey

Measures, Assize of, ii. 348

Meiler Fitz-Henry, ii. 101

Melgueil, i. 463

Melisenda, queen of Jerusalem, i. 246, 361

Melun, i. 149, 189, 190

Merania, see Agnes

Mercadier, ii. 383, 390

Merlin’s prophecy, its fulfilment, ii. 429

Merton priory, i. 51, 67

Messina, Richard at, ii. 294–296; treaty of, 368, 369

Metalogicus, i. 504

Metz, see Chrodegang

Metz (in Gâtinais?), i. 168

Meulan, see Robert, Waleran

Middle Kingdom, i. 99, 120

Middlesex, sheriffs of, i. 46

Miles Beauchamp, i. 320

Miles Cogan, ii. 105, 106, 184

Miles Fitz-David, ii. 101

Miles of Gloucester defies Stephen, i. 295; joins the Empress at Oxford, 324; earl of Hereford, 327; slain, 334

Mirebeau, castle built by Fulk Nerra, i. 139, 151; siege of, by Geoffrey Plantagenet, 267; bequeathed to Geoffrey Plantagenet II., 394, 444; Eleanor besieged in, ii. 406; Arthur captured at, ib.

Mohun, see William

Molêmes, abbey of, i. 69, 70

Monmouth, see Geoffrey

Montbazon, i. 151, 163

Montboyau, i. 161, 163

Montcontour or St. Jouin-de-Marne, battle of, i. 174

Montferrat, see Conrad, Jane, William

Montfichet’s Castle, i. 44

Montfort, see Almeric, Bertrada, Robert, Simon

Montlouis, battle of, i. 186

Montmartre, conference at, ii. 71

Montmirail, conference at, ii. 61, 62, 69; razed, 365

Montpellier, see William

Montrésor, i. 151

Montreuil-Bellay, siege of, i. 384–387. See Gerald, Grecia

Montrichard, i. 151

Mont-St.-Michel, siege of, i. 5. See Robert

Moorfields, i. 47

Mort d’ancester, ii. 172

Mortain, see John, Stephen, William

Mortemer, see Hugh, Roger

Morville, see Hugh, Richard

Mountmorris, see Hervey

Mowbray, see Robert, Roger

Munster conquered by the Geraldines, ii. 183. See Brian, Donell, Murtogh, Terence

Murdac, see Henry

Murtogh Mac-Murrough, ii. 109, 111

Murtogh O’Brien, king of Munster, ii. 89, 90

Murtogh O’Lochlainn, king of Aileach, ii. 90, 97, 98

Nantes, i. 101; ceded to the Bretons, 102; Angevin claims on, 116, 117; attacked by Normans, 117; counts and bishops, 121, 122; seized by Conan, 146; won by Fulk, 148; Geoffrey Martel’s dealings with, 212; union with Rennes, 449; again independent, ib.; seized by Conan IV. and claimed by Henry II., 450; surrendered to Henry, 451; significance of its acquisition, 452, 453; Henry and Geoffrey at, ii. 58. See Alan, Drogo, Geoffrey, Guerech, Hoel, Judicaël

Nest, daughter of Rees Ap-Tewdor, ii. 100, 453

Neubourg, i. 282, 470

Neufmarché, council at, i. 502

Newcastle-upon-Tyne, i. 37

Newark, i. 304

Niall of the Nine Hostages, ii. 84

Nicolas Breakspear or of Langley, i. 475, 476, 481. See Adrian

Nigel, bishop of Ely and treasurer, i. 302; defends Devizes, 304; chancellor, 418; treasurer again, ib.

Nomenoë, king of Britanny, i. 101

Nonancourt, treaty at, ii. 213

Nonant, see Hugh

Norfolk, see Hugh Bigod

Normandy, duchy of, i. 111; confusion under Robert Curthose, 11; campaigns of Henry I. in, 11–13; relations with England, 13, 23, 24; with France, 24; invaded by Henry of France, 210, 213; claimed by Matilda, 276; invaded by Geoffrey, 281, 306–308; offered to Theobald of Blois, 282, 337; Stephen in, 286; granted to his son, ib.; conquered by Geoffrey, 338–342; ceded to Henry Fitz-Empress, 369, 377; attacked by Louis VII. and Eustace, 385, 386, 394; inquest on ducal demesnes, ii. 128; rebels in (1173), 138, 139; attacked by Louis etc., 143; loyal barons in (1173), 146; Henry’s administration in, 192–194; laid under interdict, 315, 380; submits to Philip, 424, 425; dukes of, their claims upon Maine, i. 124, 203, 216. See Geoffrey, Henry, Hrolf, John, Richard, Robert, William

Normans destroy Fleury, i. 112; attack Nantes, 117; fusion of Normans and English, 24, 48, 49; ii. 489, 490

“Normans” and “English,” different meanings of, i. 23, 24

Northallerton, i. 289

Northampton, Ralf of Chester seized at, i. 336; Henry II. at, ii. 23, 143; priory of S. Andrew at, 37; meeting of justiciars and barons at, 391; Assize of, 172, 173; councils at, i. 136; ii. 32–40, 172, 427. See David, Simon

Northmen, their work in Frankland and in England, i. 100; enter the Loire, 101; sack Nantes, ib.; attack Toulouse, Paris, Bordeaux, 102; defeated at Aclea, ib.; sack Tours, ib.; seize Angers, 103; driven out, 104; besiege Paris, ib.; defeated by Rudolf, 115; attacks on Tours, 181, 182. See Ostmen

Northumberland, Scottish claims upon, i. 286

Norwich, i. 40, 41; sacked, ii. 155, 156; massacre of Jews at, 289; castle, i. 284, 430. See Herbert, John

Nostell priory, i. 68

Nottingham, i. 320; council at, ii. 329

O’Briens, their rivalry with the O’Neills, ii. 86. See Donell, Murtogh, Terence

O’Conor, see Roderic, Terence

Octavian, cardinal, see Victor IV.

