Common names of a selected list of plants

Common names of a selected list of plants

=Technical Bulletin 117 Revised August 1969=

=Common Names of a Selected List of Plants

By=

Kling L. Anderson and Clenton E. Owensby

=AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION Kansas State University of Agriculture and Applied Science Manhattan=

Floyd W. Smith, Director

=CONTENTS=

Page Index to common names 4 Grasses 18 Sedges, rushes, and related genera 27 Ferns and related genera 28 Other monocots 29 Legumes 30 Other dicot forbs 35 Woody plants 55 Common species names and their English meanings 60

=Common Names of a Selected List of Plants=[1]

Kling L. Anderson and Clenton E. Owensby[2]

Common names of plants often vary widely from place to place, even within rather limited areas. Frequently-occurring and widely-known species may have local names, or the same name may be used for several species. Common names, therefore, often fail to identify plants accurately. That makes it difficult to communicate about plants; the confusion may even discontinue attempts to convey ideas about the subject. Conversations may shift to a subject with an adequate common nomenclature.

Scientific names are essential in formal writing. When common names are to be used, as in less formal publications, scientific names must also be given either at the place where the common ones first appear in the paper, in a footnote, or in an appended list. Only scientific names identify the species for all readers. In completely informal writing for a broad area, scientific names may be omitted.

Since common names are so widely used, they should be used as uniformly as possible. The following common names are considered “standardized” for all writing in the Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station and may also be used as a guide in teaching. A single common name is given to each plant listed if it has such a name.

This list grew from an earlier Kansas list of grasses and legumes that emphasized chiefly range and pasture plants. It is extended here to include most plant families and genera that occur in Kansas and many species that do not necessarily occur in Kansas but may be important or closely related to those listed. Obviously, not all Kansas plants could be included, and therefore many minor plants have been omitted. Species not obviously important had to be somewhat arbitrary. Perhaps certain species listed could have been omitted and others not included might have been added. The list can, therefore, grow or be altered as need for change is shown. If further information on common names is needed, the Kelsey and Dayton 1942 edition of Standardized Plant Names[3] should be consulted.

=Genus Common Names=

In preparing this list, we attempted to give a single common name to each genus and to use it in connection with common names for each of the species listed under that genus. For example, brome for the genus, Bromus, and various species such as smooth brome and hairy brome. Thus, there are two words for species names. However, common names of some species are single words and may not bear the generic name at all; for example, switchgrass, curlymesquite, catchflygrass, darnel, needleandthread, berseem, and horsebean. Some genera have more than one common name, but in that case the genus is subdivided into different types, each with its own common name. For example, most species of the genus Panicum are called panicum, but certain others are witchgrass; Melica is melic, but bulbous species of that genus are called oniongrass; and Setaria is bristlegrass, but the name millet is applied to certain ones. Some poisonous species of Astragalus are called loco, but nonpoisonous ones are milkvetch and the selenium-gathering ones, poisonvetch. In a few cases the same common name is applied to two genera, but that generally occurs only when the genera involved are closely related. They may formerly have been considered a single genus.

The words tree, grass, bean, seed, etc. are combined with key words to make common names of many genera and species. Examples of the former are dropseed, cupgrass, tanglehead, peavine, wildindigo, coffeetree, and sensitivebriar; and of the latter, breadroot scurfpea, splitbeard bluestem, shortawn foxtail, and smoothseed wildbean. Hyphens are avoided except in a few cases where they are used to make spelling, meaning, or pronunciation more clearly understood. Some examples are s-curve threeawn, blue-eyedgrass, climbing-buckwheat, dutchmans-breeches, snow-on-the-mountain, fat-hen saltbrush, false-alyssum.

=Species Common Names=

The common name for an individual species is a contraction of the genus common name and, in most cases, a descriptive adjective for a particular species. An example is the common name for Bromus inermis The common name for the genus is brome and the descriptive adjective associated with the species name inermis is smooth, hence smooth brome is the common name for that species.

In many cases a satisfactory common name did not exist for a particular species, yet the species name’s English meaning described the plant well. Such plants were given common names based on the meaning of their species name. An example is Lygodesmia rostrata. It has no satisfactory common name. In this publication it is called beaked skeletonplant, based on the English meaning of rostrata and the accepted common name for the genus, skeletonplant.

=Capitalization=

In general, capitals are avoided for common plant names. They are not used where proper nouns are combined with such words as grass, tree, bean, etc., for example, bermudagrass, indiangrass, johnsongrass, but are used when the name is that of a country, state, or other place and is a separate word as in Virginia wildrye, Texas bean, California burclover, and Missouri milkvetch. They are not used, however, when the name is derived from a man’s name; for example, lambert crazyweed, dillen tickclover, chewings fescue, and lehmann lovegrass. Capitals are, of course, used for proper names of strains or varieties, but such usage is beyond the scope of this list. The few exceptions to all of these “rules” are dictated by firmly established usage.

=Authorities=

To identify each species as definitely as possible, authorities are given for scientific names. Authorities for grass names are from Hitchcock’s 1951 manual.[4] The others were compiled from various sources by Dr. L. C. Hulbert, Department of Botany, Kansas State University, chiefly from these sources: Gray’s Manual, 8th ed.,[5] The New Illustrated Britton and Brown,[6] and Harrington’s Manual.[7] Occasionally other sources were used for a few or for single species.

Since authorities were taken directly from the various sources without change, some differences in abbreviation occur. For example, Hitchcock’s manual abbreviates Humboldt, Bonpland, and Kunth as H.B.K., while most other manuals consulted use HBK. Certain other names may be spelled fully in one manual and abbreviated in others.

=Common Name Sources=

Several workers helped with selecting plants to be included and common names for them. For the most part, the common names are those used in Kelsey and Dayton, Standardized Plant Names (SPN).[8] However, common names of some species are so different and are so firmly entrenched in common usage that the names given in SPN could not be used in this list. An example is “broomsedge” for Andropogon virginicus. In SPN it is “yellowsedge bluestem,” a name never heard in the area this list serves.

=ACKNOWLEDGMENTS=

Appreciation is expressed to those who aided in selecting both plants and their common names:

The late F. W. Albertson, Biology Department, Fort Hays Kansas State College

L. E. Anderson, Agronomy Department, Kansas State University, now at University of Missouri, Columbia

M. D. Atkins, S.C.S., Lincoln, Nebraska

J. K. Greig, Jr., Department of Horticulture and Forestry, Kansas State University

C. V. Hall, Department of Horticulture and Forestry, Kansas State University

L. C. Hulbert, Division of Biology, Kansas State University

R. A. Keen, Department of Horticulture and Forestry, Kansas State University

J. L. Launchbaugh, Kansas Branch Agricultural Experiment Station, Hays, Kansas

E. L. Mader, Agronomy Department, Kansas State University

C. M. Schumacher, S.C.S., Lincoln, Nebraska

G. W. Tomanek, Biology Department, Fort Hays Kansas State College

H. D. Wilkins, Agronomy Department, Kansas State University

Special thanks go to Dr. John L. Launchbaugh for carefully editing the final draft.

