Cyclopedia of painters and paintings, volume 2 (of 4) (part 3 of 3)

Cyclopedia of painters and paintings, volume 2 (of 4) (part 3 of 3)

JANSCHA, LORENZ, born at Rodein, Carniola, in 1744, died in Vienna, April 1, 1812. Landscape painter and etcher, pupil of the Vienna Academy under Weirotter and Christian Brand; went to Rome in 1790, and was appointed in 1801 corrector, and in 1806 professor at the Vienna Academy. Works: Panorama of Vienna, Brigittenau (1790), Imperial Library, Vienna; Gathering in the Prater, City Library, Vienna; Scene in the Prater about 1790; Outlook towards the Landstrasse in Vienna.--Allgem. d. Biogr., xiii. 709; Wurzbach, x. 90.

JANSENIUS, portrait, Titian, Palazzo Doria, Rome; canvas, figure to ankles, life-size. Much retouched.--C. & C., Titian, ii. 419.

JANSON, JOHANNES, born at Amboyna, East Indies, April 17, 1729, died at Leyden, Aug. 1, 1784. Landscape and animal painter, was brought to Holland when eight years of age, became an engineer officer, but resigned his career to take up painting. Works: Castle of Heemstede (1766), Amsterdam Museum. By his son and pupil, Johannes Christiaan (born at Leyden in 1763, died at The Hague, Oct. 17, 1823), there are in the same museum: Woman cutting Bread, Good Neighbours.--Immerzeel, ii. 77; Kramm, iii. 793.

JANSSEN, PETER, born at Düsseldorf, Dec. 12, 1844. History and portrait painter, pupil of Düsseldorf Academy under Bendemann. Having visited Munich, Dresden, and Holland, he attracted attention by his first painting in 1868. Has since executed decorative pictures in public buildings at Crefeld, Bremen, Erfurt, and in the National Gallery of Berlin. In 1877 he became professor, and in 1880 director, of the Düsseldorf Academy. Medals: Düsseldorf, 1880; Vienna, 1882; Munich, 1883. Member of Berlin Academy, 1885. Works: Peter’s Denial (1868); Seven Scenes from History of Arminius the Cheruskian (1869–73), City Hall, Crefeld; Foundation of Riga (1872), Exchange, Bremen; Prayer of the Swiss before Battle of Sempach (1874); Portrait of Fieldmarshal Herwarth von Bittenfeld (1883), Twelve Scenes from Myth of Prometheus (fresco), National Gallery, Berlin; Battle at Fehrbellin (fresco), Arsenal, ib.; Cycle from History of Erfurt, City Hall, Erfurt; Cycle of Frieze Paintings (1885), Aula, Düsseldorf Academy.--Jordan (1885), ii. 108; Kunst-Chronik, vi. 159; vii. 206; ix. 613; xii. 498; Müller, 280.

JANSSENS or JANSON, CORNELIS. See Ceulen.

JANSSENS, H. (Hieronymus), born at Antwerp, baptized Oct. 1, 1624, died there, summer 1693. Flemish school; genre painter, pupil of Christoffel Jacob van der Lamen; master of the guild in 1644. The pictures by this artist were formerly attributed to Victor Honoré Janssens, who was not born until 1664. The subjects are taken from Flemish court life of the times, and are treated in an original, truthful, refined manner; drawing correct, colouring excellent. Works: La Main Chaude, Louvre (attributed to Victor Honoré); Ball at Court (1658), Lille Museum; Trictrac (1659), La Main Chaude (1660), M. Le Brun Dalbanne, Paris; Prince of Orange (1663), Misses Giebens, Antwerp; Ladies and Gentlemen escorting Married Couple to Travelling Coach, Theodor van Lerius, ib.; Women fighting about a Pair of Trousers, Ghent Museum; Assembly of Noblemen before a Palace (1672), Dunkirk Museum.--Gaz. des B. Arts (1865), xviii. 524; Rooses (Reber), 384; Van den Branden, 1024.

JANSSENS, VICTOR HONORÉ, born in Brussels in 1664, died there in 1739. Flemish school; history painter, pupil of Lancelot Volders, became master in 1689, then spent four years at the court of the Duke of Holstein, who sent him to Rome, where he stayed eleven years, imitating Albani and allied in friendship with Tempesta, in whose landscapes he supplied the figures. Returned to Brussels, and executed many altarpieces; in 1718 went to Vienna as court-painter to the Emperor Charles VI., and thence to London in 1721. His small historical pictures are superior to his large works. Works: Apparition of the Virgin, St. Charles Borromeo, Sacrifice of Æneas, Dido building Carthage, Brussels Museum; Assembly of the Gods, Allegory of Events of 1708, City Hall, ib.; St. Roch curing the Diseased, St. Nicholas, ib.; Venus and Adonis, Copenhagen Gallery.--Ch. Blanc, École flamande; Immerzeel, ii. 79.

JANSSENS VAN NUYSSEN, ABRAHAM, born in Antwerp in 1575, died there, buried Jan. 25, 1632. Flemish school; painter of religious subjects and allegories, pupil of Jan Snellinck, and studied in Italy; in 1601 admitted to the guild, its dean in 1606–7. After Rubens, he was one of the most famous of the great Flemish painters of the 17th century. According to recent documentary discoveries the accounts of his enmity against Rubens, and the misery into which he fell, are devoid of truth. Works: Madonna, Adoration of Magi, River God of the Scheldt, Museum, Antwerp; Entombment, Madonna and Saints, Carmelites, ib.; The Four Fathers of the Church, Cathedral, ib.; St. Luke painting the Virgin, St. Rombold’s, Mechlin; Adoration of the Shepherds, Bruges Cathedral; Descent from the Cross, Ecce Homo, St. Bavon’s, Ghent; Miraculous Draught of Fishes, St. Peter’s, ib.; Allegory on Age, Brussels Museum; Descent from Cross, St. Bavon’s Church, Ghent; Meleager and Atalanta, Vertumnus and Pomona, Berlin Museum; Venus and Adonis, Vienna Museum; Tobias and the Angel, Brunswick Gallery; Diana, Cassel Gallery; St. Cecilia, Christ as Saviour, The Four Roman Fathers of the Church, Cologne Museum.--Ch. Blanc, École flamande; Cat. du Mus. d’Anvers (1874), 213; Immerzeel, ii. 80; Kramm, iii. 796; Michiels, viii. 306; Riegel, Beiträge, ii. 54; Rooses (Reber), 156; Van den Branden, 478.

JANSSON, KARL EMANUEL, born at Finnström, Åland, July 7, 1846, died there, June 1, 1874. Genre painter, pupil at Åbo of Ekman and in Stockholm of Boklund (1862–68), then until 1870 at Düsseldorf of Vautier. Medal, Vienna, 1873; member of St. Petersburg Academy. Works: Courtship in Åland; A Copper in the Contribution Box; Ace of Clubs.--Taflor.

JAPY, LOUIS AIMÉ, born at Berne (Doubs); contemporary. Landscape painter, pupil of François. Medals: 1870; 3d class, 1873. Works: Before the Storm; Valley of Nantuis; Twilight; Spring Landscape (1873), Corcoran Gallery, Washington; Aurora, Spring-time in the Mountains, A River (1874); Spring-time in the Valley of the Somme, In the Woods in April (1878); End of April, Valley of the Lomont (1879); On the Plain at Villers Cotterets (1880); Autumn Evening (1881); A Morning in May, October Evening (1882); Moonrise, The Shepherd and the Sea (1883); After the Storm, Morning in May (1884); Pools of Beauval, Summer Evening (1885).

JARDIN, KAREL DU, born in Amsterdam about 1625, died in Venice, Nov. 20, 1678. Dutch school; landscape and animal painter, pupil of Berchem, and perhaps of Paul Potter, whose style he adopted. Visited Rome early, and there conceived a preference for Italian scenery. On his return from Italy settled at The Hague, where in 1656 he was one of the founders of the new guild Pictura; removed to Amsterdam in 1659, whence, after 1670, he went to Rome, and thence to Venice. He painted also domestic scenes, portraits, and historical subjects. His Italian landscapes are harmoniously treated. His animals are true to nature and well drawn. His large figures are extremely weak. Works: Figures and Animals Resting (1656), Fording the Stream (1657), Landscape with Cattle, Sheep, and Goats (1673), National Gallery, London; Landscapes (4), Buckingham Palace; do. (1), Bridgewater Gallery; do. (2), Lord Ashburton; do. (2), Mr. Hope’s Collection, London; Halt of Horsemen at Italian Inn, Farrier’s Shop, National Gallery, Edinburgh; Calvary (1661), Italian Charlatans (1657), Landscapes and Cattle Pieces (6), Male Portrait, Louvre; Italian Landscape (1673), Woman Spinning, Hague Museum; Peasant winnowing Corn (1655), Regent-piece (1669), Artist’s Portrait (1660), Horseman before Inn, Muleteers, Male Portrait, do. (1670), Landscapes (2), Amsterdam Museum; Italian Landscape, Rotterdam Museum; Vanguard, Returning to Stable, Brussels Museum; Stirrup Cup, Basle Museum; Dog and Horse Studies (2), Christ on the Cross, Musée Rath, Geneva; Portrait of Young Man (1652), Tasting Wine (1664), Morning, Evening, Berlin Museum; David after slaying Goliath, Brunswick Museum; Shepherdess Spinning, Carlsruhe Gallery; Mountebank with Dogs, Cassel Gallery; Allegory on Human Life (1663), Copenhagen Gallery; Peasants and Shepherds with Sheep and Goats(?), Darmstadt Museum; Diogenes and Boy, Maid milking Goat, Ox and Goats, Dresden Museum; Shepherd Boy with Goats and Sheep, Sick Goat attended by Girls, New Pinakothek, Munich; Parody on Art Criticism (1677), Animal Piece, Schwerin Gallery; Landscapes with Animals and Figures (2), Stuttgart Museum; Herd and Boy, Vienna Museum; Landscapes with Cattle (7), Hermitage, St. Petersburg; Portrait, Landscapes (2), Holy Night, Farm Yard (1667), Historical Society, New York.--Ch. Blanc, École hollandaise; Burger, Musées, i. 64, 264; ii. 140; 283; Immerzeel, ii. 81; Kramm, iii. 805; Kugler, ii. 449; Riegel, Beiträge, ii. 385; Schaefer, ii. 375.

JARDINIÈRE, BELLE. See Madonna Belle Jardinière.

JARENUS, second half of 15th century. German school. This name was first suggested by Passavant, who probably read as Jarenus the fragment of the inscription Jesus Nazarenus on a Pietà at Wilton House. The Soest triptych at Berlin shows the growing influence of the Flemish school. Works: Triptych, with Scenes from the Passion, Berlin Museum; The two wings of this are now in the Provinzial Museum at Münster.--Kugler (Crowe), i. 133; Meyer, Gemälde d. köngl. Mus., 436; Passavant, Kunstreise, 141, 402; Rep. f. Kunstwissenschaft, ii. 422; Waagen; Schnaase, viii. 370; W. & W., ii. 98.

JARVIS, JOHN WESLEY, born at South Shields-on-the-Tyne, England, in 1780. Brought to Philadelphia by his father in 1785. Portrait painter, chiefly self-taught; one of the earliest of American painters to attend to the study of anatomy. Painted in New York and the chief Southern cities, where his portraits were very popular. Works: Governor Fillmore, Commodores Perry, Swift, Hull, Bainbridge, McDonough, General Brown, City Hall, New York; Dr. Alexander Andrews, Museum, ib.; DeWitt Clinton, C. D. Colden, Christopher Colles, Rev. Dr. Stanford, Egbert Benson, Robert Morris, John Randolph, and others, Historical Society, New York; Halleck; Bishop Moore; Hon. Stephen Van Rensselaer. A head of Tom Paine, in plaster, by Jarvis, is in the New York Historical Society.--Tuckerman, 58.

JEAN, AMAN EDMOND, born at Chevry-Cossigny (Seine-et-Oise); contemporary. Genre and portrait painter, pupil of Henri Lehmann, Hébert, and Merson. Medal, 3d class, 1883. Works: Portraits (1880); St. Julian the Hospitaller (1883); Paris, Peace (1885).

JEANNE D’ARC. See Joan of Arc.

JEANNIN, GEORGES, born in Paris; contemporary. Flower and fruit painter, pupil of Vincelet. Medal, 3d class, 1878. Works: Flower Store (1876); After the Rain (1877); Wheelbarrow with Flowers, Basket of Flowers (1878); Cart with Flowers, Flower Stall (1879); Shipping of Flowers (1880), Luxembourg Museum; Chrysanthemums (1880); Green-house Interior (1881); Jour de Fête (1882); Parisian Garden (1883); Gardener Girl, Autumn Gathering (1884); Summer Morning, Apple Study (1885).

JEANNIOT, PIERRE ALEXANDRE, born at Champlitte (Haute Saône), May 28, 1826. Landscape and portrait painter, pupil at Geneva of Diday and of Calame; Director of École des Beaux Arts at Dijon. Works: View of Mont Blanc (1852); Views in Savoy, Burgundy, Côte-d’Or, etc. (1857–67); Return of the Herd (1868); Portraits of Himself and Son (1872); Views of Dijon Castle (3), Dijon Museum; Lake d’Annecy, Nancy Museum.--Bellier, i. 826.

JEANNIOT, PIERRE GEORGES, born at Geneva; contemporary. Landscape, genre, and portrait painter, son and pupil of Pierre Alexandre Jeanniot. Medal, 3d class, 1884. Works: Hoar-frost in Park of Dijon (1875); Stream in do., Banks of the Seine near Troyes (1876); Summer near Toul (1878); Passing the Bridge (1879); Derniers Tambours (1881); Pupil Corporals, Haulers (1883); Flankers (1884); Les Pays (1885).

JEANRON, PHILIPPE AUGUSTE, born at Boulogne-sur-Mer, May 10, 1810, died in the Castle of Comborn in Corrèze, April 10, 1877. Genre and history painter, pupil of Sigalon and Souchon. When appointed by Ledru Rollin during the Revolution of 1848 director-general of the national museums, he opened new galleries and classified pictures according to schools at the Louvre, and reorganized many provincial museums. In 1863 he became director of the Marseilles Museum. Medals: 2d class, 1833; L. of Honour, 1855; Corresponding Member of Institute, 1863. Works: Little Patriots (1830), Caen Museum; Smugglers Halting, Workmen on a Strike (1833); Peasants of Limousin (1834); Blacksmiths of Corrèze (1836); Criminals collecting Upas Poison (1840); Gypsies (1846); Abandoned Harbour of Ambleteuse (1850), Luxembourg Museum; Flight into Egypt, Duc de Luynes; Harbour of Andresselles, Establishing the Telegraph at Cape Gris-Nez (1850); Fishermen at the Ferry, Susanna (1852); View of Cape Gris-Nez (1853), Boulogne Museum; Dead Low Tide (1853), Douai Museum; Camp of Equihem (1855), Chartres Museum; Camp of Ambleteuse (1855), Aix Museum; Tintoretto and his Daughter in the Campagna, Fra Bartolommeo, Raphael and the Fornarina, Sea-Birds, Long Absence (1857); Phœnician and Slave (1859); Banks of the Seine (1859); Arras Museum; Valley of Posavera, Return of the Fishermen, Battle of Solferino, Zouaves by the Sea (bought by State), French Soldiers at Solferino, French Soldiers near Genoa (1861); Old Willows of Hyères, Baths of Bonnettes (1863); Marseilles Lighthouse (1864), Notre Dame de la Garde and the Castle of If (1865); Pond of Belmont (1868); Cape Couronne (1869); Stone Terrace at Comborn (1870); Notre Dame des Anges, Cape Gris-Nez (1874); Waiting, Stubble, River Durance (1875); From Genoa to Marseilles (1876); View in the Limousin, Lille Museum; Portrait of Mirabeau, Versailles Museum.--L’Art (1877), vi. 189; (1878), ix. 96; Bellier, i. 827; Gaz. des B. Arts (1865), xix. 24, 535; Larousse.

JEAURAT, ÉTIENNE, born in Paris, Feb. 8, 1699, died in Versailles, Dec. 14, 1789. French school. Genre painter, pupil of Vleughels, whom he accompanied to Rome when that painter was appointed director of the French Academy in that city (1724). On his return to France, he was elected a member of the Academy, and produced pictures of great merit. Many of his works have been engraved. Member Academy 1733; professor, 1743; rector, 1765; chancellor, 1781; custodian of the Versailles Gallery. Works: Diana and Actæon, Esau and Jacob (1737); Diana Resting (1738); Departure of Achilles (1738), Cambrai Museum; Boy Playing with Syringe (1739); Daphnis and Chloë (1741); Seamstress, Woman in Confinement, Afternoon, Taking Harlots to the Hospital, Painter Moving, Village Wedding, Painter’s Studio, Diogenes breaking his Bowl (1747), Louvre; Achilles going to avenge Patroclus, Two Savoyards, Woman dressing Salad (1753); An Arrest (1755); Lemon Trees of Javotte (1763); Wine-Press in Burgundy, Peasant Women keeping a Vigil (1769); Cook returning from Market, Besançon Museum; Christ giving the Keys to St. Peter, Kitchen Interior, Vandyck (attrib.), Male Portrait (attrib.), Orleans Museum; Familiar Scene (1774), Hermitage, St. Petersburg.--Bellier, i. 828; Ch. Blanc, École française; Wurzbach, Fr. Maler des xviii. Jahrh, 32; Larousse.

JEBENS, ADOLPH, born at Elbing, West-Prussia, March 19, 1819. Portrait painter, pupil of Berlin Academy, and, 1836–39, in Paris of Delaroche; afterward visited Paris again and Italy. In 1845–63 he painted in St. Petersburg large military portraits for the Czars Nicholas and Alexander; since 1863 in Berlin. Member of St. Petersburg Academy.--Leixner, D. mod. K., i. 23; Müller, 281.

JEHAN DE PARIS. See Perréal.

JEHANNET, MAITRE, See Clouet.

JELGERHUIS RIENKSZ, JOHANNES, born at Leeuwarden, Sept. 24, 1770, died at Amsterdam, Oct. 6, 1836. Landscape and city views painter, son and pupil of Rienk Jelgerhuis (1729–1806), and pupil of Pieter Barbiers, the younger; became an actor in 1806. Works: Gate of Leyden at Amsterdam (1813); Publisher’s Warehouse, ib. (1820); View of Delft (1826); Little Fish-Market at Amsterdam (1828), Amsterdam Museum.--Immerzeel, ii. 84; Kramm, iii. 809.

JENA, BATTLE OF, Horace Vernet, Versailles Museum. Battle fought Oct. 14, 1806. In centre, Napoleon, Berthier, Murat; at right, the Imperial Guard. The Emperor, observing that his wings were menaced by cavalry, galloped forward to give orders. Some of the Imperial Guard, impatient of inaction, cried out, “En avant!” Napoleon, hearing the words, rebuked them, saying: “It must be some beardless young man who thus seeks to prejudge my actions. Let him wait until he has commanded in thirty battles before he pretends to give me advice.” Painted in 1836. Engraved by Friley.--Gal. de Versailles, iv. No. 812.

JENKINS, JOSEPH JOHN, born in London in 1811, died there in 1885. Genre painter, son and pupil of the engraver D. Jenkins; joined the new society of painters in water colours in 1842, seceded from it and became in 1850 an associate and in 1851 a member of the older society, of which he was the secretary in 1854–64. Works: Going with the Stream; Going against the Stream; Both Sides of the Channel; Happy Time; Sleeping Companions; Love, Royal Collection, London; Shrimpers, South Kensington Museum, ib.

JENOUDET, PAUL LOUIS, born at Lyons; contemporary. History and portrait painter, pupil of the École des Beaux Arts, at Lyons, of Felix Clément, Gustave Boulanger, and Jules Lefebvre. Medal, 3d class. 1883. Works; Portraits (1878–82); November (1883); Cyane (1884); Judith meditating Delivery of Bethulia (1885).

JENSEN, CHRISTIAN ALBRECHT, born at Bredsted, Schleswig, June 26, 1792, died at Copenhagen, July 13, 1870. Portrait painter, pupil of Copenhagen Academy, where he won a medal in 1814, studied at Rome and Venice in 1818, and in the year following copied at Dresden Raphael’s Madonna and Titian’s Venus. Member of Copenhagen Academy in 1824; Professor in 1835. Works; Portrait of Artist’s Mother; Male Portrait, Gallery, Copenhagen; Portrait of Painter Fritzsch, Thorvaldsen Museum, ib.--Weilbach, 322.

JENSEN, JOHAN LAURENTS, born at Gjentofte, Copenhagen, March 8, 1800, died there, March 26, 1856. Flower and still-life painter, pupil of Copenhagen Academy under Fritzsch, where he won medals in 1817 and 1818, went in 1822 to Paris, and thence to Sèvres, where he studied porcelain painting; visited Rome and Naples. Member of Copenhagen Academy in 1825. He also painted kitchen-pieces. Works: Dead Game (1847); Fruits and Flowers (2), Copenhagen Gallery; Flowers and Blossoms, Kunsthalle, Hamburg.--Weilbach, 326.

JENTZEN, FRIEDRICH, born in Schwerin, June 13, 1815. Architecture painter, pupil of Berlin Academy under Gropius and Kraus; then studied architecture for three years in Munich; taught drawing at the court of Mecklenburg; visited Italy in 1855. Works: Cloister in Monastery of Steingaden (1846), View in Stiftskirche at Quedlinburg (1847), Magdeburg Cathedral, Interior of Schwerin Cathedral (1878), Grand Ducal Palace at Schwerin (1881), Schwerin Gallery; Interior of Church in Schwerin Palace; Cloister by Torchlight; do. by Moonlight; View near Gerolstein; Beilstein on the Moselle; Courtyard of Heidelberg Castle in Winter; Corridor of City Hall in Lübeck.--Müller, 282.

JEREMIAH, Washington Allston, Yale College Gallery; canvas, H. 7 ft. × 6 ft. Jeremiah, full-length, seated in the court of the prison, dictating his prophecy of the fall of Jerusalem to Baruch the Scribe, who sits at his feet (Jer. i. 17, 18). Painted about 1820; belonged to Miss Gibbs, of Newport, of whom bought for $7,000 by Professor Morse and presented to Yale College.

By Michelangelo, Sistine Chapel, Rome; fresco on ceiling.

JEREMIAH AT THE FALL OF JERUSALEM, Eduard Bendemann, National Gallery, Berlin; canvas, H. 13 ft. 7 in. × 16 ft. 9 in. Signed and dated, Düsseldorf, 1872. In the foreground the prophet in speechless grief sitting among the ruins; at his side, Baruch, kneeling in prayer; at right, a group of despairing women and children from whom a Babylonian warrior has snatched a bag; in the middle, Nebuchadnezzar in royal attire upon his chariot accompanied by female satellites, preceded by the army laden with booty; behind him, the blind king Zedekiah, feeling his way with his staff, surrounded by women and followed by priests with the ark of the covenant; in the background, left, the smoking ruins of the temple.--Jordan (1885), i. 11.

JERICHAU, HARALD (ADOLF NIKOLAJ), born in Copenhagen, Aug. 17, 1852, died in Rome, March 6, 1878. Landscape painter, son of the sculptor Jens Adolf and of Elizabeth Jerichau; pupil of his mother, then in Rome of Bénouville, but studied chiefly from nature, travelling in Switzerland, Greece, Turkey, and Asia Minor. Works: Ponte Molle, View from Velletri (1870); Coast of Sorrento; Caravan of Sardes, Copenhagen Gallery; The Acropolis at Athens, Greek Convent on Isle of Paros (1874).--Illustr. Tidende (1878), No. 971; Weilbach, 330; Sigurd Müller, 178.

JERICHAU-BAUMANN, ELISABETH, born in Warsaw, Nov. 21, 1819, died in Copenhagen, July 11, 1881. Genre painter, pupil in Düsseldorf of Karl Sohn and Stilke; went in 1845 to Rome, where she married the Danish sculptor Jerichau, whom she accompanied to Copenhagen. In 1852 she visited England, France, and Russia, and afterwards Rome, Greece, Constantinople, Asia Minor, and Egypt. Member of Copenhagen Academy, 1861. Works: Young Bride going to Church (1840), Polish Mother with Children leaving their Destroyed Home (1844), Raczynski Gallery, Berlin; Polish Peasant Family returning to Ruins of Burnt House (1844), Lord Lansdowne, London; Girls at the Well in Ariccia (1845); Portrait of her Husband (1846), Copenhagen Gallery; Peasant Girl reading Bible, Girl playing with Sheep, Carnival Scenes, Home Devotion, Allegory of Denmark (1847); Stranded; Orphans; Finis Poloniæ; Danish Fisherman; Icelandic Girl (1852), Kunsthalle, Hamburg; Wounded Soldier nursed by his Betrothed (1866), Copenhagen Gallery; Portraits of the Brothers Grimm; Hans Christian Andersen reading his Fairy Tales to a Child; Shipwrecked on Coast of Jutland; Italian Fishermen on Mediterranean; Harem in Constantinople (1875); Christian Martyrs in Catacombs at Rome.--Art Journal (1860), 168; (1871), 165; Illustr. Zeitg. (1881), ii. 103; Kunst-Chronik, xvii. 160; Sigurd Müller, 168; W. Müller, Düsseldf. K. 313; Weilbach, 334; Wiegmann, 268.

JERICHO, BLIND MEN OF (Matt. xx.), Nicolas Poussin, Louvre; canvas, H. 3 ft. 11 in. × 5 ft. 9 in. At right, Christ, coming out of Jericho with Peter, James, and John, touches the eyes of one of the blind men kneeling before him; at Jesus’s right, several men looking on in astonishment, and further on, a woman with a child in her arms; in back-ground, fine buildings, behind which rises a wooded mountain. Painted in 1651; Collection of Louis XIV. Engraved by L. Audran; G. Chasteau; E. Picart; F. Garnier; Mécon.--Cat. Louvre; Filhol, x. Pl. 655.

JERNBERG, AUGUST, born in Stockholm, Sept. 16, 1826. Genre painter, pupil of Stockholm Academy. In 1851 studied and settled in Düsseldorf. After painting scenes from Swedish history, took up genre, especially village scenes, which he represents in a very realistic manner and with great humour. Paints also excellent still-life pieces. Works: Domestic Happiness, The Clarinettist, The Broken Pipe, Stockholm Museum; Kitchen Interior (1870); Preparations for the Festival (1874); Persuasion; Letter-Writer; First Walk to School; Bear at the Fair; Grandfather as Nurse; Harvest in Westphalia; Sunday Afternoon; Council Meeting, Market-Day in Düsseldorf. His son Olaf, a talented landscape painter, received medals in London in 1878–79.--Müller, 283.

JERNDORFF, AUGUST ANDREAS, born at Oldenburg, Jan. 24, 1846. History, landscape, and portrait painter, son of Just Ulrik Jerndorff (1806–47, landscape and portrait painter, court-painter at Oldenburg), pupil of his uncle Just Holm (born in 1815), of Christian Hetsch, of Copenhagen Academy, and of Skovgaard; visited Germany, Tyrol, and Venice in 1875, then went to Rome, and in 1878 to Paris. After his return he was entrusted with the restoration of Constantin Hansen’s frescos in the University of Copenhagen. Medal, 1871. Honourable mention, Paris, 1878. Works: Street in Country Town (1866); Episode in Exodus of Israelites (1871); Cain before the Lord after the Death of Abel (1871), Aarhus Museum; Christ and the Children (1873); View of Roskilde Fjord, Shore of a Creek (1874); The Deluge (1877); Sunset in Venice (1879); Christ among the Roman Soldiers (1880); Summer Landscape (1881); Triptych with Christ before the High Priest (1883).--Sigurd Müller, 180.

JEROME, ST., Lorenzo Lotto, Louvre; wood, H. 1 ft. 11 in. × 1 ft. 4 in.; signed, dated 1500. The Saint, kneeling in a rocky landscape, strikes his breast with one hand while holding a crucifix in the other; at left, a cavern, a hermit, and a lion; in distance, a horseman at foot of a mountain. Acquired in 1857 for 995 francs at Maret sale.--Villot, Cat. Louvre.

By Tintoretto, Vienna Museum; canvas, H. 4 ft. 6 in. × 3 ft. 2 in. St. Jerome, reading. The Saint, seated in a cavern, reads a book placed on his knee, and presses a crucifix to his bosom. A lion crouches at his feet; to left, glimpse of a landscape.

By Titian, Brera, Milan; wood, arched at top, H. 7 ft. 4 in. × 4 ft. 4 in.; signed. St. Jerome, bearded and bald, with the lion on the right. Painted in 1563 for S. M. Nuova, Venice. Replica, made for Philip II., with lion on the left, in the Escorial. Small copy of original, of 17th century, in Accademia di S. Luca, Rome.--Ridolfi, Maravigli, i. 267; C. & C., Titian, ii. 333.

By Titian, Louvre; canvas, H. 2 ft. 8 in. × 3 ft. 4 in. The Saint, old and bearded, kneeling before a crucifix fastened to the trunk of a tree. Painted probably about 1531. Replica, painted for Marquis of Mantua (1531), has disappeared. Many copies, with changes. Collection of Louis XIV.--Vasari, ed. Mil., vii. 440; C. & C., Titian, i. 348, 351; Landon, Musée, 2d Col., ii. Pl. 5.

By Leonardo da Vinci, Vatican, Rome; wood, H. 3 ft. 4 in. × 2 ft. 5 in. The Saint, kneeling in a grotto, with the lion by his side. Sketch in grisaille; about 1480–83. Belonged to Cardinal Fesch, who had only the head of the Saint, which had been cut out of the panel; but he found the rest at a dealer’s in Rome, and joined the parts. Preparatory drawings for this picture in Windsor Collection.--Richter, Leonardo, 10; Clement, 341; Burckhardt, 627.

JEROME, ST., COMMUNION OF, Agostino Carracci, Bologna Gallery; canvas, H. 10 ft. 9 in. × 6 ft. 5 in. The dying St. Jerome, kneeling, under a Corinthian portico, receives his last communion in the presence of several priests and other spectators. Painted for Church of the Certosini, Bologna; carried to Paris in 1796; returned in 1815. Agostino’s masterpiece, and one of the best pictures in Bologna. Engraved by Fr. Paria; G. Trabalesi; G. Guadagnini.--Lanzi, iii. 76; Landon, Musée, ii. Pl. 24; Pinac. di Bologna, Pl. 58.

By Domenichino, Vatican, Rome; signed, dated 1614. The dying Saint, half nude, sustained by three men, at the foot of an altar, in a building adorned with Corinthian columns and pierced by an arcade opening on a landscape, attempts to join his trembling hands to receive the Host which St. Ephraim of Syria extends to him on a golden patine; the deacon, in a dalmatica, holds the chalice, and in front, a young clerk kneels with a closed book in his hands; in background, St. Paulina, kneeling, kisses the hand of the Saint, while two other persons, one wearing a turban, stand behind; in foreground, left, the lion, the Saint’s faithful companion, lies with his head on his paws; above, a group of four angels. Painted for 50 Roman crowns for a priest, who presented it to the Church of S. Girolamo della Carità. It excited violent criticism, Guido, Lanfranco, and the Chevalier d’Arpino accusing Domenichino of having copied the picture of Agostino Carracci. Poussin declared it one of the three best pictures in Rome, ranking it with Raphael’s Transfiguration and Volterra’s Descent from the Cross. Taken to Paris (1729); returned in 1815. Engraved by F. Perrier; Cesare Testa; J. Frey (1729); B. Farjat (1702); Alex. Tardieu; Chataigner, and others.--Vaticano descritto, i. Pl. 23; Larousse, iv. 755; Ch. Blanc, École bolonaise; Landon, Œuvres; Filhol, vii. Pl. 433.

JEROME, ST., VISION OF, Guercino, Louvre; copper, H. 1 ft. 4 in. × 1 ft. 7 in. St. Jerome, lying on a mat in a grotto, awakes in terror on hearing the sound of the last trump, which is blown by an angel. Near him are two books and a skull. Belonged to Comte de Brienne in 1662; bought in 1685 for Louis XIV. Engraved by Nicolet; F. Chauveau; Pasqualini.--Villot, Cat. Louvre; Musée français; Filhol, x. Pl. 712.

By Parmigianino, National Gallery, London; wood, H. 11 ft. 6 in. × 4 ft. 11 in. The Virgin and Child in glory; below, St. John Baptist pointing upwards, as announcing Christ, and St. Jerome sleeping. Painted at Rome in 1527, by order of Maria Bufolina, for S. Salvatore del Lauro, in Città di Castello. Probably the picture which so engrossed the painter that he knew nothing of the sack of Rome by the troops of the Constable de Bourbon till some soldiers burst into his room. It was sold after the earthquake of 1790 to M. Durno; afterward to Mr. Hart Davis for £6,000, and finally presented to National Gallery. Engraved by G. Bonassone.--Waagen, Treasures, i. 330; Vasari, ed. Mil., v. 224; Richter, 64.

JERRIGH, E., born in Flanders, 16th century. History and portrait painter, studied in Antwerp, and spent the greater part of his life in Cologne, where he stood in high repute, and where Johann von Achen was apprenticed to him in 1568. Work, Annunciation (1601), Cologne Museum.--Merlo, Nachrichten, 211; Van Mander, ii. 134.

JERSEY LILY, Sir John Everett Millais, H. Martyn Kennard, Esq., England; canvas, H. 3 ft. 6 in. × 2 ft. 9 in. Portrait of Mrs. Langtry, three-quarters length, three-quarters view to left, in a black silk dress. Royal Academy, 1878. Engraved by T. O. Barlow.

JERUSALEM, DESTRUCTION OF, Wilhelm von Kaulbach, New Museum, Berlin; mural painting, staircase hall. Above the burning Temple appear in the clouds the prophets of the Old Testament, while Titus enters the destroyed city; the High Priest, standing among the flying multitude, kills himself; at left, demons flogging the Wandering Jew; at right, a congregation of Christians peacefully leaving the city.

JERVAS, CHARLES, born in Ireland about 1675, died in London, Nov. 2, 1739. Pupil of Sir Godfrey Kneller, and a pleasing painter in the vigorous style of the school to which he belonged. A Dr. Clark, for whom he copied Raphael’s Cartoons in little, sent him to France and Italy to study art. After his return he married a rich widow, frequented the society of Pope and Addison, and filled the office of court-painter to George I. and George II. He paid a second visit to Italy the year before his death. His portraits of Queen Caroline, Pope, and Martha Blount, the Duchess of Queensbury, and Dean Swift, are in the National Portrait Gallery. There is a second portrait of Pope by him at Lansdowne House, and one of Newton at the Royal Society.--W. B. S. Taylor, Fine Arts in Great Britain and Ireland; Redgrave.

JESUS, HISTORY OF, Sistine Chapel, Vatican; a series of frescoes on the right wall, each having a typical reference to a corresponding picture opposite, from the life of Moses. 1. Baptism of Christ, by Pietro Perugino. 2. The Temptation, or Christ overcoming the Power of Satan, by Sandro Botticelli. 3. Calling of the Apostles from the Lake of Gennesareth, by Domenico Ghirlandajo. 4. Christ preaching on the Mount, by Cosimo Rosselli. 5. Christ’s Charge to Peter, by Pietro Perugino. 6. Last Supper, by Cosimo Rosselli. 7. Resurrection, by Domenico Ghirlandajo.--Kugler (Eastlake), i. 230.

By Raphael. See Raphael’s Bible.

JESUS, SLEEP OF, Annibale Carracci, Louvre; canvas, H. 1 ft. 3 in. × 1 ft. 6 in. The Virgin sustains Jesus, who is sleeping upon a table covered with a cloth, and makes a sign to St. John, who is about to touch the Child, not to disturb him. Collection of Louis XIV. Engraved by E. Picart (1681); Poilly; Reindel; Richomme; Hainzelmann.--Musée royal, i.; Filhol, iv. Pl. 242; Landon, Musée, ii. Pl. 22.

By Bernardino Luini, Louvre; wood, H. 3 ft. 3 in. × 2 ft. 4 in. The Virgin, standing, with Jesus asleep in her arms; at left, an angel offering a cloth to cover him; behind, two other angels, one holding a roll, the other a cushion. Collection of Louis XIV. Attributed formerly to Solario and to school of Leonardo da Vinci.--Villot, Cat. Louvre.

JETTEL, EUGEN, born at Johnsdorf, Moravia, March 20, 1845. Landscape painter, pupil in Vienna of Albert Zimmermann; travelled in France, Italy, and Hungary, and has for some years worked in Paris under the influence of the modern French school. Gold medal in Munich (1869). Works: Wood Landscape in the Ramsau; Hintersee (1869), Vienna Academy; Mountain Forest, View near Dieppe (1870); Herd by the Water, Views in Bavaria, At Dieppe, Road in Holland (1875); Birch Trees in Holland, Plateau de Belle-Croix (1877); Swamp in North Holland, Bathers on River-Bank (1878); Turf-Pit in Holland (1879); Marshes in Holland (1881); Canal and River Views (3, 1884).--Müller, 283; Zeitschr. f. b. K., viii. (Mittheilungen, i. 39).

JEWISH BRIDE (Fiancée Juive), Rembrandt, Amsterdam Museum; canvas, H. 3 ft. 10 in. × 5 ft. 4 in.; signed. A man, in yellow dress and mantle, and black hat, stands with his left hand on the shoulder of a woman dressed in red, with jewels, pearls, and lace on her arms and neck. Nothing to justify calling it Jewish; surmised to be portraits of Rembrandt and his wife. Painted about 1660; in his last manner. De Heer Vaillant Collection, Amsterdam (1825), 5,000 florins.--Van der Hoop Cat.; Mollett, Rembrandt, 73; Vosmaer, 300, 491; Smith, vii. 144.

JIMENEZ, LUIS, born in Seville, Spain, June 21, 1845. Genre painter, pupil of Eduardo Cano; removed in 1875 to Paris. Works: Drummers of the Republic (1877); A Patio in Seville (1878); Music at the Inn (1879); Anteroom of a Minister in 18th Century (1880); Young Girls to Marry (1881); Master’s Visit (1882); Expecting the Cardinal (1882); Competition on the Violin, At Tea (1883); Chorus Rehearsal (1884); Old Bachelor (1885).--La Ilustracion (1880), ii. 251; (1882), ii. 251; (1883), ii. 130.

JIMENEZ Y ARANDA, JOSÉ, born in Seville, Spain, in 1832. Genre painter, brother of above, pupil of Seville fine arts school; was in Rome from 1872 to 1875, when he established himself in Seville. Medal, 2d class, Munich, 1883. Works: Boutique of Figaro (1875), W. T. Walters, Baltimore; The Morning Rosary; Sermon in Courtyard of Seville Cathedral (1879); Emotions of a Cogida, Accident at Bullfight, Book-Lovers (1880); Botanist, An Afternoon at Seville (1881); Old Castilian; Reading the Newspaper (1882); Consultation at the Lawyer’s, Invalids of the First Republic, Orchestra Rehearsal of an Anthem (1884); News from Scene of War (1885).--La Ilustracion (1880), ii. 83; (1881), i. 91, 267; (1882), i. 6, 371; (1884), ii. 98, 179, 299, 315; (1885), ii. 202; Zeitschr. f. b. K., xix. 317.

JIMENEZ Y HERNANDEZ, Don FEDERICO, born in Spain; contemporary. Animal painter, especially of poultry, which he represents humourously. Works: Eagle and Beetle, Poultry Yard, Will He Come In? (1881); Attack and Defense (1882); General Dispersion (1883); Judgment of Paris, Mother and Children (1884).--La Ilustracion (1881), ii. 82; (1882), ii. 66; (1883), ii. 362; (1884), ii. 355.

JOAN OF ARC, Bastien-Lepage, Erwin Davis, New York. The heroine, represented as a peasant girl, standing under the trees, gazing upward with a rapt expression; behind, in the clouds, are spectral figures illustrating different phases of her career. Never engraved.

By Sir John Everett Millais, Bart., W. C. Quilter, Esq., M.P.; canvas, H. 2 ft. 7 in. × 2 ft. Represented at the crisis of her fate, clad in armour, and kneeling. Royal Academy, 1865.

JOAN OF ARC AT CORONATION OF CHARLES VII., Pierre Charles Comte, Reims Museum. As the king, crowned and with his sceptre, descends the steps of the altar, in the midst of the cardinals, bishops, and dignitaries of the realm, Joan, wearing a cuirass and a white mantle, and bearing the Oriflamme, kneels to him. Salon, 1861; Universal Exposition, 1867.--Larousse, vi. 114.