Odelin de Umfraville, ii. 145, 153, 160

Odo, count of Paris, duke of the French and king of West-Frankland, i. 104

Odo, count of Anjou, i. 109, 133

Odo I., count of Blois, Chartres and Tours, i. 145

Odo II., count of Blois etc., seizes Melun, i. 149, 189; character, 150; defeated at Pontlevoy, 157, 158; count of Champagne, 160; besieges Montboyau, 161; Saumur, 163; attacks Amboise, ib.; seizes Sens, 164; aims at the Empire, 166; death, 167

Odo, count of Gascony and duke of Aquitaine, i. 174, 175

Odo, son of Robert II. of France, i. 177, 178

Odo of Britanny, i. 211, 212

Oilly, see Robert

O’Lochlainn, see Donell, Murtogh

O’Neills, their rivalry with the O’Briens, ii. 86

Orderic, i. 24

Orkneys, see Ralf

Orléans, viscounts of, i. 249, 250

O’Ruark, see Tighernan

Osbern Huitdeniers, i. 353

Oseney priory, i. 43

Ossory, ii. 102

Ostia, see Alberic

Ostmen, their settlements in Ireland, ii. 82–84; relations with England, 83, 86, 87; struggle with Malachi and Brian, 85; ecclesiastical relations, 87–89; share in Irish politics, 89, 90

Otto I., Emperor, i. 119

Otto II., Emperor, i. 119, 120

Otto of Saxony, son of Henry the Lion, his proposed marriage, ii. 341; chosen Emperor, 372, 373; quarrel with John, 407

Otto, cardinal, ii. 69

Oundle, i. 60

Owen, prince of North Wales, i. 435, 436, 437; ii. 179

Oxford, i. 41–44; Robert Pulein at, 43; Henry I. at, 44; bishops seized at, 303, 304; Matilda at, 322, 331–333; military advantages, 331; taken by Stephen, 332; Vacarius at, 379; Richard I. born at, 445; Henry and Thomas meet at, ii. 24; Gerald de Barri at, 460; councils at, i. 283, 402; ii. 349–350, 427; castle, i. 41, 331–334; gilds, 30, 43, 52; S. Frideswide’s priory, 42; Port-meadow, 43; schools, ib.; ii. 462. See John

Paganel, see Ralf

Pageham, ii. 32

Palestine, see Jerusalem

Paparo, see John

Paris attacked by northmen, i. 102, 104; capital of the duchy of France, 105; university of, ii. 461. See Odo

Paschal III., antipope, ii. 55

Patrick, bishop of Dublin, ii. 88, 89

Patrick, earl of Salisbury, governor of Aquitaine, ii. 58, 59

Paula of Maine, i. 222, 254

Pavia, council at, i. 498, 499. See William

Peace, edict for preservation of, ii. 339, 340; conservators of, their origin, 340

Pembroke, Flemings in, i. 52. See Gilbert, Richard, William

Pencarn, ii. 179

Périgueux, ii. 223

Périgord, see Adalbert

Peter, duke of Aquitaine, see William VI.

Peter “Bogis,” ii. 421, 422

Peter of Capua, cardinal-legate, ii. 375, 395

Peter of Celle, i. 482, 483

Peter of Colechurch, ii. 486

Peter de Leia, bishop of S. David’s, ii. 455, 456

Peter Lombard, ii. 461, 467

Peter of Saintes, tutor to Henry Fitz-Empress, i. 375

Peterborough, “Black Book” of, i. 58; chronicle, 81

Petronilla, queen of Aragon, wife of Raymond-Berengar IV. of Barcelona, i. 463

Petronilla, wife of Tertullus, i. 128

Petronilla of Grandmesnil, countess of Leicester, ii. 138, 150

Pevensey, i. 430

Peverel, see William

Philip I., king of France, i. 220, 221, 224

Philip Augustus, son of Louis VII. of France, born, ii. 56; receives young Henry’s homage, 62; crowned, 216; quarrels with Blois, 217; marries Elizabeth, ib.; crowned again, 218; succeeds Louis, 219; demands Margaret’s dowry, 232, 236; quarrel with Flanders, 234; plots with Geoffrey, 243; claims wardship of Eleanor of Britanny, ib.; of Arthur, 245; attacks Berry, ib.; truce, 246; takes the cross, 249; takes Châteauroux, 251; attacks Auvergne, 252; negotiates with Richard, 253, 254; receives his homage, 255; takes Le Mans, 259; Tours, 264; treaty with Richard, 275; policy in Palestine, 320; returns to France, 313; demands the Vexin etc., ib., 314; alliance with John, 314, 323, 363; attacks Normandy, 363, 364; routed at Fréteval, 366, 367; secures Arthur, 370; war with Flanders, 374; truce with Richard, 375; takes Evreux, 389; receives homage of Arthur, 390; of Eleanor, ib.; razes Ballon, 394; divorces Ingebiorg, 395; treaty with John, 395–397; takes Ingebiorg back, 401; cites John to his court, 402, 408; conquers eastern Normandy, 403; besieges Arques, 405, 406; burns Tours, 407; takes Saumur and enters Poitou, 410; successes in Normandy, ib.; takes Isle of Andely, 411–416; Petit-Andely, 416; Radepont, ib.; Château-Gaillard, 416–423; Normandy submits to, 424–425; conquers Poitou, 426; takes Loches and Chinon, ib.; marches against John, 428

Philip, count of Flanders, joins young Henry, ii. 141; threatens to invade England, 155, 158; his policy in France, 216; quarrels with France, 234, 235; pilgrimage to Canterbury, 235

Philip de Broi, ii. 21

Philip Gay, i. 297

Philip of Gloucester, i. 335, 336

Philip de Thaun, i. 94

Pierre-Pécoulée, treaty of, i. 234

Pipe Rolls, i. 26, 431–432

Pipewell, council at, ii. 277

Pisa, see Henry

Poitiers stormed by Adalbert of Périgord, i. 145; Henry and Eleanor married at, 393; council at, 458; Richard enthroned at, ii. 130; taken by Philip, 426. See John

Poitou granted to Hugh the Great, i. 123; barons of, appeal to Philip against John, ii. 402; conquered by Philip, 426. See Aquitaine

Polycraticus, i. 486–491

Pontaudemer, siege of, i. 241

Pontigny, abbey of, i. 70; S. Thomas at, ii. 42, 54

Pont-l’Evêque, see Roger

Pontlevoy, battle of, i. 157, 158

Popes, see Adrian, Alexander, Calixtus, Celestine, Eugene, Innocent, Lucius, Paschal, Urban