FOOTNOTES:

[1] Contribution No. 692, Department of Agronomy, Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station, Manhattan.

[2] Professor Emeritus and Agronomist, Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station: and Instructor in Range and Pasture Management.

[3] Kelsey, H. P. and W. A. Dayton. 1942. Standardized Plant Names. J. Horace McFarland Co., Harrisburg, Pa.

[4] Hitchcock, A. S. 1951. Manual of Grasses of the U.S. USDA Misc. Publication 200 (Revised).

[5] Fernald, M. L. 1950. Gray’s Manual of Botany, 8th ed. American Book Co., New York.

[6] Gleason, H. A. 1952. The New Britton and Brown Illustrated Flora. New York Botanical Garden (3 volumes).

[7] Harrington, H. D. 1954. Manual of the Plants of Colorado. Sage Books, Denver.

[8] Ibid.

=INDEX TO COMMON NAMES=

Genera only are listed in this index except where the common species name differs from the common name of its genus and does not include the latter. Scientific names are also shown.

=Common Name Scientific Name Page= Acacia Acacia 30 Adderstongue Ophioglossum 28 Agoseris, wavyleaf Microseris cuspidata 47 Agrimony Agrimonia 35 Alfalfa Medicago 32 Alkaligrass Puccinellia 25 Alumroot Heuchera 44 Alyceclover Alysicarpus 30 Amaranth Amaranthus 35 Ammannia Ammannia 35 Amorpha Amorpha 30, 55 Amsonia Amsonia 35 Anemone Anemone 35 Antelopehorn Asclepiodora 37 Apple Pyrus 57 Arrowhead Sagittaria 30 Ash Fraxinus 57 Asparagus Asparagus 29 Aster Aster 37 Avens Geum 43 Baccharis Baccharis 56 Bagpod Glottidium 31 Bahia Bahia 37 Bahiagrass Paspalum notatum 24 Barberry Berberis 56 Barley Hordeum 22 Barnyardgrass Echinochloa crusgalli 21 Basketflower Centaurea americana 38 Basswood Tilia 59 Beachgrass Ammophila 18 Beakgrain Diarrhena 20 Bean Phaseolus 33 Bedstraw Galium 43 Beebalm Monarda 48 Beet Beta 37 Beggarticks Bidens 37 Bellflower Campanula 38 Bentgrass Agrostis 18 Bergia Bergia 37 Berlandiera Berlandiera 37 Bermudagrass Cynodon 20 Berseem Trifolium alexandrinum 34 Berula Berula 37 Betony Stachys 53 Bindweed Convolvulus 40 Birch Betula 56 Birdwoodgrass Cenchrus setigerus 20 Bittercress Cardamine 38 Bittersweet Celastrus 56 Bitterweed Hymenoxys odorata 45 Blackberry Rubus 58 Blackberrylily Belamcanda 29 Blackeyedsusan Rudbeckia hirta 51 Blackfoot Melampodium 47 Bladderfern Cystopteris 28 Bladdernut Staphylea 59 Bladderpod Lesquerella 46 Bladderwort Utricularia 54 Bloodroot Sanguinaria 52 Blowoutgrass Redfieldia 25 Blue-eyedgrass Sisyrinchium 30 Bluegrass Poa 24 Bluehearts Buchnera 38 Bluestem Andropogon; Bothriochloa 18 Bluets Houstonia 44 Blueweed Echium vulgare 41 Boltonia Boltonia 38 Boneset Eupatorium perfoliatum 42 Bottlebrushgrass Hystrix 22 Bouncingbet Saponaria officinalis 52 Boxelder Acer negundo 55 Bracken Pteridium 28 Brickellia Brickellia 38 Bristlegrass Setaria 25 Broadbean Vicia faba 34 Brome Bromus 19 Broom Cytisus 31, 56 Broomcorn Sorghum bicolor var. technicum 25 Broomrape Orobanche 49 Broomsedge Andropogon virginicus 18 Broomweed Gutierrezia dracunculoides 43 Browneyedsusan Rudbeckia triloba 51 Browntopmillet Panicum ramosum 23 Buckbrush Symphoricarpos orbiculatus 59 Buckeye Aesculus 55 Buckhorn Plantago lanceolata 50 Buckthorn Rhamnus 58 Buckwheat Fagopyrum 42 Buffalogourd Cucurbita foetidissima 40 Buffalograss Buchloë 20 Buffelgrass Pennisetum ciliare 24 Bugleweed Lycopus 47 Bugseed Corispermum nitidum 40 Bulbostylis Bulbostylis 27 Bulrush Scirpus 28 Bumelia Bumelia 56 Bunchflower Melanthium 29 Bundleflower Desmanthus 31 Burclover Medicago 32 Burcucumber Sicyos 52 Burdock Arctium 36 Burgrass Tragus 26 Burhead Echinodorus 29 Burnweed Erechtites 41 Burragweed Franseria tomentosa 42 Burreed Sparganium 30 Burrograss Scleropogon 25 Bursage Franseria 42 Buttercup Ranunculus 51 Butternut Juglans cinerea 57 Buttonbush Cephalanthus 56 Buttonweed Diodia 41 Cabbage Brassica oleracea 38 Calceolaria Hybanthus 45 Caltrop Kallstroemia 45 Camas Camassia 29 Camomile Anthemis 36 Camphorweed Heterotheca 44 Canarygrass Phalaris 24 Cane Arundinaria 19 Cardinalflower Lobelia cardinalis 47 Cardinalflower, western Lobelia splendens 47 Carpetgrass Axonopus 19 Carpetweed Mollugo 48 Carrot Daucus 41 Castorbean Ricinus 51 Catalpa Catalpa 56 Catchfly, sleepy Silene antirrhina 52 Catchflygrass Leersia lenticularis 22 Catnip Nepeta cataria 48 Cattail Typha 30 Ceanothus Ceanothus 56 Centaurea Centaurea 38 Centipedegrass Eremochloa 21 Cerastium Cerastium 38 Charlock Brassica kaber 38 Cheat Bromus secalinus 20 Cherry Prunus 57 Chervil Chaerophyllum 38 Chickencorn Sorghum bicolor var. drummondii 25 Chickpea Cicer 31 Chickweed Stellaria media 54 Chicory Cichorium 39 Chineselantern Physalis lobata 50 Chloris Chloris 20 Chokecherry Prunus virginiana 57 Cholla Opuntia 48 Christmasfern Polystichum acrostichoides 29 Cinquefoil Potentilla 51 Circaea Circaea 39 Clammyweed Polanisia 50 Clearweed Pilea 50 Clematis Clematis 39 Cleomella Cleomella 39 Cliffbrake Pellaea 28 Climbing-buckwheat Polygonum convolvulus 50 Climbingmilkweed Ampelamus albidus 35 Cloakfern Notholaena 28 Clover Trifolium 34 Cockle, white Lychnis alba 47 Cocklebur Xanthium 55 Cockspur Echinochloa 21 Coffeetree Gymnocladus 32, 57 Cogongrass Imperata 22 Collinsia Collinsia 39 Columbine Aquilegia 36 Comandra Comandra 39 Compassplant Silphium laciniatum 