By Dominique Ingres, Versailles Museum. Standing on the steps of the altar of the Cathedral of Reims, in full armour, bearing in one hand the Oriflamme and pointing with the other toward the altar; behind her stands Doloy, her esquire, Paquerel, her confessor, and some pages. The coronation scene is out of sight of the spectator. Painted in 1854.--Larousse, vi. 114.

JOAN OF ARC IN PRISON, Paul Delaroche, Duke of Padua; canvas, H. 8 ft. 7 in. × 6 ft. 10 in. Joan, lying upon a pallet in a prison cell, with chains on her wrists and her hands clasped, is interrogated by the Bishop of Winchester, seated in an arm-chair; behind him a clerk, standing, records her answers in a book. Salon, 1824. Engraved by Reynolds.--Annales du Musée (1824), i. Pl. 32; Larousse, vi. 114.

JOANES, VICENTE, born in Fuente de la Higuera, Valencia, in 1523–24, died in Bocairente, Dec. 21, 1579. History and portrait painter; real name Vicente Juan Macip; called also Juan de Juanes. Studied in Rome, probably under the disciples of Raphael, of whose style he was one of the ablest imitators. Painted chiefly religious compositions, but was famous for his portraits. On his return from Italy he opened a school at Valencia, where he spent most of his life. Works: Life of St. Stephen (5 pictures), Last Supper, Visitation, Martyrdom of St. Agnes, Coronation of the Virgin, Ecce Homo, Saviour of the World, Melchisedec, Aaron as High Priest, Christ bearing his Cross, Christ with the Host, Descent from the Cross, Christ in the Garden, portrait of Don Luis de Castelvi, Madrid Museum; Baptism of Christ, Conversion of St. Paul, St. Thomas of Villanueva, Cathedral, Valencia; Conception, Jesuits’ Church, ib.; Assumption, Museum, ib.; Visitation of Mary, Carlsruhe Gallery; Death of the Virgin, Dresden Gallery; St. Anna, St. Dominic, Hermitage, St. Petersburg.--Stirling, i. 354; Viardot, Peintres de l’Espagne, 83; Washburn, 39; Ch. Blanc, École espagnole.

JOANNA OF ARAGON, portrait, Raphael, Louvre; wood, transferred to canvas, H. 4 ft. × 3 ft. 3 in. Daughter of Ferdinand of Aragon, Duke of Montalto, and granddaughter of Ferdinand I., King of Naples, married to Ascanio Colonna, Prince of Tagliacozzo; one of the most famous wits and beauties of the sixteenth century. Seated in a magnificent saloon, in a red velvet dress, with sleeves of yellow silk and under-sleeves of gauze, with her long hair confined by a red velvet cap ornamented with pearls and precious stones; in background, at left, a woman leans over a balustrade between two columns; in distance, a garden. Painted about 1518 for Cardinal da Bibbiena, who presented it to Francis I. when papal legate to France (1518–19). According to Vasari, the head only is by Raphael, the remainder by Giulio Romano. Copies in Warwick Castle; Collection of Baron Speck, Lutschena, near Leipsic; Berlin Museum, by Sassoferrato; Palazzo Doria, Rome, by pupil of L. da Vinci. Engraved by J. Chereau; R. Morghen; M. Leroux.--Vasari, ed. Mil., v. 525; Cab. Crozat, i. Pl. 8; Cat. Louvre; Passavant, ii. 265; Musée royal, ii.; Gerhard, Johanna von Arragonien, Tüb. Kunstblatt (1833), Nos. 15, 16; Müntz, 533; Springer, 349; Ch. Blanc, École ombrienne; Gaz. des B. Arts (1880), xxii. 465.

JOB, HISTORY OF, Francesco da Volterra, Campo Santo, Pisa. A series of six frescoes, painted in a double course at the west end of the south wall. 1. Job feasting with his friends. 2. Satan pleading before God for permission to torment Job. 3. Attack of the Sabeans and destruction of Job’s house. 4. Unknown scene, now obliterated. 5. Job visited by his friends. 6. Job’s return to prosperity. Attributed by Vasari to Giotto, but proved by the records of the Campo Santo to have been executed by Francesco da Volterra, who began them in 1370.--Vasari, ed. Mil., i. 380; C. & C., Italy, i. 392; Kugler (Eastlake), i. 154; Larousse, ix. 992.

JOBBÉ-DUVAL, (ARMAND MARIE) FÉLIX, born at Carhaix (Finistère), July 16, 1821. Genre painter, pupil of Delaroche, Gleyre, and of École des Beaux Arts; belongs to a small school of painters, called Neo Greeks, whose style is refined and whose prevailing tone of colour is quiet. Medals: 3d class, 1851, 1857; L. of Honour, 1861. Works: Rest, The Coffin (1843); Marguerite in Martha’s Garden (1845); Holy Family (1848); Virgin Fainting, Harvest (1849), Mans Museum; Winter, Springtime, Sick Girl (1850), bought by State; Betrothal at Corinth (1852), Rennes Museum; Theological Virtues, Plague at Milan, Death, St. Borromeo’s Apology (1853), St. Séverin, Paris; Bride Dressing (1855), Lyons Museum; Oaristis (1855); Jews expelled from Spain, Calvary, Dream (1857); Martha and Mary Magdalen at Tomb of Christ (1863); St. Francis converting the Protestants at Thonon, St. Francis helping the Poor, Church of St. Louis-en-l’Ile, Paris; Conscience sustaining Duty (1865); Gentleness, Descent from Cross (1866); Bouquet of Roses (1872); Mysteries of Bacchus (1873); The Sea (1878); Electra (1883); Office of Municipal Council of Paris (1885); and many portraits and decorative works.--Bellier, i. 830; Gaz. des B. Arts (1862), xii. 202; (1866), xx. 366, 513; Larousse.

JOCONDE, LA. See Mona Lisa.

JODL, FERDINAND, born in Munich in 1805. Architecture painter, pupil of Domenico Quaglio. Works: Interior of Frauenkirche in Munich; Castle Hohenschwangau, View of Maria Hilf Church, and two other Views in Munich (1828), New Pinakothek, Munich; Interior of Ulm Cathedral; St. Sebaldus in Nuremberg.--Müller, 284.

JODOCUS OF GHENT. See Justus of Ghent.

JOEST, JAN, born probably at Calcar about 1460, died at Haarlem in 1519. History painter, first instructed at Calcar, then formed himself undoubtedly in the school of Haarlem, whence he seems to have returned to Calcar in 1505, and began to paint the great altarpiece in the parish church of St. Nicholas, representing, in twenty panels, the Life, Passion, and Triumph of Christ, containing 216 figures, which was completed in 1508. This shows him to have been a skilful master, trained in the old school of the Netherlands. In all probability he then returned to Haarlem, where he seems to have spent the remainder of his life, and where he was buried in the cathedral of St. Bavon. A Holy Family, attributed to him, is in the Brussels Museum.--Allgem. Zeitg. Oct. 28, 1874; Förster, ii. 156; Hotho, Gesch., ii. 188; Kunst-Chronik, x. 74; Wolff, Die Nicolaipfarrkirche zu Calcar (Calcar, 1880), 17, 58; W. & W., ii. 492; Zeitschr. f. b. K., xi. 339, 374.

JOHANN VON KÖLN, German school, 15th century. History painter, joined the brotherhood of Agnetenberg, near Zwoll, in 1440; was an artist of much inventive power. Work, Adoration of Magi, Berlin Museum.--Allgem. d. Biogr., xiv. 460; Merlo, Nachrichten, 219.

JOHANNOT, (CHARLES HENRI) ALFRED, born at Offenbach on the Main, March 21, 1800, died in Paris, Dec. 7, 1837. History painter, brother and pupil of the engraver Charles Johannot (1788–1825). First known as an engraver of the works of Ary Scheffer and Vernet. His pictures are distinguished for their good colour and careful elaboration of detail. Gold medal, 1831. Works: Arrest of Jean de Crespierre (1831); Entry of Mlle. de Montpensier into Orléans during the War of the Fronde, Announcement of the Victory of Hastenbeck (1833); Francis I. and Charles V. (1834); Cromwell, Mme. d’Ancre (1834); Henry II. and Catherine de Medicis with their Children, The Courier Verner bled by the King (1835); Mary Stuart leaving Scotland (1836); St. Martin giving away Half of his Cloak; Anne of Este arriving at Court of Charles IX. (1837); The Battle of Brattelen, 1444 (1838), Battle of Rosebecque, 1382 (1839), Funeral of the Victims of July 28, 1835, Versailles Museum.--Bellier, i. 831; Ch. Blanc, École française, iii.; Lenormant, Beaux Arts, i. 233; Meyer, Gesch., 435; Nouv. biog. gen., xxvi. 785.

JOHANNOT, TONY, born at Offenbach on the Main, Nov. 9, 1803, died in Paris, Aug. 4, 1852. History painter, brother and pupil of Alfred, whom he assisted in engraving the illustrations to the works of Walter Scott, Cooper, and Byron. Though somewhat weak in drawing, his first Salon pictures (1831) were attractive and solid in execution. Works: Woman giving Soldier a Drink (1831); Death of Duguesclin (1835); Battle of Fontenay (1837), Battle of Rosebecque (1839), Versailles Museum; Boyhood of Duguesclin (1840); The Siesta, Halt, Louis VII. forcing the Passage of the Meander (1841), Versailles Museum; Louis Philippe giving two Gobelins Tapestries to Queen Victoria (1846); Happy Mother, Unhappy Mother, Little Poachers, Spanish Smugglers, Little Fishermen, Death of St. Paul, Fisherman’s Family, River Scamander (1850); Scene of Pillage (1852).--Bellier, i. 832; Ch. Blanc, École française; Lenormant, Beaux-Arts, i. 233; Meyer, Gesch., 435; Nouv. biog. générale, xxvi. 786.

JOHN, ST., THE ALMSGIVER, Titian, S. Giovanni Elemosinario, Venice; canvas, figures life-size. St. John, bishop and patriarch of Alexandria, seated on a raised podium, gives alms to a beggar at the foot of the steps. Painted in 1533 in rivalry with Pordenone, according to Vasari. One of the finest works of the master’s middle time (C. & C.).--Vasari, ed. Mil., vii. 441; C. & C., Titian, i. 379.

JOHN BAPTIST, ST., Guercino, Capitol Gallery, Rome. Half-figure of the Saint, with one hand resting on his breast and his eyes raised to heaven. Fine head.--Lavice, 331.

By Murillo, Madrid Museum; canvas, H. 4 ft. × 3 ft. 3 in. St. John, about seven years old, wearing a red tunic and sheepskin robe, seated beside a large rock, looking towards a ray of light descending from heaven; his right hand is on his breast, his left holding a cross and a scroll, inscribed “Agnus Dei;” background, rocks and trees. Collection of Marqués de la Ensenada. Etched by B. Maura; lithographed by Camaron, A. Lemoine, Lafosse, A. de Belvedere, L. Maurin. Repetitions: Heytesbury House, Wiltshire; Western Wood, North Cray, Kent; G. Delahante, Paris.--Curtis, 245; Lübke; Madrazo, 473.

By Murillo, Seville Museum; canvas, H. 7 ft. 4 in. × 4 ft. 1 in. The Saint, about thirty years old, partly clothed, standing front, with joined hands, leaning against a large rock; a cross rests on his left arm; a lamb stands beside him on his left. Painted about 1676 for high altar of church of Capuchin Convent, Seville. Companion to St. Joseph and Infant Jesus (Seville Museum).--Curtis, 249.

By Andrea del Sarto, Palazzo Pitti, Florence; wood, H. 3 ft. × 2 ft. 2 in. Half-length, nude, with a skin about the loins; background, a rock; reed cross in foreground. One of two mentioned by Vasari, who says that Andrea painted a St. John for Giovanni Maria Benintendi, who gave it to Duke Cosimo, and also a St. John which he intended to send as a propitiatory offering to Francis I., but afterwards sold it to Ottaviano de’ Medici.--Vasari, ed. Mil., v. 36.

By Leonardo da Vinci, Louvre; wood, H. 2 ft. 3 in. × 1 ft. 10 in. Half-length, with lamb-skin about the loins; holds a cross in left hand and points to heaven with right. In collection of Francis I.; presented by Louis XIII. to Charles I. of England, who sent him in return a portrait of Erasmus by Holbein and a Holy Family by Titian; bought, after death of Charles, for £140 by banker Jabach, who sold it to Louis XIV. Copy in the Ambrosiana, Milan, attributed to Salai. Engraved by Boulanger.--Vasari, ed. Mil., iv. 58; Villot, Cat. Louvre; Cab. de l’Amateur, iii. 31; Rigollot, Hist. des Arts, etc., i. 248; Clement, 222, 376; Heaton, 248.

JOHN BAPTIST, ST., BIRTH OF, Lodovico Carracci, Bologna Gallery; canvas, H. 12 ft. 11 in. × 8 ft. 1 in. Engraved by G. Wagner; G. Tomba.--Pinac. di Bologna, Pl. 44.

By Tintoretto, Hermitage, St. Petersburg; canvas, H. 6 ft. 1 in. × 8 ft. 9 in. St. Anne presents the child to a nurse; in background, St. Elizabeth in bed is taken care of by an attendant woman; to right, Zacharias, who raises his eyes to heaven.

JOHN BAPTIST, ST., HEAD OF, Murillo, Leigh Court Collection, Somerset, England; canvas, H. 2 ft. × 2 ft. 5 in. The bearded head in a charger, placed on a table covered with drapery. Etched by J. Young in Miles Gallery Catalogue.--Curtis, 250.

JOHN BAPTIST, ST., AND LAMB, Murillo, Hospital de la Caridad, Seville; wood, H. 2 ft. 9 in. × 2 ft. The child St. John, standing front, his left hand, holding a cross and scroll, on the back, and his right hand on the breast of a lamb which stands by his side. Painted for Hospital about 1674. Engraved by A. Boilly.--Curtis, 244.

By Murillo, National Gallery, London; canvas, H. 5 ft. 5 in. × 3 ft. 7 in. About six years old, in sheepskin garment, standing front, embracing a lamb which stands on a rock; his left hand on back of lamb, forefinger pointing upward; on ground, a cross and a scroll; background, a hilly landscape with trees. Companion to Christ the Good Shepherd (Baron Rothschild), which see for history. Repetitions: Earl of Lovelace, East Horsley Towers, Surrey; Dudley House, London. Copy by Tobar in S. Isidoro, Seville; contemporary copy in Hermitage. Engraved by F. Bacon, L. Stocks, A. H. Payne, J. Rogers, J. Stow, Casenave, and others.--Curtis, 245; Notes and Queries, S. 6, iv. 427; Portfolio, 1876.

By Murillo, Vienna Museum; canvas, H. 5 ft. × 3 ft, 6 in. The child, cross in left hand, standing front, with right hand on lamb standing by his side. Engraved by J. Blaschke (2), P. Gleditsch; etched by W. Unger, Prenner.--Curtis, 246; Gal. de Vienne; Gemälde Gal. in Wien.

JOHN BAPTIST, ST., ON JORDAN, Lodovico Carracci, Bologna Gallery; canvas, H. 11 ft. 6 in. × 6 ft. 8 in. St. John, in a wood, on the banks of the Jordan, preaching. Formerly in church of the monastery of the Certosa, Bologna. Engraved by G. Wagner; F. Rosaspina.--Pinac. di Bologna, Pl. 47; Lanzi, iii. 70.

By Nicolas Poussin, Louvre; canvas, H. 3 ft. × 4 ft. St. John, standing on the bank of the river, is baptising two men who kneel before him; at one side, a woman, kneeling, presents her infant; at the other, men removing their garments; further back, three old men and a young man on horseback looking on; on the other side of the river, a bark; in background, mountains. Painted in 1640 for Chevalier Cassiano del Pozzo, whence passed to Collection of André le Nôtre, and finally to Louis XIV. Engraved by G. Audran. Poussin painted this subject a second time in 1648.--Landon, Musée, iii. 37; Reveil, xi. 791.

JOHN BAPTIST, ST., SLEEPING, Carlo Dolci, Palazzo Pitti, Florence; canvas, oval, H. 1 ft. 4 in. × 1 ft. 10 in. The infant St. John asleep, with the reed cross beside him; behind him, St. Elizabeth in prayer, and St. Zacharias reading; above, left, three winged cherubs’ heads. Painted for the Grand Duchess Vittoria della Rovere; carried to Paris in 1799; returned in 1815. Many copies. Engraved by L. Martelli; Langlois.--Gal. du Pal. Pitti, ii. Pl. 43; Filhol, iv. Pl. 266; Landon, Musée, xvi. Pl. 64.

JOHN BAPTIST, ST., IN WILDERNESS, Guido Reni, Dulwich Gallery, England; canvas, H. 7 ft. 3 in. × 5 ft. 2 in. Life-size figure, nearly nude, sitting on a rock, with gray-coloured drapery about the hips; right arm raised, left hand holding a cross of reeds. In distance a group of eight figures; a wood in the background; cloudy sky. Bought by M. Desenfans from Mr. A. Wilson for 1,000 guineas. Engraved by R. Morghen (?). One of three pictures by Guido, mentioned by Malvasia, of the same subject.--Malvasia, Felsina Pittrice, iv. 31, 90; Leslie, Constable’s Life and Letters, i. 107; Dulwich Cat., 129.

By Raphael, Louvre; canvas, H. 4 ft. 5 in. × 4 ft. 7 in. A young man, nearly nude, crowned with leaves, sitting astride of the trunk of a tree, holding a scroll in one hand and pointing with the other to the reed cross. This picture, which had been long buried in the Magasins du Louvre, and had suffered greatly, was placed in the gallery under Napoleon III. Engraved by S. Vallée.--Villot, Cat. Louvre; Cab. Crozat, i. Pl. 14.

By Raphael, Uffizi, Florence; canvas, H. 5 ft. 9 in. × 5 ft. A youth, nude, with a panther-skin about his loins, seated fronting the spectator, pointing to a cross erected near him; background, a desert landscape. Painted for Cardinal Colonna, who gave it to his physician Jacopo da Carpi; in Vasari’s time it was in possession of Francesco Benintendi; passed to Uffizi before 1589. Original sketch in Uffizi. Copy, formerly in Orleans Collection, sold to Lord Berwick for £1,500, now at Tintern Abbey, near Chepstow, England. Others in Bologna, Darmstadt, and Berlin. Engraved by Bervic, Biondi, Gutenberg, Leperier, and others.--Vasari, Ed. Mil., iv. 370; Passavant, i. 258; ii. 287; Molini, Gal. di Firenze, i. 1; Kugler (Eastlake), ii. 461; Cab. Crozat, i. Pl. 19.

By Titian, Venice Academy; canvas, H. 6 ft. 6 in. × 4 ft. 4 in.; signed. St. John Baptist alone at the foot of a rock, where the lamb is asleep. Painted before 1557 for S. M. Maggiore, Venice. Replica, with variation, in sacristy of Escorial.--Vasari, ed. Mil., vii. 437; C. & C., Titian, ii. 251; Gilbert, Cadore, 36.

JOHN EVANGELIST, ST., Domenichino, Leigh Court Collection, England; canvas, H. 8 ft. 7 in. × 6 ft. 8 in. St. John in a vision, supported by two angels. Formerly in Giustiniani Collection; passed to Delahante in Paris, thence to London, where bought by Mr. Miles for £1,000; bought in at Leigh Court sale (1884), £735.--Waagen, Treasures, iii. 182.

By Murillo, Leigh Court Collection, Somerset, England; canvas, H. 5 ft. 9 in. × 3 ft. 11 in. The Saint, full-length, seated in a reclining posture on a rock, with a pen in right hand and a book in left, looks up as if he heard a voice from heaven; on his right, an eagle. Robit sale (1801); Bryan sale (1801), £525, to Henry Hope; Hope sale (1816), £115 10s. Etched by J. Young in Miles Gallery Catalogue.--Curtis, 251; Buchanan, Memoirs, ii. 51.

By Velasquez, Sir Bartle Frere Collection, London; H. 4 ft. 6 in. × 3 ft. 4 in. Seated, in white robe and violet drapery, writing the Apocalypse; an eagle on his right; above, the Virgin in a glory. Same history as Conception by Velasquez.--Curtis, 12.

JOHN EVANGELIST, ST., VISION OF, Alonso Cano, private gallery, Paris; canvas, H. 2 ft. 11 in. × 1 ft. 5 in. One of a series of subjects from the Apocalypse. St. John is represented in one of his visions, when one of the seven angels, who were ordered to pour out the vials of wrath, takes him to a high mountain and shows him the heavenly Jerusalem which “lieth foursquare” (Rev. xxi. 9–16).

JOHN FREDERICK, Elector of Saxony, portrait, Titian, Vienna Museum; canvas, H. 3 ft. 7½ in. × 3 ft. 1 in. The Elector, clad in black, seated in an arm-chair; has the scar of the wound received at Mühlberg on the left cheek. Painted for Charles V. in Augsburg in 1548. Copy by Teniers at Blenheim; engraved by L. Vorstermann in Teniers Gallery. Another portrait of John Frederick in armour, carried to Spain in 1556 by Mary of Hungary, burned in Palace of Pardo in 1608.--C. & C., Titian, ii. 181; Revue universelle des arts, iii. 140.

JOHNSON, DAVID, born in New York, May 10, 1827. Landscape painter; studied for a month with J. F. Cropsey, but otherwise self-taught. Elected an A.N.A. in 1860, and N.A in 1861. Studio in New York. Works: Echo Lake (1867); View at Barrytown, N. Y. (1871); Lake George, Mrs. William H. King, New York; View at Dresden--Lake George (1874), Courtlandt Palmer, ib.; Scenery on the Housatonic, Brook Study--Orange County (1876); Housatonic River (1877), L. A. Lanthier, New York; Sunset on the Walkill River (1879); On the Unadilla at New Berlin (1881), F. W. Thomas; Study of Oaks (1883); Summer Afternoon, View on the Weinockie River, Oak Grove (1884).

JOHNSON, EASTMAN, born in Lovell, Me., July 29, 1824. Genre painter, studied in Düsseldorf in 1849–51; later studied and painted in Italy, Paris, Holland, and four years at The Hague. His most popular works are those depicting American life, many of which have been engraved and lithographed. Elected N.A. in 1860. Studio in New York. Works: Old Kentucky Home (1867), R. L. Stuart, New York; Chimneysweep, T. R. Butler, ib.; Old Stage-Coach (1871), George Whitney, Boston; Woodland Bath (1873); Prisoner of State (1874); Milton dictating to his Daughter (1875); Husking-Bee (1876); Lullaby (1877); Tender Passion (1859), Spanish Woman (1862), W. T. Walters, Baltimore; Cranberry Harvest--Island of Nantucket (1880); Funding Bill--Portraits of two Men (1881); New England Pedler, In Kind Hands (1884). Portraits: Of a Gentleman (1883), Sir Edward Archibald, England; Dr. McCosh (Alexander Maitland), Hon. C. J. Folger (1884); Hon. William M. Evarts (1885).--Sheldon, 166; Tuckerman, 466.

JOHNSON, FROST, born in New York in 1835. Genre painter, pupil of the National Academy, New York, under Professor Cummings, in 1859; studied at the Düsseldorf Academy, in 1861, at the Antwerp Academy, and in 1863 at the École des Beaux Arts, Paris. Painted under Édouard Frère, at Écouen in 1865–69, and lived for some time in London. Studio in New York. Works: First Whiff; Caught at It: Arithmetic Lesson; Study of an Interior, Les Pommes (1869); Roasted Chestnuts; La Petite Flaneuse, Alvah Hall, New York; Last and Best; The Bouquet--Portrait of Lady Helena Blackwood, Gallery of Earl Dufferin; Neglected Lesson; Love Me, Love Me Not; A Thirsty Party, Good-Night (1876); Young Ornithologist (1879); After Rain (1880); Moorland Landscape (1881).

JOHNSTON, ALEXANDER, born in Edinburgh in 1816. History painter; pupil of Trustees’ Academy, Edinburgh, and of Royal Academy, London; first exhibited at Royal Academy in 1838. Works: Gentle Shepherd (1840); Covenanter’s Marriage (1842); Highland Home (1843); Tillotson administering Sacrament to Lord Russell (1845), National Gallery; Burial of Charles I. (1847); Trial of Laud (1849); Covenanter’s Burial (1852); Tyndale translating Bible (1854); Abdication of Mary Queen of Scots (1855); Bunyan in Bedford Gaol (1861); Press Gang Sixty Years Ago (1862); Billet-Doux (1868); Il Penseroso, Juliet (1870); Isaac Watts and his Mother (1871); Turning Point (1873); Bonnie Lesley (1876); Waif (1877); Preparing for Conquest (1878); Reginald (1884).--Ottley; Art Journal (1857), 57; Cat. Nat. Gal.

JOLIVARD, ANDRÉ, born at Le Mans, Sept. 15, 1787, died in Paris, Dec. 8, 1851. Landscape painter, pupil of Bertin. Studied law at Paris, made the campaign of 1813, admitted to the bar in 1816, and then gave himself up to painting. Medal, 1827; L. of Honour, 1835. Works: A Torrent (1819); View of St. Leonard-les-Bois (1834); River winding through a Forest, River Veyre (1839); Torrent in Woods (1844); River Sarthe (1845); View in Brittany (1846); Autumn Evening (1847); Ubaldus and Dunois stopped by Nymphs (1850); Works in Museums at Bordeaux, Lisieux, and Mans.--Bellier, i. 833; Larousse.

JOLLIVET, PIERRE JULES, born in Paris, June 27, 1794, died there, Sept. 7, 1871. History and genre painter, pupil of Gros and De Juinne. Medals: 2d class, 1833; 1st class, 1835; L. of Honour, 1851. Works: Bull-Fight at Madrid, Interior of an Alcalde’s House at Madrid (1831); Gitanos halting in the Mountains of Ronda (1833); Brigands of Valencia (1833), Valenciennes Museum; Christopher Columbus discovering America, Quentin Durward (1833); Guerrilla Woman (1834); Trial of Joan of Arc, Byron’s Lara (1835); Christ and the Samaritan Woman, Descent from the Cross (1839); Byron’s Corsair, Crown of Thorns (1840); Spaniards Threshing, Returning from the Fields (1841); Spanish Gypsy Women Bathing, Massacre of Innocents (1845), Rouen Museum; Gypsies and Spanish Smugglers, Tomb of Les Énerves at Jumièges (1847); Perseus rescuing Andromeda (1849); Pietà (1850); Establishing the Magistracy (1855), bought by State; Virgin with SS. Joseph and Simon, Greek Woman Bathing (1863); Christ among the Doctors (1865), Préfecture de la Seine, Paris; Cornelia’s Jewels, Art in the Time of Pericles (1869); Combat of Hooglide, 1794, do. of Aicha, 1805 (1836); Louis XII. in Battle of Agnadel, 1509, Taking of Château de Foix (1837); Godfrey de Bouillon holding the first Assizes in Jerusalem, 1110 (1839), Louis le Gros capturing the Oriflamme at St. Denis, Battle of Seminara, Battle of Tourcoing, Portraits of Philip III. and Marshal Catinat, Versailles Museum; Portraits of Queen Victoria, Prince Albert, and others.--Bellier, i. 834; Larousse, ix. 1006; Nou. biog. gen., xxvi. 850.

JONAH, Michelangelo, Sistine Chapel, Rome; fresco on ceiling.

By Tintoretto, Scuola di S. Rocco, Venice; oval, on ceiling of upper room. The whale, whose mouth is as large as a cavern, has lifted Jonah out on his tongue, so that it forms a kind of red cushion for him to kneel on in his submission to the Deity.--Ruskin, Stones of Venice, iii. 348; Ridolfi, Marav., ii. 198.

JONAS, RUDOLF, born at Goldapp, East-Prussia, in 1822. Landscape painter, pupil of Königsberg Academy under Behrendsen; went in 1851 to Munich, whence he visited the Bavarian Alps, Tyrol, Switzerland, and North Italy; taught in Dantzic from 1852 to 1854, when he moved to Munich. In 1856 made a four months’ journey through Corsica, and settled in Berlin in 1860. Works: View of Ajaccio; High Plain on Bay of Ajaccio; Burial Hill in Corsica; View near the Haff; Oliva Monastery near Dantzic; Deserted Saw Mill; Inn Valley in Southern Bavaria; Monastery near Elbing; Mountain-Brook; Strait of Bonifacio.--Müller, 285.

JONES, GEORGE, born in London, Jan. 6, 1786, died there, Sept. 19, 1869. Battle painter, son of John Jones, engraver; student of Royal Academy in 1801, and an exhibitor in 1803; was an officer of militia in Peninsular War, and was in Paris in 1815. Painted battle and subject pieces on return of peace, and became A.R.A. in 1822 and R.A. in 1824; librarian in 1834–40, and keeper in 1840–50. Works: Battle of Borodino (1829), Town-hall at Utrecht (1829, lent to Corporation of Oldham), The Fiery Furnace (1832), Lady Godiva (1833), Relief of Lucknow, Cawnpore--Passage of the Ganges (1869, last three lent to Corporation of Coventry), National Gallery, London; View in Rotterdam, Grosvenor House, ib.; Nelson boarding the San Josef at St. Vincent, Greenwich Hospital; Battle of Waterloo, Chelsea Hospital; do., National Gallery, Edinburgh; Orléans, Woburn Abbey; Relief of Lucknow, Cawnpore, Glasgow Gallery; others in South Kensington Museum; portrait of Sir Charles Napier, National Portrait Gallery.--Redgrave; Cat. Nat. Gal.; Sandby, ii. 36.

JONES, HUGH BOLTON, born in Baltimore, Md., Oct. 20, 1848. Landscape painter, studied in Baltimore. In 1877 visited Europe, and studied there four years, sketching in Spain and Brittany. Elected an A.N.A. in 1881 and N.A. in 1883. Studio in New York. Works: Ferry Inn, Summer on the Blue Ridge (1874); Twilight on Bean Creek, J. W. McCoy, Baltimore; Tangier, W. T. Walters, ib.; Return of the Cows--Brittany, Heath in Bloom--Brittany (1878); French Landscape (1880); The Kasba from Moorish Cemetery--Tangier (1881); October, Early Spring (1882); Near Annisquam--Massachusetts Coast, Landscape--South Orange (1883); Near Plymouth Meeting--Pa., On Herring Run--Baltimore (1884). Frank C. Jones, brother of the preceding, occupying the same studio, has exhibited: Grandmother’s Tales (1881); Left in Charge (1882); Cup of Cold Water (1883); Lost (1884); Day in March, Afternoon (1885).

JONGE (Jonghe), LUDOLF DE, born at Overschie, South Holland, in 1616, died at Hillegersberg in 1697. Dutch school; portrait, genre, and landscape painter, pupil of Saftleven, Stevens, and Bylert. Resided seven years in France, where he met with success, as he also did on his return, at Rotterdam. Painted portraits and archery pieces in style of Van der Helst, also battles, hunts, pastures with cattle, pleasing and warm in colour. Works: Female portrait (1660), Haarlem Museum; Portraits of Vice-Admiral van Nes (1666), and Wife (1668), Amsterdam Museum; Portrait of Lady (1653), Dresden Gallery; Mythological Subject, Berlin Museum; Huntsmen in Peasant’s Cottage, Leuchtenberg Gallery, St. Petersburg.--Bode, Studien, 168; Burger, Musées, i. 170; ii. 222; Immerzeel, ii. 87; Kramm, iii. 816.

JONGHE, GUSTAVE DE, born at Courtray, Feb. 4, 1828. Genre painter, son of Jan Baptist, pupil in Brussels of Navez. Has successively painted portraits and sacred history, historical genre, and family scenes. Gold medals in Amsterdam (1862) and Paris (1863). Works: Notre Dame de Bon Secours (1854); Orphans and their Grandmother (1862); Piety (1864); Convalescent (1869); Birthday Congratulations; Lady before Mirror; Declaration of Love (1884); Giving Alms, Ghent Museum.--Art Journal (1866), 301; Illus. London News, 1869.

JONGHE, JAN BAPTIST DE, born at Courtray, Jan. 8, 1785, died in Brussels in Oct., 1844. Landscape painter, pupil of Ommeganck and of Courtray Academy; won first prize in Ghent in 1812, gold medal at Courtray, and silver medals at Douay, Brussels, and Bruges; visited Holland, France, and England, and was professor at Courtray Academy (1826) and at Antwerp Academy (1840). Works: Travellers Resting; Farm in Flanders; Interior of Farm; View of Château d’Auderme; Market Day at Courtray (1828), Amsterdam Museum; Environs of Tournay, Brussels Museum; View near Courtray, Stream with Cattle, Ghent Museum; Flock of Sheep, Tournay Museum.--Biog. nat. de Belgique, v. 211; Cotta’s Kunstbl. (1844), 436; Immerzeel, ii. 89; Larousse, ix. 1013; Sunaert, 107.

JONGKIND, JOHAN BARTHOLD, born at Latrop, Holland, in 1822. Marine and landscape painter, pupil in Paris of Isabey; lives in Brussels. Medal, 3d class, Paris, 1852. Works: Harbour of Harfleur (1850); Tréport (1852); Course of the Seine, Souvenir of Havre (1853); Notre Dame from Pont de la Tournelle, Quai d’Orsay, Moonrise in Paris (1855); Dutch Landscape; Dutch Canal near Rotterdam by Moonlight; The Maas near Dordrecht by Moonlight.--Bellier, i. 837; Larousse, ix. 1013; Müller, 286.

JOPLING, JOSEPH MIDDLETON, born in London in 1831. Figure, fruit, and flower painter, self-taught; spent three winters in Rome in studying old masters. Studio in London. Works: Tea Rose; Joan of Arc at her Trial; Fair Florist; In the Conservatory, Artist and Model, Wallflowers (1877); Raspberries, Strawberries, Chrysanthemums (1878); Lady Hildred, Azalea (1879); Spring (1880); Yellow Jessamine, Sweet Peas (1881); Almond Blossoms (1882); Daughter of Eve, Interrupted (1883); Maréchal Niel Rose, York and Lancaster Roses, Lost Chord (1884).

JOPLING, LOUISE, born in Manchester, Nov., 1843. Born Louise Goode; married Mr. Romer (died 1872), Secretary to Baron Nathaniel de Rothschild, Paris, where she studied art under Charles Chaplin in 1867–68; returned in 1868 to England and married second in 1874 Mr. Joseph Middleton Jopling. Exhibited her first picture at Royal Academy, Bud and Bloom, in 1871. Works: Five O’clock Tea (1874); Elaine, Modern Cinderella (1875); Five Sisters of York (1876); Weary Waiting, It might have Been (1877); Pity Akin to Love (1878); Fair Rosamond, Children in the Wood (1881); Phyllis, Ellen Terry as Portia (1882); Daisy, Phyllis, Summer Snow, Saturday Night (1883); Christabel, From my Gondola, Fair Venetian (1884); Little Bo-Peep (1885).

JORDAENS, HANS, the younger, surnamed de lange Jordaens, born in Antwerp about 1595, died there after July 14, 1643. Flemish school; history painter, probably son and pupil of Hans Jordaens, the elder, who entered the guild at Antwerp in 1582, and by whom there is a Banquet Scene in the Dresden Gallery; master of the guild in 1620. Not to be confounded with the different Jordaens of Delft. Works: Crossing the Red Sea, Antwerp Museum; do., Hague Museum; do., Oldenburg Gallery; do. (2, one dated 1624), Berlin Museum; do., Hermitage, St. Petersburg; do., Hampton Court Gallery; do., Pinacoteca, Turin; Art-Cabinet, Vienna Museum.--Meyer, Gemälde d. Köngl. Mus., 223; Riegel, Beiträge, ii. 293; Rooses (Reber), 352.

JORDAENS, JAKOB, born in Antwerp, May 19, 1593, died there, Oct. 18, 1678. Flemish school; history painter, scholar of Adam van Noort, whose daughter he married; received as master in the painters’ guild in 1615, and in the following year married Katherine, his master’s daughter. Instead of going to Italy, he studied the pictures of the great Italian masters, especially Titian, at home, and becoming intimate with Rubens, assisted him in preparing cartoons for the tapestries of the king of Spain. With a fine feeling for colour and chiaroscuro, great facility and skill in composition, Jordaens wants taste and elevation of style, is often but a vulgar Rubens. In 1641 he built a fine house at Antwerp, where he spent the greater part of his life. Works: Judgment of Solomon, Marriage of St. Catherine, Christ and St John, Meleager and Atalanta, Holocaust to Pomona, Diana’s Bath, Family Scene in a Garden, Wandering Musicians, Madrid Museum; Christ driving out the Money Changers, Last Judgment (1653), The Four Evangelists, Infancy of Jupiter, Twelfth Night, As the Old sing so the Young Twitter, Portrait of Admiral Ruyter, Louvre, Paris; Christ and the Pharisees, Distress of the Prodigal, The Apostles, Twelfth Night, Susanna and the Elders, Lille Museum; Visitation, Nativity, Lyons Museum; Miraculous Draught of Fishes, Marseilles Museum; Christ and the Woman taken in Adultery, Rennes Museum; Christ with Martha and Mary, An Elder, Rouen Museum; Last Supper, Sisters of Charity, Entombment, Adoration of the Shepherds, Pegasus, Commerce and Industry protecting the Arts, Human Law based on Divine Law, Lady’s Portrait, Museum, Antwerp; Martyrdom of St. Apollonia, Augustine’s, ib.; St. Charles Borromeo interceding for the Plague-stricken at Milan, St. James’s, ib.; Christ on the Cross, St. Paul’s, ib.; St. Martin expelling an Evil Spirit (1630), Allegory on Fertility, Satyr and Peasant, Triumph of Prince Frederik Hendrik of Nassau, Allegory on Vanity, Eliezer and Rebekah, Museum, Brussels; As the Old Sing so the Young Twitter, Arenberg Gallery, ib.; St. Ambrose, Reconciliation, Christ and the Woman taken in Adultery, Ghent Museum; Calvary, Tournay Museum; Satyr and Peasant, Amsterdam Museum; Faun and Nymph, Venus in a Grotto (copy after Rubens), Museum, Hague; Triumph of Prince Frederik Hendrik of Nassau, Huis in’t Bosch, ib.; Adoration of the Magi, Christ bearing the Cross, Rotterdam Museum; Convocation of the Four Fathers of the Church, Basle Museum; Feast of the Bean (sketch to painting in Munich Pinakothek), Berne Museum; As the Old sing so the Young Twitter, Berlin Museum; Adoration of the Shepherds, Holy Family, Christ at Emmaus, Feast of the Bean, Democritus and Heraclitus, Male Head, Brunswick Museum; Moses striking the Rock, Carlsruhe Gallery; Pan and the Peasant (2), Artist’s Family, Bacchus with Bacchantes, The Pap-Eater, Education of Bacchus, Twelfth Night, Merchant and Moor, Cassel Gallery; Prometheus, Neptune, Cologne Museum; Naiads changing the Horn of Achelous (1642 or 1649?), Christ and the Children, Susanna at the Bath (1653), Copenhagen Gallery; Allegory on Virtue, Solomon’s Judgment, Darmstadt Museum; Ariadne, Silenus, Diogenes seeking an Honest Man, Visit to the Sepulchre, Presentation in the Temple, As the Old sing so the Young Twitter, Satyr and Young Girl, Male Portrait, Hercules with Bacchantes and Satyrs (after Rubens), Dresden Museum; Merry-Making, Düsseldorf Gallery; Cupid assisting at Toilet of Venus, Gotha Museum; Abraham and Isaac, Kunsthalle, Hamburg; Nymphs and Satyrs in the Woods, Provinzial Museum, Hanover; Faun, Königsberg Museum; Christ among the Doctors, Last Supper, Mentz Museum; Satyr and Peasant, Feast of the Bean, Christ among the Doctors, Old Pinakothek, Munich; St. Jerome, Diana and Nymphs Bathing, Miracle of St. Dominik, Oldenburg Gallery; St. Jerome, Holy Family, Schleissheim Gallery; Nocturnal Apparition, Schwerin Gallery; Vertumnus and Pomona, Dædalus and Icarus, Stuttgart Museum; Twelfth Night, Vienna Museum; Meleager and Atalanta, Wiesbaden Gallery; St. Paul and Barnabas at Lystra, St. Peter, Madonna, Diana and Nymphs disturbed by Satyrs, Mercury and Argus, Satyr and Peasant, Artist’s Family, Family Group in a Garden, Artist’s Portrait, Portrait-Heads (4), Hermitage, St. Petersburg; Ammon and Thamar, Incident in Life of Paris, Academy, ib.; Venus in a Mirror, Neptune, Uffizi, Florence; Abraham’s Sacrifice, Milan Academy; Resurrection, Dutch Burgomaster, Pinacoteca, Turin; Prince Frederik Hendrik of Orange and Consort, Devonshire House, London; Holy Family, Theology, National Gallery, Dublin; Artist’s Portrait, National Gallery, Edinburgh; Fruit Seller, Glasgow Gallery; Triumph of Bacchus, Visit of St. John to Infant Christ, Sketch from Sacred History, New York Museum.--L’Art (1882), iv. 241; (1883), i. 41; Ch. Blanc, École flamande; Cat. du Musée d’Anvers (1874), 217; Engerth, Belvedere Galerie, ii. 217; Fétis, Cat. du Mus. Royal, 350; Génard, Notice sur J. J. (Ghent, 1852); Immerzeel, ii. 91; Kramm, iii. 821; Kugler (Crowe), ii. 310; Michiels, vii. 360; Riegel, Beiträge, ii. 100; Rooses (Reber), 352; Schaefer, iii. 1165, 1170, 1183, 1196, 1204, 1206, 1248; Van den Branden, 814; Wauters, Peinture flamande, 245.