Porhoët, see Eudo

Port, see Adam

Portmannimot of Oxford, i. 43

Port-meadow at Oxford, i. 43

Port-reeve, i. 29; of London, 45. See Gilbert Becket

Portsmouth, ii. 400, 427

Premonstratensians, i. 357, 358

Prendergast, see Maurice

Provence, i. 454, 463. See William

Provins, i. 482

Pucelle, see Gerard

Puiset, see Hugh

Pulein, see Robert

Pullus, see Robert

Quévilly, i. 471; ii. 198

Radepont, ii. 403, 416

Rahere, founder of S. Bartholomew’s hospital, i. 67

Rainald, bishop of Angers, i. 193

Raino, bishop of Angers, i. 131, 132

Ralf, bishop of the Orkneys, i. 289, 355

Ralf, bishop of Rochester, made archbishop of Canterbury, i. 68

Ralf, earl of Chester, his marriage, i. 314; claims Carlisle, ib.; seizes Lincoln castle, 315; brings Robert to relieve it, 316; at battle of Lincoln, 317, 320; again seizes the castle, 334; joins Stephen, 336; imprisoned, ib.; gives up Lincoln, ib.; revolts again, 377, 395; dies, 399

Ralf, earl of Chester, second husband of Constance of Britanny, ii. 369, 370

Ralf of Bayeux, i. 241

Ralf de Broc, ii. 39, 76, 79, 149

Ralf de Diceto, dean of S. Paul’s, ii. 439; his Angevin History, i. 127

Ralf of Faye, ii. 129

Ralf Flambard, justiciar, i. 8, 9, 21, 32, 432; bishop of Durham, 80

Ralf of Fougères, ii. 137, 147, 148, 258

Ralf de Glanville, ii. 145, 160; justiciar, 177; takes the cross, 248; resigns and dies, 279

Ralf of Issoudun, ii. 401, 405

Ralf Paganel, i. 295, 298

Ralf of Varneville, chancellor to Henry II., ii. 142, 297

Ralf of Vermandois, i. 307

Ramirez the Monk, king of Aragon, i. 463

Ramsbury, see Matilda

Rancogne, see Geoffrey

Rathbreasil, synod of, ii. 93

Raymond-Berengar III., count of Barcelona, i. 463

Raymond-Berengar IV., count of Barcelona, i. 463, 466

Raymond of St. Gilles, count of Toulouse, i. 454, 455

Raymond V., count of Toulouse, his marriage, i. 458; war with Henry II., 464–467; meets Henry at Grandmont, ii. 58; does him homage, 133; struggle with Aragon, 211; quarrel with Richard, 244, 250, 251; death, 371

Raymond VI., count of Toulouse, marriage, ii. 371; homage to John, 397

Raymond Trencavel, viscount of Béziers and Carcassonne, i. 462, 464, 466

Raymond the Fat, ii. 104, 108, 183

Reading, i. 282, 322; ii. 61, 240, 308

Redvers, see Baldwin

Rees Ap-Griffith, prince of South Wales, his dealings with Henry II., ii. 164, 179–181, 237; with John and Richard, 280; death, 351

Reginald, earl of Cornwall, i. 391; ii. 144, 146

Reginald, chancellor to Frederic Barbarossa, and archbishop of Cöln, ii. 55

Reginald Fitz-Urse, ii. 78

Reims, councils at, i. 206, 237, 367, 368. See Gervase, William

Remigius, bishop of Dorchester, moves his see to Lincoln, i. 39

Rennes united with Nantes, i. 449. See Conan, Hoel, Juhel

Richard, third son of Henry II. and Eleanor, born, i. 445; first betrothal, 463; invested with Aquitaine and betrothed to Adela, ii. 62; enthroned at Poitiers, 130; revolts, 135; submits, 165; his character, 206–208; fights the barons in Aquitaine, 209, 210, 214, 215, 220, 223; refuses homage to his brother, 224; takes Hautefort, 231; refuses to give up Aquitaine, 233; war with Geoffrey and John, ib.; reconciled, 234; gives up Aquitaine to Eleanor, 235; wars with Toulouse, 244, 250, 251; negotiates a truce, 246; seizes the Angevin treasure, ib.; reinstated in Aquitaine, 247; takes the cross, 248; tries to regain Châteauroux, 252; negotiates with Philip, 253, 254; meets Henry and Philip at Bonmoulins, 254; homage to Philip, 255; encounter with William the Marshal, 261; scene with Henry at Colombières, 266; comes to Fontevraud, 271; reconciled with the Marshal, 272; recognized as Henry’s successor, 273; duke of Normandy, 274; treaty with Philip, 275; goes to England, ib.; crowned, 276; fills vacant sees, 277, 278; his policy, 278; appoints justiciars, 279, 283; sells sheriffdoms etc., 280; dealings with Wales, ib.; with Scotland, 281; with John, 281–282; goes to Normandy, 287; holds council there, 288; possible successors, 295; treaty with Tancred, ib.; marriage, 296; names William of Monreale for the primacy, 297; sends Walter of Rouen to England, 297, 298; his voyage, 317; conquers Cyprus, ib.; alliance with Guy of Lusignan, 318, 320; reaches Acre, 319; quarrel with Leopold of Austria, ib.; relations with other crusaders, 319–321; truce with Saladin, 321; homeward voyage, 322; wrecked and captured, ib.; given up to the Emperor, 324; his ransom, 325, 326; negotiates with Philip and John, 327; returns to England, 328; imposes taxes, ib., 329; negotiates with Scotland, 330; crowned at Winchester, ib., 331; king of Burgundy, 331; leaves England, ib.; forgives John, 334; gives license for tournaments, 342; annuls his charters, 343, 356; sends the abbot of Caen to England, 343; quarrel with S. Hugh, 350; edict against the clergy, 355; cessions to Philip, 361; difficulties in Gaul, 361, 362; treaty with Philip, 364; goes to Normandy, 365; to Tours, 365, 366; regains Loches, 366; routs Philip at Fréteval, ib., 367; claims wardship of Arthur, 370; alliance with Toulouse, 371; with Henry VI., 372; called to elect an emperor, ib.; league against Philip, 374; truce, 375; builds Château-Gaillard, 375–380; quarrel with Abp. Walter, 380, 381; lays siege to Châlus, 382; wounded, 384; dies, 385, 386; burial, 386, 387; his encouragement of municipal life, 470; grant to merchants of Cöln, 485

Richard, archbishop of Canterbury, ii. 170, 434

Richard I., bishop of London, i. 45

Richard II., bishop of London, i. 502, 503

Richard Fitz-Nigel, treasurer and bishop of London, ii. 277; his Gesta Henrici, 439

Richard of Ilchester, ii. 66; bishop of Winchester, 158, 176; work in the Exchequer, 193, 194; seneschal of Normandy, 193; death, 277

Richard de Clare, earl of Pembroke or Striguil, ii. 99, 100; goes to Ireland, 103; takes Waterford, 104; marriage, ib.; blockaded in Dublin, 109, 110; summoned by Henry, 112; does homage for Leinster, 113; in Normandy with Henry, 145, 182; governor of Ireland, 182; death, 183