53 Coneflower Dracopis; Rudbeckia 41, 51 Conyza Conyza 40 Copperleaf Acalypha 35 Cordgrass Spartina 25 Coreopsis Coreopsis 40 Corkwing, mountain Cymopterus montanus 40 Corn Zea 26 Corncockle Agrostemma 35 Cornflower Centaurea cyanus 38 Cornsalad Valerianella 54 Corydalis Corydalis 40 Cotton Gossypium 44 Cottontop Trichachne 26 Cottonwood Populus 57 Cowlily Nuphar 48 Cowpea Vigna 35 Crabapple Pyrus 57 Crabgrass Digitaria 20 Crazyweed Oxytropis 33 Creeper Parthenocissus 57 Cress, hoary Cardaria draba 38 Cristatella Cristatella 40 Crotalaria Crotalaria 31 Croton Croton 40 Crotonopsis Crotonopsis 40 Crowfoot Ranunculus 51 Crownbeard Verbesina 55 Crownvetch Coronilla 31 Cryptantha Cryptantha 40 Cudweed Gnaphalium 43 Culversphysic Veronicastrum virginicum 55 Cupgrass Eriochloa 21 Cuphea Cuphea 40 Curlymesquite Hilaria belangeri 22 Currant Ribes 58 Cutgrass Leersia 22 Cyclanthera Cyclanthera 40 Cymopterus Cymopterus 40 Dalea Dalea 31 Dallisgrass Paspalum dilatatum 24 Dandelion Taraxacum 54 Danthonia Danthonia 20 Darnel Lolium temulentum 22 Datura Datura 41 Dayflower Commelina 29 Deathcamas Zygadenus 30 Deervetch Lotus 32 Devilsclaw Proboscidea 51 Dewberry Rubus 58 Dianthera Justicia 45 Diaperia Diaperia 41 Dicliptera Dicliptera 41 Ditaxis Ditaxis 41 Dock Rumex 51 Dodder Cuscuta 40 Dogbane Apocynum 36 Dogtail Cynosurus 20 Dogweed Dyssodia 41 Dogwood Cornus 56 Draba Draba 41 Dropseed Sporobolus 25 Ducksmeat Spirodela 30 Duckweed Lemna 29 Dutchmans-breeches Dicentra cucullaria 41 Dutchmanspipe Aristolochia 36 Dwarfdandelion Krigia 45 Echinacea Echinacea 41 Echinocereus Echinocereus 41 Einkorn Triticum monococcum 26 Elderberry Sambucus 59 Elephantsfoot Elephantopus 41 Ellisia Ellisia 41 Elm Ulmus 59 Elodea Elodea 29 Emmer Triticum dicoccum 26 Engelmanndaisy Engelmannia 41 Eriogonum Eriogonum 42 Eryngo Eryngium 42 Erysimum Erysimum 42 Eulophus Perideridia 49 Euonymus Euonymus 56 Eupatorium Eupatorium 42 Euphorbia Euphorbia 42 Eveningprimrose Oënothera 48 Evolvulus Evolvulus 42 False-alyssum Berteroa 37 Falseboneset Kuhnia eupatorioides 45 Falsebuffalograss Munroa 23 Falsedandelion Pyrrhopappus 51 Falseflax Camelina 38 Falsegarlic Nothoscordum 29 Falsegrape Ampelopsis 55 Falsenettle Boehmeria 38 Falsenightshade Chamaesaracha 39 Falsepennyroyal Hedeoma 44 Falsepimpernel Lindernia 46 Fameflower Talinum 54 Fawnlily Erythronium 29 Feathergrass, New Mexico Stipa neomexicana 26 Feathertop Pennisetum villosum 24 Fenugreek Trigonella foenum-graecum 34 Fescue Festuca 21 Figwort Scrophularia 52 Filaree Erodium cicutarium 42 Filbert Corylus 56 Fimbristylis Fimbristylis 27 Fingergrass Digitaria 20 Fireweed Epilobium angustifolium 41 Flatsedge Cyperus 27 Flaveria Flaveria 42 Flax Linum 46 Fleabane Erigeron 41 Flowerofanhour Hibiscus trionum 44 Fluffgrass Tridens pulchellus 26 Fluxweed Isanthus 45 Fogfruit, wedgeleaf Lippia lanceolata 46 Forgetmenot Myosotis 48 Fountaingrass Pennisetum ruppelii 24 Four-o’clock Mirabilis 48 Foxtail Alopecurus 18 Fringeorchid Habenaria 29 Fuirena Fuirena 27 Funnellily Androstephium 29 Gaillardia Gaillardia 43 Galleta Hilaria jamesii 22 Galleta, big Hilaria rigida 22 Gamagrass Tripsacum 26 Garlic Allium 29 Garlicmustard Alliaria 35 Gaura Gaura 43 Gayfeather Liatris 46 Gentian Gentiana 43 Geranium Geranium 43 Gerardia Gerardia 43 Germander Teucrium 54 Ghostpipe Orobanche uniflora 49 Gianthyssop Agastache 35 Giantreed Arundo 19 Gilia Gilia 43 Ginkgo Ginkgo 57 Globemallow Sphaeralcea 53 Goatgrass Aegilops 18 Goldaster Chrysopsis 39 Goldenrod Solidago 53 Goldenweed Haplopappus 44 Goldstargrass Hypoxis hirsuta 29 Gooseberry Ribes 58 Goosefoot Chenopodium 39 Goosegrass Eleusine 21 Grama Bouteloua 19 Grape Vitis 59 Greasewood Sarcobatus 59 Greenbriar Smilax 30 Greenthread Thelesperma 54 Gromwell Lithospermum 46 Groundcherry Physalis 49 Groundivy Glechoma hederacea 43 Groundsel Senecio 52 Guineagrass Panicum maximum 23 Gumweed Grindelia 43 Hackberry Celtis 56 Hairgrass Aira; Deschampsia 18,20 Hairsedge bulbstyle Bulbostylis cappillaris 27 Hardinggrass Phalaris tuberosa var. stenoptera 24 Haresear Conringia 40 Hawkweed Hieracium 44 Hawthorn Crataegus 56 Hazel Corylus 56 Hedgehyssop Gratiola 43 Hedgemustard Sisymbrium officinale 53 Heliopsis Heliopsis 44 Heliotrope Heliotropium 44 Hemicarpha Hemicarpha 28 Hemp Cannabis 38 Henbit Lamium amplexicaule 46 Hibiscus Hibiscus 44 Hickory Carya 56 Hilaria Hilaria 22 Hoarhound Marrubium 47 Hogpeanut Amphicarpa 30 Holly Ilex 57 Hollyfern Polystichum 28 Honeylocust Gleditsia 31, 57 Honeysuckle Lonicera 47, 57 Hop Humulus 45 Hophornbeam Ostrya 57 Hoptree Ptelea 57 Hornwort Ceratophyllum 38 Horsebean Vicia faba var. equina 34 Horsegentian Triosteum 54 Horsenettle Solanum carolinense 53 Horseradish Armoracia lapathifolia 36 Horsetail Equisetum 28 Horseweed Conyza canadensis 40 Houndstongue Cynoglossum 40 Hyacinthbean Dolichos 31 Hymenopappus Hymenopappus 45 Hymenoxys Hymenoxys 45 Hyparrhenia Hyparrhenia 22 Indiangrass Sorghastrum 25 Indianplantain Cacalia 38 Indigo Indigofera 32 Iris Iris 29 Ironplant Haplopappus spinulosus 44 Ironweed Vernonia 55 Isopyrum Isopyrum 45 Jackinthepulpit Arisaema 29 Japanesemillet Echinochloa crusgalli var. frumentacea 21 Jaragua Hyparrhenia rufa 22 Jerusalemartichoke Helianthus tuberosus 44 Jimsonweed Datura stramonium 