JORDAN, RUDOLF, born in Berlin, May 4, 1810. Genre painter, studied first from nature on the isle of Rügen, then at the Düsseldorf Academy under Schadow and Karl Sohn; has repeatedly visited Holland, Belgium, France, and Italy. Member of Berlin, Dresden, Amsterdam, and Brussels Academies. Medals: Berlin, 1866, 1878; Vienna, 1873; Philadelphia, 1876. Works: Fisherman’s Family (1832); Proposal of Marriage in Helgoland (1834), Windlass in Normandy (1843), Death of the Pilot (1856), Old Sailor’s Home on Dutch Coast (1866), Widow’s Comfort (1866), National Gallery, Berlin; Forgotten Boots, Evening in Helgoland, Return of the Pilots (1835); Pilot’s Alarm-Bell (1838–39); Pilot’s Examination (1842); Scene on the Downs after Storm (1844); Women calling Men to the Rescue of Ship (1845); Saved from Shipwreck (1848), Dresden Gallery; First Lie (1849); Burial of Youngest Child, Provinzial Museum, Hanover; Women praying in the Storm (1852); Helgoland Pilot Family burying Child (1857), Ravené Gallery, Berlin; Return of the Fisherman; Morning after Wedding (1861), Leipsic Museum; Soup for the Sick (1862), Expectation, Düsseldorf Gallery; Soup-Day in French Convent (1868), Cologne Museum; Coast-Watch, Frauenhuys in Amsterdam, Burial of Old Sailor, Shipwrecked People in Tavern on Coast (1872); Waiting-House near Scheveningen; Happiness and Labour; Missing Boat (1876); Tavern on Dutch Coast (1884).--D. Kunstbl. (1858), 287; Dioskuren, 1866–69; Jordan (1885), ii. 109; Müller, 307; Wolfgang Müller, Düsseldf. K., 215; Rosenberg, Berliner Malerschule, 45; Wiegmann, 287.

JORIS, PIO, born in Rome in June, 1843. Genre and landscape painter, pupil of Academy of San Luca and of Fortuny; visited Venice, Munich, and Paris in 1869, London in 1870, and Spain in 1871–72. President of Società d’acquerellisti in Rome, honorary member of Société beige des aquarellistes, member of several Art-Unions; Italian Crown Order, Bavarian Order of St. Michael; Gold medal, Munich, 1869; twelve medals in 1878–81. Works: Roman Peasant Girl and Shepherd (1866); Greeting of the Virgin Mary (1867); Wedding in Palombara, Sabina, Hasty Meal, Concert in Genazzano (1868); Sunday Morning before the Porta del Popolo (1869); Via Flaminia in the Rain (1870); Saladad, Spanish Dance (1872); Art Amateurs, Beggar in Toledo (1872), Reitlinger Gallery, Paris; Return to Convent (1873); Young Greek Woman, Poet after Festival in Villa d’Este (1874); Parson as Antiquary (1875); Return of Orphans, Baptism in Roma Priora (1876); After Vespers, Forio d’Ischia (1877); Baptism in Ischia (1878): Replica, Neapolitan Head (1879); Pastime in Last Century, At the Antiquary’s (1880); Arch of Titus in Rome, Woman of Sonnino, Woman of Jerusalem, Cardinal going to Consistory (1881); Odalisque (1882); Flight of Pope Eugenius IV. (1883), National Gallery, Rome; Poor Soldier as Ballad Singer (1883).--L’Illustr. italiana (1875–77); Meyer, Conv. Lex., xviii. 531, 629; xix. 574; xxi. 549, 564.

JOSEPH AND HIS BRETHREN, Murillo, Sir Richard Wallace, Bart., London; canvas, H. about 5 ft. × 7 ft. In centre, four figures, among them, Joseph, in a scanty white garment, borne by two of his brethren to the mouth of the pit; on left, three other brothers; at right, four others and a dog. Bought from Capuchin Convent, Genoa, for Mr. Buchanan in 1803–6; sold to John Cave, £800; W. Cave sale (1854), £1,764, to Marquis of Hertford, whence by bequest to Sir R. Wallace.--Buchanan, Memoirs, ii. 144, 171; Curtis, 121.

JOSEPH, CHASTITY OF (Gen. xxxix), Johan Bilevelt, Uffizi, Florence; wood, figures life-size. Potiphar’s wife, seated on the edge of a bed, endeavours to detain Joseph, who is struggling to free himself from her grasp. Painted in 1624 by commission from Cardinal Carlo and Lorenzo de’ Medici.--Rosini, vi. 93; Molini, Gall, di Firenze, v. 1.

By Carlo Cignani, Dresden Gallery; canvas, octagonal, 3 ft. 6 in. diameter. Figures half-length. Joseph flying from the importunities of Potiphar’s wife. Painted for Contarini, Procurator of S. Marco, Venice; bought for 600 sequins in 1754 from Casa Contarini, Venice. Restored by Palmaroli and Renner in 1827. Engraved by Monaco; P. Tanjé.--Gal. Roy. de Dresde, i. Pl. 46.

By Lionello Spada, Lille Museum; canvas, H. 5 ft. 6 in. × 4 ft. 6 in. Potiphar’s wife, sitting upon a couch, endeavours to detain Joseph, who flees, leaving his mantle in her hands. Formerly in Modena Gallery.--Landon, Musée, viii. Pl. 47; Filhol, iii. Pl. 152.

JOSEPH, COAT OF, Velasquez, Escorial, Spain; six figures, life-size. Jacob sits on right in the shadow of his house; before him stand five of his sons, two of them holding Joseph’s coat, the white lining of which is stained with blood; on left, another son tearing his hair; at Jacob’s feet, a white dog, barking. Painted by Velasquez on his first journey to Rome (1629–31) and sent, with the Forge of Vulcan, to the King. Never engraved.--Curtis, 2.

JOSEPH, HISTORY OF, Raphael. See Raphael’s Bible.

JOSEPH AND POTIPHAR’S WIFE, Rembrandt, Berlin Museum; canvas, H. 3 ft. 8 in. × 2 ft. 10¾ in. Potiphar’s wife, in a red-silk robe, sitting beside a bed in a richly furnished apartment, with her husband standing behind her chair, accuses Joseph, who stands on the opposite side of the bed with hands and eyes upraised. Formerly in collection of Lord Willoughby; passed about 1820 to Sir Thomas Lawrence, after whose decease sold (1830) for 570 guineas to Joseph Neeld, M.P.; purchased in 1884 for Berlin Museum. Similar composition, with changes (2 ft. × 1 ft. 9 in.; signed, dated 1657, engraved by Exshaw), in Hermitage, St. Petersburg.--Smith, vii. 8; Athenæum, Nov. 8, 1884, 598; Vosmaer, 490.

JOSEPH, ST., AND INFANT CHRIST, Guido Reni, Hermitage, St. Petersburg. St. Joseph, dressed in a gray linen tunic and yellow mantle, carries in his arms the Infant, who holds a flower in his left hand; in background, to right, the Virgin is seen riding on an ass led by an angel. Bought for 7,900 florins from the gallery of William II, King of the Netherlands.--Cat. Hermitage.

By Murillo, Hermitage, St. Petersburg; canvas, H. 2 ft. 3 in. × 1 ft. 8 in. The Saint, in dark robe and yellow mantle, with lily branch in right hand, embraces with left the Child, who stands, partly draped, before him, looking front. Purchased about 1820, probably in Paris. Engraved by J. G. Navia.--Curtis, 255; Cat. Hermitage.

By Murillo, Hermitage; canvas, H. 2 ft. 3 in. × 1 ft. 8 in. The Saint, with lily branch in left hand, leads Jesus with right; above, two angels; background, landscape. Presented to Emperor by Mr. Coesvelt.--Curtis, 255; Cat. Hermitage.

By Murillo, Seville Museum; canvas, H. 7 ft. 5 in. × 4 ft. 1 in. St. Joseph, standing on right, embraces Jesus, who stands, draped, on a pedestal, with a lily branch in left hand; both look front; background, landscape. Painted about 1676 for high altar of Church of Capuchin Convent, Seville. Companion to St. John Baptist (Seville Museum). Engraved by A. Lurat.--Curtis, 252.

By Murillo, Mrs. Lyne Stephens, Lynford Hall, Brandon, Norfolk; canvas, H. 3 ft. 1 in. × 2 ft. 8 in. St. Joseph, seen to knees, seated front, with Jesus, standing, on his left; his right hand holds the Child’s left, the two holding a lily branch, which rests on Joseph’s right shoulder. Louis Philippe sale (1853), £440. Engraved by Lemoine; Cottin; lithographed by Geoffroy (2), E. Lasalle (2), M. Lavigne, L. Maurin, Llanta (3), and others. Repetitions: Sir John Leslie, Bart., London; Francis Cook, Richmond Hill; D. Roberto Kith y Somera, Seville.--Curtis, 253.

By Murillo, Earl of Strafford, Wrotham Park, Herts; canvas, H. 7 ft. 2 in. × 5 ft. 2 in. The Saint, in violet robe and brown mantle, holding a lily branch, bends towards the Child, whom he holds with right hand; they walk to left looking at each other; background, landscape. Repetitions: Pourtalès sale (1865), 15,000 francs; D. Antonio Zulueta, Cadiz.--Curtis, 253.

JOSEPH IN PRISON (Gen., xl.), Spagnoletto, Escorial, Spain. Joseph, when in prison, interpreting the dreams of the chief baker and the chief butler of Pharaoh’s household. Engraved by Bannerman.--Réveil, ii. 105.

JOSEPHINE, CORONATION OF, Louis David, Versailles Museum; canvas, H. 20 ft. 2 in. × 33 ft. Ceremony in Notre Dame, Paris, Dec. 6, 1804. Originally entitled the Coronation, and though intended to recall the crowning of Napoleon, the scene represented is the coronation of Josephine by Napoleon himself. The Emperor, descending from the altar, holds aloft the crown which he is about to place on the head of the Empress, who is kneeling. Behind Napoleon is the Pope, and near him several cardinals and bishops; further back are the ambassadors, and in front, at right, are Princes Lebrun, Cambacérés, Berthier, and Talleyrand-Perigord. Behind the Empress is Joachim Murat, and near him Marshals Serrurier, Moncey, Bessières, and General d’Harville; to the left sits the Archbishop of Paris, and near him General Junot, the Queens of Naples and of Holland, and the Emperor’s brothers; behind them are Marshals Lefebvre, Kellerman, Perignon, and General Duroc. In the lower gallery sits the Emperor’s mother, with other ladies; in the upper gallery stands David himself, sketching. Salon, 1808. Engraved by Frilley.--Réveil, viii. 557; Gal. de Versailles, iv. 743.

JOUETT, MATTHEW HARRIS, born in Mercer County, Ky., April 22, 1788, died at Lexington, Ky., Aug. 10, 1827. Portrait painter; educated a lawyer, served in war of 1812–14, and at its close opened a studio in Lexington; in 1816 studied four months in Boston under Gilbert Stuart. He painted during his short career more than 300 portraits, including among his sitters many distinguished persons. His full-length portrait of Lafayette is in the capitol at Frankfort, and a bust portrait of same is owned by Mrs. Pauline Rodes, Richmond, Ky. Other good examples of his work are in possession of Landon Thomas, Frankfort; John Mason Brown, Henry Pindell, W. C. Humphrey, Henry Sanders, Blanton Duncan, Shelby Todd, R. J. Menefee, Louisville; Mrs. Margaret Preston, Mrs. Judge Woodward, Mrs. Benjamin Gratz, Miss Mary Bullock, Robert Peter, Mrs. Oliver Frazer, Mrs. George W. Norton, Lexington; Robert J. Breckenridge, Danville; A. J. Alexander. Spring Station, Ky.

JOURDAIN, ROGER JOSEPH, born at Louviers (Eure), in Dec., 1845. Genre and landscape painter, pupil of Cabanel and Pils. Medals: 3d class, 1879; 2d class, 1881. Works: The Customer (1879); Towing (1881); Departure of the Fishermen, Carpet Bazaar in Cairo, Venice; Baby’s Sleep (1884); Lime-Kiln, A Cloud (1885).

JOURDAN, ADOLPHE, born at Nîmes, Aug. 4, 1825. Genre painter, pupil of Jalabert; skilful in painting flesh. Medals: 1864, 1866, and 1869. Works: Leda (1864); Cupid’s Secrets (1866); Venus and Cupid (1869); Meditation, Young Italian Mother, Pursuit (1874); Little Girl (1875); Parting, Three Friends (1876); Breakfast at St. Honorat (1877); On the Banks of the Gardon (1878); Venus, Nurse (1879); Mother and Child (1880); The First Step (1881); Girl with a Shell (1882); Woman Charming a Bird (1883); First Smiles, Study (1884); Une Loge, Brindisi (1885); The Betrothed, Wm. Astor, New York.--Bellier, i. 841.

JOURDAN, THÉODORE, born at Salon (Bouches du Rhône), July 29, 1833. Genre painter, pupil in Paris of Loubon; professor of design in the Marseilles School of Art. Works: Winding Cocoons near Arles, Melon Market in Cavaillon (1865); Little Thieves (1866); Girl with a Frog (1868); Brotherly Help (1869); Collecting Cocoons in Salon (1870); Departure of a Herd to the Mountains (1872); Returning to the Farm (1873); Grandmother (1875); Walk by the Sea in Provence (1876); Faithful Guardian (1877); Infant and Lamb (1879); Herd in Provence (1880); Sheep at the Drinking Place (1882); Corner of the Fold, Sheep on the Mountain (1883).

JOURDY, PAUL, born in Dijon, Dec. 15, 1805, died in Paris, Oct. 28, 1856. History painter, pupil of Lethière and Ingres; won grand prix de Rome in 1834, and became a painter of merit. Medals: 2d class, 1842; 1st class, 1847; from 1851 till his death he was president of the central committee of artists in Paris. Works: Homer chanting his Verses (1834); Eve Tempted (1836); Girl fastening her Earring (1839), King of Holland; Prometheus Chained (1842), Dijon Museum; Christ with the Doctors (1843), Public School, Bourges; Baptism of Christ (1846), Church of the White Friars, Paris; Good Samaritan (1847), bought by State; Seven Sacraments (1850, fresco), Church of St. Elizabeth, Paris; Woman Bathing (1852); Joys of Peace (1857); Achilles and Scamander, Theseus recognized by his Father, Dijon Museum; Portrait of Nicolas Malebranche, Versailles Museum.--Bellier, i. 841.

JOUVENET, JEAN, born at Rouen, April, 1644, died in Paris, April 5, 1717. French school; history painter, son and pupil of Laurent Jouvenet (1609–81), completed his education in Paris, where he was sent at seventeen, and took Poussin for his model. His picture of Moses striking the Rock won for him the favour and good offices of Lebrun. He became a member of the Academy in 1675, professor in 1681, director in 1705, and rector in 1707. In his old age, having lost the use of his right arm by palsy, he painted the Magnificat, now in Notre Dame, with his left hand. Many of his works have been engraved. Works: Christ healing a Paralytic (1673), Visitation (called Magnificat), Notre Dame; Esther swooning before Ahasuerus (1675), painted for Academy; Christ with Mary and Martha, Christ healing the Sick (1689), Miraculous Draught of Fishes (1706), Raising of Lazarus (1706), Christ driving out the Money Changers (replicas in Lyons Museum and Schwerin Gallery) (1706), Descent from the Cross (1697), Ascension (1711), Pilgrims of Emmaus, Feast in House of Simon, Extreme Unction, View of High Altar in Notre Dame at Paris, Portrait of Fagon--Physician of Louis XIV., Louvre, Paris; Pentecost, Versailles Chapel; Twelve Apostles, Invalides; Isaac blessing Jacob (1692), Presentation (1692), Vision of St. Theresa, St. Cecilia, Death of St. Francis, Apotheosis of St. Luke, Apotheosis of St. John, Annunciation (1685), Ascension (1716), and others, Rouen Museum; others in Grenoble, Nancy, Toulouse, Caen, Nîmes, Mans, Lille, Reims, Rennes, Orléans, and other provincial galleries; St. Peter healing the Sick, Basle Museum; Apollo appearing to Priestess, The Virgin bending over the sleeping Infant Christ, Darmstadt Museum; Portraits of Priests (2), Old Pinakothek, Munich; St. Ann and the Virgin, Uffizi, Florence; Visitation of St. Isabel, Madrid Museum.--Bellier, i. 843; Ch. Blanc, École française; Jal, 709; Revue des Beaux Arts (1859), 357; Larousse; Mémoires inédits, ii. 23.

JOUY, JOSEPH NICOLAS, born in Paris, Sept. 11, 1809. History and battle painter, pupil of Devéria, Lethière, and Ingres. First painted portraits and then several battle pieces for Versailles; has also treated religious subjects. Medals: 3d class, 1834; 2d class, 1835; 1st class, 1839. Works: Portrait of a Young Greek (1833); Combat of Heilsberg (1838), Versailles Museum; Grandier’s Apology (1839), Bordeaux Museum; Adoration of the Magi (1843), Préfecture de la Seine, Paris; Captain Tronçon du Coudray, Battle of Rocroy, Siege of Landau, Battle of Pozzolo, Skirmish of Tirlemont, Capture of Furnes, Assault of Sierk, Surrender of Dunkirk, Versailles Museum; The Crib (1852); Holy Family (1859); Beethoven with Peasants, Prayer (1865); Inspiration (1868); Isaac and Rebekah (1869); Holy Family (1870); Mozart in the Sistine Chapel, Debrey Mill on Montmartre (1879); Virgin and Child (1880).--Bellier, i. 845; Larousse.

JOVER, FRANCISCO; contemporary. History painter, studied in Madrid and Rome; devoted himself specially to fresco painting, which he revived in Spain. Works: Columbus as a Prisoner on board his Ship (1862); Philip II. blessing his Children (1864); Cardinal Ximenes delivering Christians in Oran (1871); Treaty of Cambray; Papal Court and Capuchin Saint.

JOYANT, JULES ROMAIN, born in Paris, Aug. 16, 1803, died there, July 6, 1854. Landscape and architecture painter, pupil of Bidauld, Lethière, and of the architect Huyot. His pictures are well composed and correctly drawn, and the colouring is rich and agreeable. His masterly pen-and-ink sketches are much sought after. Medals: 2d class, 1835; Brussels, 1845; L. of Honour, 1852. Works: Palace of the Doges in Venice (1835); View of S. M. della Salute in Venice (1835), Nantes Museum; Ponte Rialto (1841), Amiens Museum; Campo Vaccino in Rome (1843), Dijon Museum; Riva dei Schiavoni (1844); Old Palace of the Popes at Avignon (1845); Square of S. Marco in Venice.--Bellier, i. 845; Larousse.

JUAN DE AUSTRIA, DON, Velasquez, Madrid Museum; canvas, H. 6 ft. 7 in. × 4 ft. A buffoon, called Don Juan de Austria, or the Artillerist, standing, looking front; dress, black jacket, red stockings, and black hat with red feather; ground strewn with weapons and armour; through a doorway, the sea and a burning ship. Latest manner. Engraved by Fosseyeux; Allais; E. Lingée (as portrait of F. Cortes). Etched by F. Goya; B. Maura; Rajon.--Curtis, 32; Gaz. des B. Arts (1880); xxi. 126; Madrazo, 628.

JUAN DE BARBALONGA. See Vermeyen.

JUAN DE DIOS, SAN, Murillo, Hospital de la Caridad, Seville; canvas, H. 11 ft. 7 in. × 8 ft. 10 in. The Saint, sinking to his knees under the weight of a half-naked pauper whom he bears on his back, beholds with awe an angel who assists him to rise. Companion to St. Elizabeth of Hungary. Painted for La Caridad in 1674, and still in original position. Copy by Dauzats in Louis Philippe sale.--Curtis, 251; Stirling, ii. 855; Davies, Murillo, 81, 94.

JUAN, SHIPWRECK OF DON (Naufrage de Don Juan), Eugène Delacroix, Louvre, Paris; canvas, H. 4 ft. 3 in. × 6 ft. 4 in.; signed, dated 1840. Illustration of Byron’s “Don Juan” (Ch. ii. 74–75). Don Juan and his companions in an open boat at sea. Presented to State in 1883 by Mme. Adolphe Moreau, who was once offered 300,000 francs for it. Salon, 1841; Exposition Universelle, 1855. Lithographed by Français; engraved by Desmadryl in l’Artiste.--Robaut, Delacroix, 190.

JUBILEO DE LA PORCIUNCULA. See Francis of Assisi, St.

JUDAS, KISS OF, Ernest Hébert, Luxembourg Museum, Paris; canvas, H. 8 ft. 4 in. × 6 ft. 1 in. Christ, in the Garden of Gethsemane, surrounded by soldiers, one of whom is ready to seize him, whilst another holds up his lantern so that the light falls directly on the face which the false disciple is about to kiss, all the surroundings being wrapped in mysterious shadows. Salon of 1853.

JUDAS, PAYMENT OF, Fra Angelico, Florence Academy. One of the series of eight panels, containing thirty-five subjects from the life of Christ, formerly on the presses in SS. Annunziata, Florence. Judas receives the money from the high-priest in foreground; in background, six other figures. Kugler (Eastlake), i. 182; Réveil, xiii. 901.

JUDGMENT, LAST. See Last Judgment.

JUDGMENT OF PARIS. See Paris.

JUDGMENT OF SOLOMON. See Solomon.

JUDITH, Cristofano Allori, Palazzo Pitti, Florence; canvas, H. 4 ft. 7 in. × 3 ft. 8 in. Scene from apocryphal book of Judith. Judith, with the head of Holofernes in one hand and a sword in the other; behind her a servant. Judith is said to represent La Mazzafirra, a beautiful Florentine courtesan who had deserted Allori for a richer lover, the servant, her mother, and the severed head the painter, who thus sought to revenge himself. Allori’s masterpiece. Painted for Cardinal Alessandro Orsino. Carried to Paris in 1799; returned in 1815. Several repetitions, best in the Hermitage, St. Petersburg; another in Vienna Museum; study for head of Judith in Rath Museum, Geneva. Engraved by Tardieu; M. Gandolfi; Gio. Cantini; L. A. Claessens; J. Carter; Jazet; J. L. Leronge, and others.--Gal. du Pal. Pitti, i. Pl. 3; Ch. Blanc, École florentine; Filhol, v. Pl. 319; Lasinio, i. Pl. 56; Landon, Musée, vi. Pl. 59; Meyer, Künst. Lex., i. 509; Larousse, ix. 1071.

By Philip van Dyck, Hague Museum; wood, H. 11 in. × 12 in.; signed, dated 1726. Figures half-length. Judith, leaning with her right hand on the sword with which she has slain Holofernes, is about to put his head, held in her left hand, into a sack presented by her attendant, an old woman, at left. Passed from Palace of Leeuwarden to cabinet of William V.; carried to Paris by the French. Engraved by C. Normand; H. Guttenberg, in Musée Napoléon.--Landon, Musée, viii. 14.

By Andrea Mantegna, Berlin Museum; wood, H. 16 in. × 11 in.; tempera, dated 1488. Judith, standing, followed by her servant bearing head of Holofernes in a charger upon her head. Formerly in Giustiniani Gallery. Another Judith by Mantegna in Collection of Earl of Pembroke.--Larousse, ix. 1071.

By Palma Vecchio, Uffizi, Florence; canvas, life-size, half-length. With a scimetar in right hand and head of Holofernes in left. Much injured by restoration.--C. & C., N. Italy, ii. 476.

By Girolamo Romanino, Berlin Museum; wood, H. 2 ft. 9 in. × 2 ft. 3 in. Judith, half-length, with the head of Holofernes in a charger; her maid looking on, and a soldier in armour asleep. Painted about 1510(?). From Solly Collection.--C. & C., N. Italy, ii. 370.

By Paolo Veronese, Vienna Museum; canvas, H. 3 ft. 6 in. × 3 ft. 1 in. Judith, figure to knees, giving the head of Holofernes to Abra, her black servant, who holds a bag to receive it; in background, tent of Holofernes. Engraved by Passini.--Gal. de Vienne, i. Pl. 42.

JUDITH AND HOLOFERNES (apocryphal book of Judith), Artemisia Gentileschi, Palazzo Pitti, Florence; canvas, H. 3 ft. 3 in. × 2 ft. 7 in. Judith, aided by her servant, is cutting off with a sword the head of Holofernes, who lies upon a couch in his tent.--Rosini, vi. 128.

By Michelangelo, Sistine Chapel, Rome; fresco on ceiling.

By Henri Regnault, Marseilles Museum. Judith, on the point of striking Holofernes, who lies in a drunken sleep upon his bed, the upper part of his body nude. Painted in Rome in 1869. Salon, 1869.--Gaz. des B. Arts (1881), xxiv. 94; Moniteur, Aug., 1869; Chaumelin, Art contemporain, 347; Larousse, ix. 1071.

By Tintoretto, Madrid Museum. Three pictures: 1. Judith, sword in hand, raising the covering of the bed on which Holofernes is lying; behind her, the servant with a sack. 2. Judith handing the head to the servant. 3. Judith replacing the bed-cover while the servant puts the head into the sack.--Madrazo; Larousse, ix. 1071.

By Horace Vernet, Louvre, Paris; canvas, H. 9 ft. 9 in. × 6 ft. 5 in.; signed, dated Rome, 1830. Judith, standing near the bed of Holofernes, is about to strike off his head. Salon, 1831. Collection of Louis Philippe. Formerly in Luxembourg. Study for head of Judith, J. H. Stebbins, New York.--Larousse, ix. 1071.

JUEL, JENS, born at Gamborg, Fünen, May 12, 1745, died in Copenhagen, Dec. 27, 1802. Portrait, landscape, and genre painter, pupil in Hamburg of Gehrmann, then of Copenhagen Academy; won first prize in 1771, went to Rome in 1772, to Paris in 1776, and to Geneva in 1777. Became court-painter in 1783; member of Copenhagen Academy in 1782, its director in 1795–98 and 1800–1. Works: Anointing of David (1771), Portraits of the Engraver Clemens (1776), of Artist and Wife (1791), of the Dwarf Bajocco, of Admiral Risbrick, of Abildgaard’s Mother, six other portraits, Painter at Work, Fruits in a Niche, Approaching Storm, Copenhagen Gallery; Landscape, Young Seamstress, Schwerin Gallery; Male Portrait, National Gallery, Christiania; Portraits of Karl Bonet, King Christian VII. and his Queen, the Poet Klopstock; The Daughters of Consul-General Pingel (1792–94); Family of Raben-Levetzau (1796).--Weilbach, 239.

JUGELET, (JEAN MARIE) AUGUSTE, born at Brest, Aug. 25, 1805, died at Rouen, Oct. 22, 1874. Marine painter, pupil of Gudin; has made many voyages and gained distinction by his marine views. Medals: 3d class, 1836; L. of Honour, 1847. Works: Sunrise at Sea, Bay of Dinan (1831); Environs of Brest (1833); Port of Havre, Honfleur, Mont St. Michel, Cliffs of Étretat (1835); A Fog, Harbour of Conquet (1836); Port of Toulon, Vera Cruz, Saint Jean d’Ulloa (1840); Christ stilling the Tempest (1845); View of Noli, Environs of Dieppe, Dieppe Fishing-Boats (1847); A Storm, Island of Grand Bé, Port of Genoa (1847), bought by State; View of Cannes, Alassio near Nice (1852); Lookout at Koatven, Jetty at Dieppe, Entrance to Portsmouth (1859); Sorceresses, Harvest Festival, Wreck of English Brig Lord Gough at Dieppe, Wreck of Sloop Goole (1861); Environs of Finale (1863); Marine, Study of a Tree (1864); Tidal Wave at Caudebec, Desert (1865); Cannes, Storm on Channel Coast (1868); Entrance to Brest, Environs of Plougastel (1869); Fight of the Arethusa with the Belle Poule, Versailles Museum; Port of Havre, Sea View (1870).--Bellier, i. 846; Larousse.

JUGLARIS, TOMMASO, born at Moncalieri, Piedmont, in 1845. Genre and portrait painter; pupil of Turin Academy under Morgari, then in Paris, whither he went in 1871, of Couture; accepted, in 1879, the position as artistic director offered him by Prang & Co., in Boston, but resigned it after six months to practise his art independently, and in 1882 was made professor at the Boston Academy. Works: Offering to the Lares (1878); Promenade in Venice in 16th Century (1879); The Invasion--prehistoric scene (1880).--Gazetta del Popolo (1885), iii. 12.

JUILLERAT, CLOTILDE (née Gérard), born in Lyons, Nov. 14, 1806. Genre and portrait painter, pupil of P. Delaroche. Has painted many highly successful portraits. Medals: 3d class, 1834; 2d class, 1836; 1st class, 1841. Works: Beggar and Sleeping Child (1836); St. Elizabeth of Hungary picking up a Little Beggar (1841); Anne of Austria dressing St. Theresa d’Avila, The Widow Scarron, Child Dreaming (1846); Portraits of Marquise de Castel-Bajac, Duc de la Rochefoucald, and others.--Bellier, i. 847; Larousse.

JULIAN THE APOSTATE, Edward Armitage, Liverpool Art Gallery; canvas. The emperor, presiding at a conference of sectarians, is seated at the end of a table, surrounded by his pagan courtiers, listening with an attentive and judicial air to the disputes of the eager Christians before him. Royal Academy, 1874; purchased for £1,500 by A. W. Bennett, who presented it to Art Gallery.--Art Journal (1875), 250, 373.

JULIAN, ST., HOSPITALITY OF, Cristofano Allori, Palazzo Pitti, Florence; canvas, H. 8 ft. 6 in. × 6 ft. 6 in. St. Julian, who had built a hospital on the banks of a dangerous river, in expiation of his involuntary crime of slaying his parents, gives hospitality to a leper, who is landed from a boat; in background, his wife, at the door of the hospital, gives bread to the poor. Scarcely had Julian put the stranger into his own bed when the sick man became radiant with light, and, informing his benefactor that his crime was forgiven, disappeared. Acquired by Ferdinand II. in 1653; carried to Paris in 1799; returned in 1815. Engraved by L. Martelli Faentino; F. Gregori; G. R. Le Villain; G. B. Gatti.--Gal. du Pal. Pitti, iv. Pl. 5; Landon, Musée, xiii. Pl. 7; Etruria Pittrice, ii. 72; Wicar, 4.

JULIEN DE PARME. See Julien, Simon.

JULIEN, SIMON, born at Toulon, Oct. 28, 1735, died in Paris, Feb. 23, 1800. Genre painter, pupil of Dandré-Bardon, Carle Van Loo, and Natoire. When he joined Natoire’s school the pupils of the other masters called him Julien the Apostate. He afterwards styled himself Julien de Parme, after his patron the Duke of Parma. His best works are: Jupiter sleeping in Juno’s Arms, Aurora leaving Tithonus, St. Anthony in Ecstasy, Triumph of Aurelian (1783), and Portrait of Himself (1789), Toulon Museum.--Bellier, i. 849; Gaz. des B. Arts (1866), xxi. 397; Larousse.

JULIUS II., POPE, portrait, Raphael, Palazzo Pitti, Florence; wood, H. 3 ft. 3 in. × 2 ft. 8 in. Nearly full face, with full white beard and moustaches, seated in an arm-chair, with a handkerchief in his right hand. Julius II. (1503–13), previously Cardinal della Rovere, began present Church of St. Peter, Rome. Painted in Rome about 1511 or 1512, formerly in S. M. del Popolo, Rome; carried to Paris in 1799; returned in 1815. Replica in National Gallery, London, purchased in 1824 with Angerstein Collection; another in the Uffizi, which came with Victoria della Rovere, when she married Ferdinand II. de’ Medici. Passavant thinks the Pitti picture the original, but now many connoisseurs pronounce in favour of the one in the Uffizi. Cartoon in Palazzo Corsini, Florence. Engraved by Daverio; G. Ghisi.--Vasari, ed. Mil., iv. 338; Müntz, 386; Passavant, ii. 93; Gal. du Pal. Pitti, i. Pl. 91; Filhol, i. Pl. 65; Springer, 191.

JUNCKER, JUSTUS, born at Mentz in 1703, died at Frankfort in 1767. German school; still-life, portrait, genre, and landscape painter, pupil at Frankfort of Hugo Schlegel; subsequently formed himself after Thomas Wyck, De Heem, and Van Huysum; worked some time in London, and settled at Frankfort in 1726. Works: Breakfast (2), Carlsruhe Gallery; Scholar in his Study, Artist at his Easel, Old Man Reading, Kitchen-pieces (3), Cassel Gallery; Fruit-pieces (3), Darmstadt Museum; Scholar in his Study (1754), Städel Gallery, Frankfort; Calm Sea with Vessels and many Figures, Stuttgart Gallery.

JUNDT, GUSTAVE, born at Strasburg, June 21, 1830, died May 14, 1884. Genre painter and caricaturist, pupil of Guérin, Drolling, and Biennourry. A clever and faithful delineator of Alsatian peasant life. First exhibited in Salon of 1856. Medals: 1868; 3d class, 1873; L. of Honour, 1880. Works: Village Festival (1856); Near a Fountain; Alpine Strawberries; Mayflowers; Marguerites; Church-Time (1868); Rainy Weather in the Swiss Oberland, St. Anne’s Money, Returning from the Pilgrimage (1874); Cutting Hair at a Fair in Auvergne (1876); Sunday Morning; Time for the Wedding; Billets of Wood, Philosopher’s Walk at Monaco (1879); Returning from the Wedding, The Gleaner (1880); Returning, Nice surprised by Snow (1881); Aurora, Twilight (1882); The First Rays, In the Woods (1883).--Ménard, L’Art en Alsace-Lorraine; Meyer, Conv. Lex., xviii. 531; Kunst-Chronik, xix. 551.

JUNGHEIM, KARL, born at Düsseldorf, Feb. 6, 1830, died there, June 6, 1886. Landscape painter, pupil of Schirmer and Schadow; travelled in the Tyrolese and Swiss Alps and Italy. Medals in Paris, Vienna, and Philadelphia. Works: Landscape with Stag-Hunt; Waterfall in Tyrol; Uri-Rotstock on Vierwaldstätter Lake; Lauterbrunn Valley; Wallenstädter Lake; Evening on Brienz Lake; The Wetterhorn; Reichenbach Falls near Meiringen; Evening Landscape in Salzburg; Gosau Lake; Jacobi Garden near Düsseldorf; Sorrento (1872), Kunsthalle, Hamburg; Capri, Königsee and the Watzmann.--Müller, 288.

JUNKER, HERMANN, born in Frankfort in 1838. Genre painter, pupil of Städel Institute under Jacob Becker and Steinle, then in 1860 of K. Hausmann, and in 1862–64 studied in Paris and Amsterdam. Works: Auerbach Cellar in Leipsic; Artist’s Pilgrimage; Old Maid; Committee of Examiners (1865); Poetry and Prose (1867); Proclamation of Peace of Versailles (1871); Cycle of twelve Scenes from Goethe’s Life.--Müller, 289.

JUNO AND HERCULES, Giulio Romano, Bridgewater House, London. Juno, awaking, snatches the infant Hercules from her breast; background, a landscape, with boys and satyrs. Remarkably clear and warm in colouring. Orleans Gallery; bought by Duke of Bridgewater for £300.--Waagen, Treasures, ii. 29.

JUNO NURSING HERCULES. See Milky Way.

JUPITER, ancient picture. See Zeuxis.

JUPITER AND ANTIOPE, Anton van Dyck, Munich Gallery. The nymph asleep upon a bank beneath a drapery which Cupids are suspending from trees; Jupiter, in form of a satyr, bending on one knee, is raising the covering from her bosom. Formerly in Düsseldorf Gallery. Replica, Earl of Coventry. Engraved by Van Kessel; Soutman; Van der Steen; Val. Green; Ch. de Méchal.--Munich Gal., Pl. 22; Smith, iii. 23; ix. 397; Guiffrey, 253.

By Titian, Louvre; canvas, H. 6 ft. 5 in. × 12 ft. 7 in. Antiope, nearly nude, asleep on a bed of skins under a tree; Jupiter, as a satyr, lifts the drapery from her form, while Cupid aims an arrow at him from a branch above; at left, sylvan gods and goddesses engaged in sport or conversation; in the distance, a huntsman hastens with his dogs toward a glade where a stag is brought to bay. Painted about 1562 for Philip II. of Spain; called in Spain the Venus del Pardo, from the Palace of Pardo, near Madrid, where it was injured in the fire of 1608; given to Charles Stuart when in Spain; bought by Jabach at sale of the King’s collection in London (1650–51) for £600, and sold to Cardinal Mazarin, from whose heirs it passed to Louis XIV. Injured by cleaning in the Louvre in 1661, afterwards restored by Antoine Coypel; again restored and transferred to new canvas in 1829. Engraved by Baron and by Corneille.--C. & C., Titian, ii. 317; Cab. Crozat, ii. Pl. 143; Klas. der Malerei, i. Pl. 61; Mündler, 208; Villot, Cat. Louvre.

JUPITER AND CALLISTO, Rubens, Cassel Gallery; canvas, H. 4 ft. × 5 ft. 10 in.; signed. Jupiter, under the assumed form of Diana, is bending on one knee beside the nymph, who is seated on the ground, with her right hand on a quiver.--Smith, ix. 324.

JUPITER DESTROYING CRIMES, Paolo Veronese, Louvre; canvas, oval, H. 18 ft. 5 in. × 10 ft. 10 in. Rebellion, Treason, Luxury, and Peculation, crimes punished by the Council of Ten, falling overturned at the sight of Jupiter, armed with thunderbolts, descending from Olympus on his eagle; below the god, a genius with outstretched wings holds in one hand the book of laws and in the other a whip with which he scourges the Crimes. Painted for the ceiling of the Hall of the Council of Ten, Palazzo Ducale, Venice; carried to France in 1797; in Musée Napoléon until 1810, when it was placed in the ceiling of the bed-chamber of Louis XIV. at Versailles; removed in 1858 to Louvre. Engraved by Maccham (1593).--Landon, Musée, xiii. Pl. 58; Cat. Louvre; Ridolfi, Marav., ii. 23.

JUPITER AND DANAE. See Danaë.

JUPITER AND EUROPA. See Europa, Rape of.

JUPITER AND GANYMEDE. See Ganymede.

JUPITER, INFANCY OF, Giulio Romano, National Gallery, London; wood, H. 3 ft. 5 in. × 5 ft. 9 in. Sleeping infant in a cradle, attended by three women, on a small verdant island, on the further side of which are two groups of musicians (the Curetes). Formerly in the Orleans Gallery, then in that of Lord Northwick at Cheltenham, whence purchased in 1859. The landscape is possibly by Giambattista Dossi.--Cat. Nat. Gal.