Richard le Breton, ii. 78

Richard Fitz-Count, son of Robert of Gloucester, i. 386, 405; ii. 146

Richard Fitz-Godoberd, ii. 100

Richard of La Haye, i. 340, 341

Richard of Hommet, constable of Normandy, ii. 146

Richard de Lucy, justiciar, his character, i. 417; his share in election of Thomas, ii. 1–3; excommunicated, 66; takes Leicester, 146; marches against the Scots, 149; besieges Huntingdon, 154, 156; protests against the forest visitation, 171; retires to a monastery, 176

Richard de Morville, ii. 139, 161

Richenda de Clères, sister of William of Longchamp, ii. 305

Richer de l’Aigle, i. 51, 395

Richmond, see Alan

Ridel, see Geoffrey

Rievaux abbey, i. 71

Robert I., king of France, i. 149, 164

Robert the Brave, count of Anjou, i. 102; duke of the French, 103

Robert the Magnificent, or the Devil, duke of Normandy, i. 166

Robert, son of William the Conqueror, betrothed to Margaret of Maine, i. 216; homage to Geoffrey the Bearded, 217; to Fulk Rechin, 223; seeks Fulk’s help in Maine, ib.; sells the Cotentin to Henry, 4; wars with his brothers, 5, 6; pledges Normandy to Rufus, 3; crusade, ib.; invades England, 9; war with Henry, 11; taken prisoner, 13; dies, 271

Robert Bloet, chancellor, justiciar and bishop of Lincoln, i. 22

Robert II., bishop of Lincoln, ii. 24

Robert I., bishop of Hereford, i. 370, 495

Robert of Melun, i. 481; bishop of Hereford, ii. 24

Robert of Bellême, count of Alençon etc., i. 6; banished, 10; sues for peace, 11; flies at Tinchebray, 13; captures Elias, 225; imprisoned, 233

Robert, count of Burgundy, i. 178

Robert, count of Dreux, i. 394

Robert, earl of Ferrers, ii. 139, 163

Robert, earl of Gloucester, son of Henry I., friend of William of Malmesbury, i. 92, 94; escorts Matilda over sea, 243; at Henry’s death, 270; dispute for precedence with Stephen, 274; joins Stephen, 283; defies him, 294; comes to England, 309; marches to Lincoln, 316, 317; receives Stephen’s surrender, 320; made prisoner, 327; exchanged, 329; goes to fetch Geoffrey, 330; returns, 332; besieges Wareham, ib.; takes Portland and Lulworth, 333; meets his sister at Wallingford, 334; routs Stephen at Wilton, ib.; builds a castle at Farringdon, 335; helps Geoffrey in Normandy, 338, 339; dies, 343, 344

Robert I., earl of Leicester and count of Meulan, i. 16, 54, 56

Robert II., earl of Leicester, joins Henry, i. 400; justiciar, 417; at council of Northampton, ii. 39; refuses the kiss of peace to Reginald of Cöln, 55, 56; dies, 61

Robert III., earl of Leicester, rebels, ii. 138, 142; goes to England, 148; made prisoner, 150; restored, 167; repulses Philip from Normandy, 363

Robert II., count of Meulan, ii. 138

Robert de Barri, ii. 101

Robert de Bruce, ii. 145

Robert, abbot of Caen, ii. 343, 344

Robert Fitz-Stephen, ii. 100; goes to Ireland, 101; blockaded in Carrick, 109; made prisoner, 111; released, 113

Robert of Marmion, i. 335

Robert de Montfort defeats Henry of Essex in ordeal, ii. 60; rebels, 138

Robert of Mowbray, ii. 155

Robert I. of Oilly, i. 41, 42, 331

Robert II. of Oilly founds Oseney priory, i. 43; gives up Oxford to the Empress, 322; death, 332

Robert Pulein, i. 43, 44

Robert Pullus, i. 483

Robert of Sablé, i. 343

Robert of Selby, chancellor of Sicily, i. 365

Robert of Sillé, ii. 137

Robert de Stuteville, ii. 145, 153, 160

Robert of Torigny or de Monte, ii. 194

Robert of Turnham, seneschal of Anjou, ii. 388, 389; of Poitou, 426; prisoner, 427

Rocamadour, ii. 74, 226, 227

Rochelle, La, ii. 428

Roches, see William

Rochester, see Ralf, Walter

Roderic O’Conor, king of Connaught, ii. 97; of Ireland, 98; treaty with Dermot,102; gathers a host against him, 104; blockades Dublin, 109, 110; routed, 110, 111; promises tribute to Henry II., 116; treaty, 182

Roger, king of Sicily, i. 365

Roger of Pont-l’Evêque, i. 354, 368; archbishop of York, 477; earlier career, 478, 479; accepts the royal customs, ii. 24; dispute with S. Thomas, 30; crowns young Henry, 72; appeals to the king, 78; dies, 285

Roger, chaplain to Henry I., chancellor, bishop of Salisbury and justiciar, i. 22; his administration, 25, 26; called the “Sword of Righteousness,” 26; his Church policy, 63; joins Stephen, 278; his family, 302; relations with Stephen and with the Empress, ib., 303; seized at Oxford, 303, 304; death, 310

Roger, earl of Clare, ii. 12, 16, 180

Roger, earl of Hereford, i. 429

Roger of Howden, i. 82; ii. 439

Roger de Lacy, ii. 400, 401; at Château-Gaillard, 411, 417, 418, 423

Roger of Montrésor, i. 151

Roger de Mortemer, ii. 299

Roger de Mowbray, ii. 139, 152, 160, 162, 163

Roger “the Poor,” chancellor, i. 302, 303

Rohesia, wife of Gilbert Becket, i. 50, 352

Roland, count of Maine, i. 203

Roland of Siena, cardinal, see Alexander III.