41 Jobstears Coix 20 Joepyeweed Eupatorium 42 Johnnyjumpup Viola kitaibeliana var. rafinesquii 55 Johnsongrass Sorghum halepense 25 Jointtail Manisuris 22 Junegrass Koeleria 22 Juniper Juniperus 57 Kale Brassica oleracea var. acephala 38 Kidneyvetch Anthyllis 30 Kikuyugrass Pennisetum clandestinum 24 Knapweed, Russian Centaurea repens 38 Knotgrass Paspalum distichum 24 Knotweed Polygonum 50 Kochia Kochia 45 Krameria Krameria 45 Kudzu Pueraria 33 Kuhnia Kuhnia 45 Lacegrass Eragrostis capillaris 21 Ladiestresses Spiranthes 30 Ladyslipper Cypripedium 29 Lambsquarters Chenopodium album 39 Larkspur Delphinium 41 Lawngrass, Japanese Zoysia japonica 26 Leadplant Amorpha canescens 30, 55 Lentil Lens 32 Lespedeza Lespedeza 32, 57 Lettuce Lactuca 46 Licorice Glycyrrhiza 32 Lilac Syringa 59 Lily Lilium 29 Linden Tilia 59 Lionsheart Physostegia 50 Lipfern Cheilanthes 28 Lippia Lippia 46 Lobelia Lobelia 47 Loco Astragalus 30 Locust Robinia 34, 58 Lomatium Lomatium 47 Longtom Paspalum lividum 24 Loosestrife Lysimachia 47 Lophotocarpus Lophotocarpus 29 Lopseed Phryma 49 Lotus Nelumbo 48 Lovegrass Eragrostis 21 Lupine Lupinus 32 Lythrum Lythrum 47 Macuillamia Bacopa 37 Maidenhairfern Adiantum 28 Malacothrix Malacothrix 47 Mallow Malva 47 Mamillaria Mamillaria 47 Manillagrass Zoysia matrella 26 Mannagrass Glyceria 22 Maple Acer 55 Marbleseed Onosmodium 48 Marshfern Dryopteris thelypteris 28 Mascarenegrass Zoysia tenuifolia 26 Matgrass Nardus 23 Matrimonyvine Lycium halimifolium 57 Mayapple Podophyllum 50 Meadowrue Thalictrum 54 Medic Medicago 32 Melic Melica 22 Mentzelia Mentzelia 47 Mesquite Prosopis 33, 57 Milkvetch Astragalus 30 Milkweed Asclepias 36 Millet Panicum; Setaria 25 Mint Mentha 47 Mitchellgrass Astrebla 19 Mockbishopweed Ptilimnium 51 Mockcucumber Echinocystis 41 Molassesgrass Melinis 22 Moneywort Lysimachia nummularia 47 Monkeyflower Mimulus 47 Monolepis Monolepis 48 Moonseed Menispermum 47 Morningglory Ipomoea 45 Motherwort Leonurus 46 Mountainash Sorbus 59 Mountainmint Pycnanthemum 51 Mousetail Myosurus 48 Mudplantain Heteranthera 29 Muhly Muhlenbergia 22 Mulberry Morus 57 Mullein Verbascum 54 Muskthistle Carduus nutans 38 Mustard Brassica 38 Naiad Najas 29 Nailwort Paronychia 49 Napiergrass Pennisetum purpureum 24 Nasturtium Nasturtium 48 Natalgrass Rhynchelytrum roseum 25 Needleandthread Stipa comata 26 Needlegrass Stipa 26 Nemastylis Nemastylis 29 Nepeta Nepeta 48 Nettle Urtica 54 Nightshade Solanum 53 Nimblewill Muhlenbergia schreberi 23 Nitgrass Gastridium 22 Noseburn Tragia 54 Nutgrass Cyperus 27 Oak Quercus 58 Oakleech Dasistoma 41 Oat Avena 19 Oatgrass Arrhenatherum 19 Okra Hibiscus esculentus 44 Onion Allium 29 Oniongrass Melica 22 Orach, tumbling Atriplex rosea 37 Orchardgrass Dactylis 20 Orcuttia Orcuttia 23 Oregongrape Mahonia aquifolium 57 Osageorange Maclura 57 Othake Palafoxia 49 Oxalis Oxalis 49 Oxeyedaisy Chrysanthemum leucanthemum 39 Paintbrush Castilleja 38 Paleseed Conobea 40 Pampasgrass Cortaderia 20 Pangolagrass Digitaria decumbens 20 Panicum Panicum 23 Paperflower Psilostrophe 51 Pappusgrass Pappophorum 24 Paragrass Panicum purpurascens 23 Parrotfeather Myriophyllum 48 Parsnip Pastinaca 49 Parthenium Parthenium 49 Partridgepea Cassia 31 Paspalum Paspalum 24 Pawpaw Asimina 55 Pea Pisum 33 Peanut Arachis 30 Pear Pyrus communis 57 Pearlmillet Pennisetum glaucum 24 Pearlwort Sagina 52 Peashrub Caragana 31, 56 Peavine Lathyrus 32 Pecan Carya illinoensis 56 Pectis Pectis 49 Pedicularis Pedicularis 49 Pellitory Parietaria 49 Pencilflower Stylosanthes 34 Pennisetum Pennisetum 24 Pennycress Thlaspi 54 Penstemon Penstemon 49 Penthorum Penthorum 49 Peppergrass Lenidium densiflorum 46 Pepperweed Lepidium 46 Pepperwort Marsilea 28 Perilla Perilla 49 Persimmon Diospyros 56 Phacelia Phacelia 49 Phlox Phlox 49 Pigeonpea Cajanus 31 Pigweed Amaranthus 35 Pimpernel Anagallis 35 Pinedropseed Blepharoneuron 19 Pinegrass Calamagrostis rubescens 20 Pinweed Lechea 46 Plantain Plantago 50 Plum Prunus 57 Plumegrass Erianthus 21 Poisonhemlock Conium maculatum 40 Poisonivy Rhus radicans 58 Poisonvetch Astragalus 30 Pokeberry Phytolacca 50 Polemonium Polemonium 50 Polygala Polygala 50 Polypogon Polypogon 25 Polytaenia Polytaenia 50 Pondweed Potamogeton 29 Poolmat Zannichellia 30 Poplar Populus 57 Poppymallow Callirhoë 38 Porcupinegrass Stipa spartea 26 Portulaca Portulaca 50 Potato Solanum tuberosum 53 Potatobean Apios 30 Prairieclover Petalostemum 33 Prairieconeflower Ratibida 51 Prairiegentian Eustoma 42 Pricklyash Xanthoxylum 59 Pricklypear Opuntia 48 Pricklypoppy Argemone 36 Princesplume Stanleya 53 Proso Panicum miliaceum 23 Puncturevine Tribulus 54 Purplerocket Iodanthus 45 Purpletop Tridens flavus 26 Purslane Portulaca 50 Pussytoes Antennaria 35 Quackgrass Agropyron repens 18 Quakinggrass Briza 19 Quickweed Galinsoga 43 Quillwort Isoëtes 28 Rabbitbrush Chrysothamnus 56 Radish Raphanus 51 Ragweed Ambrosia 35 Rainlily Cooperia 29 Rape Brassica rapa 38 Raspberry Rubus 58 Rattlesnakefern Botrychium 28 Rattlesnakeroot Prenanthes 51 Ravennagrass Erianthus ravennae 21 Razorsedge Scleria 28 Redbud Cercis 31, 56 Redcedar Juniperus virginiana 57 Redtop Agrostis alba 18 Reed Phragmites 24 Reedgrass Calamagrostis 20 Rhodesgrass Chloris gayana 20 Rhubarb Rheum 51 Rice Oryza 23 