JUPITER AND IO, Correggio, Vienna Museum; canvas, H. 5 ft. 1 in. × 2 ft. 3 in. Io, nude, sitting on a little hill, is embraced by Jupiter in a cloud; in lower corner, a hind’s head drinking from a stream. Painted about 1530–32 (?) for Emperor Charles V. (?). Passed from Spain to Milan, where it belonged to the sculptor Leone Leoni, whose son Pompeo sold it to Rodolph II.; was taken to Vienna, and thus escaped the fate of the Leda and the Danaë. Old copy in the Berlin Museum; mutilated when in the Orleans collection, like the Leda, by Louis the Pious, and passed with it to Berlin. Engraving of the Vienna original by G. Duchange (1705), by Bartolozzi, Van der Steen, Mayer, H. Cramer, Réveil, J. Johnson. Berlin copy engraved by Desrochers.--Meyer, Correggio, 344, 489; Künst. Lex., i. 439; Landon, Œuvres, viii. Pl. 62; Larousse, ix. 777; Réveil, xii. 817.

By Andrea Schiavone, Hermitage, St. Petersburg.

JUPITER AND LEDA. See Leda.

JUSTA AND RUFINA, SS., Murillo, Seville Museum; canvas, H. 6 ft. 9 in. × 5 ft. 11 in. Standing, looking front, holding between them a model of the Giralda, as it was before the Christian alterations; each has a palm in left hand; in front, vases lying on ground. Painted about 1676 for high altar of Church of Capuchin Convent, Seville. Companion to SS. Leandro and Bonaventura. Lithographed by Geoffroy.--Curtis, 258.

JUSTA, ST., Murillo, Stafford House, London; H. 3 ft. × 2 ft. 2 in. Half-length, in yellow robe and blue mantle, standing three-quarters right, looking up. Companion to St. Rufina (Stafford House). Probably from Altamira sale (1827), £325 10s., though Lord Gower thinks the two belonged to Marshal Soult. Engraved by Blanchard, père.--Curtis, 257; Gower, Hist. Gal. of England.

JUSTICE, Raphael, Camera della Segnatura, Vatican; fresco, medallion on ceiling. Female figure, crowned with diadem, holds sword in right hand and scales in left. Painted in 1512. Engraved by R. Morghen, and others.--Müntz, 311, 316, 350.

JUSTICE AND VENGEANCE, Pierre Paul Prud’hon, Louvre, Paris; canvas, H. 8 ft. × 9 ft. 6 in.; signed, dated 1808. At left, in a rocky desert place, lighted by the moon, a man, poniard in hand, flees from his victim, a young man whose dead body, nude, is stretched on the ground; above, flying, are Vengeance, with a torch, ready to seize the murderer, and Justice, with the sword and scales. Painted for the Palais de Justice; afterwards in Luxembourg; placed in Louvre in 1826. Copy by Géricault in Louvre. Engraved by Roger, Hocquart, A. Gelée.--Villot, Cat. Louvre.

JUSTINA, ST., Moretto, Vienna Museum; wood, H. 6 ft. 3 in. × 4 ft. 5 in. St. Justina standing, palm in hand, with unicorn by her side as emblem of chastity; at the right, a knight kneeling; background, picturesque landscape, a city and mountains. Painted about 1535; long in Hofburg, Innspruck, whence taken in 1662 to Castle of Ambras and afterwards to Vienna. Long attributed to Pordenone.--C. & C., N. Italy, ii. 404.

JUSTINA, ST., MARTYRDOM OF, Paolo Veronese, S. Giustina, Padua; canvas. St. Justina of Padua, accused of being a Christian, is put to death by order of the Emperor Maximian. She is kneeling with outstretched arms while the executioner, standing behind, thrusts his sword into her bosom; two other standing figures at right and two at left. Painted about 1568. Replica in the Uffizi, Florence. Engraved by Agos. Carracci (1582); Lasinio.--Lasinio, Gal. de Florence, i. Pl. 47; Bartsch, xviii. 78; Soc. Ed. & Paris, Gal. di Firenze, Pl. 73; Ridolfi, Marav., ii. 32.

JUSTINIAN PROMULGATING THE PANDECTS, Raphael, Camera della Segnatura, Vatican; fresco, left of window. The emperor in a purple mantle, seated, giving the books to Tribonianus, kneeling; behind the throne, six jurists, two of whom, Theophilus and Dorotheus, hold the books of the new Institutions and the Constitutions. Illustrates the consecration of Civil Law; companion piece to Gregory promulgating the Decretals. Painted in 1511. Engraved by Fr. Aquila, Fr. Giangiacomo.--Passavant, ii. 87; Müntz, 311, 344; Vasari, ed. Mil., iv. 337.

JUSTUS or JODOCUS OF GHENT, latter half of 15th century. Flemish school. Supposed by some to be identical with Justus de Allamagna or Giusto d’Alemania, who painted an Annunciation of the Virgin in the Convent of S. M. di Castello, Genoa, in 1451, but there is little if any evidence of it. Justus of Ghent, a contemporary of Van der Goes and of Van der Meire, and perhaps pupil of Hubert Van Eyck, was called to Urbino by Duke Federigo di Montefeltro to paint the portrait of his duchess, and to decorate his library. In 1470–74 he painted the Last Supper, an altarpiece for S. Agata, Urbino, now in the Town Gallery. In the Palazzo Barberini, Rome, and in the Louvre, are a series of panels representing poets, philosophers, etc., supposed to be the decorations of the library at Urbino. If Justus painted them, he tempered in his later work the harshness of the Flemish style with Italian breadth and freedom. Works attributed to him: The Last Judgment, Church of S. Maria, Dantzic; The Nativity, Benediction of the Holy Sacrament, Antwerp Museum.--Allgem. d. Biogr., viii. 574; C. & C., Flemish Painters, 171; Dohme, 1i.; Förster, Denkmale, xliii. 9; Kugler (Crowe), i. 89; Wauters, Peinture flamande, 76.

JUTZ, KARL, born at Windschlag, Baden; contemporary. Animal painter, studied in Munich and Düsseldorf; paints small domestic animals, fowls, and insects with microscopic minuteness and much humour. Lives in Düsseldorf. Works: Chickens and Ducks; Chickens and Peacock; Chicken Yard; June-Bug Hunt; At Place of Execution; Much Ado about Nothing; Chickens in Rainy Weather; Poultry in a Stable, Weimar Museum.--Müller, 289.

JUVENEL (Jouvenel), PAUL, born in Nuremberg in 1574, died at Pressburg, Hungary, in 1643. German school; history and portrait painter, son and pupil of Nicolaus Juvenal (died at Nuremberg, 1597), then of Adam Elsheimer in Frankfort. He excelled in perspective; decorated the ceilings of several houses in Nuremberg, and was a tolerable copyist of Dürer’s works. In 1638 he went to Vienna, and afterwards settled at Pressburg. His three sons and a daughter were artists of repute. Works: Ceiling panels, Portraits of Ferdinand II., Matthias, Rudolph I. & II., Town Hall, Nuremberg; Copy of Dürer’s Ascension of Virgin, Frankfort Gallery.--Allgem. d. Biogr., xiv. 762; Kugler (Crowe), ii. 524.

KAAZ, KARL LUDWIG, born in Carlsruhe or Pforzheim in 1776, died in Dresden, July 14, 1810. Landscape painter, pupil of Stuttgart Academy under Johann Müller; went in 1796 to Dresden, and studied in Italy in 1801–04. Works: Morning Landscape; Two Horsemen riding toward a Castle; Tivoli; View from Dresden; Ideal Landscape (after Claude Lorrain), Carlsruhe Gal.--Allgem. d. Biogr., xiv. 778.

KABEL (Cabel), ADRIAAN VAN DER, born at Ryswick, near The Hague, in 1621, died at Lyons in 1695. Dutch school; landscape and marine painter, pupil of Jan van Goyen; is said to have changed his real name, Touw (rope), into Kabel; studied in Rome, and shows in his pictures the style of the Carracci, Salvator Rosa, and other Italian masters. Works: Treeless Country with Horseman and Woman (1652), Old Pinakothek, Munich; Landscape with Peasants (?), Germanic Museum, Nuremberg; others in Aix Museum.--Immerzeel, ii. 94.

KADLIK (Tkadlik), FRANZ, born in Prague, Nov. 23, 1786, died there, Jan. 16, 1840. History painter, pupil of the Prague Academy under Bergler, where, besides several other prizes, he won the grand prize in 1815; went in 1817 to Vienna, where he was influenced by Franz Caucig, and in 1825 to Rome, after which he painted religious subjects only. Returned to Vienna in 1832, and in 1836 became director of the Prague Academy. Works: Hagar in the Desert (1815); Infant Christ Praying; Return of St. Adalbert to Bohemia, Prague Gallery; Noah’s Sacrifice, Departure of Tobias, Nativity, Enyo (1825), Harrach Gallery, Vienna; St. Paul’s Farewell of Miletus, St. Luke painting the Virgin, Vienna Museum; Pietà; Death of St. Rosalia; Guardian Angel; St. Ludmilla at Mass; Conversion of Paul; Calling of Peter; St. John in the Desert, Czernin Gallery, Vienna; Portrait of Francis I.; of the Slavophile Dobrowsky, Prague Museum.--Allgem. d. Biogr., xiv. 785; Cotta’s Kunstbl. (1829), 40.

KAEMMERER, FREDERIK HENDRIK, born at Ghent; contemporary. Landscape and genre painter, pupil in Paris of Gérôme. Medal, 3d class, Paris Salon, 1874. Studio in Paris. Works: Offering to the Lares, Distraction (1869); Incroyables (1870), Wm. H. Vanderbilt Collection, New York; Dispute (1872), Wm. Rockefeller, ib.; The Quarrel (1873), Frank Work, ib. (J. S. Jenkins Collection, Baltimore, $2,675); Coast of Scheveningen (1874), Corcoran Gallery, Washington; Winter-Day in Holland (1875); Game of Croquet (1877); Baptism under the Directory (1878), J. J. Astor, New York; Wedding under the Directory (1879), Jay Gould, ib.; Portrait of the Marquise (1879); Ascension Day in the Year VIII. (1880); Under the Arch (1882); Charlatan (1883); The Swing (1884), S. P. Avery, New York; Autumn Evening (1885); Toast to the Bride (Morgan Sale, 1886), Charles Crocker, San Francisco; Sleigh Ride (Seney Sale, 1885), Mr. Coe, New York; Adam and Eve, H. M. Johnston, Brooklyn; Mandolin Player, H. Nathan, New York; Mating, F. C. Lawrence, ib. (J. Abner Harper Sale, 1880, $1,300); Autumn on Terrace of the Tuileries, David Jones Collection, ib. (M. S. Latham Sale, 1878, $1,125); Lover’s Telegraph, Frank P. Osborn, ib.

KAGER, (JOHANN) MATTHIAS, born in Munich in 1566, died in Augsburg in 1634. German school; history painter, studied in Munich and in Rome. After his return to Munich he became court-painter to the Elector Maximilian of Bavaria, but soon removed to Augsburg, where he was afterwards elected burgomaster. Painted in fresco, oil, and water-colour in a stiff but expressive style; was also an engraver and an architect. Works: Adoration of Shepherds, Augsburg Cathedral; Last Judgment, City Hall, Augsburg; Finding of the Cross, Church of our Lady, Munich; St. Andrew, St. Martin’s Church, Landshut; St. John preaching in the Desert, Germanic Museum, Nuremberg; David and Abigail, Vienna Museum.--Allgem. d. Biogr., xiv. 794; Andresen, D. Peintre-Graveur, iv. 351.

KAISER, ERNST, born at Rain, Bavaria, July 20, 1803, died in Munich, Dec. 26, 1865. Landscape painter, pupil of his father, a still-life painter, then from 1822 at the Munich Academy. Studied nature in the Tyrol and the Bavarian Alps. Works: The Hintersee near Berchtesgaden (1835–40), Königsberg Museum; View in Bavarian Alps (1842), New Pinakothek, Munich; Königsee; Hintersee and Obersee near Berchtesgaden (1858); At the Kochelsee, Darmstadt Museum; View at the Untersberg, Schack Gallery, Munich.--Allgem. d. Biogr., xv. 6; Kunstbl. (1851), 80; (1857), 218; Kunst-Chronik, i. 3; Vincenz Müller, Handbuch f. München (1845), 144.

KAISER, FRIEDRICH, born at Lörrach, Baden, Jan. 21, 1815. History and battle painter, was first a lithographer; went to Paris, where Horace Vernet’s battle-pieces inspired him to take up the same line of art; studied several years in Munich, in 1848 went to Carlsruhe, and in 1850 settled in Berlin. Painted also biblical scenes of elevated composition and fine colouring. Works: Storming of Corfù; Surprise of Conradin at Tagliacozzo (1863); Wounding of Prince Frederic Charles at Wiesenthal; Bivouac before Düppel (1864); Attack of Prussian Hussars; Emperor William inspecting Artillery-position before Paris (1879); Christ and the Samaritan Woman; Margrave Louis of Baden’s Victory over the Turks at Szlankament in 1691, Carlsruhe Gallery.--Dioskuren (1866); Christl. Kunstbl. (1867); Meyer, Conv. Lex., xvii. 485; Müller, 289; Rosenberg, Berl. Malersch., 293.

KALCKREUTH, STANISLAUS VON, Count, born at Kozmin, Posen, Dec. 24, 1821. Landscape painter, pupil in Potsdam of Gustav Wegener, then in Berlin of Krause, and in 1846–47 of Düsseldorf Academy under Schirmer, in whose studio he worked until the latter’s removal to Carlsruhe in 1854. His first pictures were so noteworthy that the King of Prussia nominated him professor. Was director of the newly founded Art School at Weimar in 1860–76; visited Styria, Tyrol, Switzerland, Savoy, Italy, and the Pyrenees, and since 1876 has lived at Kreuznach. Member of Berlin, Amsterdam (1852), and Rotterdam Academies. Medals, Berlin (2, 1868), Vienna (1873), and Bordeaux. Works: Monastery of San Giovanni on Lake Como, Obersee near Berchtesgaden, Hintersee, View on the Aar, Morning Landscape in Tyrol (1849–52); Lac de Gaube (1858), Königsberg Museum; The Wetterhorn, Stettin Museum; Canigai Valley (1856), National Gallery, Berlin; Castle of the Holy Grail, View of Pau (1863); View near Turin; Lac d’Oo and Monastery Las Casas; View near Bonn; Rhine Valley near Ragatz; Lake of Wallenstädt; Rocky Landscape (1869); Rosenlaui Glacier (1878), National Gallery, Berlin; Views in Illier Valley; Series of 25 Landscapes, Orangery near Potsdam. His son Leopold is a clever genre and landscape painter, and, since 1885, professor at the Art School in Weimar. Among his works are: Funeral at Dachau (1883); Children at Tombstone of a Saint (1884).--Jordan (1885), ii. 111; Kunstblatt (1851), 126; (1855), 191; (1856), 408; (1858), 57; Kunst-Chronik, xviii. 545; Müller, 290.

KALF, WILLEM, born in Amsterdam before 1630, died there, July 31, 1693. Dutch school; still-life painter, pupil of Hendrik Pot; painted fruits, flowers, and vessels most truthfully and with fine colouring. Excellent arrangement of subjects is pleasing; great success in rendering the lustre of metal, crystal, and mother-of-pearl. Occasionally painted genre subjects, especially kitchen scenes. Works: Hut Interior, Still Life, Louvre; Costly Vessels, Amsterdam Museum; Interior with Peasants, Rotterdam Museum; Still Life, Berlin Museum; do. (1643), Städel Institute, Frankfort; do. (1644), Warwick Castle; do. in Museums of Berlin, Darmstadt, Dresden (1661), Gotha, Stuttgart, and Weimar (1680); in Galleries of Copenhagen and Schwerin (1658 and two of 1663); Barn Interior, Carlsruhe Gallery; Still Life (1658), and Cottage Interiors (2), Hermitage, St. Petersburg; Interior of a Dutch School, Metropolitan Museum, New York; Kitchen Utensils, Historical Society, ib.--Ch. Blanc, École hollandaise; Bode, Studien, 229, 616; Burger, ii. 270.

KALKAR, HANS VON, 16th century, born at Kalkar, Westphalia, about 1510, died in Naples about 1546. Venetian school. Real name Johann Stephan, or Stevens, called by Vasari, Giovanni di Kalkar, or Giovanni Fiamingo (the Fleming). Went early to Italy, studied in Venice in 1536–37 under Titian, and was one of his most successful imitators. At a later period he imitated Raphael with equal skill. Afterwards went to Naples, where Vasari knew him in 1545. The Nativity, which was owned by Rubens, who carried it with him on all his travels, and afterwards at Prague, is now in the Vienna Museum. Works: Male Portrait (1540), Louvre; do. (1533), Berlin Museum; Male Portrait, Vienna Museum.--Allgem. d. Biogr., xiii. 692; Ch. Blanc, École vénitienne; Brockhaus, iii. 830; C. & C., Flemish Painters, 317, 358; Kugler (Crowe), i. 266; Wolff, Die Nikolai Pfarrkirche zu Calcar, 20; Zeitschr. f. b. K., xi. 375.

KALRAAT, BAREND VAN, born at Dordrecht, Aug. 28, 1650, died there in 1721 (?). Landscape and figure painter, brother of, and first instructed by, Abraham Kalraat (figure and fruit painter, 1643–99), then pupil of Aelbert Cuyp, whose style he followed at first, but adopted afterwards that of Herman Saft-Leven, and painted cabinet pictures of Rhine views. A Cow Stable, by him, is in the Schwerin Gallery, and a Mountainous Landscape in the Liechtenstein Gallery, Vienna.--Immerzeel, ii. 95; Kramm, iii. 834.

KALTENMOSER, KASPAR, born at Horb, Würtemberg, Dec. 25, 1806, died in Munich, March 7, 1867. Genre painter and lithographer, pupil of the Munich Academy in 1830, but formed himself principally through study of nature in the Bavarian and Tyrolese Alps, Switzerland, and Istria (1843). Many of his views in the Black Forest are in America. Works: Landscape with Peasant’s House (1831); Tyrolese Family by the Wayside (1832); Zillerthal Peasants Dancing (1833), Munich Art Union; Hunter’s Family (1834); Gypsy Fortune-Teller (1835); Love Declaration of a Peasant Boy (1835); Scene in Suabian Cottage; Gypsies, Suabian Peasant Woman with Child (1836); Suabian Girl, Christmas Eve (1837); Marriage Contract (1838), Taxis Gallery, Ratisbon; Return from Pilgrimage (1839); Zither Players in a Tavern (1840); Target Shooting in Upper Bavaria (1841), Kunsthalle, Hamburg; Tavern Life in Meran (1842); From a Tyrolese Inn (1844); Peasant House in Black Forest (1845), Munich Art Union; Three Domestic Scenes from Black Forest (1846); Italian Family Scene (1847); Fair in Black Forest (1848); Bridal Couple at the Parson’s (1849); Family in Istria (1850); Suabian Girls Spinning (1851); Domestic Scene in Istria (1854); Fruit Vender of Servola (1856); Despised Love-Gift (1857); Embroideress from Appenzell (1858); Suabian Family (1861); Painters Kirner and Kaltenmoser among Peasants (1861); Suabian Tavern Scene (1864); Domestic Scene (1866); Trap Vender (1867).--Allgem. d. Biogr., xv. 46; Cotta’s Kunstbl. (1843), 367; (1818), 219; D. Kunstbl. (1856), 444; Kunst-Chronik, ii. 103; Förster, v. 196; Raczynski, ii. 401.

KALTENMOSER, MAX, born in Munich, Dec. 1, 1842. Genre painter, son of Kaspar, pupil of Munich Academy under Philip Foltz and Ramberg; travelled in Suabia and the Tyrol, and spent the winter of 1869–70 in Nice. Works: Grandmother’s Admonition, The Foundling (1867); Birthday (1868); Dice-Players (1873); Good-Morning, Papa! (1874); Leisure Hour; Noon-Day Rest; Country Life (1878); Improvised Bowling-Alley, Preparations for Procession.--Müller, 290.

KAMECKE, OTTO (WERNER HENNING) VON, born at Stolp, Pomerania, in 1829. Landscape painter, studied first from nature at Rome in 1860–62, then at the Weimar Art School under Böcklin and Michaelis; next under Kalckreuth, and afterwards visited the Tyrol, Switzerland, and North Italy. Lives in Berlin. Works: Valley near Berchtesgaden; Königsee; Vierwaldstätter Lake; The Wetterhorn; Italian Landscape; Thuringian Landscape; Wengern-Scheideck; Campagna; Glacier Landscape; View in Lauterbrunn Valley; View from Bernina Pass; Glacier des Bois; View on Lake Garda; Rosegg Glacier; Gosau Lake; St. Gotthard Road, National Gallery, Berlin; View on St. Gotthard, Dresden Museum.--Meyer, Conv. Lex., xvii. 487; Müller, 291.

KANDLER, WILHELM, born at Kratzau, Bohemia, Feb. 28, 1816. History painter, pupil of Prague Academy under Kadlik, then under Ruben; went to Rome in 1843, and returned in 1850. Works: Duke Spitignew’s Judgment; Four Scenes from Life of Christ (1840); St. George; Sermon of Jonah; Discovery of Springs at Carlsbad (1849); Jacques de Molay’s Defence of the Knights Templars; Wall-Paintings in Castle Chapel at Reichstadt; Frescos in Imperial Chapel at Prague.--Cotta’s Kunstbl. (1846), 123; D. Kunstbl. (1850), 248; Müller, 291; Wurzbach, x. 429.

KANNENGIESSER, GEORG, born at Neustrelitz, Mecklenburg, in 1814. History painter, pupil of Berlin Academy under Ternite and Blechen, then in 1834–41 of Düsseldorf Academy under Sohn; was in 1842 at Munich, and then travelled three years in Italy, Sicily, and Greece. After his return he was made professor in 1846, and instructor of the Grand Duchess. Was in Rome and Paris in 1854–55. Works: Thisbe; Rinaldo and Armida; Death of Cleopatra; Sleeping Bacchante; View of Athens; Coliseum in Rome; View of Palermo; Queen Louise of Prussia; Entombment; Ecce Homo; Portraits of Grand Ducal Family of Mecklenburg.--Christl. Kunstbl. (1869); Müller, 291.

KANOLDT, EDMUND (FRIEDRICH), born at Grossrudestedt, Saxe-Weimar, March 13, 1845. Landscape painter, pupil of Weimar Art-School under Preller; went in 1869 to Rome, where he was influenced by Franz Dreber; settled in Carlsruhe, where Ferdinand Keller greatly influenced his further development. Works: Giant’s Grave in Rügen; Canossa; The Kyffhäuser; Ulysses hunting Goats, Weimar Museum; Iphigenia by the Sea; Eight Pictures from Myth of Cupid and Psyche; Cassandra and Antigone; Sabine Landscape (1873); Sappho (1880); Iphigenia in Tauris (1881); Hero in a Landscape (1884).--Müller, 292; Leixner, Mod. K., ii. 116; Meyer, Conv. Lex., xxi. 490; Illustr. Zeitg. (1881), i. 130; ii. 549; Zeitschr. f. b. K., xx. 76.

KAPELLER, JOSEF ANTON, born at Imst, Tyrol, Feb. 22, 1761, died by suicide at Gratz, Styria, in 1806. History and portrait painter, son of a painter; pupil of Johann Jacob Zeiler, at Reute, then of Vienna Academy under Füger and Maurer, where he won the first prize in 1786; lived at Warsaw in 1787–94 as instructor in the family of Prince Jablonowski, and after his return successively at Imst, Innsbruck, Klagenfurt, Vienna and Gratz. Painted also excellent miniatures. Works: Sleeping Faun (1786); Portrait of Kosciuszko (about 1790); do. of Field-Marshal Laudon; Portrait of Wallenstein (copy after Van Dyck), Ferdinandeum, Innsbruck.--Nagler, vi. 529; Wurzbach, x. 448.

KAPPES, ALFRED, born in New York in 1850. Genre painter, self-taught. Exhibits at the National Academy. Studio in New York. Works in oil: His Pipe and His Paper (1879); Village Oracle (1880); Preparing Dinner (1881); Is this Life worth Living? (1882), T. B. Clarke, New York; An Interior (1883). Water-colours: Closing Hymn; My Aunt Sapphira (1884).

KAPPIS, ALBERT, born in Tübingen; contemporary. Landscape and genre painter, studied in Tübingen and in Munich; in 1880 was made professor at Art-School in Stuttgart. Works: Suabian Village Scene (1863); Harvest Scene, Summer, View in Black Forest (1866); Vintage in Suabia; Hemp Harvest in Suabia (1868); Bathing Weather in Holland; Potato Harvest; Harvest Afternoon; Idyl on Chiem Lake; In Vintage Time; Threshing Machine in Farm-Yard; Fish-Market (1877).--Kunst-Chronik, xv. 611; Müller, 292.

KARGER, KARL, born in Vienna, Jan. 30, 1848. Genre painter, pupil of Vienna Academy; won the gold medal in 1867, then studied under and assisted Engerth in the paintings for the new opera house; moved to Munich in 1871 and visited Italy in 1873. Works: Post Station (1873); Scene at Railway Station (1875), Vienna Museum; Levying of Taxes, Street Scene in Venice, Graben in Vienna (1877), Emperor of Austria.--Meyer, Conv. Lex., xxi. 491; Müller, 292; Zeitsch., xiii. 31.

KÄRGLING-PACHER, HENRIETTE, born in Pesth about 1830. Portrait, genre, and still life painter, daughter and pupil of the portrait painter Johann Tobias Kärgling (born at Augsburg, Feb. 9, 1780, died at Pesth, April 11, 1845); studied afterwards in the Imperial Galleries in Vienna, where she settled after her marriage to the pianist Pacher, having worked for many years in Pesth. Her portraits were in great demand. Works: Grandmother (1851); Garland with Religious Emblems (1852); Little Violet-Trader (1855); Grapes and Melon, Flowers around Crucifix (1855).--Wurzbach, x. 351.

KARSSEN, KASPARUS, born at Amsterdam, April 2, 1810. Landscape and city views painter, pupil of Pieter George Westenberg (born 1791) and of Hendrik Gerrit ten Cate (born 1803). Member of Amsterdam Academy in 1836. Visited Westphalia and the banks of the Rhine in 1837. Works: Interior of Old Exchange at Amsterdam (1837), Museum, Amsterdam; City Views (2), Museum Fodor, ib.--Immerzeel, ii. 96.

KASELOWSKI, AUGUST (THEODOR), born in Potsdam, April 26, 1810. History painter, pupil of Berlin Academy under W. Hensel; won first prize in 1836, went to Paris and studied under Cogniet until 1840, then to Rome, whence he visited Naples, Palermo, Florence, and Venice; returned to Berlin in 1850; during the years following visited Spain, Greece, Turkey, and England, and then became professor at the Berlin Academy. Works: Contest of Two Shepherds on the Flute (1836); Acquittal of Susanna; Christ on Mount of Olives (1854), St. Andrew’s, Berlin; Baptism of Christ; Resurrection; Entombment (1860); Christ and Disciples at Emmaus; Tobias and the Angel Raphael; Cupid Listening; Christ blessing the Children; Albanian Woman at Prayer, Stettin Museum. Fresco: Prophets Elijah and Ezekiel, Chapel of Royal Palace, Berlin; Paintings in New Berlin Museum.--Kunstbl. (1854), 203, 361; (1855), 270; (1856), 430; Müller, 292; Rosenberg, Berliner Malerschule, 84.

KATE, HERMAN (FREDERIK CAREL) TEN, born at The Hague, Feb. 16, 1822. Genre painter, pupil in Amsterdam of Cornelis Kruseman; won a medal at the Academy there when nineteen, went to Paris for one year, returned to Amsterdam, and settled at The Hague. Honorary member of Rotterdam Academy in 1856. Works: Calvinist Prisoners under Louis XIV.; Paternal Blessing; Political Discussions; Rural Feast (1855); Dutch Fishermen (1857); From Siege of Alkmaar; The Right of the Stronger; Levée of the Marquis; Court Scene; Guard Room; Imprisoned Spies; Ostade and his Models; Persecution of Jews; Tavern Scene; Poacher; Trial of the Sword; Trial of the Brush; Anteroom, Museum, Amsterdam; In Church, Museum Fodor, ib.; Musical Tea Party in Time of Louis XV. (1854), Ravené Gallery, Berlin; Dutch Village Inn, Carlsruhe Gallery; Soldiers at the Inn, Stettin Museum.--Immerzeel, ii. 97; Kramm, iii. 840; Müller, 293; Meyer, Conv. Lex., xxi. 493.

KATZENSTEIN, LOUIS, born in Cassel in 1824. Genre and portrait painter, pupil of Cassel Academy, and in Paris of Cogniet; went to England to paint portraits, spent one year in Italy, and then some time in Portugal, where he was employed by the king. Works: Van Dyck and Charles I., Municipal Gallery, Cassel; Rubens and Brouwer; Grandfather and Grandson; Ostade in a Tavern; The Widow; Letter-Writer; Don Sebastian; Return from Masquerade Ball; Girls’ School; Cinderella; Declaration of Love; Fortune-Teller; Petitioner; Favourable Moment; Interior of Löwenburg near Cassel.--Illustr. Zeitg. (1862), ii. 320; Müller, 293.

KAUFFMANN, (MARIA ANNA) ANGELICA, born at Coire, Switzerland, Oct. 30, 1741, died in Rome, Nov. 5, 1807. History and portrait painter, daughter and pupil of Joseph Kauffmann, an inferior portrait painter, who was, at that time, employed by the Prince-Bishop of Coire. From 1742 until 1757 the family lived in North Italy, at Morbegno until 1752, at Como until 1754, where Angelica, at the age of eleven, attracted general attention by her portrait of the Bishop of Como, and finally at Milan, where she copied the masterworks of the Lombard school, and painted portraits. After her mother’s death, she went with her father to Schwarzenberg, Vorarlberg, his native place, and assisted him in decorating the parish church. Soon after completing this work, she returned to Italy, and having visited Milan, Bologna, and Parma, was in Florence in 1762, in Rome in 1763–64, whence she visited Naples, then in Bologna in 1765, and studied in Venice Titian, Tintoretto, and Paolo Veronese. In 1776 she accompanied Lady Wentworth to England, where she met with the most flattering reception. An unfortunate marriage with an impostor who had passed himself off for a Swedish Count Horn blighted her life, although she soon obtained a divorce. In 1769 she was elected one of the original members of the Royal Academy, to whose exhibitions she annually contributed until 1781, when she married the Venetian painter Antonio Zucchi, and went to Venice, and in 1782 to Rome and Naples, where she was in great favour with the royal family. On her return to Rome, the Emperor Joseph II. sought her acquaintance, and gave her commissions for his gallery. Her numerous compositions, although weak in drawing and often monotonous through repetition of the same subject, especially in her female figures, show in their warm colouring and graceful treatment the influence of Mengs. She painted her own portrait several times; her bust was placed in the Pantheon in 1808. Works: Twelve Apostles (fresco, 1757), Church at Schwarzenberg; Female Figure allured by Music and Painting (1760); Death of Leonardo da Vinci (1781); Servius Tullius as a Child (1784, for the Czar Paul); Hermann and Thusnelda, Funeral of Pallas (both 1786, for Joseph II.), Vienna Museum; Virgil reading his Æneid to Empress Octavia, Augustus reading Verses relating to Death of Marcellus, Achilles in Female Attire discovered by Ulysses (for Catherine II.), Nathan and David, St. Joachim, St. Ann and Infant Christ (1785–88); Cupid, Holy Family, Circe and Heros, Telemachus received by Calypso, Adonis going to Hunt, Mother of the Gracchi, Brutus condemning his Sons to Death, Agrippina with the Ashes of Germanicus, Venus and Euphrosyne, Cupid leading Bacchus to Ariadne, Pyrrhus carried by Nurse to Glaucias, Death of Alcestis, Praxiteles giving to Phryne Statuette of Cupid, Phryne tempting Xenocrates, Egeria with Numa Pompilius, Nathan upbraiding David, Venus advising the Bride of Menelaus to love Paris, Ovid in Exile writing his Elegies, First Meeting of Hero and Leander, Nymph with White Veil, Abraham casting off Hagar, Annunciation, Christ and the Children (1788–98); Religion surrounded by Virtues (1798), National Gallery, London; Ariadne and Theseus, Dresden Gallery; Scene from Ossian’s Songs; Madonna, Aschaffenburg Gallery; do. in Glory, Omnia Vanitas, Mary of Egypt (1798–1800); Christ and the Woman of Samaria (1799), New Pinakothek, Munich; Coriolanus going into Exile (1802); Cleopatra and Augustus; Birth of John the Baptist, St. Magdalen (1803); Orpheus and Eurydice; Messalina’s Sacrifice; Memory of General Stanwick’s Daughter; Interview between Edgar and Elfrida; Unna and Abra, Samma at Benoni’s Grave; Cupid drying Psyche’s Tears; Yorick and the Monk of Calais, Yorick and Juliette (Sterne’s “Sentimental Journey”), Adieux of Abelard and Heloise, Hermitage, St. Petersburg; Thetis bathing Achilles in Water from the Styx, Rinaldo and Armida, Subject from Ancient History, Academy, ib.; Holy Family, Young Girl combing her Hair, Girl and Old Man, Female Figure, Museo Civico, Venice; Sibyls (2), Pinacoteca, Turin; Virtue directed by Prudence to avoid the Solicitations of Folly, Pennsylvania Academy, Philadelphia. Portraits: Monsignore Nevroni, Bishop of Como (1752); Christian III. of Denmark (1767); Royal Family of Naples (1782–84); Prince Poniatowski (1785); Raphael Mengs (2); Goethe; Lady Hamilton; Antonio Zucchi (2); Young Lady as Sibyl, do. as Vestal, Dresden Gallery; Winkelmann, Städel Gallery, Frankfort, and Zürich Gallery; Louis I. of Bavaria as Crown Prince (1805), New Pinakothek, Munich; do., Schleissheim Gallery; A Lady, Stuttgart Museum; Duchess of Brunswick, Hampton Court Palace; Architect Novosielski, National Gallery, Edinburgh; Portrait of Herself, National Portrait Gallery, London; do., Berlin Museum; do. (1784), Old Pinakothek, Munich; do. (3), Ferdinandeum, Innsbruck; do., Pennsylvania Academy, Philadelphia.--Allgem. d. Biogr., xv. 466; Ch. Blanc, École allemande; Dohme, 1ii.; Förster, iv. 35; Goethe, Winckelmann u. sein Jahrh., ii. 135; Guhl, 163; Reber, i. 86; Riegel, 47; Sternberg, Berühmte deutsche Frauen, i.; Weinhart, Leben der A. K.; Wurzbach, xi. 44; Rossi, Vita di A. K. (Florence, 1810); Wessely, Kunstübende Frauen, 73.

KAUFFMANN, HERMANN, born in Hamburg, Nov. 7, 1808. Genre and landscape painter, pupil in Hamburg of Gerdt Hardorff, then of Munich Academy; has visited the Bavarian and Tyrolese Alps, Norway, and North Germany; lives in Hamburg. Works: On the Seashore (1842), Darmstadt Museum; Bavarian Mountaineers resting on Rocky Path (1841), Midday Rest during Harvest, Freight Wagon before Smithy (1843), Return from the Alp, Snow Landscape (1848), Road through the Heath, Ferry in Tyrol, Village View with Peasants, Wood-Carters in the Snow, Kunsthalle, Hamburg; Postilion in Snowstorm, Hay Harvest, Provinzial Museum, Hanover; Cemetery in Winter, Königsberg Museum; Foraging Convoy in the Snow, Stettin Museum; Interior of Post-Station; Bear-Dance in a Village; Leaving the Alps; North German Heath; Sleighing on the Elbe; Hay Harvest (1869); Fishing Scene on the Ice.--Müller, 293; Zeitschr. f. b. K., ix. (Mittheilungen, ii. 26).

KAUFFMANN, HUGO, born in Hamburg, Aug. 7, 1844. Genre painter, son of Hermann, pupil of Städel Institute, Frankfort, under Jacob Becker and Zwerger; studied then for a short time in Düsseldorf, lived at Kronberg in the Taunus in 1863–71, during which period he spent a year and a half in Paris, and then settled in Munich. Works: Labourer Politicians (1868), Kunsthalle, Hamburg; Start for the Chase, Waltz for the Old People (1870); Tavern Scene; Fortune-Teller; Horses at Watering-Tank; Loading Wood; Master is Coming! Pig Trade; Auction (1873); Sick Pointer; After School; Return from Chase; In the Fox Trap; Jealous Dragoon; Wandering Musicians (1876); Juggler (1880); Poachers surprised by Forester; Excited Minds (1883); Good Beer! Bad Beer! (1884); Chicken Robber Killed (1885).--Kunst-Chronik, v. xii.; Müller, 293; Illustr. Zeitg. (1884), i. 105, 108.

KAUFMANN, THEODOR, born at Uelzen, Hanover, in 1814. Genre painter, pupil in Munich of Kaulbach; took part in the revolution at Dresden in 1848, went to America in 1855, and fought on the side of the Union in the Civil War. In 1871 he published the “American Painting-Book.” Works: Admiral Farragut entering Harbour through Torpedos; General Sherman in Camp; Westward Course of the Union; Indians attacking Train; Slaves seeking Shelter under Flag of the Union; Farragut in the Rigging; Portrait of Senator Revels.--Müller, 293; Br. Meyer, Stud. u. Krit., 322.

KAULBACH, FRIEDRICH, born at Arolsen, Waldeck, July 8, 1822. Portrait painter, nephew and pupil in Munich of Wilhelm Kaulbach in 1839–45, after which he visited Italy; returned to Munich, and after some years went as court-painter to Hanover. Especially excels in female portraits. Member of Berlin Academy. Gold medal in Berlin (1872); medal in Vienna (1873); Munich, 2d class, 1883. Works: Abel found by his Parents; Coronation of Charlemagne, Maximilianeum, Munich; Portraits of Royal Family of Hanover, Gallery, Hanover; Portrait of Sculptor Gosser, Provinzial Museum, ib.; Empress of Austria, Grand Duchess of Mecklenburg, Princess Alexandrine, German Crown Prince, Princess Wilhelmine of Hessen-Philippsthal, Count and Countess Stolberg, Count and Countess Knyphausen, Sculptor Elizabeth Ney.--D. Kunstblatt (1855), 132; (1856), 35, 397; (1857), 245; Müller, 294.

KAULBACH, FRIEDRICH AUGUST, born in Hanover, June 2, 1850. Genre and portrait painter, son and pupil of Friedrich Kaulbach, then pupil at Nuremberg of Kreling; settled in Munich in 1872. Strives in his portraits to imitate Holbein. Member of Berlin Academy, Gold medal, Berlin, 1884; Bavarian Crown Order, 1885. Works: Mother’s Joy; Lute-Player; Girl in the Woods; Revery; The Walk; German Lady of 16th Century (1875); May-Day (1879), Dresden Gallery; Portrait of Johanna Lahmeyer (1876); Female Portrait (1877); Summer Pleasure; Lute-Players, Vienna Museum.--Illustr. Zeitg. (1876), ii. 4; Meyer, Conv. Lex., xvii. 492; Müller, 294; Leixner, Mod. K., i. 107; Illustr. Zeitg. (1876), ii. 4, 561; (1883), i. 79; ii. 293; Zeitsch., xiv. 32; xx. 75.

KAULBACH, HERMANN, born in Munich, July 26, 1846. Historical genre painter, son of Wilhelm Kaulbach, pupil of Piloty, then went to Italy. Medal in Vienna (1873). Honorary member of Munich Academy, 1885. Works: Monk Painting, Germanic Museum, Nuremberg; Louis XI. and his Barber at Peronne (1869); Children’s Confession (1871); Hansel and Gretel with the Witch (1872); Mozart’s last Moments (1873); From the Holy Land (1874); Sebastian Bach at Frederic the Great’s (1875); Voltaire at Paris (1876); With the Tower-Falcons (1879); Messalina (1882).--Müller, 294; Meyer, Conv. Lex., xviii. 538; Leixner, Mod. K., ii. 19; Illustr. Zeitg. (1883), ii. 293.