Rome, relations of William and Lanfranc with, i. 15; trial of Stephen’s and Matilda’s claims at, 370; schism at, 498

Ronceray, i. 165 note 3{363}, 166; ii. 200

Roscilla of Loches, wife of Fulk the Red, i. 110

Rotrou, archbishop of Rouen, ii. 72, 81

Rouen surrenders to Geoffrey Plantagenet, i. 341, 342; besieged by Louis VII., ii. 164; palace, 196; young Henry buried at, 232; Richard’s heart buried at, 387; Arthur imprisoned at, 407; submits to Philip, 425. See Rotrou, Walter

Rouergue, i. 454

Roumare, see William

Roxburgh, i. 287

Rudolf of Burgundy, king of West-Frankland, i. 111, 115

Rufus, S., priory of, i. 476

Saher de Arcelles, i. 363

Sainfred, bishop of Le Mans, i. 204

Saintes granted to Fulk Nerra, i. 159, 173; taken by William VII. of Aquitaine, 215; regained and lost again, 216. See Peter

Saintonge ceded to Geoffrey Martel, i. 174; granted to Fulk Rechin, 214; war of, 215, 216, 252, 253

Saint-Saëns, see Elias

Saints, Old-English, revived veneration for, i. 33, 80

Saladin tithe, ii. 249

Salisbury, i. 32–33. See Herbert, Hubert, Jocelyn, John, Patrick, William

Saltwood, ii. 79

Sancho VI., king of Navarre, submits to Henry II.’s arbitration, ii. 190

Sancho VII., king of Navarre, suppresses revolt in Gascony and attacks Toulouse, ii. 316; helps Richard, 366, 367

Saumur, i. 161; taken by Fulk Nerra, 162; blockaded by William of Poitou, 213; betrayed to Fulk Rechin, 220; burnt, ib.; Henry II. at, ii. 256; taken by Philip, 410; abbey of S. Florence, i. 162, 163. See Gelduin

Savaric of Mauléon, ii. 405, 426

Saxony, see Henry, Matilda, Otto

Scarborough, i. 428

Schools, Augustinian, i. 43; at Oxford, ib., ii. 462; London, i. 47; Malmesbury, 84, 85. See Universities

Scotland, its relations with Henry I., i. 96. See David, Henry, Matilda, William

Scutage, i. 432, 433; the Great, 459–461; of 1195, ii. 343; 1196, 348

Sees, removal of, i. 40

Selby, see Robert

Sempringham, order of, i. 359, 360; helps S. Thomas, ii. 41

Seneschal of France, office of, i. 450

Sens, i. 164; ii. 42, 68

Serfdom in twelfth century, i. 61, 62

Serlo the Mercer, mayor of London, ii. 472

Severn, valley of, i. 35

Sherborne castle, i. 304

“Sheriff’s Aid,” ii. 15

Sheriffs of London, i. 45; ii. 471; Middlesex, i. 46; inquest on (1170), ii. 126, 127

Shrewsbury, i. 295, 298, 299

Sibyl, queen of Jerusalem, ii. 247, 320

Sibyl of Anjou, daughter of Fulk V., i. 240, 241

Sicily conquered by Henry VI., ii. 371, 372. See Constance, Jane, Roger, Tancred, William

Sillé, see Hugh, Robert

Simeon of Durham, i. 81, 82

Simon, count of Montfort, i. 467

Simon de Montfort, count of Evreux, ii. 138

Simon, earl of Northampton, ii. 144; claim to Huntingdon, 154

Simon of Dover, i. 363

Simon Fitz-Peter, ii. 21

Sleaford, i. 304

Smithfield, i. 47; S. Bartholomew’s priory and hospital, 67

Soissons, ii. 42, 65. See Guy, William

Solomon, king of Britanny, i. 103

Spain, proposed crusade in, i. 453, 497

Standard, battle of the, i. 289–291

Stephen Harding, S., i. 69, 70

Stephen of Blois, son of Stephen-Henry and Adela, i. 235, 236; his “Lombard grandmother,” 256; brought up by Henry I., 273; count of Mortain, ib.; marriage, ib.; relations with Henry, 274; oath to Matilda, ib.; goes to England, 276; gains the treasury, 277; crowned, 279; first charter, ib.; character, 280, 281; treaty with Scotland, 282; early successes, 283; second charter, 284; revolt against him, ib.; holds forest assize, 285; goes to Normandy, 286; invades Scotland, 287; relations with the barons, 292, 293; with Earl Robert, 294; revolt in the west, 295–299; grants Northumberland to Henry of Scotland, 300; besieges Ludlow, 301, 302; takes Leeds, 302; seizes Roger of Salisbury and his nephew, 303, 304; summoned before a council at Winchester, 305; penance, 306; truce with Geoffrey, 307; besieges Arundel, 309; sends Matilda to Bristol, 310; keeps Whitsuntide in the Tower, 311; besieges Lincoln castle, 315; exploits at battle of Lincoln, 319, 320; prisoner, 320; exchanged, 329; takes Wareham and Cirencester, 330; Oxford, 332; besieges the castle, 332, 333; routed at Wilton, 334; takes Farringdon, 335; builds Crowmarsh, 336; imprisons Ralf of Chester, ib.; wears his crown at Lincoln, 337; banishes Abp. Theobald, 368; trial of his claims at Rome, 370; reconciled to Theobald, 371; knights Eustace, 377; drives Vacarius from Oxford, 379; refuses a safe-conduct to John Paparo, 380; proposes to crown Eustace, 381, 390; imprisons the bishops, 391; meets Henry, 397; treaty, 400; last days, 403; death, 404

Stephen I., count of Champagne, i. 160

Stephen II., count of Champagne, i. 177; rebels, 177, 178; defeated, 178, 186; dies, 271

Stephen-Henry, count of Blois, Chartres and Champagne, receives Fulk Rechin’s homage, i. 221; his parents, 255, 256; marriage, 271, 272; crusade and death, 272

Stephen of Turnham, seneschal of Anjou, ii. 273, 279

Stockbridge, i. 327

Striguil, see Richard, William

Strongbow, ii. 99 note 7{445}

Stuteville, see Robert, William

Suger, abbot of S. Denis, his views on “Frenchmen and Englishmen,” i. 24; policy, 387, 388; opposes divorce of Louis VII., 392; death, ib., 399

Sulpice of Amboise, i. 156, 157, 194

Synods, see Councils

Taillebourg, ii. 215

Talbot, see Geoffrey

Tallage of 1174, ii. 173; 1194, 337, 342

Talvas, see William

Tancarville, see William

Tancred, king of Sicily, ii. 295

Tara, ii. 84

Taxation, i. 25, 26, 27; of towns, 29; “Sheriff’s Aid,” ii. 15; aid pour fille marier, 125, 126; Saladin tithe, 249; tax on moveables, 325; taxes in 1194, 328, 329, 337, 342; 1195, 343; 1198, 352; in London, 344, 345