Ricegrass Oryzopsis 23 Ricegrass, Mandan X Striporyzopsis caduca 26 Ringwing Cycloloma 40 Rockcress Arabis 36 Rocket Hesperis 44 Rocketsalad Eruca 42 Rockjasmine Androsace 35 Rose Rosa 58 Rosegentian Sabatia 52 Rosemallow Hibiscus 44 Rosinweed Silphium 53 Rotala Rotala 51 Ruellia Ruellia 51 Rush Juncus 28 Rushpea Hoffmanseggia 32 Russianolive Elaeagnus 56 Russianthistle Salsola 52 Rutabaga Brassica rapa 38 Rye Secale 25 Ryegrass Lolium 22 Sacaton Sporobolus 25, 26 Safflower Carthamus 38 Sage Salvia 52 Sagebrush Artemisia 36, 55 Sagewort Artemisia 36 Sainfoin Onobrychis 33 Salsify Tragopogon 54 Saltbush Atriplex 37, 55 Saltgrass Distichlis 21 Samolus Samolus 52 Sandbur Cenchrus 20 Sandgrass Triplasis 26 Sandreed Calamovilfa 20 Sandverbena Abronia 35 Sandwort Arenaria 36 Sanicle Sanicula 52 Sassafras Sassafras 59 Scouringrush Equisetum 28 Scurfpea Psoralea 33 Seablite Suaeda 54 Sedge Carex 27 Seedbox Ludwigia 47 Seepweed Suaeda 54 Selenia Selenia 52 Selfheal Prunella 51 Senna Cassia 31 Sensitivebriar Schrankia 34 Sensitivefern Onoclea 28 Serradella Ornithopus 33 Serviceberry Amelanchier 55 Sesame Sesamum 52 Sesbania Sesbania 34 Shepherdspurse Capsella 38 Shootingstar Dodecatheon 41 Sicklepod Arabis canadensis 36 Sida Sida 52 Silene Silene 52 Silvergrass Miscanthus 22 Sisymbrium Sisymbrium 53 Skeletongrass Gymnopogon 22 Skeletonplant Lygodesmia 47 Skullcap Scutellaria 52 Sleepygrass Stipa robusta 26 Sloughgrass Beckmannia 19 Smartweed Polygonum 50 Smilograss Oryzopsis miliacea 23 Smutgrass, rattail Sporobolus poiretii 26 Snailseed Cocculus 39 Snakecotton Froelichia 43 Snakeroot, white Eupatorium rugosum 42 Snakeweed Gutierrezia 43, 57 Snapweed Impatiens 45 Sneezeweed Helenium 44 Snowberry Symphoricarpos 59 Snow-on-the-mountain Euphorbia marginata 42 Soapberry Sapindus 59 Soapweed Yucca 30, 59 Soapwort Saponaria 52 Solomonplume Smilacina 30 Solomonseal Polygonatum 29 Sophora Sophora 34 Sorghum Sorghum 25 Sorrel Rumex 51 Sowthistle Sonohus 53 Soybean Glycine 31 Spanishneedles Bidens bipinnata 37 Speedwell Veronica 55 Spermolepis Spermolepis 53 Spiderflower Cleome 39 Spiderwort Tradescantia 30 Spikesedge Eleocharis 27 Spleenwort Aspleninum 28 Sprangletop Leptochloa 22 Springbeauty Claytonia 39 Spurge Euphorbia 42 Squirreltail Sitanion 25 St. augustinegrass Stenotaphrum 26 St. johnswort Hypericum 45 Stargrass Cynodon plectostachyum 20 Stenosiphon Stenosiphon 54 Stickseed Hackelia; Lappula 44, 46 Stillingia Stillingia 54 Stinkgrass Eragrostis cilianensis 21 Stonecrop Sedum 52 Strawberry Fragaria 42 Sudangrass Sorghum bicolor var. sudanense 25 Sugarcane Saccharum 25 Sulla Hedysarum 32 Sumac Rhus 58 Sumpweed Iva 45 Sunflower Helianthus 44 Sunrose Helianthemum 44 Sweetclover Melilotus 33 Sweetflag Acorus 29 Sweetpea Lathyrus odoratus 32 Sweetpotato Ipomoea batatas 45 Sweetroot Osmorhiza 49 Switchgrass Panicum virgatum 24 Sycamore Platanus 57 Taenidia Taenidia 54 Tamarisk Tamarix 59 Tangierpea Lathyrus tingitanus 32 Tanglehead Heteropogon 22 Tansy Tanacetum 54 Tansymustard Descurainia 41 Teff Eragrostis tef 21 Teosinte Euchlaena 21 Tephrosia Tephrosia 34 Thaspium Thaspium 54 Thatchgrass Hyparrhenia hirta 22 Themeda Themeda 26 Thermopsis Thermopsis 34 Thimbleberry, fragrant Rubus odoratus 58 Thistle Cirsium 39 Threeawn Aristida 19 Tickclover Desmodium 31 Tickseed Corispermum 40 Tidestromia Tidestromia 54 Timothy Phleum 24 Toadflax Linaria 46 Tobacco Nicotiana 48 Tobosa Hilaria mutica 22 Tomato Lycopersicum 47 Toothwort Dentaria 41 Torpedograss Panicum repens 23 Tovara Tovara 54 Townsendia Townsendia 54 Treeofheaven Ailanthus 55 Trefoil Lotus 32 Trichloris Trichloris 26 Tridens Tridens 26 Trigonella Trigonella 34 Trisetum Trisetum 26 Trumpetcreeper Campsis 56 Tumblegrass Schedonnardus 25 Tumblemustard Sisymbrium altissimum 53 Tumbleweed Amaranthus graecizans 35 Turnip Brassica napus 38 Uniola Uniola 26 Vaseygrass Paspalum urvillei 24 Velvetbean Stizolobium 34 Velvetgrass Holcus 22 Velvetleaf Abutilon theophrasti 35 Venuslookingglass Specularia 53 Verbena Verbena 54 Vernalgrass Anthoxanthum 18 Vetch Vicia 34 Viburnum Viburnum 59 Vinemesquite Panicum obtusum 23 Violet Viola 55 Virginsbower Clematis virginiana 39 Wahoo, eastern Euonymus atropurpureus 56 Walkingfern Camptosorus 28 Walnut Juglans 57 Watercress Rorippa 51 Waterhemlock Cicuta 39 Waterhemp Acnida 35 Waterhyssop, disk Bacopa rotundifolia 37 Waterleaf Hydrophyllum 45 Waterlily Nymphaea 48 Waterplantain Alisma 29 Waterprimrose Jussiaea 45 Waterstarwort Callitriche 38 Wedgescale Sphenopholis 25 Westerndaisy Astranthium 37 Wheat Triticum 26 Wheatgrass Agropyron 18 Whitegrass Leersia virginica 22 Widgeongrass Ruppia 30 Wildbean Strophostyles 34 Wildginger Asarum 36 Wildindigo Baptisia 31 Wildrice Zizania; Zizaniopsis 26 Wildrye Elymus 21 Willow Salix 58 Willowweed Epilobium 41 Windmillgrass Chloris verticillata 20 Wingstem Verbesina alternifolia 55 Wintercress Barbarea 37 Winterfat Eurotia 56 Wirelettuce Stephanomeria 54 Wisteria Wisteria 35, 59 Witchgrass Leptoloma; Panicum 22, 23 Witchweed Striga lutea 54 Wolffia Wolffia 30 Wolftail Lycurus 22 Woodfern Dryopteris 28 Woodnettle Laportea 46 Woodreed Cinna 20 Woodsia Woodsia 28 Yam Dioscorea 29 Yarrow Achillea 35 Yerbadetajo Eclipta alba 41 Zinnia Zinnia 55 Zizia Zizia 55 Zoysia Zoysia 26