KAULBACH, WILHELM VON, born at Arolsen, Oct. 15, 1805, died in Munich, April 7, 1874. History painter, pupil of Düsseldorf Academy under Cornelius, whom he followed in 1825 to Munich and continued his studies in the Academy there. Though occupied from 1826 with several great decorative compositions in the Palace, the Odéon, and the Hofgarten, Munich, he did not really learn to paint until he went to Rome in 1839. In 1847 he was called to Berlin to decorate the Treppenhaus (Staircase Hall) of the New Museum, which occupied him many years; in 1849 appointed director of the Munich Academy. He was an officer of the L. of Honour, Grand Commander of St. Michael, Commander of the Order of Francis Joseph, corresponding member of the Institute of France, and member of several academies. Kaulbach made many designs for book illustrations, among them those for Reynard the Fox (1846), Goethe’s Faust, The Gospels, Dance of Death, the works of Shakespeare and Schiller, and Wagner’s operas. Despite his mannerisms, he was one of the greatest modern German painters, and with his master Cornelius represents the new Munich school during the reign of King Louis of Bavaria. Works: Apollo and the Muses (1826), Odéon, Munich; Symbolical figures of four Bavarian Rivers, Bavaria, sixteen wall paintings from Fable of Cupid and Psyche, Palace of Duke Max, Munich; Insane Asylum, Battle of the Saxons (1834, cartoon), Battle of the Huns (1835–37, cartoon), Raczynski Gallery, Berlin; Destruction of Jerusalem (1838, cartoon) (1842–47, in oil), New Pinakothek, Munich; Deliverance of Holy Sepulchre by the Crusaders; Christ in Purgatory; Anacreon and his Love, Villa Rosenstein, near Stuttgart; Artist’s portrait from Masquerade Festival in 1840, Germanic Museum, Nuremberg; Life-size Group after Goethe’s Elegies, National Museum, Pesth; Wall paintings in Treppenhaus, Berlin Museum: Fall of Babel, Homer and the Greeks, Destruction of Jerusalem, The Crusaders, Battle of the Huns, The Reformation, and connecting figures (1847–65); Apotheosis of a Good King (1851), Schleissheim Gallery; The Saga (1852), Shepherd Boy in Rome, Raczynski Gallery, Berlin; Oil Sketches (19) for Frescos (executed on outside of Pinakothek by Nilson and Barth) representing Development of Modern Art in Munich, Portrait of King Louis I. of Bavaria (Sketch, 1843), Portraits of the Painters Heinlein and Monten (1840), New Pinakothek, Munich; Battle of Salamis, Stuttgart Museum; Portrait of Louis I. of Bavaria, Pennsylvania Academy, Philadelphia; Otto III. in the Tomb of Charlemagne (fresco), Nuremberg Museum; Meeting of Charlemagne and Wittikind, Assassination of Cæsar (cartoon), Battle of Salamis, Maximilianeum, Munich; Nero persecuting the Christians; Peter Arbues--the German Michael; Cupid and Psyche, Mrs. A. T. Stewart, New York; Charity, H. Probasco, Cincinnati.--Allgem. d. Biogr, xv. 478; Art Journal (1865), 365; Brockhaus, x. 202; Dioskuren, 1865; Illust. Zeitg. (1872), i. 31; (1874), i. 9, 331; (1876), i. 310; Kugler, kl. Schriften, iii. 278, 421, 549; Kunst-Chronik, vii. 356; viii. 544; ix. 425; Mitterbacher, Kaulbach’s Nero; Pecht, ii. 54; Perrier, Études, 266; Rosetti, F. A, 123; Reber, ii. 60, 186; Regnet, i. 212; Schasler, D. Wandgemälde W. v. K’s.; Land und Meer (1874), i. 15; ii. 751; Woltmann, Aus vier Jahrhunderten, 288; Proceedings Amer. Acad., viii. 239; Zeitschr. f. b. K., i. 37, 118; v. 129; xi. 257.

KEHREN, JOSEF, born at Hülchrath, Duchy of Berg, May 30, 1817, died in Düsseldorf, May 12, 1880. History painter, pupil of the Düsseldorf Academy, where he was Schadow’s assistant. In 1839 he produced his first independent work, and afterwards assisted artist friends in the execution of frescos, viz.: Stilke at Burg Stolzenfels in 1846, Müller in St. Apollinaris Church, Remagen, and Rethel in the cycle from the life of Charlemagne in the City Hall at Aix-la-Chapelle, which he completed (1862) after Rethel became insane (1852). Works: St. Agnes, Count Trips (1839); St. Hubert (1841); Madonna (1842) Church at Wevelinghofen; Christ and Peter (1844); Loreley (1847); Joseph discovering himself to his Brethren (1849), Miss Mason, New York; Christ and Disciples at Emmaus (1852); Good Shepherd, Christ Crucified, Mater Dolorosa (1872); Saul beside Body of St. Stephen (1873, cartoon).--Allgem. d. Biogr., xv. 528; Förster, v. 384; Kunstbl. (1854), 371; (1857), 43; (1858), 56; Kunst-Chronik, xv. 624; Wolfgang Müller, Düsseldorfer K., 55; Wiegmann, 175.

KEIRINCX (Kerrincx, Kierings), ALEXANDER, born in Antwerp, Jan. 23, 1600, died in Amsterdam after 1652. Flemish school; landscape painter, Master of Antwerp guild in 1619, bought freedom of Amsterdam, January 30, 1652, probably lived for some time at Utrecht, and is not, as heretofore reported by Dutch writers, identical with Jacob Keerincx who went to England to paint for Charles I. castles and landscapes in Scotland. Poelenburg often supplied the figures in his pictures. Works: Forest (1629), Hague Museum; do. (1630), Rotterdam Museum; Landscape with Flight into Egypt, Basle Museum; Temple Ruins, Leipsic Museum; Temptation of Christ (1636), Schleissheim Gallery; Landscapes in galleries at Aschaffenburg, Augsburg (3), Copenhagen (3, one dated 1630), Schwerin (2), in museums at Boston, Brunswick (3, two dated 1621, 1640), Cologne, Darmstadt, Dresden (4, one dated 1620), and Stockholm; in Old Pinakothek, Munich (1631), Liechtenstein Gallery, Vienna, and Hermitage, St. Petersburg (2).--Allgem. d. Biogr., xv. 539; Kramm, iii. 842; Riegel, Beiträge, i. 89; ii. 162, 176; Van den Branden, 1059.

KELLER, ALBERT, born at Gais, Switzerland, April 27, 1844. Genre painter, pupil of Munich Academy under Lenbach, then under Ramberg, whose most gifted scholar he was; studied the old masters, and visited Italy, France, England, and Holland. Medal, Vienna, 1873. Works: The Tipplers (1869); Audience of Louis XV. (1871); Chopin (1873); Sylvan Solitude, Temptation (1876); Rendezvous; Lady in Ball Toilet, Souvenir (1877); A Roman Bath; Empress Faustina in the Temple of Juno at Praeneste; Rising of Tabea, Judgment of Paris (1885).--D. illustr. Zeitg. (1885), i. 151; Leixner, Mod. K., i. 106.

KELLER, FERDINAND, born in Carlsruhe, Aug. 5, 1842. Landscape, history, portrait, and genre painter, pupil of Carlsruhe Art School under Schirmer, then of Canon; visited, in 1866, and later, France and Italy. In 1858 he accompanied his father and brother to Brazil, whence he brought studies for his tropical landscapes. His first historical painting, the Death of Philip II., exhibited in Paris in 1867, excited general admiration, and won the first prize at Rio Janeiro. Professor and, since 1880, director of Carlsruhe Art School. Medal, Vienna, 1873. Works: From the Primeval Forest; Bay of Rio de Janeiro; Alchymist; Carrier-Pigeon; Nero at Conflagration of Rome (1873); Lohengrin and Telramund; Scene in Marriage of Figaro; Humboldt on the Orinoco (1875); Sketch for Curtain in Royal Theatre (1875), Dresden Museum; Entombment; Victory of Margrave Louis William of Baden at Salankemen in 1691, Carlsruhe Gallery; Hero and Leander (1880); Portrait of Grandduchess of Oldenburg and little Daughter (1884). Fresco, Annunciation (1870), Jesuit Church, Heidelberg; Classic and Romantic Art and Science (1885), cycle in staircase of United Collections at Carlsruhe.--Kunst-Chronik, x. 580; xx. 657; Kunst. f. Alle, i. 163; Müller, 295; Illustr. Zeitg. (1874), i. 207; (1875), i. 13, 47; (1881), ii. 368; Land und Meer (1878), i. 251.

KELLERHOVEN, MORITZ, born at Altenrath, Duchy of Berg, in 1758, died in Munich in 1830. Portrait painter, studied in Düsseldorf under Krahe, and in Antwerp; went to Vienna in 1779, and to Italy in 1782. Made court-painter in 1784 to the Elector Charles Theodor in Munich, and first professor at the reorganized Academy there, in 1808. Works: Max I. of Bavaria, Munich University; Gustavus Adolphus IV. of Sweden, and his Queen; Archduke Charles of Austria; Crown Prince Ludwig; Augusta Amalia von Leuchtenberg; Bishop von Streber; Archbishop von Gebsattel; Last Abbot of Steingaden, New Pinakothek, Munich; Portrait of a Singer, do. of a Prelate, Schleissheim Gallery.--Allgem. d. Biogr., xv. 584; Cotta’s Kunstblatt (1831), 173; Nagler, vi. 553.

KELS, FRANZ, born at Derendorf, Westphalia, in 1828. Genre painter, pupil of Düsseldorf Academy. Works: Girl with Goat (1849); Peasant Woman with Child before Madonna (1852); Westphalian Peasant Wedding (1856); Domestic Happiness (1857); Spring Offering (1860); Apple Harvest (1862); Girls at the Brook.--D. Kunstbl. (1856), 405; (1857), 18; Müller, 296.

KENSETT, JOHN FREDERICK, born in Cheshire, Conn., March 22, 1818, died in New York, Dec. 16, 1872. Landscape painter; after studying engraving under Daggett, he spent seven years abroad (1840–47), painting in England, Rome, Naples, Switzerland, on the Rhine, and among the Italian lakes. First exhibited at Royal Academy, London, in 1845. Elected N.A. in New York, in 1849. In 1859, appointed member of the commission to superintend the decoration of the Capitol at Washington. Professional life spent in New York. Works: Mount Washington from North Conway (1849); Sketch of Mount Washington (1851), High Bank on Genesee River (1857), October Afternoon (1864), Corcoran Gallery, Washington; Franconia Mountains (1853); Sunset on the Coast (1858); Sunset in the Adirondacks (1860); Twenty-four Landscapes and Sea Views, New York Museum; Noon on the Seashore (engraved by S. V. Hunt); Bashbish; Lake Conesus (Robert Hoe, New York), Coast of Massachusetts (S. Gandy, ib.), Glimpse of the White Mountains (1867); New Hampshire Scenery, Century Club, New York; Afternoon on the Connecticut Shore, John Taylor Johnston sale, ib., 1877; Lake George, Morris K. Jesup, ib.; Narragansett; From the Meadows at Cold Spring; Bass Rock--Newport; Italian Lake, J. W. Drexel, New York; Landscape, R. L. Kennedy, ib.; On the Thames, J. W. McCoy, Baltimore; Sunset, C. C. Perkins, Boston.

KENT, WILLIAM, born in Yorkshire in 1685, died in London, April 12, 1748. Portrait and decoration painter; went about 1704 to London, and in 1710 to Rome, where he gained a second-class medal. After a second journey to Rome he settled in London, under the patronage of Lord Burlington. He decorated Wanstead House, Rainham, and painted several ceilings for Sir Robert Walpole at Hampton, but is best known as the architect of Devonshire House, Piccadilly; the Earl of Yarborough’s house, Arlington Street; the Horse Guards, Whitehall, and other buildings. He was a weak man and was caricatured by Hogarth, but had considerable influence on the taste of his day and held the appointment of master carpenter, architect, keeper of the pictures, and principal painter to the Crown. In Hampton Court Palace are pictures by him of the Interview and Marriage of Henry V. and Princess Catherine.--Redgrave; F. de Conches, 90.

KERCKHOVE, JOSEPH VAN DEN, born in Bruges, May 4, 1667, died there, Aug. 8, 1724. Flemish school; history and portrait painter, pupil at Bruges of Jan van Meunincxhove, then at Antwerp of Jan Erasmus Quellin. Perfected himself on a journey through France, lived for some time in Paris, and on his return founded with Duvenede the Bruges Academy, of which he was appointed the first professor. Painted for churches and public buildings many historical pictures, distinguished for good composition and colouring and knowledge of architecture and perspective. Works: Assembly of the Gods, Town Hall, Bruges; St. Catherine of Siena (1716), Academy, ib.--Immerzeel, ii. 102; Nagler, vi. 559; Weale, Cat., 90.

KERKHOVE, FRITZ VAN DE, born at Bruges in Oct., 1862, died there, Aug. 12, 1873. Landscape painter. This phenomenal child began to paint, at the age of seven, landscapes on a diminutive scale, of which about 350 were exhibited in the great cities of Europe, calling forth a protracted controversy among the art-critics as to their authenticity.--Siret, L’enfant de Bruges (Paris, 1876).

KERN, ANTON, born at Tetschen, Bohemia, in 1710, died in Dresden, June 8, 1747. German school; history painter, pupil in Dresden of Rossi, then for seven years in Venice of Pittoni; returned to Dresden a finished artist, went to Rome in 1738, and was made court-painter to Augustus III. in 1741. Works: St. John Nepomuk, St. Joseph, St. Barbara, Trinity, St. John Evangelist, all in churches near Tetschen; St. Apollonia; St. Barbara; St. Augustin, Abbey of Strahow, Prague; Adoration of the Magi, Circumcision, Mary the Virgin at the Cradle, St. Magdalen, Holy Family, Christ in the Temple, Czernin Gallery; Trinity, Prague Gallery; St. Hubert; Alexander and Diogenes; Rachel and Jacob; Rebecca and Eleazar; Fair Flower Girl; Four Seasons; St. Sebastian Dying, Darmstadt Museum; Massacre of Innocents, Dresden Gallery.--Allgem. d. Biogr., xv. 630; Wurzbach, xi. 184.

KERRICX, WILLEM IGNATIUS, born in Antwerp, baptized April 22, 1682, died there, buried Jan. 7, 1745. Flemish school; history painter, son of the sculptor Willem Kerricx, and pupil of Godefroid Maes, the younger. He became master of the guild in 1703, and painted several excellent altarpieces. Was also a sculptor, architect, and play-writer. Works: St. Luke, Adoration of the Lamb, Passover in Egypt, Antwerp Museum.--Cat. du Musée d’Anvers (1874), 225; Kramm, iii. 850; Rooses (Reber), 439; Van den Branden, 1169.

KESSEL, FERDINAND VAN, born at Antwerp, April 7, 1648, died at Breda in 1696. Flemish school; landscape, animal, and still-life painter, son and pupil of Jan van Kessel, the elder, whose style he followed. He also undertook to paint large historical subjects, as the Battle of Choczim, 1673, for the parish church at Zolkiew, Galicia, by order of King John Sobieski, who took this artist into great favour and for whose Cabinet he painted the Four Elements and the Four Continents, and after both perished in the flames, repeated them on a grander scale. Left Antwerp before 1688, and settled at Breda, where he painted for King William III. Works: Birds (miniature), Duke of Devonshire, Chatsworth; Group of Animals, Ghent Museum; Cats’ Barber-shop, Monkeys Smoking, Vienna Museum.--Engerth, Belvedere Gal., ii. 220; Kramm, iii. 851; Van den Branden, 1101.

KESSEL, JAN VAN, the elder, born in Antwerp, April 5, 1626, died there, April 17, 1679. Flemish school; flower, fruit, and animal painter, son of Jeroom van Kessel, pupil of Simon de Vos and of Jan Brueghel, the younger; master of the guild in 1644. Works: Garland around Holy Family, Louvre; Fruit-piece (1653), Bordeaux Museum; Concert of Birds, Antwerp Museum; do., and Fable of Fox and Stork (1661), Baron de Pret-Thuret, Antwerp; Landscape, Hague Museum; Bacchanale in a Landscape, Brunswick Museum; Garland with Insects, etc. (1653); Rabbits by Vegetables, etc., Augsburg Gallery; Fruitseller in his Booth, Copenhagen Gallery; Fruits and Lobsters, etc. (1654, by Jeroom ?), Dresden Museum; Madonna in a Niche, Germanic Museum, Nuremberg; America (1666), Europe (1664), Africa, Asia, Schleissheim Gallery; Cats’ Barber-Shop, Monkeys playing at Draughts, Schwerin Gallery; Birds and small Animals, Weapons, Kettle-drum, etc., Stockholm Museum; Landscapes (2), Stuttgart Museum; Boar-Hunt, Bear and Snake, Landscape with Birds, do. with Fox and Stork, Vienna Museum; Garland around Infant Jesus and St. John (figures by Van Thulden), Madrid Museum; Fish, Fish and Fruits, do. with Three Infants, Studio of a Naturalist (1660), Fruits and Vegetables in Baskets, Uffizi, Florence; Fruits and Flowers (2), Naples Museum.--Ch. Blanc, École flamande; Cat. du Mus. d’Anvers (1874), 476; Engerth, Belvedere Galerie, ii. 221; Immerzeel, ii. 103; Kramm, iii. 852; Riegel, Beiträge, ii. 124; Rooses (Reber), 426; Van den Branden, 1098.

KESSEL, JAN VAN, the younger, born in Antwerp, Nov. 23, 1654, died in Madrid in 1708. Flemish school; history and portrait painter, son and pupil of Jan the elder; went to Madrid in 1680; made court-painter to Charles II., 1686. Works: Portrait of Philip IV., Madrid Museum; History of Psyche, Landscapes, Alcazar, Madrid; Two Dwarfs with Dog, Raczynski Gallery, Berlin.--Allgem. d. Biogr., xv. 654; Kramm, iii. 852; Van den Branden, 1104.

KESSEL, JAN VAN, born in Amsterdam in 1641 or 1642, died there, buried Dec. 24, 1690. Dutch school; landscape painter, who in feeling and clearness of colouring approaches Jacob Ruisdael, of whom some call him a pupil. Particularly successful in winter landscapes; painted also views of Amsterdam. Works: Northbrook Collection, London; Forest, Torrent, Amsterdam Museum; View near Haarlem, Sluice at Haarlem, Rotterdam Museum; Landscapes in Antwerp and Darmstadt Museums, Kunsthalle, Hamburg, Old Pinakothek, Munich (1661); View of Haarlem, Cassel Gallery; Canal of Haarlem, New York Museum.--Kugler (Crowe), ii. 480; Immerzeel, ii. 104; Burger, Musées, ii. 290.

KESSEL, JAN THOMAS VAN, born at Antwerp, Sept. 10, 1677, died there in 1741. Flemish school; genre painter, nephew and pupil of Ferdinand van Kessel, having first been apprenticed with Peter Ykens; adopted the style of David Teniers; went early to Paris, where he acquired reputation by his village festivals, but on succeeding to his uncle’s property fell into dissipation, and died in want. In 1704 he went to Antwerp to buy his mastership. Works: Accessories around “Soap-Bubbles” by Teniers, Louvre, Paris; Guard Room, Sense of Smelling, Lille Museum.--Van den Branden, 1103; Gaz. des B. Arts (1873), i. 316.

KESSEL, JEROOM VAN, born at Antwerp, baptized Oct. 6, 1578, died after 1636. Portrait, animal, and still-life painter, pupil of Cornelis Floris; worked from about 1606 in different cities of Germany (Frankfort, Augsburg, Strassburg), and was in great favor with the Archduke Maximilian of Austria, who employed him several years; registered as master in Cologne in 1615, and still worked there in 1620; master of the guild at Antwerp in 1622. He supplied birds and animals in the landscapes of Jan (Velvet) Brueghel, and married his daughter. Works: Male Portrait (1620), Merlo Collection, Cologne; Fruits with Lobster, etc. (1634 or 1654, attributed to Jan, the elder), Dresden Museum; Family Group (1613), Germanic Museum, Nuremberg; Male and Female Portrait (1618), Schleissheim Gallery.--Allgem. d. Biogr., xv. 653; Merlo, Nachrichten, 237; Van den Branden, 1097.

KESSLER, AUGUST, born at Tilsit in 1826. Landscape painter, pupil of Düsseldorf Academy; settled afterwards in Düsseldorf. Works: Morning in the Woods (1846); Evening in Rocky Valley (1847); Evening Landscape in the Rain (1848); Summer Landscape (1849); Approaching Storm (1848); do. (1852); Morning in Bavarian Alps (1860); View near Wallensee--Switzerland (1861); Landscape in Bavarian High Alps (1862); Approaching Storm (1863); Wood Landscape (1865); On Brienz Lake; View on the Upper Ruhr; Beech-Wood; Ravine with Fir-Trees; View on Gelmer Lake in Switzerland; View on Bernina Glacier; Swiss Landscape (1874); Hintersee in Thunder Storm (1879).--Müller, 297; Wolfg. Müller, Düsseldf. K, 330; Zeitschr. f. b. K. (1869), (1873).

KESSLER, FRANZ, flourished in Cologne about 1615–29. German school; portrait painter, probably pupil of Geldorp; was registered in the Cologne guild in 1615, and travelled in 1620–24. Works: Portrait of a Man with Embroidered Doublet (1621); Female Portrait (1621), Cologne Museum; Portrait of Ægidius Gelenius (1628); Male Portrait, National Gallery, Pesth; Portrait of a Man with Long Beard (1629), Merlo Collection, Cologne.--Allgem. d. Biogr., xv. 655; Merlo, 237.

KETEL, CORNELIS, born at Gouda, March 15, 1548, died at Amsterdam, buried Aug. 8, 1616. Dutch school; portrait painter, pupil of Anthonie van Montfoort in Delft, thence went to Paris and Fontainebleau. Having returned to Gouda he went to London in 1573, painted Queen Elizabeth (1578), various personages of her court, and an allegory. After his return to Amsterdam in 1581, he executed several archery pieces which were distinguished for their tasteful arrangement, likeness of the heads, and fine and powerful colouring. Works: Portraits of Burgomaster Jacob Bas and Wife, Museum, Amsterdam; Twelve Archers with their Captain (1588), City Hall, ib.--Allgem. d. Biogr., xv. 664; Immerzeel, ii. 105; Kramm, iii. 856; Nagler, Mon., ii. 102.

KEULEN. See Ceulen.

KEY, ADRIAAN THOMASZ, flourished in Antwerp in 1544–90. Flemish school; history and portrait painter, nephew of Willem Key, pupil of Jan Hack; master of Antwerp guild in 1568. Works: Two altar-wings with Last Supper, and portrait of Donors (1575), Museum, Antwerp; Female Portrait, Van Lerius Collection, ib.; Male do. (1672), Vienna Museum.--Engerth, Belvedere Gal., ii. 222; Immerzeel, ii. 106; Kramm, iii. 859; Nagler, Mon., i. 357; Riegel, Beiträge, i. 28; ii. 25; Rooses (Reber), 110; Van den Branden, 271.

KEY, WILLEM, born at Breda about 1520, died at Antwerp, June 5, 1568. Flemish school; history and portrait painter, pupil of Lambert Lombard at Liège; went to Antwerp, where he became master of the guild in 1542, and dean of the academy in 1552. He was the first portrait painter of prominence at Antwerp after Quinten Massys and Joos van Cleve, and was called to Brussels to paint Cardinal Granvella and the Duke of Alva; while painting the latter’s portrait he accidentally overheard a conversation regarding the death sentence of Count Egmont, from which his nerves received such a shock that he died on the day of Egmont’s execution. Works: Entombment, Six Collection, Amsterdam; Elderly Man’s Portrait, A Knight of Malta, Portrait of Gillis Mostaert, Vienna Museum; Male Portrait, Hermitage, St. Petersburg.--Allgem. d. Biogr., xv. 692; Engerth, Belvedere, Gal., ii. 224; Van den Branden, 267.

KEYSER, NICAISE DE, born at Sandvliet, near Antwerp, Aug. 26, 1813. History and genre painter, pupil of Joseph Jacops (born in 1803), and of Antwerp Academy under M. J. van Bree; completed his studies in travels through Italy, France, Germany, and England; painted at first biblical subjects, then acquired reputation with battle-pieces, and finally took up historical genre. Medals: Great Gold Medal, Brussels, 1836; Paris, 2d class, 1840, and medals at almost all exhibitions in Belgium and Holland; Order of Leopold, 1839; Officer, 1855; Bavarian Order of St. Michael, 1851; Order of Lion, 1844; Commander of Order of Oaken Crown, 1857; Swedish Order of the Polar Star; Würtemberg Crown Order; L. of Honour, 1862. Member of Brussels (1845) and several other academies. Having settled at The Hague after 1845, he successfully represented the National Dutch art-faction in opposition to Baron Wappers, Director of the Antwerp Academy, whom he succeeded in that position in 1855. Works: Filial Love (1833); Crucifixion (1834); St. Dominick receiving the Rosary (1835); Battle of the Golden Spurs in 1302 (1836), Courtray Museum; The Holy Women at Christ’s Tomb (1836); Battle of Woeringen in 1288 (1839), Brussels Museum; Roman Pifferari at Siesta (1840), Kunsthalle, Hamburg; Monk sitting at Alms Box in a Cloister (1841), New Pinakothek, Munich; Pietà, Return from Madonna Festival near Naples, Hans Memling in St. John’s Hospital at Bruges (1841); The Antiquary (after Walter Scott); The Smith of Naarden; Italian Robber in Prison preparing for Death; Battle of Nieuport (1844), Battle of Séneffe, King of Holland; Peter of Amiens preaching the First Crusade in 1093 (1845); The Giaour, Death of Maria de Medici (1845), National Gallery, Berlin; Rubens painting the Chapeau de Paille (1847), Margaret of Austria and Maria of Burgundy visiting Memling at Bruges, Royal Palace, ib.; Daughter of Jairus, East and West, King of Würtemberg; Episode in Massacre of the Innocents (1855), Ghent Museum; Elizabeth of Hungary distributing Alms, The Giaour, Marino Falieri, Milton dictating Paradise Lost, Dante at the Convent-gate, Last Moments of Karl Maria von Weber (last three, 1858), King of Belgium; Francis I. visiting Benvenuto Cellini’s Workshop, Museum Fodor, Amsterdam; Albert and Isabella attending Lecture by Justus Lipsius at Louvain, Baron van Heeckeren, The Hague; Columbus with his Son leaving Barcelona; Tasso in Prison; Dante in the Studio of Giotto; Invention of Plastic Arts; Charlemagne weeping at Sight of Norman Ships; Entombment (1860); Caritas; Charles V. after Taking of Tunis delivering Christian Slaves, Lady’s Portrait (1862), Antwerp Museum; Portraits of King Leopold I. and Queen Louise, Senate Chamber, Brussels; Fresco, Development of Art in Brabant (1864–66), Vestibule, Antwerp Museum.--Art Journal (1866), 5; Immerzeel, ii. 108; Journal des B. Arts (1865), 119; (1872), 174, 191; Kramm, iii. 865; vii. 94; Larousse, ix. 1198; Messager des sciences, etc. (1837), i.; Riegel, Wandmalerei, 73; Soust, L’école d’Anvers en 1858, 28; Vlaamsche school (1855), 49, 58.

KEYSER, THOMAS DE, born in Amsterdam in 1596 or 1597, died there, buried Nov. 19, 1679. Dutch school, history, genre, and portrait painter; his small pictures are very characteristic, but the large ones less original. His portraits, which are truthful, and of warm clear colouring, appear to have influenced Rembrandt when the latter came to Amsterdam in 1631. Works: Merchant and Clerk (1627), National Gallery, London; Male Portrait (1631), Versailles Museum; Female Portraits (2), Brussels Museum; Family Group, Admiral Hein, do. and Family, Pieter Schout (1666), Marten Rey and Wife (1627), Museum, Amsterdam; Anatomy Lesson (1619), Members of Civic Guard (1633), Theseus and Ariadne, City Hall, ib.; Portrait of Claes Fabricius (1629), Haarlem Museum; Portrait of a Magistrate (1631), Four Burgomasters of Amsterdam (1638), Hague Museum; Family Group, Old Man and Son, Old Lady and Daughter (1628), Portrait of Cornelis de Graef, do. of Catarina Hooft, Berlin Museum; Portrait of Man and Wife, Copenhagen Gallery; Male and Female Portrait (1647), Darmstadt Museum; Two Cavaliers on Horseback, Dresden Museum; Family Group in a Landscape, Gotha Museum; Young Man’s Portrait, Kunsthalle, Hamburg; Clerk explaining Accounts to Lady (1650), Old Pinakothek, Munich; Married Couple in a Park, Schwerin Gallery; Male Portrait, Oldenburg Gallery; do. (1632), Hermitage, St. Petersburg; do., Liechtenstein Gallery, Vienna.--Allgem. d. Biogr., xv. 694; L’Art (1877), ii. 77; Burger, Musées, i. 231; Immerzeel, ii. 107; Kramm, iii. 869; Kugler (Crowe), ii. 357; Nagler, Mon., v. 125; Riegel, Beiträge, i. 146, 152; Stuers, 61.

KICK, JAN, flourished about 1640–50. Dutch school; genre painter, probably formed under the influence of Dirk Hals and Jacob Duck. Was perhaps the father of the flower painter Cornelis Kick of Amsterdam (1635–75). Works: Soldiers resting in a Stable (1648), Berlin Museum; Similar Subject, Wilhelm Gumprecht, Berlin; Soldiers at Cards in a Barn (? attributed to Jan le Ducq), National Gallery, Edinburgh; Young Officer in a Landscape, Peter von Semenoff, St. Petersburg; Return from Falcon Chase (attributed to Van der Helst), Count Moltke, Copenhagen; Travellers attacked by Bandits, Mrs. Hope, London.--Bode, Studien 153.

KIEDERICH, PAUL JOSEF, born in Cologne, Sept. 15, 1809, died in Düsseldorf, April 4, 1850. History and portrait painter, pupil at Cologne of Kuntz and De Noël, and of the Düsseldorf Academy (1832). His peculiar, chronicler-like style gives his works no little interest. Works: Charles V. at San Yuste (1835); Death of Jean de Lavalette (1840), National Gallery, Berlin; Emperor Frederick II. and Peter de Vincis (1844); Portraits of Henry V. (Frankfort), Philip the Good, Charles the Bold, Emperor Maximilian, and Charles V.--Allgem. d. Biogr., xv. 712; Merlo, 238; Wolfg., Müller, Düsseldf. K., 149; Wiegmann, 217.

KIELMANN, ANDREAS, born at Wismar, Mecklenburg, in 1825. Genre painter, studied 1845–47 in Berlin, then in Paris, Brussels, Antwerp, and other cities, and settled in Schwerin in 1860. Works: Dinner during Harvest (1861), Prussian Soldier quartered in French Peasant’s Cottage (1871), Schwerin Gallery.--Schlie, 37.

KIERINGS. See Keirincx.

KIERS, PETRUS, born at Grœneveld, Drenthe, Jan. 5, 1807. Genre painter, pupil in Amsterdam of Douwe de Hoop. Member of Amsterdam Academy in 1856. Works: Washerwoman (1840); Lady coming from her Room by Candlelight (1840); Reading of Bible; Letter-Writer; Interior of Dutch House (1855). His son, George Laurenz (born Jan. 26, 1838), is a good marine painter.--Immerzeel, ii. 110; Kramm, iii. 872.

KIESEL, KONRAD, born in Düsseldorf, Nov. 29, 1846. Genre painter, pupil in Berlin of Paulsen, then in Düsseldorf of Wilhelm Sohn. Works: Mother and Child; Italian Woman; Still Life; In the Library; On the Balcony; Birthday Morning (1878); Lady with Pigeons; Studio; Young Mother; Welcome News; Visit at the Studio (1884).--Müller, 298; Meyer, Conv. Lex., xxi. 495; Illustr. Zeitg. (1879), ii. 71, 391; (1882), i. 31, 36; (1883), i. 63; ii. 209, 495; La Ilustracion (1880), i. 99; ii. 187; Zeitschr. f. b. K., xx. 42.

KIESSLING, PAUL, born in Breslau, Jan. 8, 1836. History and portrait painter, pupil of Dresden Academy under Julius Schnorr; won in 1856 the first prize, then studied for three years in Italy and was influenced by Passini; spent one year in Antwerp and returned via Paris to Rome. Works: Ulysses recognized by Eurycleia (1855); Venus and Adonis; Rape of Hylas; Rape of Europa; Maiden from Afar; Dithyrambus; Triumph of Love; Böttger in his Laboratory, Augustus the Strong visiting Böttger, Albrechtsburg, Meissen; Three Sisters (1875), Girl’s Head (1880), Dresden Museum.--Müller, 298.

KIETZ, ERNST BENEDIKT, born in Leipsic in 1815. Portrait painter, pupil in Paris of Delaroche, whose portrait he painted; in 1853 visited Malta, Constantinople, Athens, and Rome, then lived in Paris until 1870, when he removed to Dresden. Works: Portrait of Richard Wagner (1844), Mignet, Isabey, Johanna Wagner, Madame Viardot-Garcia, Heinrich Heine, Tiedge, Oehlenschläger, Frederick Kücken.--Müller, 299.

KINDERMANN, DOMINIK, born at Schluckenau, Bohemia, in 1746, died in Schönlinde, June 9, 1817. History and portrait painter, pupil of Vienna Academy; went in 1769 to Rome, where he studied for six years after Raphael and the Carracci, under Mengs. In Naples he studied the art treasures of Pompeii, returned to Vienna in 1777 to paint portraits and altarpieces for churches, and in 1803 settled in Schönlinde. Works: Magdalen; Christ and the Pharisees; St. John of Nepomuk; Æneas and the Sibyl crossing the Styx, Prague Gallery; Martyrdom of St. Lawrence; Birth of Christ; Death of St. Joseph; Decapitation of St. James; Martyrdom of Apostles Simon and Judas Thaddeus; Emperor Leopold II. (1792), Strahow Abbey, Prague.--Allgem. d. Biogr., xv. 756; Dlabacz, ii. 58; Wurzbach, xi. 266.

KINDLER, ALBERT, born in Allensbach, near Constance, in 1833, died in Meran, Tyrol, April 4, 1876. Genre painter, pupil of the Munich Academy, then from 1856 of Rudolph Jordan in Düsseldorf. Acquired well-deserved fame after 1859, when his first large composition attracted much attention. Works: Young Girl reading to her blind Grandfather, Publication of New Decree, Provinzial Museum, Hanover; Expectation, Stettin Museum; Bridal Procession on the Rhine (1859); Brautexamen; Meeting of Common Council; Tourists; Poaching; Village Theatre; Tourists and Guides; Opening of the Dance (1868). Unsuccessful Water Excursion; Rafts on the Inn; Alpine Hunter and his Sweetheart; Fandango; Ambush.--Allgem. d. Biogr., xv. 768; Blanckarts, 106; Kunst-Chronik, xi. 498; Meyer, Conv. Lex., xvii. 494.

KINDT, ADÈLE, born in Brussels in 1805. History and genre painter, pupil of Sophie Frémiet, then of Navez; won the first prize of the Ghent Academy when scarcely twenty-two, then received medals in Douai (1827, 1831), Cambray (1828, 1834, 1838), Ghent (1835), and Brussels (1836); member of Brussels (1827), Ghent (1835), and Lisbon Academies. Works: Last Moments of Egmont, Ghent Museum; Melancthon predicting Prince Willem’s Future, Elizabeth sentencing Mary Stuart, Hague Museum; Madonna; Obstinate Scholar; Flower Girl; Happier than a King.--D. Kunstbl. (1850), 263; Immerzeel, ii. 111; Kramm, iii. 874; Müller, 299.

KINGS, ADORATION OF. See Magi.

KINSON (Kinsoen), FRANCISCUS JOSEPHUS, born at Bruges in 1771, died there in 1839. History and portrait painter, pupil of Bruges Academy, where he won several prizes and a gold medal; after painting portraits at Bruges, Ghent, and Brussels, went to Paris, where he acquired reputation, was naturalized, and in 1809 appointed chief painter to Jerome Bonaparte, King of Westphalia. After the fall of the empire he returned to Paris and in 1817 became painter to the Duke of Angoulême. Medal, 1808; L. of Honour. Works: Belisarius at the Death of his Wife Antonina (1817), Bruges Academy; Portrait of Duke of Angoulême (1819), Bordeaux Museum; Portraits of General Leclerc, of Bernadotte, King Jerome, and Duke of Angoulême, Versailles Museum.--Bellier, i. 854; Cotta’s Kunstbl. (1839), 404; Immerzeel, ii. 113.

KIÖRBOE, CARL FREDRIK, born at Kristiansfeld, Schleswig, in 1800, died at Dijon, France, Jan., 1876. Animal painter. Member of Stockholm Academy in 1858; court-painter. Medals: Paris, 3d class, 1844; 2d class, 1846; L. of Honour, 1860; orders of Wasa and Olaf. Works: Dogs from Tartary, Foxes watching for Prey, Foxes devouring their Booty (1870), Charles XV. on Horseback, Stockholm Museum; Mutual Surprise (1874); Inundation; Jumping Fox; Pony and Dog in a Stable, Ravené Gallery, Berlin.--Art Journal (1876), 106; Bellier, i. 855; Taflor.

KIPRENSKY, OREST, born at Koporie, Government of Petersburg, in 1783, died in Rome in 1836. Portrait painter, real name Schwalbe; pupil of St. Petersburg Academy, then spent some time in France and Italy, and revisited those countries in 1828. Is called the Russian Van Dyck. Works: Portraits of his Father, Adam Schwalbe, of Thorwaldsen, of a Young Gardener, Hermitage, St. Petersburg.--Cotta’s Kunstbl. (1836), 436; Waagen, Eremitage, 315.

KIRBERG, OTTO, born at Elberfeld, May 16, 1850. Genre painter, pupil of Düsseldorf Academy in 1869, continued after the war of 1870–71, from which he returned wounded, under Wilhelm Sohn until 1879; visited Holland, and has since taken his subjects from life of Dutch fishermen. Gold medal, Berlin, 1879. Works: Victim of the Sea (1879), National Gallery, Berlin; Anxious Hours (1880); Dutch Kirmess (1883); Dutch Lovers (1884).--Meyer, Conv. Lex., xxi. 499; Kunst-Chronik, xviii. 402.

KIRCHNER, (ALBERT) EMIL, born in Leipsic, May 12, 1813, died in Munich, June 4, 1885. Architecture and landscape painter, pupil of Leipsic Academy, then in Dresden of Dahl and Friedrich, and finally studied in Munich, whither he returned in 1834 with Genelli. Works: Bear-Pit (1840), Kunsthalle, Hamburg; Tomb of Counts of Castelbanco in Verona (1845), View in Verona (1851), Three Views in Heidelberg Castle (1852–54), Courtyard of Palace in Venice (1858), New Pinakothek, Munich; View of Verona, Piazzetta in Venice, Schack Gallery, ib.; Lichtenberg Castle in Adige Valley, Pompeii (1860); Cathedral at Worms, Saint Gall Museum; View of Genoa, Stuttgart Museum; Trent Cathedral (1861); Convent Yard on the Rhine (1863); Fontana di Ferro in San Giovanni, Verona (1869); View in Benedictine Abbey; Choir in Worms Cathedral; Entrance to Cloister Maulbronn; San Lorenzo in Trieste; Montano and Arco in South Tyrol (1873), Leipsic Museum; View in Brescia.--Kunst-Chronik, xx. 616; Müller, 299; Regnet, i. 260; Schack, Meine Gemäldesammlung (1884), 230.

KIRMESS (Village Fête), Rubens, Louvre, Paris; canvas, H. 4 ft. 10 in. × 8 ft. 6 in. At left, rustic houses and trees, and a table with groups of drinkers and women taking care of children; in centre, a musician playing and a great round of dancers; at right, a barrel and various utensils, ducks in a pond, and a dog; in background, a landscape with hills. Engraved by Fessard; Dupréel in Musée français.--Réveil, vi. 429; Larousse, ix. 1193.