Templars, i. 357

Terence O’Brien, king of Munster, ii. 89

Terence O’Conor, king of Connaught, ii. 90, 91

Tertullus, i. 127, 128

Theobald, abbot of Bec, archbishop of Canterbury, i. 300, 351; joins the Empress, 321; his policy, 351, 352, 378; household, 352, 354, 379, 477; legate, 356, 380; “swimming-voyage” to Reims, 368; banished, ib.; consecrates Gilbert Foliot, 371; returns, ib.; holds a council, 381; imprisoned, 391; escapes, ib.; relations with Henry II., 418; consecrates Roger of York, 479; last days, 503–504; death, 506

Theobald I. the Trickster, count of Blois, Chartres and Tours, i. 106, 115, 116

Theobald III., count of Blois, Chartres and Tours, i. 177; rebels, 177, 178; marches to relieve Tours, 184, 185; prisoner, 186; cedes Tours to Geoffrey Martel, 187; his marriages, 255, 256; seizes Champagne, 271

Theobald IV. the Great, count of Blois, Chartres and Champagne, i. 273; character, 275, 276; alliance with Henry I., 231; wars with Louis VI., ib., 235; invited to Normandy, 282, 337; treaties with Geoffrey, ib.; with Stephen, 286; opposes Louis VII.’s attempt on Toulouse, 457; quarrel with Louis, 384; death, 392, 399

Theobald V., count of Blois etc., seeks to marry Eleanor, i. 392; betrothed to Adela, 445; ally of Henry II., 466

Theobald Walter, ii. 293, 343

Theodoric, count of Flanders, i. 342

Thierceville, i. 354

Thomas of London, son of Gilbert Becket, his boyhood, i. 50, 51; studies in Paris, 352; clerk to Osbern Huitdeniers, 353; enters Theobald’s household, 353, 354; goes with him to Rome, 356; to Reims, 368; studies at Bologna and Auxerre, 379; opposes crowning of Eustace, 391; chancellor, 418; archdeacon of Canterbury, 420, 479, 480; his person, 421; life as chancellor, 421–425; relations with Henry, 423, 425–427; embassy to France, 446–448; exploits in war of Toulouse, 465, 466; combat with Engelram of Trie, 467; opposes marriage of Mary of Boulogne, 469; takes charge of young Henry and procures his recognition as heir, 471–473; relations with Roger of Pont-l’Evêque, 478; with John of Salisbury, 485; character as chancellor and as primate, 504, 505; archbishop of Canterbury, ii. 1–3; consecrated, 4–5; institutes Trinity-Sunday, 5; receives his pall and resigns the chancellorship, 6; life as archbishop, 7–10; his eruditi, 8; plans of Church reform, 11; reclaims alienated lands, 11, 12; dispute with Roger of Clare, 12, 16; with William of Eynesford, 17; resigns archdeaconry, 13; relations with Gilbert Foliot, ib., 31; at council of Tours, 14; resists Henry at Woodstock, 15, 16; refuses the “customs,” 22, 23; young Henry taken from him, 23; meets Henry at Northampton, ib.; consecrates Robert of Melun, 24; accepts the customs, ib.; swears to them at Clarendon, 25; rejects the constitutions of Clarendon, 28; forbids marriage of William of Anjou, 29; dispute with Roger of York, 30; attempts flight, 31; meets Henry at Woodstock, 31, 32; dispute with John the marshal, 32, 33, 34; at council of Northampton, 33–40; flight, 41; goes to Soissons and Sens, 42; effects of the quarrel in England, 46–49; resigns his ring to the Pope, 52; goes to Pontigny, 42, 54; life there, 63; writes to Henry, 63, 64; pilgrimage to Soissons, 65; excommunications at Vézelay, 66; legate, 67; goes to Sens, 68; meets Henry at Montmirail, 69; excommunications at Clairvaux, 70; meets Henry at Montmartre, 71; proclaims interdict, 71; forbids crowning of young Henry, 72; meets Henry at Fréteval, 73; Tours and Chaumont, 74; his estates restored, 74; returns to England, 77; excommunicates the De Brocs, 78; slain, 79; canonized, 431; results of his life and death, 431–433; lives of, 439

Thomas Pactius, prior of Loches, i. 126, 127, 153, note 3{318}

Thorgils, ii. 82

Thouars, see Almeric, Guy

Thurstan, archbishop of York, his charter to Beverley, i. 30, 38; protects Fountains, 71; makes truce with the Scots, 286; organizes defence of Yorkshire, 288, 289; dies, 354

Tiberias, battle of, ii. 247

Tickhill, ii. 282, 291, 299, 323, 328

Tighernan O’Ruark, chief of Breffny, ii. 97, 109, 111, 114

Tinchebray, battle of, i. 12, 13, 227

Tintern abbey, i. 71

Tithe, the Saladin, ii. 249

Torigni, 386, 405. See Robert

Tortulf the Forester (Torquatius), i. 105, 127, 128

Totnes, gild at, ii. 469

Toucques, i. 307

Toulouse, relations with France, i. 457, 458; war of Henry II. against, 464–466; its results, 468; attacked by Sancho of Navarre and the seneschal of Gascony, ii. 316; counts, i. 454–456. See Alfonso, Bertrand, Raymond, William

Touraine, i. 107; ceded to Geoffrey Martel, 187, 188

Tournaments authorized by Richard I., ii. 342

Tours (Cæsarodunum) sacked by northmen, i. 102; early history, 178–183; granted to Geoffrey Martel, 178; siege, 184; ceded by Theobald, 187; council at, ii. 14; taken by Philip, 264; Richard at, 365, 366; meeting of Arthur and the Lusignans at, 405; burnt by Philip, 407; destroyed by John, ib.; S. Martin’s abbey, i. 102, 113, 114, 181–183; its banner, 186; Châteauneuf, 183, ii. 264, 366. See Adaland, Gatian, Gregory, Lidorius, Martin, Odo, Theobald

Towns, English, their origin and character, i. 27–29; taxation, 25, 29; firma burgi, 29; condition under Henry I., 30–54; fusion of races in, 48, 49; progress under the Angevins, ii. 468–472

Tracy, see William

Trade, English, with Flanders, i. 30, 52; with Ireland, 32, 34, 35; ii. 87; of Winchester, i. 32; Bristol, 34, 35; ii. 87; Chester, i. 36; ii. 87; Lincoln, i. 39, 40; Norwich, 40; London, 49; under the Angevins, ii. 481–485