=GRASSES=

Aegilops cylindrica Host goatgrass Agropyron Gaertn. wheatgrass cristatum[9] (L.) Gaertn. fairway w. dasystachyum (Hook.) Scribn. thickspike w. desertorum[9] (Fisch.) Schult. crested w. elongatum[10] (Host) Beauv. tall w. inerme (Scribn. & Smith) Rydb. beardless w. intermedium[11] (Host) Beauv. intermediate w. repens (L.) Beauv. quackgrass riparium Scribn. & Smith streambank w. semicostatum (Steud.) Nees ex Boiss. drooping w. sibiricum (Willd.) Beauv. Siberian w. smithii Rydb. western w. spicatum (Pursh) Scribn. & Smith bluebunch w. subsecundum (Link) Hitchc. bearded w. trachycaulum (Link) Malte slender w. trichophorum[11] (Link) Richt. pubescent w. Agrostis L. bentgrass alba L. redtop canina L. velvet b. diegoensis Vasey thin b. exarata Trin. spike b. hiemalis (Walt.) B.S.P. winter b. palustris Huds. creeping b. tenuis Sibth. colonial b. var. aristata (Parnell) Druce awned c. b. Aira caryophyllea L. silver hairgrass Alopecurus L. foxtail aequalis Sobol. shortawn f. arundinaceus Poir. creeping f. carolinianus Walt. Carolina f. myosuroides Huds. mouse f. pratensis L. meadow f. Ammophila Host beachgrass arenaria (L.) Link European b. breviligulata Fernald American b. Andropogon L. bluestem barbinodis Lag. cane b. elliotti Chapm. elliott b. gerardi Vitman big b. glomeratus (Walt.) B.S.P. bushy b. hallii Hack. sand b. intermedius R. Brown[12] caucasian b. ischaemum L.[13] Turkestan b. nodosus (Willem.) Nash angleton b. perforatus Trin. ex Fourn. pinhole b. saccharoides Swartz silver b. scoparius Michx. little b. tener (Nees) Kunth slender b. ternarius Michx. splitbeard b. virginicus L. broomsedge Anthoxanthum odoratum L. sweet vernalgrass Aristida L. threeawn adscensionis L. sixweeks t. arizonica Vasey Arizona t. basiramea Engelm. ex Vasey forktip t. curtissii (A. Gray) Nash curtiss t. desmantha Trin. & Rupr. curly t. dichotoma Michx. churchmouse t. divaricata Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd. poverty t. fendleriana Steud. fendler t. intermedia Scribn. & Ball kearney t. longespica Poir. slimspike t. longiseta Steud. red t. oligantha Michx. prairie t. orcuttiana Vasey single t. purpurascens Poir. arrowfeather t. purpurea Nutt. purple t. ramosissima Engelm. ex A. Gray s-curve t. wrightii Nash wright t. Arrhenatherum Beauv. oatgrass elatius (L.) Presl tall o. var. bulbosum (Willd.) Spenner tuber o. Arundinaria Michx. cane gigantea (Walt) Muhl. giant c. tecta (Walt) Muhl. switch c. Arundo donax L. giantreed Astrebla pectinata F.v.M.[14] mitchellgrass Avena L. oat barbata Brot. slender o. byzantina C. Koch red o. fatua L. wild o. nuda L. naked o. sativa L. common o. Axonopus affinis Chase carpetgrass Beckmannia syzigachne (Steud.) Fernald American sloughgrass Blepharoneuron tricholepis (Torr.) Nash pinedropseed Bouteloua Lag. grama barbata Lag. sixweeks g. chondrosioides (H.B.K.) Benth. ex S. Wats. sprucetop g. curtipendula (Michx.) Torr. sideoats g. eriopoda (Torr.) Torr. black g. filiformis (Fourn.) Griffiths slender g. gracilis (H.B.K.) Lag. ex Steud. blue g. hirsuta Lag. hairy g. rothrockii Vasey rothrock g. Briza L. quakinggrass maxima L. big q. media L. perennial q. minor L. little q. Bromus L. brome arenarius Labill. Australian b. arvensis L. field b. brizaeformis Fisch. & Mey. rattle b. carinatus[15] Hook. & Arn. mountain b. catharticus Vahl. rescue b. ciliatus[16] L. fringed b. commutatus Schrad. hairy b. erectus Huds. meadow b. frondosus (Shear) Woot. & Standl. weeping b. inermis Leyss. smooth b.[17] japonicus Thunb. Japanese b. madritensis L. Spanish b. mollis L. soft b. purgans L. Canada b. racemosus L. bald b. rigidus Roth ripgut b. rubens L. red b. secalinus L. cheat stamineus[18] E. Desv. harlan b. sterilis L. poverty b. tectorum L. downy b. tomentellus[18] Boiss. Russian b. vulgaris (Hook.) Shear Columbia b. Buchloë dactyloides (Nutt.) Engelm. buffalograss Calamagrostis Adans. reedgrass canadensis (Michx.) Beauv. bluejoint r. epigeios (L.) Roth chee r. inexpansa A. Gray northern r. rubescens Buckl. pinegrass Calamovilfa Hack. sandreed gigantea (Nutt.) Scribn. & Merr. big s. longifolia (Hook.) Scribn. prairie s. Cenchrus L. sandbur myosuroides H.B.K. big s. pauciflorus Benth. sandbur setigerus[19] Vahl birdwoodgrass Chloris Swartz chloris; windmillgrass[20] distichophylla Lag. weeping c. gayana Kunth rhodesgrass verticillata Nutt. windmillgrass virgata Swartz showy c. Cinna arundinacea L. stout woodreed Coix lacryma-jobi L. jobstears Cortaderia selloana (Schult.) Aschers. & Graebn. pampasgrass Cynodon L. Rich. bermudagrass dactylon (L.) Pers. bermudagrass plectostachyum[19] (Schum.) Pilger stargrass transvaalensis Burtt-Davy African b. Cynosurus