KIRNER, JOHANN BAPTIST, born at Furtwangen, Baden, June 24, 1806, died there, Nov. 19, 1866. Genre painter, pupil in Augsburg under Zimmermann and Rugendas in 1822–24, then of Munich Academy. Painted at first religious pictures. Lived in Rome in 1832–37, and again in 1849, court-painter in Carlsruhe in 1842–44, then at Munich until 1864, when he returned to Furtwangen. Works: Nasenwirth; Raphael and Michelangelo (1833); Improvisatore, Workmen in Campo Vaccino; Schweizer Gardist (1831), Italian Woman at Cradle (1835), Carlsruhe Gallery; Improvisatore (1836), Kunsthalle, Hamburg; Pilgrim Resting, Old Italian with Dog, Mannheim Gallery; Shepherds in Sabine Mountains, Ave Maria, Suabian Watchman, Camaldulensian Monks (1839); Hunting Scene; Sunday Morning in Black Forest, Return from Agricultural Feast (1841), Guardia Civica, Cobbler with Child, Carlsruhe Gallery; Maternal Joy, Country Physician, Fortune-Teller (1847), Badenese Insurgents in Flight (1849), New Pinakothek, Munich; Episode from Hebel’s Poem: Statthalter von Schopfheim, Fürstenberg Gallery, Donaueschingen; Suabian Civic Guard in 1848 (1849), Leipsic Museum.--Allgem. d. Biogr., xvi. 26; Dioskuren (1867), 48; D. Kunstbl. (1858), 121; Kunst-Chronik, ii. 45; Regnet, i. 266.

KISS, THROWING A (Baiser Envoyé), Jean Baptiste Greuze, Alfred de Rothschild Collection, London. A lady, seen half-length, at a window hung with curtains, throwing a kiss with her right hand; her left holds a paper lying on the window-sill. One of the painter’s best works.--Art Journal (1885), 217.

KLEIN, JOHANN ADAM, born in Nuremberg, Nov. 24, 1792, died in Munich, May 21, 1875. Genre, landscape, and animal painter, studied first in Nuremberg under J. Caspar van Bemmel and A. Gabler, then from 1811 at the Vienna Academy; after living in Frankfort, Vienna, Rome, Naples, and Nuremberg, settled in Munich in 1837. His compositions are full of life and variety. Member of Munich Academy in 1867. Works: On the Danube; Market Scene; Berchtesgaden; Halt before an Inn; Span of Oxen in Campagna (1821), Gotha Museum; Hungarian Carters (1828), Wallachian Freight-Wagon (1829), Animal-Tamers before Tavern (1830), National Gallery, Berlin; (1821), Gotha Museum; Field Smithy, View on Bridge of Salara near Rome (1821), Schleissheim Gallery; View on the Tiber near Rome (1822), New Pinakothek, Munich; Russian Freight-wagon and Cossacks, Hunting Dog (1823), Wall Ruins, Freight-wagon with Seven Horses (1856), Germanic Museum, Nuremberg; Wallachian Carters Resting on the Danube (1834–38), Königsberg Museum; Gypsy Camp (1856), Kunsthalle, Hamburg.--Allgem. d. Biogr., xvi. 95; Dioskuren (1862), 193; Illustr. Zeitg. (1875), i. 471; Jordan (1885), ii. 117; Kunst-Chronik, xi. 270; Regnet, i. 287.

KLEIN, JOHANN (EVANGELIST), born in Vienna in 1823. Fresco painter, pupil of Vienna Academy under Führich. Went for a short time to Venice, and then studied Byzantine and mediæval wall-paintings in monasteries and churches in the Bukowina, in Carinthia, Soest, Brunswick, Cracow, and in and near Vienna. Member of, and professor at, Vienna Academy. Works: Wall-Paintings in Episcopal Chapel at Czernowitz and in St. Mary’s on Capitol at Cologne; Glass Paintings in St. Antonio’s, Padua, in St. Stephen’s, Vienna, in Kempten and Elten on the Rhine, in Münster, Bochold and Lüdinghausen, Westphalia; in Cathedral at Linz, in Nancy, in Hungary, etc.--Müller, 299; Wurzbach, xii. 50.

KLEIN, WILHELM, born in Düsseldorf in 1821. Landscape painter, pupil of Düsseldorf Academy under Schirmer; perfected himself on journeys through various parts of Germany, in Tyrol, Switzerland, North Italy, Belgium, and Holland. Works: Wood Landscape (1844); Mountainous Landscape (1845), Brunswick Art Union; Winter Landscape, Provinzial Museum, Hanover; Rocky Valley (1852), Düsseldorf Art Union; Forest Brook (1853), Königsberg Art Union; King’s Oak near Arnsberg, Inn Valley (1855); Road to Village, Cologne Art Union; Carters’ Tavern (1858), Berlin Art Union; Lake Garda (1858); Inn Valley (1859); View in the Engadin (1863); Sea-Coast, Liège Art Union; Winter in Tyrol (1865), Bremen Art Union; Weinburg (1868); Lake Hechtsee in Bavaria; Landscape after Rain.--Wolfg. Müller, Düsseldorfer K., 359.

KLENGEL, JOHANN CHRISTIAN, born at Kesselsdorf near Dresden, May 5, 1751, died at Dresden, Dec. 19, 1824. Genre and landscape painter, pupil of Dresden Academy under Dietrich, then studied in Italy (1790–92), and was for many years at the head of the Dresden landscape painters; especially successful in giving morning and evening light-effects, and a close imitator of nature. Member of and professor at Dresden Academy. Works: Apollo tending Herd of Admetus, Similar Subject, Dresden Museum; Winter Landscape with Skaters, Shepherdess and Herd at Sunset, Gotha Museum; Landscape with Herd (copy after Berghem), Leipsic Museum; Cows in Pasture (1779), Schwerin Gallery; Animals driven by Peasant Boy across Water, Shepherd Family with Cattle Resting, Stuttgart Museum.--Allgem. Zeitg. (1825), Beilage No. 51; Nagler, vii. 51.

KLENZE, LEO VON, born near Hildesheim, Feb. 29, 1784, died at Munich, Jan. 26, 1864. Architecture and landscape painter, pupil in Paris of Bourgeois, but more famous as an architect; visited England, Italy, Greece, and seven times St. Petersburg, where he built the Hermitage and St. Isaac’s Cathedral. Works: View of Agrigentum; Zanthe in the 8th Century; Ideal View of Athens under Hadrian, New Pinakothek, Munich; Interior of Saracen Palace at Ravello, Schack Gallery, ib.; Pirano in Istria, Thorvaldsen Museum, Copenhagen.--Brockhaus, x. 336; Dioskuren (1864), 49; Nagler, vii. 53; Regnet, i. 296; Schack, Meine Gemäldesammlung (1884), 232.

KLEVER, JULIUS VON, born at Dorpat, Jan. 19 (31), 1850. Landscape painter, pupil of St. Petersburg Academy under Michael Clodt and Warjabjoff, and studied from nature in the Baltic provinces. Member of St. Petersburg Academy in 1878, professor in 1881. Many of his best pictures are in the St. Petersburg Academy. Works: Esthonian Fisherman’s Hut; Twenty Degrees Réaumur; Russian Autumn; Twilight by the Sea; Calm; Esthonian Mill; Isle of Nargö near Revel; Deserted Park in Livonia; Russian Forest in Winter; Still Life in the Woods; Wilted Leaves.--Meyer, Conv. Lex., xxi. 502.

KLEYN, LORENZ LUDWIG, born at Demarara, British Guiana, in 1826. History and portrait painter, pupil of Antwerp Academy and student of the works of the old masters in Amsterdam. Went in 1851 to Italy, spent many years at Rome and, after a sojourn in Stuttgart, returned to Holland in 1868. Works: Eliezer and Rebekah; Samaritan Woman at the Well; Hagar and Ishmael; Banquet of Belshazzar; Wedding at Cana (1864); Portraits of Princess Alexandrine of Prussia and Pope Pius IX.--Christl. Kunstbl. (1864); Meyer, Conv. Lex., xvii. 501.

KLINKENBERG, JOHANNES CHRISTIAAN KAREL, born at The Hague, Jan. 14, 1852. Painter of city views, pupil of Christoffel Bisschop; studio at The Hague. Works: Great Square at Nymwegen (1877), Episode in Siege of Leyden, Amsterdam Museum; Fish-Pond at The Hague, Rotterdam Museum; Spanish Quay at Rotterdam, View at The Hague (1880); Old Women’s Hospital at The Hague (1881).

KLÖCKER VON EHRENSTRAHL, DAVID, born in Hamburg in 1620, died in Stockholm in 1698. German school; history and portrait painter, pupil in Amsterdam of Georg Jacobs, then in Italy of Pietro da Cortona; became Swedish court-painter in 1661, was ennobled by Charles XI. in 1674, and made court-intendant in 1690. Works: Descent from the Cross, Last Judgment (1694), St. Nicholas, Stockholm; Coronation of Charles XI., Drottningholm; Portrait of Charles XI.--Faber, iii. 378.

KLOEBER, AUGUST VON, born in Breslau, Aug. 21, 1793, died in Berlin, Dec. 31, 1864. History painter, pupil of the Berlin Academy; joined the volunteers in 1813; after the peace studied in Paris, and then lived four years in Vienna, where he painted the best known portrait of Beethoven. In 1820 he went to Berlin, and in 1821 to Italy, whence he returned, in 1828, a confirmed imitator of Correggio. Member of the Academy and professor in 1829. Works: Perseus and Andromeda, Toilet of Venus (before 1828); Greek Flower Girl (1833); Bacchus watering the Panther (1834); Sakuntala, Harvest, Hüon among Herdsmen (1837); Jubal, Inventor of Flute (1839), Horse-Pond, Cupid and Psyche, Education of Bacchus (1860), in National Gallery, Berlin; Psyche awakened by Cupid (1854); Cupid whetting his Arrows.--Allgem. d. Biogr., xvi. 200; Dioskuren (1865), 8; Jordan (1885), ii. 118; Bruno Meyer, Studien, 11; Bosenberg, Berliner Malerschule, 88.

KLOMP, AELBERT, born at Amsterdam in 1618, died there, Dec. 20, 1688. Dutch school. Landscape and animal painter; precursor of Albert Cuyp and Paul Potter, who painted in his manner. He enlivened his pictures with figures, animals, and splendid fountains. Works: Landscapes with Cattle, in Museums at Amsterdam (3), Bordeaux, Brussels, Dresden, Gotha, Stockholm; do. (1663), Copenhagen Gallery, Städel Gallery, Frankfort; Oldenburg (1688), Schleissheim, and Schwerin Galleries; Historical Society, New York.--Dohme 1ii.; Immerzeel, ii. 116; Kramm, iii. 878; Kugler (Crowe), ii. 440; Schlie, 315; Westrheene, Paulus Potter, 15.

KLOSE, WILHELM, born in Carlsruhe in 1830. Landscape painter, pupil of Munich Academy, influenced by Rottmann; visited the Tyrolese and Swiss Alps, went in 1851 to Dalmatia, thence to Rome, where he remained until 1855. After a short stay in Carlsruhe, he visited Sicily and Greece (1867–69), then in 1875 Egypt, Asia Minor, and Athens. Works: Fourteen Views in Greece and Italy; Four Landscapes in South Etruria, Festhalle in Carlsruhe; Four Italian Landscapes, Municipal Bath in Carlsruhe; Five Italian Landscapes, Villa Klose at Thun, Switzerland.--Müller, 300.

KLOSS, FREDERIK THEODOR, born at Brunswick, Sept. 19, 1802, died at Copenhagen, June 9, 1876. Landscape, marine, and portrait painter, pupil in Berlin of Schumann, then of Eckersberg in Copenhagen, whither he returned in 1828, having visited Prague, Breslau, and Dresden, in 1825–27; made a sea voyage with the cadets’ ship in 1830, and became instructor of drawing; went in the frigate Thetis to Italy in 1843, and to the Färöe Islands in 1844. Member of Copenhagen Academy in 1840. Order of Dannebrog, 1847; Professor, 1853. His principal works are in the royal collections. Works: Battle of Lyngörshavn; Prince Christian after skirmish near Själlandsodde; Open Sea with Vessels.--Weilbach, 362.

KLOTZ, JOSEPH, born in Munich in 1795, died there in 1830. Landscape painter, son and pupil of Matthias Klotz (portrait painter, 1784–1821, and court-painter, first in Mannheim, then in Munich); then studied in Paris and Berlin, and succeeded his father as court-painter in Munich. In 1814 his picture representing the burning of Moscow was very popular. Works: View of Munich in 1817 (figures by Albrecht Adam), View of Schwabinger Gate in Munich (1817), New Pinakothek, Munich.--Lipowsky; Nagler, vii. 68.

KNAB, FERDINAND, born in Würzburg, June 12, 1834. Architecture and landscape painter, pupil in Munich of Ramberg and Piloty; visited Italy in 1868 and settled in Munich, where he painted for the Royal Winter Garden, and Villa Linderhof. Court-painter. Works: Court-Yard in Nuremberg; Court-Yard in Florence; Ruins of Roman Palace (1866); Castle Ruin of the Renaissance; Tomb in Roman Campagna (1866); Convent Yard with Well (1868); Roman Landscape (1872); View in Neglected Park (1874); Roman Hot Springs; Corinthian Ruin in the Campagna; similar subject (1885).--Dioskuren (1872), 211; Kunst-Chronik, xx. 671; Leixner, D. mod. K., i. 114; Land und Meer (1883), ii. 839.

KNACKFUSS, HERMANN, born at Wissen. History painter, pupil of Düsseldorf Academy under Bendemann; took part in the campaign of 1870–71, went to Rome in 1875, and became professor at the Cassel Academy in 1880. Works: Attila’s Queen receiving Presents from Byzantine Ambassadors (1876); First Fruits (1877); Capture of Frederick the Fair in Battle of Mühldorf, 1322 (1883); Painter’s Studio in 16th Century (1884). Frescos: Ceiling in new Government Building at Cassel; Two Episodes in History of German Empire (1884), Vestibule of Railway Station at Strassburg; Battle of Turin (in progress), Arsenal, Berlin.--Kunst-Chronik, xvii. 222; xviii. 435, 531; Leixner, Mod. K., i. 98; Müller, 301.

KNAPP, JOHANN, born in Vienna, Sept. 5, 1778, died at Schönbrunn, near Vienna, Feb. 18, 1833. Flower painter, pupil of Vienna Academy under Drechsler; called to arms in 1797, he returned, after the conclusion of peace, to his profession, and in 1804 became painter to the Archduke Anton. His most remarkable work is a bouquet (7 ft. × 5 ft.), composed of flowers of all climes, painted for Baron Jacquin in 1820–21. Other works: Flower and Fruit-Pieces, Vienna Museum; Styrian Alpine Plants (2), Joanneum, Gratz; Roses, Hyacinths, Exotic Flowers, Flora Alpina (300 water-colors), for Archduke John; Flower-Piece (1816), Weimar Museum; Alpine Plants Exotic Plants, for the Grandduke of Weimar.--Hormayr’s Archiv. (1821), 138; Wurzbach, xii. 137.

KNAUS, LUDWIG, born at Wiesbaden, Oct. 10, 1829. Genre painter, pupil of Düsseldorf Academy under Sohn and Schadow in 1846–52, studied then in Paris until 1860; visited Italy in 1857–58; lived in Berlin in 1861–66, and at Düsseldorf from 1866 to 1874. Professor at the Berlin Academy from 1874 to 1884, when he resigned. He is one of the leaders of the younger Düsseldorf school, and the foremost genre painter in Germany. Member of the Vienna, Berlin, Munich, Amsterdam, Antwerp, and Christiania Academies; Medals: Paris, 2d class, 1853; 1st class, 1855, 1857, 1859; Medal of Honour, 1867; L. of Honour, 1859; Officer, 1867; Knight of Prussian Order of Merit, etc., and many medals. Works: Peasant Dance (1850); Cheaters at Cards (1851), Düsseldorf Gallery and Leipsic Museum; Bee-Keeper, Age does not protect against Folly (1851); Funeral in the Woods (1852); Countess Helfenstein begging for her Husband’s Life. Pickpocket (1852); The Promenade (1855), Luxembourg Museum; Woman playing with Cats (1856), two others, Ravené Gallery, Berlin; The Toper, Kunsthalle, Hamburg; Country-Town People in a Village Inn, Wiesbaden Gallery; Morning after Kirmess, Golden Wedding (1858); After the Christening (1859); Wochenstube, Tyrolese Brawlers before their Parson (1864); Gypsies Resting (1865), Königsberg Museum; Juggler; Table in the Corner (1869); Children’s Festival (1869), National Gallery, Berlin; Funeral in a Hessian Village (1870); Beggar Boy (1871); His Highness Travelling; Child with Doll; Old Woman with Cats; Organ-Grinder; Council of Peasants; In a thousand Fears, Die Geschwister (1872); Holy Family (1875); Tavern Scene (1876); The Refractory Model (1877); Solomonic Wisdom (1878); Glimpse behind the Scene (1880), Dresden Gallery; Little Pigs (1881); Portraits of Professors Mommsen and Helmholtz (1881), National Gallery, Berlin; Student’s Visit Home in Vacation (1884). Works in United States: Road to Ruin, Female Head, Rag Baby, W. H. Vanderbilt, New York; Holy Family, None but the Cats, Miss C. L. Wolfe, ib.; Going to the Dance, August Belmont, ib.; City Belle, M. Graham, ib.; Little Scholar, Gretchen, Girl’s Head, W. Rockefeller, ib.; Priest and Poacher, T. R. Butler, ib.; Rococo, J. C. Runkle, ib.; Baby, D. O. Mills, ib.; Little Gretchen, C. S. Smith, ib.; Study of Head, J. T. Martin, Brooklyn; Butcher Boy, Portrait, D. W. Powers, Rochester, N. Y.; City Girl, G. Whitney, Philadelphia; Blacksmith, J. D. Lankenau, ib.; Mud Pies (1873), W. T. Walters, Baltimore; German Subject, Leland Stanford, San Francisco; Unwelcome Visitor, Charles Crocker, ib.; Child, R. C. Taft, Providence; Female Head, J. A. Brown, ib.; Old Age and Childhood, Longworth Collection, Cincinnati; Head of Madonna, Hurlbut Collection, Cleveland; Wood-Chopper, S. A. Coale, St. Louis.--Gartenlaube (1869), 12; Kunst-Chronik, i. 137; v. 82, 143; vi. 141; xii. 19; Illust. Zeitg. (1864), i. 115; (1881), ii. 368, 374; Müller, 301; Wolfgang Müller, Düsseldorf K., 253; Leixner, D. mod. K., i. 67; Nord und Süd, xiv. 117; Hecht, i. 124; Riegel, Kunst-Studien, 408; Reber, 618; Rosenberg, Berl. Malersch., 177; Vom Fels zum Meer, i. 302; Wiegmann, 333; Zeitschr. f. b. K., iv. 17; vi. 148; x. (Mittheilungen, iii. 65); xii. 388.

KNELLER (Kniller), Sir GODFREY, Bart., born in Lübeck, Aug. 8, 1646, died at Twickenham, Nov. 7, 1723. Dutch school; portrait painter, reputed to have studied under Rembrandt and Ferdinand Bol at Amsterdam, and in Rome (1672–74) under Carlo Maratta and Bernini (?); went afterwards to Venice, where he was well received by the leading families, whose portraits he painted. On his return from Italy, lived for a time in Hamburg, but was induced to go to England in 1674, and received such a flattering reception from Charles II. that he determined to remain there. After the death of Sir Peter Lely he was made court-painter, and he received equal favour from James II., William III., who knighted him (1692), Queen Anne, and George I., who made him a baronet (1715). His forty-three portraits of the members of the Kit Kat Club, and his Beauties at Hampton Court, are examples of his facile and meretricious style and corrupt taste. That he was the leading portrait painter of his day shows the low state of art at the time. “Where,” says Walpole, “he offered one picture to fame, he sacrificed twenty to lucre.” The National Portrait Gallery contains fifteen portraits by him, including Addison, Congreve, Watts, Wren, James II. (1685), and Lady Russell. Portraits of Addison, Pope, Dr. Wallis, and of himself, hang in the Bodleian Library, Oxford. Other works: Portrait of the Engraver John Smith (1696), National Gallery, London; William III. landing at Margate (1697), Peter the Great, Queen Mary II., William Duke of Gloucester, John Locke, Sir Isaac Newton, The Hampton Court Beauties (8), Child with Lamb, Hampton Court Palace; James II., The Converted Chinese, Windsor Castle; Portrait of Canon François de Cock, Antwerp Museum; Male Portraits (3), Brunswick Museum; Copernicus in his Study, Königsberg Museum; Queen Henrietta Maria, Old Pinakothek, Munich; John Locke, Sculptor Gibbons, Hermitage, St. Petersburg; Man in Coat of Mail, Standard-Bearer (1648, copies after Rembrandt), Schwerin Gallery; A Princess of Portugal, Princess de Barbensson, William Wake, Archbishop of Canterbury (1716), Vienna Museum. His elder brother, John Zachary Kneller (1635–1702), who went to England with him, painted architectural decorations in fresco, and portraits and still life in oil. A portrait of William III. of Orange by him is in the Schwerin Gallery.--Ackermann, Porträtmaler Sir G. K.; Ch. Blanc, École allemande; Engerth, Belved. Gal., ii. 226; Kramm, iii. 878; Taylor, Fine Arts; Hamburg, Künst. Lex. (1854); Walpole, Anecdotes; Cat. Nat. Port. Gal.; Redgrave.

KNIGGE, OTTO, born in Berlin, Dec. 14, 1835, died there, March 5, 1883. History and portrait painter, pupil of Weimar Art School, then in Paris of Couture and in Berlin of Oskar Begas; visited Italy in 1869. Works: Altarpiece, St. Peter’s, Berlin; Healing of Sick Woman, Elizabeth Hospital, Berlin; Loreley, Breslau Gallery; Morning Dew; Joseph of Arimathea bringing the Crown of Thorns to the Virgin.--Dioskuren (1866); Illust. Zeitg. (1867–68); Kunst-Chronik, xviii. 395; Müller, 353.

KNIGHT, DANIEL RIDGWAY, born in Philadelphia, Pa., contemporary. Genre painter, pupil of the École des Beaux Arts, Paris, in 1872, of Gleyre, and of Meissonier in 1876. Exhibits at Paris Salon and at the National Academy. Studio at Poissy, France. Works: The Veteran (1870); Othello in the House of Brabantio (1871); Fugitives, Antiquary, Dividing the Profits, Old Beau (1873); Strolling in the Garden (1874); Washerwomen (1875); Market Place at Poissy, Harvest Scene (1877); Pot au Feu (1878); In Mourning (1882); Sans Dot (1883); Noonday Rest (1884); Chatterboxes (1885), Reichard & Co., New York.

KNIGHT, JOHN PRESCOTT, born at Stafford in 1803, died in London, March 28, 1881. Portrait painter, pupil of H. Sass and George Clint, and of Royal Academy in 1823; became an A.R.A. in 1836, and R.A. in 1844. Was professor of perspective in Royal Academy in 1839–60, and secretary in 1847–73.--Art Journal (1849), 209; (1881), 159; Sandby, ii. 174.

KNIGHT ERRANT, Sir John Everett Millais, Bart., Charles H. Wilson, Esq., M.P.; canvas, H. 6 ft. × 4 ft. 5 in. A woman, made prisoner by brigands and stripped, is bound nude to a tree in a wooded rocky landscape; near her, one of the robbers lies on the rocks dead, slain by a knight in armour, who is cutting her bonds with his sword; in the distance, shadowy figures flying in fear. The only example by Millais of a full-length, life-size, nude female figure. Painted in 1870 in six weeks.

KNIGHT AND TWO WOMEN, Tintoretto, Dresden Gallery; canvas, H. 4 ft. 11 in. × 8 ft. 2 in. A knight in a gondola, which a helmsman steers, rescues two nude women from a tower. From the reserved pictures in 1861.

KNIGHT’S VISION, Raphael, National Gallery, London; wood, 7 in. sq. A youthful knight asleep upon his shield at foot of a laurel tree; a lovely girl stands near his head, with a sword in one hand and a book in the other, while a second watches at his feet and presents a myrtle blossom; background, a landscape with a village, and a fortress on a hill. Painted in Perugia in 1504–5(?). Long in Borghese collection, whence passed to W. Young Ottley, who sold it in 1801 to Sir Thomas Lawrence for £470; next passed to Sir M. Sykes, whose heir, Rev. Thomas Egerton, sold it in 1847 for £1,050 to National Gallery, which possesses also the original sketch in pen and ink. Engraved by L. Gruner.--C. & C., Raphael, i. 199; Müntz, 95; Passavant, ii. 16; Perkins, 60; Richter, 53.

KNILLE, OTTO, born at Osnabrück, Sept. 10, 1832. History painter, pupil of Düsseldorf Academy under Karl Sohn, Th. Hildebrandt, and Schadow; studied then in Paris under Couture, lived four years in Munich, three years in Italy, and settled in 1866 in Berlin, where, in 1875, he became professor at the Academy. Senator in 1882. Gold medal, Berlin, 1881. Works: Death of Totila (1855); Corpse of the Cid frightening the Moors; Nun led to be immured, Provinzial Museum, Hanover; Cycle from Thuringian Legends; Fiesole in Monastery of San Marco; Tannhäuser and Venus (1873), National Gallery, Berlin; Emperor Hadrian and Antïnous; Four Friezes representing Antique, Scholastic, Humanistic, and Modern Culture, Berlin University.--Müller, 302; Leixner, D. mod. K., ii. 87; Rosenberg, Berliner Malerschule, 164; Wolfgang Müller, Düsseldorfer K., 162; Zeitschr. f. b. K., xvii. 55; xx. 94.

KNIP, HENRIETTE. See Ronner.

KNIP, JOSEPHUS AUGUSTUS, born at Tilburg, Aug. 3, 1777, died at Berlicum, near Bois-le-duc, Oct. 1, 1847. Landscape painter, son and pupil of Nicolaas Frederik Knip (flower painter, 1742–1809); went in 1801 to Paris, where he was befriended by Gerard van Spaendonck; received a pension in 1808, from Louis Napoleon, King of Holland, and soon after went to Rome, whence he visited Naples and Calabria, and returned home with many sketches in 1813; lived at Amsterdam until 1821, went to Paris in 1823, painted much for the royal family and received a gold medal, returned to Amsterdam in 1827, and became blind in 1832. Member of Amsterdam Academy. Italian Landscapes by him are in the Amsterdam (1818) and Rotterdam Museums. His sister Henriette Geertruida (born at Tilburg, July 19, 1783, died at Haarlem, May 29, 1842), was a skilful flower painter, pupil in Paris of Spaendonck and of Jan Frans Dael. Medals, Paris, 1819; Amsterdam, 1822.--Immerzeel, ii. 117; D. Kunstbl. (1852), 310.

KNOLLER, MARTIN, born at Steinach, Tyrol, Nov. 8, 1725, died in Milan, July 24, 1804. History and portrait painter, first instructed by an obscure artist in Innsbruck, then pupil of Paul Troger, who accidentally discovered his talent in passing through Steinach on his return from Italy in 1745, and took him to Vienna. Having obtained the great prize at the Academy in 1753, returned to Tyrol, and after two years went to Rome, where he studied the old masters, and freed himself from Troger’s mannerism. He found an adviser in Raphael Mengs and a warm friend in Winckelmann. In 1755 appointed professor at the Academy of Milan, where he spent forty prosperous years. In 1790–92 he was in Vienna, and painted Leopold II. and Francis I. He excelled as a portrait and fresco painter, and decorated a number of churches in the villages of Tyrol, Bavaria, and Lombardy, and many palaces in Milan. Works: Young Tobias healing his Father’s Eyes; Stoning of St. Stephen (1754); Conception of Mary, Birth of Mary, Marriage of Mary; Madonna, St. Joseph Dying; Beheading of St. Catharine; St. Sebastian, Pietà (1790), Holy Family (1794), Kloster Ettal, Bavaria; St. Charles Borromeo (1764); Raising of Lazarus; Scipio at Carthage; Christ at Emmaus; Martyrdom of St. Sebastian; do. of John the Baptist; Eight Altarpieces in Stiftskirche at Gries, near Botzen; Christ on the Cross (1796), Holy Family, Joseph and Potiphar’s Wife, A Saint of the Servite Order, Portrait of Raphael Mengs, do. of Himself (2), Count Firmian and Suite in a Landscape, two other Male Portraits, Ferdinandeum, Innsbruck; Judgment of Paris (1786), Palais Taxis, ib.; St. Benedict and St. Scholastica presented to the Trinity by the Virgin (1770), Schleissheim Gallery; Male Portrait (1791), Vienna Museum; Assumption, St. Sebastian restored by Irene, Portrait of Raphael Mengs, do. of Himself (1803), three other Male Portraits, Academy, Milan; over thirty pictures in Royal Palace and Chapel, ib.; others in Palazzo Groppi, Palazzo Melzi (4), Mainoni Collection (5), ib.; Portraits of Emperors Leopold II. and Francis II.; do. of Himself, Castle Leopoldkron, near Salzburg, and Sacristy of Stiftskirche at Gries. Frescos: The Heavenly Glory (1760, a model specimen of fresco painting), Kloster Ettal, Bavaria; Five Ceilings, Royal Palace, Milan; Apotheosis of Alberich the Great, Rinaldo in Gardens of Armida, Wedding of Rüdiger and Radamante, Palazzo Belgiojoso, ib.; Rape of Ganymede, and two others, Palazzo Groppi, ib.; Scenes in Life of St. Augustine, Stiftskirche at Gries; Descent from the Cross, Campo Santo, Rome.--Allgem. d. Biogr., xvi. 321; Göthe, Winkelmann, 280; Hormayr’s Archiv. (1826), xvii. 800; Kugler (Crowe), ii. 557; D. Kunstbl. (1858), 99; Kunst-Chronik, xx. 421; Wurzbach, xii. 161.

KNORR, GEORG, born at Löbau, West-Prussia, in 1845. Genre painter, pupil of Königsberg Academy under Rosenfelder, studied then in Berlin and Düsseldorf, and afterwards visited Italy. His subjects are mostly humourous. Works: Invitation to Tea (1867); In the Museum (1872); New Inmates (1874); At Boarding School (1875); Taken in the Act (1877).

KNORR, HUGO, born in Königsberg in 1834. Landscape painter, pupil of Königsberg Academy; won first prize and completed his studies under Behrendsen, travelled in the Hartz Mountains in 1858, and in Norway in 1861. Professor at the Polytechnic School in Carlsruhe since 1873. Works: Before the Storm; After the Storm; View of Witches’ Dancing-Ground in the Hartz; Norwegian Glacier; Norwegian Waterfall; Fjord in High Plain; Hardanger Fjord; Wreck on Norwegian Coast; Surf on Norwegian Coast; Flying Dutchman (1870).--Kaulen, 171; Müller, 303.

KNÜPFER, NICOLAUS, born at Leipsic in 1603, died at Utrecht or at The Hague in 1660 (?). Dutch school; history, genre, and portrait painter, pupil of Abraham Bloemaert at Utrecht, whither he came from Magdeburg in 1630, and where he soon became one of the best artists of the Dutch school, enjoying the favour of distinguished patrons, especially of the King of Denmark. He was the first master of Jan Steen, and, according to Kramm, removed afterwards to The Hague. Works: Solomon sacrificing to Strange Gods, Brunswick Museum; The Seven Works of Mercy, Cassel Gallery; Paul and Festus, Mercury and Psyche, Copenhagen Gallery; Artist and his Wife making Music, Dresden Museum; Venus asleep and Cupid, Oldenburg Gallery; Esther before Ahasuerus, Hermitage, St. Petersburg; Allegory on Chase after Fortune (1651), Joseph explaining the Dreams, The Washing of Feet, Schwerin Gallery.--Allgem. d. Biogr., xvi. 331; Descamps, i. 293; Kramm, iii. 882; Riegel, Beiträge, ii. 188; Schlie, 319.

KNYFF, ALFRED DE, born in Brussels in 1819, died in Paris, March 22, 1885. Landscape painter. Lived at Fontainebleau. Medals: 3d class, 1857, 1859, 1861; L. of Honour, 1861. Works: Souvenir of Chennevières; Dike of Champigny; Storm in the Campine; Old Willow; Oak at Fontainebleau; Sunset in the Campine in Belgium (1869); Moonlight; Scotch Heath; Evening; Villiers sur Mer; Clairvaux Village (1873); Mouth of the Meuse, Garden of Alfred Stevens, Marsh in the Campine (1875); Prairies of Lagrange, Forest of Stolen in the Campine (1877); Old Willow, Meadow (1880); Environs of Bruges (1883); Prairies of Mortefontaine, Isle of Césambre (1884).--Journal des B. Arts (1860), 150; Müller, 304.

KNYFF, WOUTER, born at Wesel, of a Haarlem family; living in 1679. Dutch school. Painted city views and landscapes in the style of Van Goyen; received into Haarlem Guild in 1641. Pictures very rare. Work: View of a City on a River, Ghent Museum.--Kramm, iii. 882.

KÖBEL, GEORG, born at Worms in 1807. Landscape painter, pupil of Dresden and Munich Academies; visited North Italy several times, and Rome in 1836 and 1838, and was greatly influenced by Markó; returned to Munich in 1840. Works: Views of Lake Garda; Views in the Ramsau; San Gregorio in Sabine Mountains; Cloister Andechs in Bavaria; Passenhofen; Ober-Ammergau; Grotto of Egeria, Schack Gallery, Munich; Königsee near Berchtesgaden; Porta Nomentana; View of St. Peter’s, Rome, Carlsruhe Gallery.--Müller, 304.

KOBELL, FERDINAND, born in Mannheim, June 7, 1740, died in Munich, Feb. 1, 1799. Landscape painter, pupil in Mannheim of Verschaffelt. Studied from 1768 in Paris, and after his return became court-painter and professor at the Mannheim Academy. In 1793 he was made director of the Munich galleries. His landscapes, in the style of Berchem, are effective and truthful studies from nature. Works: Views in and near Aschaffenburg (6), Aschaffenburg Gallery; Four Landscapes (one dated 1785), Schleissheim Gallery; Six do., Carlsruhe Gallery; Three do. (1784, 1791), Darmstadt Museum; Five do., Stuttgart Museum; others in Augsburg Gallery.--Allgem. d. Biogr., xvi. 350; Kugler, kl. Schriften, iii. 363; Kunstblatt (1858), 280; Lipowsky, 155.

KOBELL, FRANZ, born at Mannheim, Nov. 23, 1749, died in Munich, Jan. 14, 1822. Landscape painter, pupil of Mannheim Academy, went in 1776 to Italy, where he spent nine years, chiefly at Rome, and on his return in 1785 settled in Munich, and was made court-painter and honorary member of the Academy; afterwards devoted himself entirely to drawing, and is said to have left over 10,000 productions of his pencil. Works: Rocky Landscape with Waterfalls, Bamberg Gallery; Morning Landscape, Evening Landscape, do. (1778), Cart-Horse and Figures, Boy feeding Horses, Horse Stable (1780), Mountainous Landscape, Weimar Museum.--Allgem. d. Biogr., xvi. 355; Goethe, Winkelmann, ii.; D. Kunstbl. (1822), 181.

KOBELL, JAN, born at Delftshaven in 1779, died at Amsterdam, Sept. 23, 1814. Animal and landscape painter, son of Hendrik Kobell (landscape and marine painter, 1751–99, by whom there is a Storm at Sea (1773) in the Gotha Museum); pupil at Utrecht of Willem Rutgaart van der Wall, and took Paul Potter for his model; went in 1812 to Paris, where, in the same year, he won a gold medal, and rapidly attained popularity. His fellow-artists at Amsterdam honoured him as their foremost animal painter. In 1813–14 he lived in London until shortly before his death. Works: Landscape with Cattle, View in Gelders, Oxen at Pasture (1806), Museum, Amsterdam; Landscape with Cattle, Horse and Goats by a Barn, Landscape with Peasants Milking, Museum Fodor, ib.; Oxen and Sheep in a Meadow, Rotterdam Museum.--Allgem. d. Biogr., xvi. 354; Immerzeel, ii. 120; Kramm, iii. 885.

KOBELL, JAN, born at Rotterdam, April 13, 1800, died there, Nov. 8, 1838. Animal and landscape painter, son of the engraver Jan Kobell (1756–1833, a brother of Hendrik), pupil of Rotterdam Academy; painted at the age of seventeen a Cow Stable, which was placed in the Hague Museum. His principal work, a life-size Cattle-piece (1830), was immediately sold in Paris. His sister, Anna (1795–1847), was also an esteemed artist, whose works are in private collections in Holland.--Allgem. d. Biogr., xvi. 355.

KOBELL, WILHELM VON, born in Mannheim, April 6, 1766, died in Munich, July 15, 1855. Landscape and battle painter, son and pupil of Ferdinand Kobell, studied afterwards in the Mannheim and Düsseldorf Galleries, especially after Wouwerman; went to Rome in 1778, became professor at the Munich Academy in 1808, and visited Vienna and Paris in 1809–10, to make studies for his battle-pieces, which, containing many portraits of famous contemporaries, are of historical interest. Member of Berlin (1791) and Vienna (1808) Academies; Bavarian Civil Order of Merit in 1815; ennobled in 1833. Works: Conquest of Ulm; do. of Braunau; Skirmish near Günzburg; Entry of French-Bavarian Troops into Munich (1807); Third Day of Battle of Hanau (1808), New Pinakothek, Munich; Skirmish near Polozk (1812); Siege of Breslau; Surrender of Brieg, Cavalry Skirmish at Arnhofen (1809), Battles of Eckmühl and Wagram, Banquet Hall, Königsbau, ib.; Siege of Kosel (1806); Storming of Glatz, Attack of the Russians near Poglawi (1807); Battle at Bar sur Aube (1814); Cattle (1820), National Gallery, Berlin; Start for the Chase, Rocky Landscape, Bamberg Gallery; Cows and Sheep on the Alp, Cattle in a River, Return from the Chase, Carlsruhe Gallery; Loaded Donkeys on a Height, Horseman halting by Peasant Boy (1823), Darmstadt Museum; Herd and Shepherd Boy, Städel Gallery, Frankfort; Horse-pieces (2), Prehn Collection, ib.; Landscape with Cattle, Ferdinandeum, Innsbruck; Peasant Family returning from Market, Leipsic Museum; Mountain Road with Carter and Peasant Woman (1822), Lady and Gentleman dismounted on Lake-shore (1790), Two Horsemen Galloping, Schleissheim Gallery; Hunting Party (1822), Weimar Museum; Landscape with Ploughing Team; do. with Freight Wagon, Wiesbaden Gallery; Alpine Shepherdess and Chamois Hunter Conversing, Similar Subject (1827), Horsemen with Horses and Dogs near a Lake (1832), Fürstenberg Gallery, Donaueschingen; several in Mannheim Gallery.--Allgem. d. Biogr., xvi. 357; Andresen, i. 114; Söltl.

KOBKE, CHRISTEN SCHJELLERUP, born in Copenhagen, May 26, 1810, died there, Feb. 7, 1848. Landscape, genre, and portrait painter, pupil of Copenhagen Academy under Lorentzen and Eckersberg, went to Rome in 1838, and afterwards to Naples. In 1845–46 he painted frescos in the Thorvaldsen Museum, and, having painted his reception piece for the Academy, died of grief over its rejection. Works: Old Sailor (1832), Summer Morning near Osterbro (1836), From Dosseringen (1839), Coast View in Capri (1844), Copenhagen Gallery; Bay of Naples (1843), Leipsic Museum; View in Aarhus Cathedral; Antique Hall at Charlottenburg; Frederiksborg Castle at Sunset.--Weilbach, 390.

KOCH, JOHANN KARL, born at Hamburg in 1806. History painter, went in 1827 to Munich, and thence visited Rome in 1836. Works: Madonna with St. John, Kunsthalle, Hamburg; Miraculous Cure of Sick Boy, Departure of St. Bernard from Speyer, Speyer Cathedral. Frescos in Church of All Saints, Munich; do.: Pope Gregory II. consecrating Boniface Apostle of the Germans, Consecration of Kloster Fulda, Murder of St. Maximilian at Cilly, Styria in 284, Baptism of St. Ottilia, Bishop Wulfram in Friesland rescuing two Youths from the Sea, Murder of St. Kilian at Würzburg, St. Walpurga saving by her Prayers a Sick Girl, Return of St. Willibald from Pilgrimage to the Holy Land, Baptism of Wittikind at Attigny, Charlemagne at the Council in Frankfort, Basilica, ib.--Cotta’s Kunstbl. (1836), 69.