Treasurers, see Nigel, Richard

Trencavel, see Raymond

Trent, river, i. 40, 344, 345

Trèves (near Saumur), i. 162

Trie, see Engelram

Trinity Sunday instituted, ii. 5

Trussebut, see William

Tuam, metropolis of Connaught, ii. 94

Tunbridge, ii. 12, 16

Turlogh, see Terence

Turnham, see Robert, Stephen

Turold, abbot of Malmesbury, i. 84

Turones or Turoni, i. 179

Twinham or Christchurch, i. 32

Ulger, bishop of Angers, i. 370

Ulster invaded by John de Courcy, ii. 184

Umfraville, see Odelin

Universities, ii. 460–468. See Bologna, Cambridge, Oxford, Paris

Urban II., Pope, i. 225

Urban III., Pope, ii. 242, 247

Ursus or Ours, S., i. 110

Vacarius, i. 379

Varaville, i. 213

Varneville, see Ralf

Vegetius Renatus, his book De Re Militari, i. 386

Vendôme, abbey of Holy Trinity at, i. 172. See Adela, Burchard, Elizabeth, Fulk, Geoffrey, John

Verdun, treaty of, i. 98

Vere, see Aubrey

Vermandois, ii. 360. See Ralf

Verneuil, ii. 364, 365, 425

Vexin, the French, granted to William Clito, i. 243

Vexin, the Norman, ceded to Louis VII., i. 388; settled on Margaret, 467, 471; seized by Henry II., 470

Vézelay, S. Thomas at, ii. 66

Victor IV., antipope, i. 498, 499; ii. 55

Vienna, Richard I. captured at, ii. 322

Villeins in twelfth century, i. 57–62

Vulgrin, count of Angoulême, invades Poitou, ii. 209; submits to Richard, 210, 215; dies, 220

Wace, ii. 446

Walbrook, i. 46

Waldric or Gualdric, chancellor of England and bishop of Laon, i. 22, 30

Waleran, count of Meulan, rebels, i. 241; raises siege of Carham, 287; escorts the Empress to Bristol, 310; submits to Geoffrey, 337, 338

Wales, Flemish settlers in, i. 52; Henry I.’s dealings with, 96; condition in twelfth century, ii. 99; Henry II.’s wars in, i. 435–437; ii. 179–181, 237; crusade preached in, ii. 249; Gerald’s books on, 458. See Cadwallader, David, Madoc, Nest, Owen, Rees

Walkelyn Maminot, i. 295, 299

Wallingford, the Empress at, i. 334; blockaded by Stephen, 396; relieved by Henry, 397; treaty of, 400; council at, 429; granted to John, ii. 282; taken from him, 323, 328

Walter of Coutances, archbishop of Rouen, ii. 297; sent to England, 298, 300; supports John against W. Longchamp, 308, 309; justiciar, 311, 312; hostage for Richard’s ransom, 326; quarrel with Richard, 380, 381; invests John as duke, 389

Walter, archdeacon of Canterbury, i. 478; bishop of Rochester, ib., 506; ii. 4

Walter, count of Mantes, i. 217, 218

Walter de Clare, i. 71

Walter Lespec founds Kirkham priory, i. 67; Rievaux, 71; at battle of the Standard, 289; death, 399

Walter Map, ii. 449–452

Walter, see Hubert

Wareham, i. 295, 299, 330, 332, 333

Warin, abbot of Malmesbury, i. 84

Wark, ii. 153. See Carham

Warren, see Isabel, Hameline, William

Waterford, its origin, ii. 83; taken by Richard of Striguil, 104; Henry II. at, 113; bull “Laudabiliter” published at, 182. See Malchus

Waverley abbey, i. 71

Weavers, gilds of, i. 30, 52; ii. 481

“Week-work,” i. 57

Weobly, i. 296

Westminster, i. 46; coronations at, i. 279, 405; ii. 72, 276, 391, 399; councils at, i. 300, 329, 330; ii. 3, 22, 23, 190

Wexford, ii. 102, 109, 111, 117

Wherwell, i. 327

White Ship wrecked, i. 239

Wigford, i. 439

Wigmore, i. 429

William, S., archbishop of York, i. 354, 355, 364–367, 478

William the Conqueror, king of England and duke of Normandy, his ecclesiastical customs, i. 16; charter to London, 45; shelters Bp. Gervase of Le Mans, 206; helps King Henry against Geoffrey Martel, 207; besieges Domfront, 208, 209; regains Alençon and fortifies Ambrières, 209; challenges Geoffrey, 211; treaty with Herbert of Maine, 216; conquers Maine, 218; Maine revolts against, 221, 222; treaty with Anjou, 223; death, ib.

William II. Rufus, king of England, regains Maine, i. 3; restores Carlisle, 36; his palace at Westminster, 46; war with Elias, 225, 226; death, 3, 226

William the Lion, king of Scots, does homage to young Henry, ii. 72; joins his rebellion, 140; invades England, 149, 153, 154; his border castles, 152; prisoner, 161, 162; does homage for his crown, 166, 178; marriage, 237; negotiations with Richard, 281, 330, 341; with John, 391, 393; homage to John, 399

William II. the Good, king of Sicily, betrothed to Jane, daughter of Henry II., ii. 60; marriage, 189; death, 318

William the Ætheling, son of Henry I., betrothed to Matilda of Anjou, i. 234; receives homage, ib.; marriage, 236; drowned, 239

William, eldest son of Henry II. and Eleanor, i. 429, 431

William of Corbeil, prior of Chiche, archbishop of Canterbury, i. 68; joins Stephen, 278; crowns him, 279; dies, 299, 300

William, archbishop of Bordeaux, ii. 140

William I. Shockhead (Tête-d’Etoupe), count of Poitou and duke of Aquitaine, i. 123

William II. Fierabras, duke of Aquitaine, i. 123, 139, 173

William IV. the Great, duke of Aquitaine, i. 159, 173

William V. the Fat, duke of Aquitaine, i. 173, 174

William VI. (Peter) the Bold, duke of Aquitaine, i. 176; relations with Geoffrey Martel, 210–213; death, 213

William VII. (Guy-Geoffrey), duke of Aquitaine, i. 215; war with Anjou, ib., 252, 253; regains Saintonge, 216

William VIII., duke of Aquitaine, offers his duchy in pledge to William Rufus, i. 3; imprisons Fulk of Anjou, 229; marriage, 455

William IX., duke of Aquitaine, bequeaths his daughter to Louis VII. of France, i. 383; claims on Toulouse, 455