cristatus L. crested dogtail Dactylis glomerata L. orchardgrass Danthonia Lam. & DC. danthonia californica Boland. California d. intermedia Vasey timber d. pilosa R. Br. hairy d. spicata (L.) Beauv. ex Roem. & Schult. poverty d. Deschampsia caespitosa (L.) Beauv. tufted hairgrass Diarrhena americana Beauv. American beakgrain Digitaria Heister crabgrass; fingergrass[21] decumbens Stent pangolagrass filiformis (L.) Koel. slender f. ischaemum (Schreb.) Schreb. ex Muhl. smooth c. sanguinalis (L.) Scop. crabgrass Distichlis Raf. saltgrass spicata (L.) Greene seashore s. stricta (Torr.) Rydb. inland s. Echinochloa Beauv. cockspur crusgalli (L.) Beauv. barnyardgrass var. frumentacea (Roxb.) W. F. Wight japanesemillet Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. goosegrass Elymus L. wildrye arenanius L. European dune w. canadensis L. Canada w. caput-medusae L. medusahead w. chinensis (Trin.) Keng [A. pseudo-agropyron (Griseb.) Franch.][22] Chinese w. cinereus Scribn. & Merr. basin w. condensatus Presl giant w. giganteus Vahl mammoth w. glaucus Buckl. blue w. junceus[22] Fish. Russian w. macounii Vasey macoun w. triticoides Buckl. beardless w. villosus Muhl. hairy w. virginicus L. Virginia w. Eragrostis Beauv. lovegrass barrelieri Daveau Mediterranean l. capillaris (L.) Nees lacegrass chloromelas Steud. boer l. cilianensis (All.) Lutati stinkgrass curtipedicellata Buckl. gummy l. curvula (Schrad.) Nees weeping l. frankii C. A. Meyer ex Steud. sandbar l. hypnoides (Lam.) B.S.P. teal l. intermedia Hitchc. plains l. lehmanniana Nees lehmann l. oxylepis (Torr.) Torr. (not E. secundiflora Presl as shown in older manuals) red l. pectinacea (Michx.) Nees Carolina l. pilosa (L.) Beauv. India l. poaeoides Beauv. ex Roem. & Schult. little l. secundiflora Presl (see E. oxylepis) sessilispica Buckl. tumble l. spectabilis (Pursh) Steud. purple l. tef (Zuccagni) Trotter teff trichodes (Nutt.) Wood sand l. Eremochloa ophiuroides (Munro) Hack. centipedegrass Erianthus Michx. plumegrass ravennae (L.) Beauv. ravennagrass Eriochloa contracta Hitchc. prairie cupgrass Euchlaena mexicana Schrad. teosinte Festuca L. fescue arizonica Vasey Arizona f. arundinacea Schreb. tall f. elatior L. meadow f. idahoensis Elmer Idaho f. megalura Nutt. foxtail f. myuros L. rattail f. obtusa Bieler nodding f. octoflora Walt. sixweeks f. ovina L. sheep f. var. duriuscula (L.) Koch hard f. paradoxa Desv. cluster f. rubra L. red f. var. commutata Gaud. chewings f. scabrella Torr. rough f. thurberi Vasey thurber f. viridula Vasey green f. Gastridium ventricosum (Gouan) Schinz & Thell. nitgrass Glyceria striata (Lam.) Hitchc. fowl mannagrass Gymnopogon ambiguus (Michx.) B.S.P. bearded skeletongrass Heteropogon Pers. tanglehead contortus (L.) Beauv. ex Roem. & Schult. tanglehead melanocarpus (Ell.) Benth. sweet t. Hilaria H.B.K. hilaria belangeri (Steud.) Nash curlymesquite jamesii (Torr.) Benth. galleta mutica (Buckl.) Benth. tobosa rigida (Thurb.) Benth. big galleta Holcus lanatus L. velvetgrass Hordeum L. barley brachyantherum Nevski northern-meadow b. jubatum L. foxtail b. var. caespitosum (Scribn.) Hitchc. bobtail b. nodosum L.[23] meadow b. pusillum Nutt. little b. vulgare L. barley Hyparrhenia Anderss. ex Stapf hyparrhenia hirta (L.) Stapf thatchgrass rufa (Nees) Stapf jaragua Hystrix patula Moench bottlebrushgrass Imperata cylindrica (L.) Beauv. cogongrass Koeleria cristata (L.) Pers. prairie junegrass Leersia Swartz cutgrass lenticularis Michx. catchflygrass oryzoides (L.) Swartz rice c. virginica Willd. whitegrass Leptochloa Beauv. sprangletop dubia (H.B.K.) Nees green s. fascicularis (Lam.) A. Gray bearded s. filiformis (Lam.) Beauv. red s. Leptoloma cognatum (Schult.) Chase fall witchgrass Lolium L. ryegrass multiflorum Lam. Italian r. perenne L. perennial r. temulentum L. darnel Lycurus phleoides H.B.K. wolftail Manisuris L. jointtail cylindrica (Michx.) Kuntze Carolina j. tuberculosa Nash Florida j. Melica L. melic; oniongrass[24] bulbosa Geyer ex Port. & Coult. oniongrass imperfecta Trin. coastrange m. mutica Walt. twoflower m. nitens (Scribn.) Nutt. ex Piper threeflower m. porteri Scribn. porter m. Melinis minutiflora Beauv. molassesgrass Miscanthus sinensis Anderss. Chinese silvergrass Muhlenbergia Schreb. muhly andina (Nutt.) Hitchc. foxtail m. arenicola Buckl. sand m. asperifolia (Nees & Mey.) Parodi alkali m. brachyphylla Bush nodding m. capillaris (Lam.) Trin. hairawn m. cuspidata (Torr.) Rydb. plains m. filiformis (Thurb.) Rydb. pullup m. foliosa (Roem. & Schult.) Trin.