KOCH, JOSEF, born in Munich in 1819, died there, Feb. 17, 1872. Landscape and animal painter, pupil of Albrecht Adam and of Friedrich Voltz; tried also portraits under Bernhardt, and studied in Antwerp; after visits to Paris and Venice, returned to Munich in 1846. Works: Ruin Kropfberg in the Inn Valley (1849); View near Antwerp (1851); Animals in the Woods (1852); Grazing Cows (1853); Cattle Drinking (1855); Frauenchiemsee by Moonlight (1859); View near Feldwies (1862); Frauen Insel (1864); Morning in the Fields (1856), Pasture near Antwerp (1858), Harvest (1861), Munich Art Union.--Allgem. d. Biogr., xvi. 392; Allgem. Zeitg., March 10, 1872, Beilage, 70.

KOCH, JOSEF ANTON, born at Obergiebeln, Tyrol, July 27, 1768, died in Rome, Jan. 12, 1839. Landscape painter, pupil of the Karlschule, Stuttgart; went in 1791 to Strasburg, and in 1793 to Basle; in 1795 travelled on foot to Naples, where he studied from nature, and in the spring following went to Rome, where he was closely allied with Carstens and Wächter, who greatly influenced his artistic development. In 1812–15 was in Vienna, where he painted his best landscapes; in 1815 returned to Rome. Aiming at the regeneration of historical landscape painting, as cultivated by Poussin, this master stands, together with Johann Christian Reinhardt, midway between Carstens and Cornelius. Works: Rape of Hylas, Polyphemus, Nausicaä, Outlook on the Sea, Acis and Galatea, Macbeth, Diana and Actæon, Orestes pursued by Furies, Apollo and Shepherds, Cadmus killing a Dragon, Judgment of Paris, Abraham visited by Angels, Building of the Ark, Deluge, Boaz and Ruth, Hercules, Rinaldo and Armida, Antigone and Polynices (1800–1812); Landscape with St. George (1809), Augsburg Gallery; Schmadri Falls in Lauterbrunn Valley (1811), Noah’s Sacrifice (1813), Ideal Landscape with Jacob’s Return (1816), Leipsic Museum; Monastery of S. Francesco di Civitella (1814), National Gallery, Berlin; Vigne de Belvedere di Olevano (1815), After the Storm, The Schmadri Brook Falls in Switzerland, New Pinakothek, Munich; Italian Landscape, Schack Gallery, ib.; Falls at Tivoli (1818), Darmstadt Museum; Rape of Hylas, Balaam’s Ass, Noah’s Sacrifice, Städel Gallery, Frankfort; Landscape after Storm, do. with River, Stuttgart Museum; Night Landscape with Adoration of the Magi, View in Bernese Oberland, Macbeth and the Witches, Ruth and Boaz, Apollo among the Shepherds, The Tyrolese Landsturm of 1809, Scene from Dante’s Inferno, Ferdinandeum, Innsbruck; Macbeth and the Witches (1829), Views of and near Olevano (2), View on the Tiber near Rome, Basle Museum; Four Scenes from Dante’s Inferno (fresco, 1829), Villa Massimi, Rome; Tivoli, Grotta Ferrata, View near Olevano with Greek Figures, Maria Maggiore, Rape of Hylas, Tyrolese View (1829–33); Diana Bathing (1833); Replicas of Macbeth, Apollo and Shepherds, Noah’s Sacrifice (1834–36); Rape of Ganymede (1838).--Allgem. d. Biogr., xvi. 388; Allgem. Zeitg. (1839), Beilage, 51, 382; Andresen, i. 9; Dohme, K. u. K. des XIX. Jahrh., 2; Förster, iv. 59; Haakh, Beiträge, 11; Jordan (1885), ii. 122; D. Kunstblatt (1855), 37; Kunst-Chronik, xix. 213; Raczynski, iii. 300; Reber, i. 166; Riegel, i. 107; Schack, Meine Gemäldesammlung (1884), --; Wurzbach, xii. 184; Zeitschr. f. b. K., x. 65.

KÖCKERT, JULIUS, born in Leipsic, June 5, 1827. History and genre painter, pupil of Prague Academy under Rubens; went in 1850 to Munich, where he painted some of the frescos in the National Museum, and the greater part of the Battle of Salamis, after Kaulbach’s composition, in the Maximilianeum; likewise of Kaulbach’s Otto III. in the Germanic Museum at Nuremberg. Many of his works are owned in England and America. Medal at Teplitz, 1879. Works: Haroun al Raschid, Maximilianeum, Munich; Solstice Festival in the Alps; Hay-Harvest on Chiem Lake; Dance of Elves; Hero and Leander.--Müller, 305.

KOEBERGER. See Cobergher.

KOECK, MICHAEL, born at Innsbruck, Aug. 29, 1760, died in Rome in Nov., 1825. History painter, pupil of Peter Denifle, then in Milan (1777–86) of Martin Knoller, whence he went as Imperial pensionary to Rome, where he became a member of the Academy of S. Luca, and in 1814 inspector of the Papal Cabinet of Mosaics. Works: History of Achilles (in 14 pictures, after which was executed the famous mosaic table presented by Pope Leo XII. to the King of France), St. Paul before King Agrippa, Ferdinandeum, Innsbruck; Frescos in Municipal Hall in Rome.--Hormayr’s Archiv. (1826), xvii. 206; Tyrol. K. Lex. (1830), 131; Wurzbach, xii. 207.

KOEDYCK, NICOLAAS, born in Zaandam in 1681. Dutch school; portrait and genre painter, after the style of Pieter de Hooch. He was the last good Dutch painter of the old period, and the favourite of Peter the Great in Zaandam (Sardam). Works: Portrait of an Admiral, Amsterdam Museum; Dutch Interior, Brussels Museum; Man with Wineglass, in Background a Concert, Hermitage, St. Petersburg.--Immerzeel, ii. 122; Kramm, iii. 893.

KOEHLER, ROBERT, born in Hamburg in 1850. Brought to America in 1854. Genre painter, pupil of the National Academy under Professor Wilmarth, and of the Art Students’ League under Walter Shirlaw; afterward studied in Munich under Lœftz and Defregger. Exhibited first in National Academy in 1878. Works: Her only Support (1883); Socialist (1885).

KOEKKOEK, BAREND CORNELIS, born at Middelburg, Zeeland, Oct. 11, 1803, died at Cleves, April 5, 1862. Landscape painter, son and pupil of Johannes Hermanus Koekkoek (marine painter, 1778–1851, by whom there is a Sea View, 1847, in the New Pinakothek at Munich), and student of Amsterdam Academy under Schelfhout and Van Oos; travelled in Belgium, in the Ardennes, on the Rhine, and Moselle, visited Paris, afterwards settled at Beck in Gelderland, and in 1841 founded an Academy of Design at Cleves. Member of Rotterdam and St. Petersburg Academies in 1840. Orders of the Lion (1839) and of Leopold (1842); L. of Honour; gold medals in Amsterdam (1840), Paris (1840 and 1843), and The Hague. Works: Wood-Interior (1840); do. (1843); Oak-Wood in Damp Weather; Landscape on Nether Rhine; Summer Landscape, Winter Landscape (1843), National Gallery, Berlin; Landscapes (2, one dated 1853), Ravené Gallery, ib.; do. (1), Carlsruhe Gallery; do. (2, 1851, 1852), Leipsic Museum; do. (1838, 1848), Museum, Amsterdam; Landscape with Cattle, City on a River, Four others, Museum Fodor, ib.; Forest, View in Guelders, Winter, Rotterdam Museum; View near Cleves (1846), Antwerp Museum; Marines (2), South Kensington Museum; View on the Moselle, Historical Society, New York; Dutch Landscape, W. H. Vanderbilt, ib.; Landscape, J. W. Drexel, ib.; Street in Antwerp, M. K. Jesup, ib.; Landscape, Market, Church, R. L. Stuart Collection, ib.; Landscape, J. T. Martin, Brooklyn.--Cotta’s Kunstbl. (1836), 187; (1840), 361; D. Kunstbl. (1856), 52, 407; Immerzeel, ii. 123; Kramm, iii. 896; vii. 95; Larousse, ix. 1238.

KOEKKOEK, HERMANUS, born at Middelburg, March 13, 1815, died at Haarlem, Nov. 5, 1882. Landscape and marine painter, son and pupil of Johannes Hermanus, and brother of preceding. Member of Amsterdam Academy in 1840. Works: Calm Water with Fishing Smacks (2), River View, View on Zuyder-Zee, three others, Museum Fodor, Amsterdam; Agitated Sea, Rotterdam Museum; Sea on Dutch Coast, Kunsthalle, Hamburg.--Immerzeel, ii. 126.

KOELBL, ALOIS, born in Munich, Jan. 14, 1820, died there, March 28, 1871. Genre painter, pupil of the Munich Academy under Heinrich von Hess, then of Bernhard in portrait painting; visited Italy in Michael Echter’s company, and finally devoted himself to small genre subjects. Works: Clerks in a Sacristy (1852); Walk (1859); Preparing for a Sunday Walk (1860); Recruit in the Kitchen; Palatine Rudolph I. and Duke Otto in the Battle of Göllheim (large fresco), National Museum, Munich.--Allgem. d. Biogr., xvi. 466; Allgem. Zeitg., April 2, 1871, Beilage, 92.

KOETS, ROELOF, born at Zwolle in 1656, died there in 1725. Dutch school; portrait painter, pupil of Gerard Terburg; was much employed by Henry Casimir of Nassau, Stadtholder of Friesland, and afterwards by William III., and is said to have painted five thousand portraits. Works: Portrait of Henry Casimir of Nassau, Amsterdam and Antwerp Museums; Female Portrait, Lille Museum.--Immerzeel, ii. 127.

KOHL, LUDWIG, born in Prague, April 14, 1746, died there, June 18, 1821. History painter, pupil of Vienna Academy, of which he was made member in 1769, and in 1775 professor at the newly-erected Model School in Prague. Honorary member of Parma Academy, 1773. Works: Dido, Cleopatra, St. Aretius (1767); Virginius stabbing his Daughter (1769); Adoration of the Cross (1770), Prague Gallery; Joseph’s Dream, Martyrdom of St. Lawrence (1771); Nativity (1773); Madonna (1775); St. James (1776); St. Barbara (1779); Tarquin and Lucretia (1780); Death of Lucretia, Solomon in Idolatry (1785); Trinity (1786); Hannibal’s Oath, Cupid and Psyche, Temple of Hygeia, Three Graces, Socrates in Prison (1801); Abstinence of Scipio, Gothic Church, Rittersaal, Gothic Tomb, Schlosskirche in Prague, Coronation Hall at Prague, Interior of Schlosskirche (1803); St. Bartholomew (1812); St. Cecilia, Magdalen, Catherine, John Baptist, Susanna, Joseph in Egypt, Queen Zenobia, Crucifixion, Entombment (before 1818); Assembly of the Notables in Coronation Hall at Prague.--Allgem. d. Biogr., xvi. 428; Wurzbach, Biogr. Lex., xii. 292.

KÖHLER, CHRISTIAN, born at Werben, Altmark, Oct. 13, 1809, died at Montpellier, Jan., 1861. History and portrait painter, pupil of the Düsseldorf Academy under Schadow, of whose school he became one of the foremost artists. Works: Rebekah at the Well (1833); Song of Miriam (1837), Cologne Museum; Poetry (1838); Semiramis (1843); Hagar and Ishmael (1844), Düsseldorf Gallery; Finding of Moses; Exposure of Moses; Triumph of David; Susanna; Romeo and Juliet; Gretchen at the Spinning-Wheel; Mignon; Germania with the Genius of Liberty (1849), New York Historical Society; Semiramis (1852), National Gallery, Berlin; Portrait of Ferd. Hiller.--Allgem. d. Biogr., xvi. 438; Wolfg. Müller, Düsseld. K., 34; Wiegmann, 139.

KÖHNHOLZ, JULIUS, born in Bremen, March 7, 1839. Landscape painter, self-taught in Munich and on travels in Italy, Tyrol, and in the Austrian and Bavarian Alps. Medal in London (1874). Works: Storm on Lake Constance (1871); Sirocco Storm on Coast of Genoa (1872); Evening on Riviera di Ponente, Traun Lake (1873); Storm on Italian Coast; Lake Garda near Malcesine.--Müller, 305.

KOKEN, EDMUND, born at Hanover, June 4, 1814, died there, Oct. 30, 1872. Landscape painter, studied at the Polytechnic School in Hanover and then in Munich (1836–44), where he was especially allied with Kreling and much influenced by Rottmann. Works: Great Wood Landscape, Cottage on a Pond, Landscape with Figures, Evening Landscape, Street about Christmas Time, Twelve Cartoons of Landscapes, Provinzial Museum, Hanover; Several in Royal Gallery, ib.--Allgem. d. Biogr., xvi. 455.

KOKEN, GUSTAV, born in Hanover, Aug. 8, 1850. Landscape painter, pupil in Hanover of his uncle, Edmund Koken and in Weimar of Theodor Hagen. Works: Winter Landscape (1877); Heath (1878); Evening Landscape in Thuringia (1879); Wall Paintings in Villa Hügel, Hanover.--Leixner, D. mod. K., i. 58; ii. 117; Müller, 305.

KOKEN, PAUL, born in Hanover, Jan. 2, 1853. Landscape painter, son of, and first instructed by, Edmund Koken, then studied in Munich under the influence of Lier and in Weimar under that of Theodor Hagen; travelled on the Rhine, in South Germany, and North Italy. Works: Evening in Autumn; Wood Interior.--Müller, 305.

KOLBE, KARL WILHELM, the younger, born in Berlin, March 7, 1781, died there, April 8, 1853. History painter, pupil of Berlin Academy under Chodowiecki, formed himself chiefly after the works of Dutch masters. Member of Berlin Academy in 1815, professor and senator in 1830. Works: Duke Albrecht Achilles taking an Ensign; Otto the Great in Battle; Doge and Dogaressa; Battle at Fehrbellin; Last Moments of Duke Wratislaw of Pomerania; Scenes from Nibelungen Lied, Marble Palace, Potsdam; Ascension, Schlosskirche, ib.; Mediæval Street, Knights of Teutonic Order (1824), Marienburg, Charles V. in Flight, The Dead Frederick Barbarossa at Battle of Antioch, National Gallery, Berlin (lent to Stettin Museum).--Allgem. d. Biogr., xvi. 463; Kunstblatt (1850), 177; (1851), 110; (1853), 142, 380; Rosenberg, Berl. Malersch., 25.

KOLITZ, LOUIS, born in Tilsit, April 5, 1845. Military, genre, and battle painter, pupil of Berlin Academy, then in Düsseldorf of Oswald Achenbach; influenced by Karl Sohn and Bendemann; took part in the campaign of 1866 and 1870–71, and became in 1880 director of Cassel Academy. Medal in Vienna in 1873. Works: Decamping of Lansquenets (1868); Siege of a City (1869); Wood Border near Orléans, French Infantry before Metz (1872); Taking of French Battery, Prussians at Mars la Tour (1873); Battle of Gravelotte, Uhlan-Vedette, Great Army of Napoleon in Winter; Scene from Skirmish at Vendôme, From Scene of Action before Metz (1870), National Gallery, Berlin; Funeral Procession (1884).--Kunst-Chronik, xx. 749; Meyer, Conv. Lex., xviii. 558; Müller, 306; Leixner, Mod. K., i. 51; ii. 88, 114.

KOLLE, CLAUS ANTON, born at Sandby, Laaland, Nov. 25, 1827, died in Copenhagen, Sept. 2, 1872. Landscape painter, pupil of Copenhagen Academy; went in 1854 to Dresden and Munich as a scene painter, then painted historical subjects and portraits before devoting himself to landscape; went in 1857 to Rome, where he spent several years; was at Biarritz in 1867 and at Aix-la-Chapelle in 1869. Member of Copenhagen Academy. Works: Christ at Emmaus (1857); Wood Section on Himmelbjerget (1860), Copenhagen Gallery; View in the Colosseum, Temple of Vesta, View on Lake Nemi (1862); Forest of Vinderöd (1866); Rocky Precipices at Möen (1867); Rain in Oat-Fields (1870); Spring in the Woods; Coast View at Oen Moen (1871), Copenhagen Gallery.--Sig. Müller, 212; Weilbach, 394.

KOLLER, RUDOLF, born in Zürich in 1828. Idyl and animal painter, pupil in Zürich of Ulrich; studied then in Stuttgart, and one year at the Düsseldorf Academy, finally in Belgium and Paris after the old masters. In 1850–51 he lived in Munich, and in 1856 settled in Zürich. Medal, Paris, 2d class, 1878. Works: Farming in Switzerland (1869); Watering Place, Storm in the Mountains (1870); Cows in Cabbage Field; Herd in the Alps, Musée Rath, Geneva; Lake of Wallenstädt; Idyl from Berner Oberland, Saint Gall Museum; Mid-day Rest, Evening Landscapes (2), Alp in Engelberg Valley, White Horse in Stable, Zürich Gallery; Stag-Hunt; Cow and Calf run astray in the Mountains (1856), Berne Museum; Cows in Fog; Autumn Evening; Cows with Maid; Meeting (1875); After Sunset; Four Oxen Ploughing, Dresden Museum; Siesta, Morning on the Alp (1885).--D. Kunstbl. (1853), 411; (1857), 227; Kunst-Chronik; Müller, 306; Zeitschr. f. b. K., xx. 115.

KOLLER, WILHELM, born in Vienna in 1829, died in Germany in 1885. Historical genre painter, pupil of Vienna and Düsseldorf (1851–55) Academies; lived in 1856–59 in Antwerp, then settled in Brussels. A few years ago he removed to Paris, but became reduced in his circumstances and went to Germany, where he is said to have succumbed to privations. Works: Place of Refuge; Emigrants; Scenes from Peasants’ War; Marriage of Archduke Ferdinand with Philippine Welser; Tilly’s Retreat after Battle of Magdeburg; Baptism of Luther; Faust and Gretchen in the Garden; Sunday Morning; Dürer receiving Message from Margaret of Parma; Wedding Procession of Archduke Maximilian in Ghent; Philippine Welser interceding for her Husband; Charles V. at Fugger’s; Emperor Maximilian at Dürer’s; Departure for the War; Almsgiving; Hugo van der Goes painting Portrait of the Infanta Marie de Bourgogne, New York Museum.--Art Journal (1867), 9; Journal des B. Arts (1860), 144; Kunst-Chronik, xx. 605.

KOLLOCK, MARY, born in Norfolk, Va., in 1840. Landscape painter, studied at the Pennsylvania Academy, Philadelphia, under Robert Wylie, and in New York with J. B. Bristol and A. H. Wyant. Studio in New York; exhibits at the National Academy. Works: Midsummer in the Mountains (1876); On the Road to Mount Marcy (1877); Evening Walk (1878); Coming Home (1879); Two-hundred-and-twenty-year-old House in East Hampton (1880); Empty Chair (1881); On Rondout Creek, Blind Fiddler (1882); Brook (1883); Gathering Wild Flowers (1884).

KOMPE (Compe), JAN TEN, born at Amsterdam, Feb. 14, 1713, died there in 1761. Dutch school; landscape and city view painter, pupil of Dirk Dalens, the younger (1688–1753), but took Jan van der Heyden and Gerrit Berkheyde for his models. Works: Market in Haarlem, Copenhagen Gallery; Country House near Antwerp (1755), Street in Dutch City, Gotha Museum; Landscape with Sheep (1757), Kunsthalle, Hamburg; View of Dutch Gracht (1740), Moat of Dutch City, Schwerin Gallery.--Immerzeel, i. 144; Kramm, i. 258; Scheltema, Aemstels Oudh., v. 70.

KÖNIG, (FRANZ) NIKOLAUS, born in Berne, April 5, 1760, died March 27, 1832. Landscape painter, pupil of Freudenberger at Berne. Lived at Interlaken in 1798–1800. Works: The Staubbach (1804), Berne Museum; Interlaken and Unterseen.--Allgem. d. Biogr., xvi. 505; Cotta’s Kunstblatt (1822), 344; (1832), 212; Goethe, Ueber Kunst und Alterthum, ii. 132.

KÖNIG, GUSTAV, born in Coburg, April 2, 1808, died in Erlangen, April 30, 1869. History painter, pupil of the Nuremberg Art School in 1830–32, then of the Munich Academy under Schnorr. Painted seven scenes from Saxon history for the Duke of Coburg, and thenceforth took his subjects principally from the Reformation period, as he is also called Luther-König. Works: Seven Scenes from Reformation in Saxony (1837, seq.); Elector John Frederic at Chess; Nathan’s Sermon before David (1861), New Pinakothek, Munich; Luther and Zwingli at Marburg (1862).--Allgem. d. Biogr., xvi. 512; Dioskuren (1870), 177; Förster, v. 104; Reber, ii. 53; Regnet, i. 343; Ebrard, Gust. König, sein Leben u. s. Kunst (Erlangen, 1870).

KÖNIG, JOHANN, flourished at Augsburg about 1600. German school, history painter; executed for the town hall at Augsburg a Last Judgment, the Story of Ananias and Sapphira, and three Allegories on the Manner of Ruling. He often painted on agate, marble, and other stones, e.g., the Last Judgment and the Passage of the Israelites through the Red Sea, painted on both sides of an agate, in the University Library at Upsala. In the Vienna Museum are four pictures of the Seasons, represented by children playing, harvesting, etc. If identical with the painter of a series of four landscapes in the Sienna Academy, and with Jacob König, by whom are four landscapes with figures in the Gallery at Wiesbaden, and several in the Städel Gallery at Frankfort, he was in Rome in 1613, and there possibly a pupil of Elsheimer, of whose well-known picture Contento he made a copy in 1617, which is in the royal palace at Munich. By his son, Niklaes, who flourished at Nuremberg about 1600 (?), there is a Rough Sea in the Dresden Gallery.--Bode, Studien, 317; Nagler, vii. 117.

KÖNIGGRÄTZ, BATTLE OF, Georg Bleibtreu, National Gallery, Berlin; canvas, H. 4 ft. 11 in. × 9 ft. 11 in. On a small elevation in centre King William on a black horse with his suite, Bismarck, Moltke, Roon, etc., watching the battle; in foreground, a detachment of captured Austrians coming towards the spectator; from the right the body-guard galloping forward; in the middle-ground a cavalry combat; on the height to the left the forest of Dub, and at the right the village of Problus on fire.--Jordan (1885), i. 16.

KÖNIGSWIESER, HEINRICH, flourished second half of 16th century. German school; pupil of Cranach, the younger, in Wittenberg, whither he was sent in 1552 by Duke Albert of Prussia. Work: Christ on Mount of Olives, Königsberg Cathedral.--W. & W., ii. 433.

KONINCK, DAVID DE. See Coninck.

KONINCK (Koning), PHILIP DE, born at Amsterdam, Nov. 5, 1619, died there, buried Oct. 4, 1688. Dutch school. Landscape, history, and portrait painter, pupil of Rembrandt. Lingelbach and Dirk van Bergen painted the figures in some of his landscapes, which generally represent extensive views with surprising truth to nature and grand atmospheric effect. Works: Landscapes (2), National Gallery, London; Landscape (long attributed to Rembrandt), Lord Overstone, ib.; Mouth of a Dutch River, Hague Museum; Landscape (1676), Entrance to a Forest, Amsterdam Museum; Landscape (1664), Rotterdam Museum; View near Scheveningen, Museum, Brussels; Landscape, Arenberg Gallery, ib.; do. (1664), Rotterdam Museum; Daughter of Jairus, Surgical Operation (1650), Old Woman with a Pot, Kunsthalle, Hamburg; Merry Skippers at the Inn (1646), Schwerin Gallery; Portrait of the Poet Joost van Vondel (1656 and 1662).--Allgem. d. Biogr., xvi. 535; Ch. Blanc, École hollandaise; Burger, Musées, i. 53; ii. 181; Immerzeel, ii. 128; Kramm, iii. 901; Kugler (Crowe), ii. 387; Stuers, 65.

KONINCK (Koning), SALOMON, born at Amsterdam in 1609, died there after 1663. Dutch school. History, genre, and portrait painter, pupil of David Colyns and Nicolaas Moyaert, and later a follower of Rembrandt. Became member of the Painter’s Guild at Amsterdam in 1630. Works: Young Man Reading (1630), Bridgewater Gallery, London; Joseph explaining Pharaoh’s Dream (attributed to Rembrandt), Lord Scarsdale, Keddleston Hall; The Goldweigher (1654), Rotterdam Museum; St. Jerome, Basle Museum; Portrait of a Rabbi, Calling of St. Matthew (1646); Crœsus and Solon, Berlin Museum; Old Philosopher (1649), Brunswick Museum; Lady at Toilet, Turkish Warrior, Copenhagen Gallery; Hermit Reading (1643), Old Man with Turban, Old Bearded Man with Telescope, Dresden Museum; David playing before Saul, Städel Gallery, Frankfort; Lady’s Portrait, Gotha Museum; Christ in the Temple, Old Pinakothek, Munich; Parable of the Vineyard, Old Man, do. in Profile, Hermitage, St. Petersburg; Male Portrait, Schleissheim Gallery; Saul and David, Joseph explaining Pharaoh’s Dreams (1655), Vision of Zachariah, Old Man’s Portrait, Schwerin Gallery; Scholar in his Study, Stuttgart Museum; Portraits, Madrid Museum.--Allgem. d. Biogr., xvi. 535; Ch. Blanc, École hollandaise; Burger, Musées, ii. 181; Kugler (Crowe), ii. 393; Quellenschriften, xiv. 148; Stuers, 91.

KONINGSLOO. See Conincxloo.

KONRAD VON SOEST, German school, flourished early part of 15th century. The most prominent master of the school of Soest, which he raised to a standard equal to that of Rhenish art. Works: Great Altarpiece at Nieder-Wildungen (1402); Pictures in Münster and Soest.--Allgem. d. Biogr., xvi. 652.

KOOI, WILLEM BARTEL VAN DER, born at Augustïnusga, Friesland, May 13, 1768, died at Leewarden, July 14, 1836. Genre and portrait painter, pupil of Frans Swart, Johannes Verrier (1721–97), and Hermanus Wouter Beckkerk (1756–96), at Leewarden; in 1804 studied at Düsseldorf. Member of Amsterdam, Antwerp, and Ghent Academies. Works: Portraits of himself and Dirks Jacobs Ploegsma, The Love Letter (1808), Portrait of Johannes Kobell (1811), Piano-playing Interrupted, Portraits (3, 1804, copies after Van Dyck), Amsterdam Museum.--Immerzeel, ii. 131; Kramm, iii. 904.

KOPISCH, AUGUST, born in Breslau, May 26, 1799, died in Berlin, Feb. 3, 1853. Landscape painter, pupil of the Prague and Vienna Academies; studied in Dresden in 1819–22, and after visiting Rome, Naples, and Breslau, lived in Berlin in 1833–47, when he moved to Potsdam. Works: Falls at Terni; Blue Grotto at Capri; Pontine Marshes at Sunset (1848), National Gallery, Berlin.--Allgem. d. Biogr., xvi. 661; Kunstblatt (1853), 70, 159; Rosenberg, Berliner Malerschule, 339.

KÖRLE, PANGRAZ, born in Munich, Oct. 21, 1823, died there, April 23, 1875. Genre painter, pupil of the Munich Academy, then of Bernhardt in portrait painting; went in 1845 to Vienna, where, through study in the galleries and under Waldmüller’s influence, he was led to take up genre. Returned in 1848 to Munich, where he soon devoted himself successfully to subjects from the Rococo period. Works: The Broken Vase, Leipsic Museum; Waitress; Applause; Consolation; In the Ancestral Hall; Fettered; Angry Lovers; A Little Misfortune; Ladies making Music; Cavalier and Waitress.--Allgem. d. Biogr., xvi. 705; Allgem. Zeitg., May 1, 1875; Kunst-Chronik, x. 507.

KORNEK, ALBERT, born in Breslau, Jan. 11, 1813. History, genre, and portrait painter, pupil of Berlin Academy under Kloeber, and of Düsseldorf Academy under Karl Sohn; returned to Berlin in 1840. Works: Faust and Gretchen; Jacob and Rachel; Holy Family; St. Ann with her Daughter Mary; St. Cecilia; Italian Woman with Children before a Madonna; Latest Despatch.--Müller, 307.

KÖRNER, ERNST, born at Stibbe, West Prussia, Nov. 3, 1846. Landscape and marine painter, pupil of Eschke, later of Steffeck and Gottlieb Biermann; visited the coasts of the North and Baltic Seas, the Hartz Mountains, Northern France (1868), Italy (1869), England and Scotland (1872), then Egypt and the entire East (1873–74), and Italy again in 1876. Medals in Vienna (1873), and Philadelphia (1876). Works: Douarenez in Brittany (1869); After the Storm, Faraglioni in Capri (1872); Grotto in Capri, Golden Horn (1873); Suez (1874), Stettin Museum; Damascus (1874); Mahmudieh Canal (1875); Baalbec on the Lebanon; Sea near Alexandria; Colossus of Memnon at Sunset; Sioot in Upper Egypt in the Twilight.--Müller, 308; Leixner, Mod. K., i. 93; ii. 119; Rosenberg, Berl. Malersch, 341.

KOSAREK, ADOLF, born in Heraletz, Bohemia, Jan. 6, 1830, died in Prague, Oct. 30, 1859. Landscape painter, pupil of Prague Academy under Haushofer. Works: View near Parduleitz, Summer Day, In the Woods (1854); View in Middle Bohemia, Ideal Landscape (1855); Wood Landscape (1856); Cemetery by the Sea, Winter Night (1857); Solitude, From the Valleys of Kokorschin, Ideal Landscape (1858).--Allgem. d. Biogr., xvi, 737.

KOSKULL, ANDERS GUSTAF, Baron, born in Stockholm, Nov. 27, 1831. Genre painter, studied at first at home, then at the Düsseldorf Academy under Karl Sohn and Tidemand, and in Paris under Couture; returned to Sweden in 1860, visited Germany in 1862, studying especially in the Berlin and Dresden Galleries. Member of Stockholm Academy since 1868. Works: Beggar Family; Prayer at Church; Peasants before Church; Chimney Sweep is Coming! Sexton’s Collection; Morning after the Ball; Girls on the Ice; Oblation at Church; Savoyard in Prison; Household Work, Stockholm Museum.--Müller, 308.

KOSSAK, JULIUS, born in Lemberg, Galicia, about 1830. Genre and animal painter; attracted general attention at the exhibitions in Lemberg when fifteen, studied afterwards in Paris under Horace Vernet, and became especially an admirable painter of horses. Works: Horse-Market at Prague; Cossacks on the March; Three Pictures illustrating the Polish Epic Mohort (1856); Poniatowski visiting Mohort’s Stud in the Ukraine; Potocki receiving the Staff Field-Marshal.--Wurzbach, Biog. Lex., xiii. 2.

KOTSCH, THEODOR, born in Hanover in 1818, died at Munich, Nov. 27, 1885. Landscape painter, studied in Hanover and Munich, then from nature in the Hartz and Solling Mountains, and about 1860 settled in Carlsruhe, chiefly attracted there by Schirmer. Works: Weser Landscape, Landscape in the Hartz (1861); Under High Trees (1863); Late Evening (1865); The Regenstein in the Hartz (1866), Carlsruhe Gallery; Road with Horseman, Provinzial Museum, Hanover; Kloster Michelstein in the Hartz, Trees by the Water at Sunset, Hartz Landscape, View in Upper Bavaria (1867); Oak Hill with Outlook on Ammensee, German Wood Landscape, Saw-Mill, Evening in June (1874); Woody Landscape (1877).--Kunst-Chronik, xx. 252; xxi. 52; Müller, 308.

KOTZEBUE, ALEXANDER VON, born in Königsberg, June 9, 1815. History and battle painter, pupil of St. Petersburg Academy under Sauerweid; won great gold medal in 1844, lived then in Paris until 1848, visited the Netherlands and Italy, and settled in Munich. Medal, Paris, 3d class, 1867. Works: Storming of Warsaw (1844); Storming of Schlüsselburg; Battle of Poltava; Storming of Narva; Suvoroff crossing Panixer Pass; Episode from Battle on the Trebbia; Skirmish at the Devil’s Bridge; Crossing the Bothnic Gulf; Foundation of St. Petersburg, Maximilianeum, Munich; General Scheremetjeff receiving for Peter the Great the Oath of Allegiance of City of Riga.--D. Kunstbl. (1856), 46; (1857), 62; (1858), 60; Müller, 309; Land und Meer (1870), i. 27.

KOWALSKI VON WIERUSZ, ALFRED, born in Warsaw, Poland; contemporary. History and genre painter, pupil of Warsaw, Dresden, and Munich Academies, at the latter under Alexander Wagner and Joseph Brandt. Medal, 2d class, Munich, 1883. Many of his paintings are owned in England and America. Works: Battue in Poland; Duel after the Ball; Genre Scenes from 18th Century; Military Scenes among the Circassians; Episodes from the Fights between Russians and Mountaineers in Transcaucasia; Travelling in Russia, Knoedler & Co., New York; Hunting Scene (Morgan sale, New York, 1886, $2,225).--Müller, 309.

KOZAKIEWICZ, ANTON, born in Cracow in 1844. Genre painter, pupil of Cracow Art School and Vienna Academy under Engerth; settled in Munich. Works: Last Moments of a Leader (1869); A Recovery (1870); Grandfather’s Teacher (1871); Child’s Delight (1872); Forsaken (1873); Preparing for Battle (1875); Bag-Piper (1876); Artist’s Studio; Soldier’s Lot; Night-Scene in Poland; First Steps; Fortune Teller (1884).--Müller, 309.

KRABBETJE. See Asselyn.

KRAFFT, JOHANN AUGUST, born at Altona, April 27, 1798, died in Rome, Dec. 29, 1829. Genre painter, pupil of the Dresden Academy under Hartmann, went in 1824 to Munich, and in 1825 to Vienna. Finally settled in Rome. Works: Roman Carnival (1828), Thorwaldsen Museum, Copenhagen; Old Beggar, Gallery, ib.; Scenes from German life.--Allgem. d. Biogr., xvii. 15; Andresen, ii. 345; Raczynski, iii. 318; Weilbach, 374.

KRAFFT, PETER, born at Hanau, Sept. 17, 1780, died in Vienna, Oct. 28, 1856. History painter, pupil of the Hanau Academy, and in Vienna of Füger; went in 1802, with Schnorr von Karolsfeld, to Paris, where he became an adherent of David’s school. In 1806 he returned to Vienna, visited Rome in 1808, painted mostly portraits, but did not succeed until 1813 in establishing his fame by a subject from contemporary history. Member of the Vienna Academy in 1813, of the Hanau Academy in 1815; corrector and professor at the Vienna Academy in 1823; director of the Belvedere Gallery in 1828; honorary member of the Copenhagen Academy in 1839. Works: Landwehrmann’s Farewell (1813), Landwehrmann’s Return (1820), Vienna Museum; Archduke Charles at Aspern (1815); Victory at Leipsic (1816), Furstenberg Gallery, Donaueschingen; Coronation of Francis I. (1822), Pesth Museum; Count Nicolaus Zriny before Szigeth, Francis I. giving Audience to a Widow (1837); Archduke Charles and Suite (1838); Meeting of the Allies after Battle of Leipsic (1839); Emperor Francis rowing a Man on Laxenburg Pond, Emperor Francis accompanying Poor Man’s Hearse (1854); Belisarius as a Beggar; Ossian and Malvina, Liechtenstein Gallery, Vienna; Manfred; Hermann and Dorothea; St. Cecilia; Rudolph von Hapsburg and the Priest; Scenes from Tasso’s Jerusalem.--Allgem. d. Biogr., xvii. 19; Eitelberger, Kunsthist. Schr., i. 61; Kunstbl. (1857), 4; Wurzbach, xiii. 106.

KRAHE, JOHANN LAMBERT, born in Düsseldorf in 1712, died there in 1790. History painter, went to Italy and painted altarpieces for the Jesuits. Studied the antique, Raphael, and the Carraccis, and was made professor in the Academy of St. Luke in Rome, and the Academy in Florence. Recommended in 1755 to the Elector of the Palatinate, he arranged the Düsseldorf Gallery, later also the Munich Gallery; took a very active part in the foundation of the Düsseldorf Academy, and was its first director. Works: Six Altarpieces, Jesuit Church, Mannheim; The Virgin Sleeping, Mannheim Gallery; Four Ceiling Paintings, Castle Benrath, near Düsseldorf.--Allgem. d. Biogr., xvii. 22.

KRAMOLIN, JOSEF, born at Nimburg, Bohemia, in 1730, died in Carlsbad about 1800. History painter, studied in Prague, became in 1758 a Jesuit lay brother; painted numerous pictures for Jesuit churches and colleges, and lived afterward in Carlsbad. Works: Last Supper; Christ Crucified; David; Abraham’s Sacrifice; Joseph in Egypt; John Baptist; Magdalen; Lazarus; St. Stephen; St. Jerome.--Allgem. d. Biogr., xvii. 31; Wurzbach, Biogr. Lex., xiii. 128.

KRANZBERGER, JOSEF, born at Ratisbon, July 10, 1814, died in Athens, Nov. 26, 1844. History painter, pupil of the Munich Academy under Cornelius, for whom he executed the cartoons for the fresco-cycle in St. Louis’ Church. In 1840 he went with Halbreiter, Claudius Schraudolph, and others to Athens to paint in the Royal Palace. He died of the fever while working on a large altarpiece for the Royal Chapel. Works: Altarpiece, Ratisbon Cathedral; Birth of Christ, Patriarchs, St. Louis Church, Munich; Scenes from Greek War, Royal Palace, Athens.--Allgem. d. Biogr., xvii. 47.

KRAUS, FRIEDRICH, born at Krottingen, East-Prussia, May 27, 1826. Genre and portrait painter, pupil of Königsberg Academy; studied then in Paris (1852–54) and Rome (1855), and settled in Berlin in 1855. Works: Farm Yard with Children (1859), Ravené Gallery, Berlin; Children playing with Young Dogs, Stettin Museum; New Dress; Game of Chess; Reading Girl; City News; Sleeping Girl; Burgomaster Six at Rembrandt’s; Potato Harvest; Weekly Visit; Driving to Dinner; Sebastiano del Piombo’s Visit to Titian; Titian and his Sweetheart; Morning Call (1872); Bacchante Awakening (1880).--Müller, 309; Rosenberg, Berliner Malerschule, 318.

KRAUS, GEORG MELCHIOR, born in Frankfort, July 26, 1737, died in Weimar, Nov. 5, 1806. Landscape painter and engraver, pupil at Cassel of Johann Heinrich Tischbein, and in 1761–67 at Paris of Greuze and Boucher. Went to Weimar in 1775, and in 1780 was made director of the Art Academy. Member of Vienna Academy in 1768, afterward of Berlin Academy. Works: Mother feeding her Child (1762), Leipsic Museum; Male Portrait, Weimar Museum; Portrait of Goethe (1776); Illustration of Wieland’s Oberon; Swiss Peasant Houses.--Allgem. d. Biogr., xvii. 72; Nagler, Mon., iii. 62; Goethe, Aus meinem Leben, Bk. xx.

KRAUSE, WILHELM, born in Dessau, Feb. 27, 1803, died in Berlin, Jan. 8, 1864. Marine painter, studied in Dresden in 1821–24, then in Berlin under Gropius and Wach; made his first attempt at marine painting in 1828, though he had never seen the sea, and then visited Rügen in 1830, Norway, 1831, Holland 1834, Paris and Normandy in 1836, and at last the Mediterranean. Member of the Berlin Academy in 1832, and professor in 1834. Works: Strand of Scheveningen; Mouth of the Seine; View of Arcona; Return of the Fisherman; Coast of Pomerania (1828), Storm at Sea (1831), Scotch Coast in a Storm (1858), National Gallery, Berlin; Approaching Storm (1847), Ravené Gallery, ib.--Allgem. d. Biogr., xvii. 81; Cotta’s Kunstblatt (1840), 264; (1842), 103; D. Kunstblatt (1852), 400; Jordan (1885), ii. 126; Rosenberg, Berliner Malerschule, 333.

KRAY, WILHELM, born in Berlin; contemporary. Landscape and genre painter, spent some time in Rome and Venice, and then settled in Vienna. Works: Young Italian Woman with her Child; Fisherman and Mermaid; Ave Maria; Night in Bay of Naples; Undine listening to Tale of a Playmate (1879); Bathing Women; Psyche (1884).--Müller, 310.

KRAYER. See Craeyer.