William Longsword, duke of Normandy, i. 111

William of Longchamp, bishop of Ely and chancellor, ii. 277, 279; character and antecedents, 285–287; justiciar, 288; proceedings at York, 290; quarrel with Hugh of Durham, 291; legate, ib.; his difficulties, 292, 293; his rule, 294; quarrels with John, 298–301; struggle with Geoffrey of York, 305, 306; with John etc., 307–311; his fall, 311, 312; appeals to the Pope and excommunicates his enemies, 312; negotiates with Eleanor and John, 315; goes to England for Richard’s ransom, 325; makes truce with Philip, 367; mission to Germany, 372; death, 373, note 4{1866}

William, dean of York, i. 355; bishop of Durham, ib.; death, 399

William Giffard, chancellor, i. 22; bishop of Winchester, 71

William I., count of Arles or Provence, i. 190, 191

William, count of Angoulême, ii. 136

William IV. count of Toulouse, i. 455

William of Aubigny, earl of Arundel, i. 298; ii. 144, 145, 149

William of Aumale, earl of York, i. 289

William of Blois, chancellor of Lincoln, ii. 456, 461

William, earl of Gloucester, ii. 144, 163, 184

William de Mandeville, earl of Essex, ii. 144; supports Henry II., 145, 260; justiciar, 279; death, 282

William the Marshal rebels against Henry II., ii. 139; relations with the young king, 228; early history, 260; encounter with Richard, 261; arranges Henry’s funeral, 269, 270; meeting with Richard, 272; marriage, 274; co-justiciar, 279; regent for John, 390, 391; earl of Striguil, 393; sent to Normandy, 400, 401; goes to relieve Les Andelys, 413; ambassador to Philip, 424; persuades John to dismiss the host, 427

William, marquis of Montferrat, ii. 60

William of Mortain, earl of Cornwall, i. 11, 13

William of Roumare, i. 314; earl of Lincoln, 315

William, earl of Salisbury, ii. 144

William Longsword, earl of Salisbury, son of Henry II., ii. 428

William, earl of Warren and count of Mortain and Boulogne (son of Stephen), i. 430, 469

William of Anjou, third son of Geoffrey and Matilda, born, i. 374; proposal to conquer Ireland for him, 431; death, ii. 29

William de Barri, ii. 453

William the Clito, son of Robert of Normandy, i. 235, 238; betrothed to Sibyl of Anjou, 240; marriage annulled, 241; excommunicated, 242; Flanders granted to, 243; marriage, ib.; death, 266

William de Courcy, seneschal of Normandy, ii. 146, 193

William of Dover, i. 335

William of Eynesford, ii. 17

William Fitz-Alan, i. 295, 298

William Fitz-Aldhelm, seneschal to Henry II., ii. 113, 116; governor of Ireland, 183

William Fitz-Duncan, i. 287

William Fitz-John, i. 295

William Fitz-Ralf, seneschal of Normandy, ii. 194, 260

William Fitz-Osbert or Long-beard, ii. 345–347

William Fitz-Stephen, ii. 38

William of Malmesbury, i. 83–93; his account of the Angevins, 196

William of Mohun, i. 295

William “the Monk,” i. 342

William, lord of Montpellier, i. 462, 466

William of Newburgh, ii. 441–445

William Peverel, i. 295, 299, 320, 428

William of Pavia, cardinal, ii. 69

William, archbishop of Reims, ii. 218

William des Roches, ii. 394, 407, 426

William of Soissons, i. 481

William de Stuteville, ii. 160, 393

William Talvas, lord of Alençon, i. 236, 270, 281

William of Tancarville, chamberlain of Normandy, ii. 142

William de Tracy, ii. 78

William Trussebut, i. 307

William de Vesci, ii. 145, 160

William of Ypres, i. 285, 294; at battle of Lincoln, 318, 319; helps the queen in Kent, 324; at siege of Winchester, 326; captures Earl Robert, 327; tries to reconcile Stephen and Abp. Theobald, 369

Wilton, i. 33; battle at, 334

Winchester, i. 31; treaty of, 9; fair, 32; Stephen received at, 277; Matilda received at, 321; palace, 325; siege, 326; Matilda’s escape from, 327, 328; councils at, 305, 322, 402; hospital of S. Cross, 357; coronations at, ii. 81, 330; meetings of John and W. of Longchamp at, 298, 299, 300. See Henry, Richard, William

Windsor, ii. 182, 314, 323, 328

Witham, river, i. 38, 40

Wolvesey-house, i. 325

Woodstock, Henry I. at, i. 44, 94; Henry II. and Thomas at, ii. 31, 32; Welsh princes at, 14, 179; council at, 14–16, 43, 44

Wool-trade, Flemish and English, i. 30, 52

Worcester, i. 35; its historical school, 81, 82; Henry II. at, 439

Würzburg, council at, ii. 56

York, i. 36; Henry I.’s charter to, ib.; S. Mary’s abbey, 71; dispute for the primacy, 354, 355, 364–366; tumults at, 380; Henry Murdac enthroned at, 381; end of the schism, 382; Henry II. and William the Lion at, ii. 178; massacre of Jews at, 289, 290; council at, 340; commune at, 469. See Geoffrey, Henry, Hubert, Hugh, John, Roger, Thurstan, William

Yorkshire, its condition under Henry I., i. 36, 38

Transcriber’s Note

The Errata have been moved to the end of the book, the corrections listed in them have been applied to this transcription.

Footnotes have been renumbered and moved to the end of paragraphs.

All references to footnote numbers (i.e. page and note number) are followed by the footnote number used here in braces e.g. {386}.

Some formatting and punctuation in citations and the index have been standardized.

Variant spelling, inconsistent hyphenation and inconsistent spelling of people’s names are retained, as are inconsistent punctuation after roman numerals (e.g. “i.” and “i” both occur) and inconsistent use of italics, however a few palpable printing errors have been corrected.

“Guib. Noviog. Opp. Opp.” has been changed to “Guib. Noviog. Opp.” in all the footnotes it occurs.

In footnote 727 (originally Page 289 Footnote 5) “The the king” is quoted correctly.

In footnote 1040 (originally Page 360 Footnote 1) “xcix*” has been changed to “lix*” in “see Dugdale, Monast. Angl., vol. vi. pt. 2, pp. iii*–lix*”.

In footnote 1229 “De Nugis Curialibus” has been changed to “De Nugis Curialium”

In footnote 1291 The closing bracket has been moved: “Joh. Salisb., Ep. lxxviii. (Giles, vol. i. p. 109; Robertson, Becket, vol. v. Ep. ix. p. 13).” has been changed to “Joh. Salisb., Ep. lxxviii. (Giles, vol. i. p. 109); Robertson, Becket, vol. v. Ep. ix. p. 13.”

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