KRELING, AUGUST VON, born at Osnabrück, May 23, 1819, died in Munich, April 23, 1876. History painter, pupil in Munich of Cornelius; visited Venice in 1847 and became, in 1853, director of the Art School in Nuremberg, which he thoroughly reorganized and brought into great repute. Works: First Harvest after Thirty Years’ War; Erwin von Steinbach in the Woods (1849), Provinzial Museum, Hanover; Coronation of Louis the Bavarian, Maximilianeum, Munich; Ceiling in the Theatre at Hanover; Huguenots on Night of St. Bartholomew, Nuremberg Museum; Visit to Monastery; Monk as Painter; Monk as Sculptor; Blind Man’s Buff; Education of Wolfram von Eschenbach (1853), Kunsthalle, Hamburg.--Allgem. d. Biogr., xvii. 115; Illust. Zeitg. (1873), i. 271; (1874), ii. 467; (1876), i. 468; Nagler, Mon., i. 350; Land und Meer (1872), No. 5; (1876), ii. 735.

KRELL, HANS, flourished in Leipsic in 1533–73. Portrait painter, called by his contemporaries the Painter of Princes. Works: Portraits of the Elector Friedrich I. and his Bride (1534), City Library, Leipsic.--W. & W., ii. 434.

KREMER, PETRUS, born in Antwerp, May 9, 1801. Historical genre painter, pupil of Antwerp Academy under Herreyns and Van Brée; won a medal first year and afterwards all first prizes. Having formed himself after Rubens and Van Dyck, he visited Germany, Italy, and France, and studied especially the Netherlandish old masters in the Louvre. Member of Antwerp and Amsterdam Academies. Works: Peter the Great at Zaandam; Mary Stuart and Rizzio; Paul Potter sketching from Nature; Brouwer taking farewell of Craasbeek; Jan Steen and Maria Herkulens; David Teniers sketching a Village Festival; Reading by Vondel; Count van Buren captive in Spain; Duke of Alva and Bishop of Ypern; Van Dyck’s Deathbed; Brouwer at Craasbeek’s; Lumey, Count van der Marck swearing to avenge the Death of Egmont and Horn, Brussels Museum; Death of Jan van Marnix in Battle of Astruweel; William I. at Admiral de Coligny’s; Daniel Seghers in his Studio; Don Carlos and the Great Inquisitor; Jacques Clément preparing for Murder of Henri III.; Visit of Rubens to Snyders; Poacher and his Son; Fruit Market; Children feeding Birds, Bruges Academy.--Cotta’s Kunstbl. (1840), 361; D. Kunstbl. (1855), 140; Immerzeel, ii. 136.

KRETZSCHMAR, JOHANN KARL HEINRICH, born at Brunswick, Oct. 17, 1769, died in Berlin, March 2, 1847. History and portrait painter, pupil of Johann Friedrich Weitsch; went in 1789 to Berlin, where he studied at the Academy under Frisch and Meil; travelled through Germany, France, and Italy, and after his return became member of the Academy in 1806, professor in 1817, and senator in 1828. Works: The Great Elector pardoning the Prince of Homburg (1800); The Elector, as Crown Prince, returned from the Netherlands (1802); The Elector haranguing his Troops; Portrait of Wach, Christ and the Woman of Samaria, National Gallery, Berlin.--Allgem. d. Biogr., xvii. 141; Cotta’s Kunstb. (1847), 100; Rosenberg, Berliner Malerschule, 24.

KRETZSCHMER, (JOHANN) HERMANN, born at Anclam, Pomerania, in 1811. History, genre, and portrait painter, pupil from 1829, in Berlin, of Wach, and from 1831, in Düsseldorf, of Schadow; went to Rome in 1838, visited Sicily, and in 1840–41 Greece, Egypt, and Constantinople, and in 1854–60 France and England. Lives in Berlin; professor since 1856. Joined the campaigns of 1864–66, by order of King William, to paint battle pieces. Works: Red Riding Hood; Cinderella (1836); Castle Yard; Repast in the Desert; Involuntary Embarkation; Caravan surprised by the Simoom (1844), Leipsic Museum; General Seydlitz; Landing of the Great Elector--Prince Waldemar (1850); First Pleasure Drive of Seydlitz as Page with the Margrave of Schwedt, Schwerin Gallery; The Black Man; The First Breeches; The Cat’s Childbed; Patience; Country Physician; Genre Pictures from the Spreewald (1870–74), Dantzig Museum; Wedding at Gretna Green (1876); Portraits of Mehemet Ali, Abbas Pasha, Abdul Medschid, Queen of Greece, Prince Frederick Charles and Suite (1864).--Müller, K. Lex. d. Gegenw., 310; Cotta’s Kunstblatt (1841), 27; D. Kunstblatt (1856), 15; Raczynski, i. 224; Reber, 483; Rosenberg, Berliner Malerschule, 48; Wolfgang Müller, Düsseldorfer K., 315.

KREUL, JOHANN (FRIEDRICH KARL), born at Ansbach in 1804. Portrait and genre painter, studied in the Art School at Nuremberg, and at the age of twenty-two entered the Munich Academy. Had attained reputation in 1830. Works: Baker examining Coin (1841), New Pinakothek, Munich; Baker-Girls; Peasant Women before a Hut; Peasant Doctor; Girl selling Cherries.--Cotta’s Kunstbl. (1839), 84, 131; (1840), 400; (1847), 16; Kugler, Kl. Schriften.

KREUZER, FRANZ, born in Salgen, near Mindelheim, Nov. 12, 1819, died in Munich, Jan. 25, 1872. Landscape painter, pupil of the Munich Academy under Zimmermann, and from 1839 connected with the Xylographic Institute. In 1849 he visited America in company of Robert Eberle, and returned to Munich in 1852. Works: View near Oberandorf (1863); Berchtesgaden (1865); Around Schönau (1866); Hechtsee (1868); Hintersee (1871).--Allgem. d. Biogr., xvii. 144; Kunst-Chronik, vii. 236.

KREVEL, LUDWIG, born at Brunswick, Sept. 19, 1801, died at Treves, May 14, 1876. Portrait and genre painter, pupil of his father, Johann Wunibald; studied in Paris in 1824–30, and settled in Cologne, whence he went to Treves in 1868. Works: Portrait of Professor Eduard d’Alton (1834); Portrait of Christian Rhaban Ruhl (1846); Emmy, Mannheim Art Union; St. Sebastian, St. Alban’s Church, Cologne; Girl and Parrot; Venetian Fisherman.--Allgem. d. Biogr., xvii. 149; Kunstbl. (1851), 126; Merlo, 244.

KREYDER, ALEXIS, born at Andlau, Alsace, in 1839. Fruit and flower painter, pupil of Laville of Strasbourg. One of the best living artists of his class. Decorated the Demidoff Palace and other buildings. Studio in Paris. Medal in 1867; 2d class, 1884. Works: Offering to Bacchus (1865), Luxembourg Museum; A Spring (1869); Appletree in Blossom (1872); Vineyard, Roses (1873); By a Grain-Field (1874); On the Banks of a Brook (1876); River in Alsace (1880); Roses and Peaches, Cherries and Flowers (1884); Park Corner, Branch of Roses (1885).--Larousse.

KRIEBEL, ANTON MARIA LUDWIG, born in Dresden, July 24, 1823. History and portrait painter, pupil of Eduard Bendemann, and his assistant in painting frescos in the Palace. Visited Germany, Belgium, and Holland, and spent some time at Munich, Antwerp, and Paris. Since 1866 professor at Dresden Academy. Works: Wall-Paintings in Church at Gersdorff (1869).--Müller, 311; Nagler, Mon., iv. 376.

KRIEHUBER, JOSEF, born in Vienna, Dec. 14, 1801, died there, May 30, 1876. Portrait and landscape painter, pupil of the Vienna Academy under Füger; went in 1818 with Prince Sangusko to Poland. After his return to Vienna in 1822 he again frequented the Academy, was a rival of Daffinger as a miniature painter, and became famous for his portraits in lithograph. His landscapes in oil and water-colour are truthful in conception and carefully studied. He painted more than seven thousand portraits. Works: Portraits of all the members of Imperial Family of Austria, of most of the Austrian statesmen, generals, church dignitaries, scholars, poets, and artists from 1830 to 1860; Landscapes and Skirmish Scenes; Storm in the Forest (1856), View on the Danube, Vienna Museum.--Allgem. d. Biogr., xvii. 166; Illust. Zeitg. (1876), i. 454; Kunst-Chronik, vi. 94; xii. 336; Land und Meer (1872), ii. No. 28; Wurzbach, xiii. 219.

KRIGAR, HEINRICH, born in Berlin, May 7, 1806, died there, July 7, 1838. Genre painter, pupil of Berlin Academy and of Wach; visited Holland, Belgium, and France, studied in Paris under Delaroche, and returned to Berlin in 1837. Works: Cinderella (1836); St. Cecilia; Astrologer; Knight and Shield-Bearer (1836), National Gallery, Berlin.--Cotta’s Kunstbl. (1835), 138; Raczynski, iii. 107; Rosenberg, Berliner Malerschule, 36.

KROCKOW VON WICKERODE, OSCAR, Count, born at Thine, Pomerania, March 9, 1826, died in Berlin, Nov. 12, 1871. Animal and landscape painter, pupil in Berlin of W. Krause and in Munich of Albert Zimmermann; lived in Paris in 1856–59, visited Tyrol, Switzerland, Italy, and Russia, and settled in Berlin. Works: Rocks in Lautesch Valley--Tyrol; Bison-Cow defending her Calf against Wolves; Bison-Hunt; Evening on Banks of Narewka; Wild Boars, National Gallery, Berlin.--Jordan, 183.

KRODEL, WOLFGANG, 16th century. One of a family of artists that flourished in Saxony through several generations. Probably pupil of Cranach. Works: Last Judgment (1528), Dessau Gallery; Judith and Holofernes (1555), Darmstadt Museum. By his nephew, Mathias Krodel, who died in 1605, there is a Male Portrait (1591) in the Dresden Gallery.--W. & W., ii. 433; Nagler, Mon., v. 361.

KROGK (Krock), HENDRIK, born at Flensburg, July 21, 1671, died at Copenhagen, Nov. 18, 1738. History and portrait painter, first instructed by a portrait painter at Husum, then studied in Copenhagen, and in 1693 went with Count Gyldenlöve to Italy, which he visited again in 1698 and 1704, when he studied in Rome under Carlo Maratti; was also repeatedly in France. After his return he painted many pictures, especially ceilings, for the royal palaces at Copenhagen, Hirschholm, Fredensborg, and Frederiksborg. Works: Meeting of Jacob and Rachel, Gallery, Copenhagen; Last Judgment, Palna Chapel, ib.; Portrait of Frederik IV.--Weilbach, 381.

KRONBERG, JULIUS, born at Karlskrona, Sweden, Dec. 11, 1850. History and genre painter, pupil of Stockholm Academy; won a prize in 1870, set out to travel in 1873, and has since lived in Paris and Munich. Works: Slumbering Wood-Nymph; Spring; Queen of Sheba.--Müller, 311.

KRONBERGER, KARL, born at Freystadt, Upper Austria, March 7, 1841. Genre painter, pupil of Munich Academy under Anschütz and Hiltensperger. Many of his pictures are in America. Works: Law Proceedings (1873); Raree-Show; Politicians (1874); Last Will; In Great Distress; Another Comet, Harmless Waylayers (1875); At the Baptismal Feast, Aunt is Coming (1876); Theft discovered Too Late (1880).--Müller, 311.

KRÖNER, (JOHANN) CHRISTIAN, born at Rinteln, Hesse, Feb. 3, 1838. Animal painter, studied chiefly from nature in the Bavarian Alps, also in Munich and Düsseldorf. Gold medals in Berlin, 1876, 1879. Works: Deer-Hunt (1864); Deer-Troop (1865); Stag-Hunt (1866); Red-Deer Hunt, After the Fight (1867); In the Morning, Stags Fighting (1868); Stags before the Fight, After the Fight (1872); Deer in Beech-Wood, Boar-Hunt (1874); Wood Landscape with Stags (1875), Düsseldorf Gallery; Stag breaking from the Woods, Provinzial Museum, Hanover; Deer Grazing (1877); Autumn Landscape with Deer, National Gallery, Berlin; Winter Landscape with Boar-Herd; Boar-Hunt, Winter (1878); Deer in Wood; Scene during Pause in Hunting, File of Wild Boars (1882); Stags in Morning Fog on the Brocken (1885).--Jordan, ii. 128; Kunst-Chronik, xxi. 62; Müller, 311; Zeitschr. f. b. K., x. 160; xii. (Mittheilungen, v. 51); xxi. 52.

KRÖYER, PETER SEVERIN, born at Stavanger, Norway, June 24, 1851. Genre and portrait painter, pupil of Copenhagen Academy, and in Paris of Bonnat; gold medal, 1873, for cartoon of David before Saul after slaying Goliath; studied from nature on his travels in Holland, Belgium, Spain, and Italy, especially in Southern Italy. Medals: Paris, 3d class, 1881; 2d class, 1884. Works: Daphnis and Chloë (1879); Sardinière at Concarneau (1880); Village Hatter (1881); Model Studio, Italian Workmen digging in Fields (1882); Portrait of Meldahl (1882); Portrait of the Flower Painter Ottesen; Skagen Fishermen, Artists’ Breakfast at Skagen (1884).--Sig. Müller, 189; Weilbach, 386; Zeitschr. f. b. K., xvi. 295; xvii. 275, 352.

KRUG, ÉDOUARD, born at Drubec (Calvados); contemporary. History and portrait painter, pupil of Cogniet. Medal, 3d class, 1880. Works: Good Samaritan (1863); Communion of Jeanne d’Arc in her Prison (1864); Vender of Silhouettes (1865); Portrait of Artist’s Mother (1869); Entombment (1870); Colonel Langlois (1876), Caen Museum; A Gamin (1877); Martyrdom of St. Philomene (1878); Genius of Christianity (1879); Death of Saint-Clair (1880); Symphorosus and his Seven Sons condemned to Death by the Emperor Hadrian (1882); After the Storm (1883); Œdipus and Antigone (1885).

KRÜGER, EUGEN, born at Altona, Dec. 26, 1832, died at Düsternbrook, near Kiel, July 8, 1876. Landscape and animal painter, pupil in Vienna of Gurlitt (1852), with whom he visited Hungary; then went with Adolf Schreyer to Düsseldorf, where he acquired reputation as a painter of animals of the chase. In 1859 he moved to Hamburg, whence he visited Great Britain, France, Switzerland, Italy, and Sicily, returning to Hamburg in 1876. Received a gold medal from the King of Prussia for his album, called Wood and Game, 1860. Wood with Brook in Morning Fog (last work), Kunsthalle, Hamburg.--Allgem. d. Biogr., xvii. 227; Kunst-Chronik, ii. 62; vi. 9; xii. 449; Meyer, Conv. Lex., xvii. 513.

KRÜGER, FRANZ, born at Radegast, Dessau, Sept. 3, 1797, died in Berlin, Jan. 21, 1857. Portrait and horse painter, self-taught; often called Pferde (Horse) Krüger, for his skill as a painter of horses. Visited St. Petersburg in 1844 and 1850. Member of Berlin Academy in 1825, professor and court-painter. Works: Parade of Regiment of Cuirassiers in Berlin, with more than 100 portraits (1831, for the Czar); Parade of the Guards before Frederick William III. (1839), Homage to Frederick William IV. in 1840, Royal Palace, Berlin; Czar Nicholas and Suite on Horseback (1834); Frederick William IV. with Suite (1842); Start for Chase, Return, Horse-Stable, Dead Rabbit, Sketch to Czar Nicholas and Suite (1834), National Gallery, Berlin; Portrait of King Frederick William IV., Stable Interior (1855), Ravené Gallery, ib.; King Ernest August of Hanover, Provinzial Museum, Hanover; do., and other members of Royal Families of Hanover and Hohenzollern, Royal Gallery, ib.--Allgem. d. Biogr., xvii. 227; Jordan (1885), ii. 129; Kunstblatt (1857), 43, 50, 209; Kunst-Chronik, xxi. 113; Rosenberg, Berliner Malerschule, 284; Zeitschr. f. b. K., xvi. 337.

KRÜGER, KARL (MAXIMILIAN), born at Lübbenau, July 18, 1834, died at Gohlis, near Dresden, Jan. 30, 1880. Landscape painter, pupil of Munich Academy under Ott and Richard Zimmermann, then of Weimar Art School under Michels; travelled in Germany and North Italy, and lived in Dresden since 1870. Called Spreewald-Krüger from the scene of many of his landscapes. Works: Spreewald (1866), National Gallery, Berlin; Mill in Spreewald, Stettin Museum.--Jordan, 187; Kunst-Chronik, xv. 310.

KRUSEMAN, CORNELIS, born in Amsterdam, Sept. 25, 1797, died at Lisse, North Holland, Nov. 14, 1857. History, genre, and portrait painter, pupil of Charles H. Hodges (portrait painter, 1764–1837), Ravelli, and of J. A. Daiwaille; then studied in Paris and Rome, returned to Amsterdam, became member of the Academy, and afterwards removed to Lisse. Order of Lion in 1831; Commander of Oak-Crown Order; gold medal in Brussels in 1851. Called the Italian Kruseman to distinguish him from his cousin, Jan Adam. Works: Praying Family; Sermon of John Baptist; Magdalen; Belisarius as a Beggar; Entombment; Ecce Homo; Scene from Dutch-Belgian War of 1831; Prince of Orange wounded at Bantersem; Old Woman Reading, Happy Household (1817), Departure of Philip II. from Scheveningen (1832), Devotion, Of the same Opinion, Entombment (1830), Amsterdam Museum; Male Portrait (1826), Leyden Museum.--D. Kunstbl. (1857), 424; Immerzeel, ii. 138; Kramm, iii. 911; Larousse, ix. 1272.

KRUSEMAN, JAN ADAM, born in Haarlem, Feb. 12, 1804, died there, March 17, 1862. History and portrait painter, cousin and pupil in Amsterdam of Cornelis, studied then from nature and after the great masters in Amsterdam Museum, and in Brussels under David; returned to Amsterdam in 1825, was co-director of the Academy in 1831–35, and one of the founders of the Society Arti et Amicitiæ. Works: Portrait of Czar Alexander I. (1832); of Kings William I. and William II., Count and Countess van Styrum; Company of Dutch Poets, Portraits of King William II. (1840) and of Adriaan van der Hoop, Elijah and the Shunammite Woman (1825), Young Girl Resting (1827), Amsterdam Museum; Christ and Woman of Samaria; Prodigal Son; Cain and Abel; Noah’s Curse; Narcissus; Joseph and Benjamin; Abraham and Isaac; Shunammite Woman; Male Portraits (1822, 1848), Portrait of Himself (1844), Haarlem Museum; Landscapes (2) (1850), Leipsic Museum; Midday Nap (1855).--Burger, Musées, ii. 160; Immerzeel, ii. 140; Kramm, iii. 914; vii. 97.

KRUSEMAN VAN ELTEN, H. D., born at Alkmaar, Nov. 14, 1829. Landscape painter, pupil in Haarlem of Lieste, and student of nature in Germany, Switzerland, and Tyrol. Continued his studies in Brussels, and settled in Amsterdam, whence he moved to New York in 1865. Member of Rotterdam and Amsterdam Academies, and of Belgian Water Colour Society; A.N.A in 1871, and N.A. in 1883. Medals: Amsterdam, 1860; Philadelphia, 1876. Studio in New York. Works in oil: Early Morning in Woods, Queen of Holland; Well on the Heath (1860); Summer Morning--Esopus Creek (1867); Morning in the Hartz (1871); Passing Shower near Pittsfield (1875); Windmills--Holland, Hurlbut Collection, Cleveland; Corn-fields, Clearing Off--Adirondacks, Grove in the Heath, Russell’s Falls--Adirondacks (1876); Hillside (1879); Grain Field--Connecticut, Summer in Shepaug Valley (1880); Morning on River Banks (1881); Near the River, After the Rain (1882); Midday, Coming Storm (1883). Water-colours: Sunday Morning in Holland (1867); Meadows near Farmington (1871); Evening on Long Island Sound (1875); Scene in Holland, Autumn in the White Mountains (1876); Morning near Gloucester--Mass. (1878); Bright Day in August, Old Settler, Summer Evening (1884).--Sheldon, 196; Müller, 312.

KÜCHLER, ALBERT, born in Copenhagen, May 2, 1803. History and genre painter, pupil of Copenhagen Academy under Eckersberg; received medals in 1822 and 1825, gold medal in 1829; went to Munich in 1830, and then to Rome, where he became a follower of Overbeck. In 1844 he embraced Catholicism, and under the name of Fra Pietro became a Franciscan Monk (1851), since which time he has painted altarpieces only. Member of Copenhagen Academy since 1877. Works: Young Fruit-Seller in Artist’s Studio (1828), Copenhagen Gallery; Christ healing the Sick (1829); Christ appearing to the Disciples; Joseph relating his Dream (1833), Bride dressed by her Mother (1836), Copenhagen Gallery; Family Scene on Lake of Nemi, Roman buying Priest’s Hat for his Child, Little Abbé examined by his Sister, Family of Colonel Paulsen, Thorwaldsen Museum, Copenhagen.--Sigurd Müller, 198; Weilbach, 386; Land und Meer (1874), i. 366.

KÜGELGEN, GERHARD VON, born at Bacharach on the Rhine, Jan. 6, 1772, murdered near Loschwitz, Dresden, March 27, 1820. History and portrait painter, pupil of Zick in Coblentz, and of Fesel in Würzburg; went to Rome in 1791, thence to Munich, Riga (1795), and St. Petersburg (1799), returning home in 1804; visited Paris, and in 1805 settled in Dresden, where he became professor at the Academy in 1814. Member of Berlin and St. Petersburg Academies. Works: Andromeda (1810), Ariadne in Naxos (1816), National Gallery, Berlin; Christ and the two St. Johns; Prodigal Son, Dresden Museum; Moses, Christ, Mohammed, Leipsic Museum; Portraits of Blücher, Gneisenau, Goethe, Schiller, Wieland, and Herder. His son Wilhelm (1802–67) studied at Dresden and Rome, and was court-painter to the last Duke of Anhalt-Bernburg.--Allgem. d. Biogr., xvii. 305; Hasse, Leben G. v. K.; Kaufmann, Bilder aus dem Rheinland (Cologne, 1884), 3; Kügelgen, Jugenderinnerungen; N. Necrol. d. D. (1832), 17; Riegel, 171.

KÜGELGEN, KARL FERDINAND, born at Bacharach in 1772, died at Revel, Russia, Jan. 9, 1832. Landscape painter, twin brother of Gerhard, whom he followed to Russia in 1796. He became court-painter in St. Petersburg, visited the Crimea in 1803 and 1806, by imperial order, and Finland in 1818. Settled in Revel in 1827. Works: Views in Crimea and Finland (85), Imperial Collection; Ten Ideal Landscapes.--Allgem. d. Biogr., xvii. 307; Hasse, Leben G. v. K.

KÜHLING, WILHELM, born in Berlin, Sept. 2, 1823, died in Berlin, Jan. 25, 1886. Landscape and animal painter, pupil of Berlin Academy; visited Switzerland, France, and Italy, painted at first portraits, and after being employed at the Court of Schwerin in 1844–52 settled in Berlin. Works: At the Brook; In Autumn; In the Meadow; At the Ford; Pasture (1874), National Gallery, Berlin.--Müller, 313; Rosenberg, Berl. Malersch., 345.

KUHNEN, (PETER) LUDWIG, born at Aix-la-Chapelle, Feb. 14, 1812. Landscape painter, first instructed in his native city by J. Bastine, a pupil of Louis David, but mostly self-taught by study of nature; painted at first portraits, and in 1836 settled at Brussels. Medals: Brussels, 1841, 1845; Paris, 3d class, 1846; Bruges, 1850; Oporto, 1865; Vienna, Order of Leopold, 1856. Works: Pilgrim in Prayer by Gothic Ruin (1831); Burning of Feudal Castle; Evening Landscape (1841), do. (1846), King of Belgium; Souvenir of Banks of the Meuse (1842); Landscape (1845), Brussels Museum; Wooded Landscape (1847), Ravené Gallery, Berlin; Pictures in Aremberg Gallery, Brussels, and other private collections.--Immerzeel, ii. 142; Kramm, iii. 918; D. Kunstbl. (1852), 389.

KULMBACH, HANS VON, born at Kulmbach, Franconia, flourished in Nuremberg, died there previous to Dec. 3, 1522. Real name Hans Suess, formerly erroneously given as Wagner, then as Fuess. German school. History painter, pupil of Jacopo dei Barbari, then of Albrecht Dürer between 1511 and 1513, and also in 1518, and one of the representative masters of the German school. Works: Adoration of Magi (1511), Female Portrait, Berlin Museum; Triptych with Saints, Carlsruhe Gallery; Figures of Saints (6), Old Pinakothek, Munich; Figures of Saints (5), Finding of the Cross, Germanic Museum, Nuremberg; Triptych with Coronation of the Virgin (1513), St. Sebaldus, ib.; Male Portrait, Oldenburg Gallery; The Trinity and Saints, Nativity, Schleissheim Gallery; Two Portraits (1513), Consul Weber, Hamburg; Four Scenes in History of SS. Peter and Paul (? attributed to Schäuffelin), Uffizi, Florence; Series of Scenes from Legend of St. Catherine, St. Mary’s Church, Cracow. Others in Gallery.--Allgem. d. Biogr., xvii. 363; Förster, ii. 312; Keane, Early Masters, 135; Kugler (Crowe), i. 176; Quellenschriften, x. 134; Rep. f. K., iii. 213; W. & W., ii. 403; Zeitschr. f. bild. Kunst., vi. 329; ix. 156; xi. 352.

KUMMER, KARL ROBERT, born in Dresden, May 30, 1810. Landscape painter, self-taught on travels through Tyrol and in Italy, where he studied in 1831–37; during that period he also visited Dalmatia, Slavonia, and Croatia, and settled in Dresden in 1843; visited Scotland in 1851, Portugal in 1859, Egypt in 1867, and frequented the Alps. Honorary member of Dresden Academy in 1847, professor in 1859. Bavarian Order of Michael, Prussian Order of Red Eagle. Works: Hungarian Steppe; Cattaro; View from Montenegro into Albania; Lake of Scutari; Castle Cintra; Lisbon; Storm on Coast of Palermo; Views on Scotch Coast; View near Arisaig, Scotland, Dresden Gallery; Sunset in the Hebrides, Swiss Landscape, Leipsic Museum.--Illustr. Zeitg. (1869), ii. 391; Kaulen, 29; Müller, 313.

KUNST, CORNELIS CORNELISZEN, born in Leyden in 1493, died in Bruges in 1544. Dutch school. History and portrait painter, son and pupil of Cornelis Engelbrechtsen; was one of the best artists of his native city; moved afterwards to Bruges, where his works are highly esteemed. Had a brother Lucas, surnamed Kok (Cook), who, also a pupil of his father, went to England. Works: Christ bearing the Cross, Sorrow of Mary, Descent from the Cross (all in Leyden).--Allgem. d. Biogr., xvii. 388; Immerzeel, ii. 143; Kramm, iii. 921; Van Mander, 1. 99.

KUNTZ, GUSTAV, born at Wildenfels, Saxony, Feb. 17, 1843, died in Rome, April 2, 1879. Genre painter, pupil in Vienna of Angeli, who in 1871 met him in Rome, where Kuntz worked as a sculptor; lived in Weimar in 1871–72, then visited England, France, Holland, and Belgium; lived from 1873 in Vienna, and in 1877 settled in Rome. Medal in Philadelphia in 1876. Works: Nun in Contemplation (1876), Roman Pilgrim (1878), do. Praying, Dresden Museum; Document Thief; Denied Absolution; The Widow’s Mite; Italian Pilgrims (1877), National Gallery, Berlin.--Jordan (1885), ii. 132; Kunst-Chronik, xiv. 525; Leixner, Mod. K., ii. 66.

KUNTZ, KARL, born in Mannheim, July 28, 1770, died in Carlsruhe, Sept. 8, 1830. Landscape and animal painter, pupil of Mannheim Academy under Rönger and Quaglio; went in 1790 to Switzerland and Milan, and in 1805 became court-painter, and in 1829 director of the Gallery in Carlsruhe. Works: Pasture (1824), National Gallery, Berlin; Landscape, Cattle Pieces (2), Cattle Market, Carlsruhe Gallery; Landscapes with Cattle (3, 1802, 1815), Peasants Embarking on Lake, New Pinakothek, Munich; others in Mannheim Gallery, and in Paris and St. Petersburg. His sons and pupils, Rudolf (1798–1848, Baden court-painter in 1830) and Ludwig (born in 1810), were both able artists in the same line. By Rudolf there are in the Carlsruhe Gallery: View of Stutensee Hunting Lodge, Animal Piece, Horses Watering, Horse Race near Iffezheim.--Allgem. d. Biogr., xvii. 397; Brockhaus, x. 674; Cotta’s Kunstbl. (1830), 340.

KUPELWIESER, LEOPOLD, born at Piesting, Nether Austria, Oct. 17, 1796, died in Vienna, Nov. 17, 1862. History painter, pupil of the Vienna Academy; studied at Dresden in 1816–18, and after having established his reputation by a life-size portrait of the Emperor Francis, visited Italy in 1824–25. Especially attracted by the works of Fra Angelico, he devoted himself entirely to religious art, and after his return home executed numerous altarpieces for churches in Austria, Bohemia, and Hungary, besides fresco paintings in Viennese churches and official buildings. He co-operated with Führich in promoting religious art tendencies. From 1830 corrector, and from 1837 professor, at the Academy; member of most of the European Academies, and received many decorations and honours. Works: Crucifixion; Ascension; Austria surrounded by Symbolical Figures; Assumption; Birth of Mary; Moses praying for Victory (1836), Vienna Museum; Prophecy to the Three Youths Adalbero, Altmann, and Gebhard (1856), New Pinakothek, Munich; Annunciation; frescos in Lerchenfeld Church, Vienna.--Allgem. d. Biogr., xvii. 405; Dioskuren (1862), 384; Kunstbl. (1854), 464; (1856), 174; (1857), 199; Wurzbach, xiii. 392; Raczynski, ii. 553.

KUPETZKY (Kópecky), JOHANN, born at Poesing, Upper Hungary, in 1667, died in Nuremberg, June 4, 1740. German school. History and portrait painter, pupil of the Swiss painter Klaus in Vienna, whence he went to Venice and Rome to study Correggio, Guido, and Titian. After living in Italy twenty-two years, he went upon invitation of Prince Adam von Liechtenstein to Vienna, where he won the favour of Joseph I., Charles VI., and of Prince Eugene of Savoy, and became popular as a portrait painter. Later he went to Nuremberg. He was a capital draughtsman, and a powerful though often heavy colourist. Works: Portrait of Peter the Great, Artist and his Son, Himself at the Easel, King Augustus of Poland, A Hungarian Magnate, Two Female Portraits, Male Portrait, Two Head Studies, Brunswick Museum; Portrait of Himself, Darmstadt and Dresden Museums; do., and Portrait of Rákoczy, Gotha Museum; Male Portrait (of himself?), Kunsthalle, Hamburg; Old Woman with Letter, Leipsic Museum; Lady’s Portrait, Old Pinakothek, Munich; Artist’s Portrait, Milan Academy; do. (2), and Portrait of Rákoczy, A Boy, and Male Portraits (4), Germanic Museum, Nuremberg; Dutch Genre Pieces (2), Artist and his Son, Artist’s Wife, Count Zinzendorf, Man in Armour, Town-hall, ib.; Bishop Baron von Hutten, Artist and his Son, Schleissheim Gallery; St. Peter, Artist’s Portrait, Schwerin Gallery; Portraits of himself and of his wife, Stuttgart Museum; A Lady with her Boy, Artist before Easel (1706), Museum, Vienna; Mythological Subjects, Saints, and Portraits, Liechtenstein Gallery and in other private galleries, ib.; Portraits (10–12), National Museum, Pesth; Prince Eugene of Savoy, Versailles Museum.--Allgem. d. Biogr., xvii. 408; Dlabacz, ii. 160; Füssli, Leben des Geo. Phil. Rugendas u. des Joh. Kupeczky (Zürich, 1758); Kugler (Crowe), ii. 552; Lipowsky, i. 167, 193; Wurzbach, xiii. 396.

KUPPELMAYER, RUDOLF, born at Kaufbeuren in 1843. Genre and portrait painter, pupil of Munich Academy, where he took Kaulbach for his model; studied then for two years in Nuremberg under Kreling, lived in Italy, especially at Venice, in 1869–72, and settled in Munich. Medals in Vienna (1873) and London (1874); Order of Michael (1876). Works: Portrait (1872); Italian Concert (1873); Drunken Soldiers in Thirty Years’ War; After the Bath (1876); Farewell of Duke Albrecht IV. (1879).--Müller, 314.

KURELLA, LUDOVIK VON, born in Warsaw, Aug. 13, 1836. History painter, pupil of Warsaw Academy, studied then in Dresden under Schnorr and in Munich under Kaulbach; went to Rome and visited Paris, Brussels, Antwerp, and Berlin, where he was influenced by Cornelius; returned to Munich, and studied at the Academy under Ramberg. Most of his works are bought in England. Works: Death of Moses; Ferry in Poland; Goldfish; Switezianka; Polish Market (1875).--Müller, 314.

KURTZ, KARL, born in Stuttgart in 1817. Portrait and genre painter, pupil of Stuttgart Art School and of Vienna Academy under Danhauser; visited Hungary, Rome, Venice, Milan, and Florence (1842–44), also France and Belgium; lived in Munich in 1844–45, in Dresden and Berlin in 1846, then visited England and Holland, afterwards repeatedly France and Italy, and in 1848 became professor at the Polytechnic in Stuttgart. Gold medal, 1853; medal, 1859; Order of Frederic. Work: Portrait of King William I. (1853).--Müller, 314.

KURZBAUER, EDUARD, born in Vienna, May 2, 1840, died in Munich, Jan. 13, 1879. Genre painter, pupil of the Vienna Academy in 1857–61, and in Munich of Piloty in 1868–70. His pictures show unusual powers of invention and characterization, with fine qualities of colour. Works: The Story-Teller (1867); Fugitives Overtaken (1868), Vienna Museum; Rejected Suitor (1871); Old Mother; Rural Feast (1873), New Pinakothek, Munich; First Picture-Book, Stuttgart Museum; A Stormy Betrothal-Day, Tasting Wine, Groundless Jealousy (1874); Sunday Sportsman, Before Election, Christmas Tree, Fortune-Teller (1875); The First Step (1877); The Dispute (1877), W. T. Walters, Baltimore; Spinning Room in Black Forest, Dresden Gallery; Calumny (1878); Small Washing; Wreath Binders; Before the Funeral, Vienna Museum.--Allgem. d. Biogr., xvii. 431; Illustr. Zeitg. (1878), i. 156; N. ill. Zeitg. (1881), i. 46, 110; Kunst-Chronik, viii. 466; xiv. 302; Zeitschr. f. b. K., ix. 32; ix. 556; (Mittheilungen, ii. 41); do., x. (iii. 1).

KÜRZINGER, MARIANNE, born in Munich in 1770, died in 1809. History and genre painter, daughter and pupil of Franz Kürzinger (history painter, 1730–90), then studied under Jakob Dorner with such success that she was called the Angelica Kauffman of Bavaria. She married the actor and singer, Johann Kunz, in Munich. Works: Circassian Woman introduced to the Sultan; Circassian Woman Dressing; Death of French Grenadier Latour d’Auvergne; Christ on Mount of Olives.--Lipowsky.

KUWASSEG, KARL, born in Trieste, March 16, 1802, died in Paris, Jan., 1877. Landscape painter, pupil of Gratz Academy under Stark; painted in water-colours in Vienna, and after travelling with Count Schomburg in Southern Europe and in America went to Paris, where he became a naturalized Frenchman. About 1835 Louis Philippe and Baron Rothschild bought some of his pictures and opened the road to success. Medals: 3d class, 1841, 1861, 1863; L. of Honour. Works: Landscape (1835); View of Rio de Janeiro (1837); Chamois-Hunting (1840); View of Villeneuve Saint-George (1841); View of Machemont (1842); River Yères (1844); Views of Ermenonville (1845); Souvenir of South America (1846); View of Guayaquil (1847); View of Tréport (1848); Environs of Grenoble (1852); View in Carinthia (1857); Valley of Angus (1859); Cliffs of Flamborough Head (1861); Cliffs of Scotch Coast (1863); Return from Hunting (1864); Moro Castle (1865); Cordilleras near Santiago (1866); Cliffs on the Mediterranean (1867); Souvenirs of Switzerland (1868); The Estrelle after a Storm, View in the Cordilleras (1869); Environs of Valauris (1870); View in the Tyrol (1872); Hohenberg (1873); Huts of South American Indians, Sea View (1874); Rocks of Stocksfelsen-Tyrol, Glacier of Friolay (1876); View in the Canton of Grisons (1877). His son and pupil, Charles Euphraise, born at Draveil (Seine-et-Oise), pupil also of Durand-Brager, paints landscapes, city views, and sea-ports.--Bellier, i. 858; Gaz. des B. Arts (1861), xi. 191; (1866), xxi. 52; Larousse; Wurzbach, xiii. 436.

KUYCK, (JEAN) LOUIS VAN, born in Antwerp in 1821, died there in 1875. Animal painter, pupil of Antwerp Academy under Van Bree and Wappers; painted at first genre scenes. Gold medal in Brussels in 1866. Works: Flemish Inn Yard; Horse Stable (1859), Kunsthalle, Hamburg; do. (1852), New Pinakothek, Munich; Departure for the Fields (1870), Antwerp Museum.--Art Journal (1866), 335.

KUYP. See Cuyp.

KUYTENBROUWER, MARTINUS ANTONIUS, born at Amersfoort, Holland, Nov. 21, 1821. Landscape and animal painter, first instructed by his father, a skilful dilettante; completed his studies during travels in Belgium and France, and settled in Brussels. Court-painter and member of Amsterdam Academy. Officer of Order of Oak Crown. Works: Stags after Fight; Great Wood-Landscape (1855); Stag-Hunt (1856), Brussels Museum; Maternal Love, Little Crab-Catchers (1862); Stags Fighting; St. Bernard Dog and Badger Dog; The Dragonnades under Louis XIV.; Sunset Landscape with a Train of Cavaliers; Huguenots taking Refuge in the Woods; View in Forest of Fontainebleau, Rotterdam Museum; Cuirassiers on their Way to Fontainebleau; Two Hunting Pieces in Costumes of 16th Century; Stag-Hunt in 16th Century; Chase in Forest near Ghent (1856); Stag and Hind in Moonlight (1870); Herd of Stags (1873); Fox Terrier (1880).--Kramm, iii. 923; vii. 97; Müller, 314; Nagler, Mon., iv. 504.

KYHN, (PETER) VILHELM (KARL), born in Copenhagen, March 30, 1819. Landscape painter, pupil of Copenhagen Academy; member in 1870; visited France and Italy in 1850. Works: Coast on Isle of Bornholm (1843), Aarhus Museum; Coast at Sunset after Rain, Ruins of Hammershus Castle (1844); Frederiksborg Castle, Woods in the Spring (1845); View near Jaegerspris (1848), Winter Evening in the Woods (1853), Coast View near Taarbeck (1855), View near Horsens (1858), Summer Evening (1863), Summer Day (1869), Late Summer Evening in Jutland (1874), Copenhagen Gallery; Winter Afternoon on the Sound; Moonlight Landscape (1876).--Sigurd Müller, 204; Weilbach, 389.

END OF VOLUME II.

Transcriber’s Note:

Words may have multiple spelling variations or inconsistent hyphenation in the text. These have been left unchanged. Six misspelled words were corrected.

Illustrations were moved to precede the text to which they pertain. Many of the illustrations have no captions. A short descriptor was added to identify the type of illustration, i.e., bust, signature, or initials. The bust of Guffens, in the List of Portraits, was not included in the original book. The bust of Kyhn is not included in the List of Portraits. The monograms of Fialetti and Hobbema are not included in the List of Signatures.

Words and phrases in italics are surrounded by underscores, like this. Obvious printing errors, such as backwards, reversed order, upside down, or partially printed letters and punctuation, were corrected. Diacriticals were added or removed, as appropriate. Final stops missing at the end of sentences and abbreviations were added.

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