[25] leafy m. frondosa (Poir.) Fernald wirestem m. var. mexicana (L.) Trin. forma commutata (Scribn.) Fernald (based on M. mexicana subsp. commutata Scribn.) bearded w. m. montana (Nutt.) Hitchc. mountain m. porteri Scribn. porter m. pungens Thurb. sandhill m. racemosa (Michx.) B.S.P. green m. schreberi Gmel. nimblewill sobolifera (Muhl.) Trin. rock m. squarrosa (Trin.) Rydb.[26] mat m. sylvatica (Torr.) Torr. forest m. torreyi (Kunth) Hitchc. ex Bush ring m. wrightii Vasey spike m. Munroa squarrosa (Nutt.) Torr. falsebuffalograss Nardus stricta L. matgrass Orcuttia Vasey orcuttia Oryza sativa L. rice Oryzopsis Michx. ricegrass hymenoides (Roem. & Schult.) Ricker Indian r. miliacea (L.) Benth. & Hook. ex Aschers. & Schweinf. smilograss Panicum L. panicum; witchgrass agrostoides Spreng. redtop p. anceps Michx. beaked p. antidotale Retz. blue p. bulbosum H.B.K. bulb p. capillare L. common w. var. occidentale Rydb. cushion w. depauperatum Muhl. stunted p. dichotomiflorum Michx. fall p. gatttingeri Nash gattinger w. hillmani Chase hillman p. huachucae Ashe huachuca p. latifolium L. wideleaf p. leibergii (Vasey) Scribn. leiberg p. lindheimeri Nash lindheimer p. linearifolium Scribn. slimleaf p. malacophyllum Nash softleaf p. maximum Jacq. guineagrass miliaceum L. proso obtusum H.B.K. vinemesquite perlongum Nash elongate p. praecocius Hitchc. & Chase early p. purpurascens Raddi paragrass ramosum L. browntopmillet repens L. torpedograss scoparium Lam. velvet p. scribnerianum Nash scribner p. sphaerocarpon Ell. roundseed p. tennesseense Ashe Tennessee p. texanum Buckl. Texas p. villosissimum Nash hairy p. virgatum L. switchgrass werneri Scribn. werner p. wilcoxianum Vasey wilcox p. Pappophorum mucronulatum Nees pappusgrass Paspalum L. paspalum ciliatifolium Michx. fringeleaf p. circulare Nash roundseed p. dilatatum Poir. dallisgrass distichum L. knotgrass floridanum Michx. Florida p. var. glabratum Engelm. ex Vasey smooth F. p. fluitans (Ell.) Kunth horsetail p. laeve Michx. field p. lividum Trin. longtom malacophyllum Trin. ribbed p. notatum Flügge bahiagrass plicatulum Michx. brownseed p. pubiflorum Rupr. ex Fourn. hairyseed p. repens Bergius[27] horsetail p. stramineum Nash sand p. urvillei Steud. vaseygrass Pennisetum L. Rich. pennisetum alopecuroides (L.) Spreng. Chinese p. ciliare (L.) Link buffelgrass clandestinum Hochst. ex Chiov. kikuyugrass glaucum[28] (L.) R. Br. pearlmillet purpureum Schumach napiergrass ruppelii Steud.[29] fountaingrass villosum R. Br. feathertop Phalaris L. canarygrass arundinacea L. reed c. canariensis L. canarygrass caroliniana Walt. Carolina c. minor Retz. littleseed c. tuberosa L. bulb c. var. stenoptera (Hack.) Hitchc. hardinggrass Phleum L. timothy alpinum L. alpine t. pratense L. timothy Phragmites communis Trin. common reed Poa L. bluegrass ampla Merr. big b. annua L. annual b. arachnifera Torr. Texas b. arida Vasey plains b. bulbosa L. bulbous b. canbyi (Scribn.) Piper canby b. chapmaniana Scribn. chapman b. compressa L. Canada b. fendleriana (Steud.) Vasey mutton b. nevadensis Vasey ex Scribn. Nevada b. pratensis L. Kentucky b. scabrella (Thurb.) Benth. ex Vasey pine b. secunda Presl rough b. sylvestris A. Gray woodland b. trivialis L. roughstalk b. Polypogon monspeliensis (L.) Desf. rabbitfoot polypogon Puccinellia airoides (Nutt.) Wats. & Coult. nuttall alkaligrass Redfieldia flexuosa (Thurb) Vasey blowoutgrass Rhynchelytrum roseum[30] (Nees) Stapf and Hubb. ex Bews natalgrass Saccharum officinarum L. sugarcane Schedonnardus paniculatus (Nutt.) Trel. tumblegrass Scleropogon brevifolius Phil. burrograss Secale L. rye cereale L. rye montanum Guss. mountain r. Setaria Beauv. bristlegrass; millet[31] faberii Herrm. giant b.[32] geniculata (Lam.) Beauv. knotroot b. italica (L.) Beauv. foxtail m. lutescens (Weigel) Hubb.[33] yellow b.[32] macrostachya H.B.K. plains b. verticillata (L.) Beauv. hooked b. viridis (L.) Beauv. green b.[32] Sitanion hystrix (Nutt.) J. G. Smith bottlebrush squirreltail Sorghastrum nutans (L.) Nash indiangrass Sorghum Moench[34] sorghum halepense ( L.) Pers. johnsongrass var. almum Parodi[35] sorghum almum bicolor (L.) Moench. sorghum var. drummondii (Nees) Hack. ex Chiov. chickencorn var. sudanense Hitchc. sudangrass var. technicum (Koern.) Jav. broomcorn Spartina Schreb. cordgrass alterniflora Loisel. smooth c. cynosuroides (L.) Roth big c. gracilis Trin. alkali c. patens (Ait.) Muhl. marshhay c. pectinata Link prairie c. Sphenopholis Scribn. wedgescale intermedia (Rydb.) Rydb. slender w. obtusata (Michx.) Scribn. prairie w. Sporobolus R. Br. dropseed; sacaton airoides (Torr.) Torr. alkali s. asper (Michx.) Kunth tall d. var. hookeri (Trin.) Vasey meadow t.d. var. pilosus (Vasey) Hitchc. hairy t.d. clandestinus (Bieler) Hitchc. hidden d. cryptandrus (Torr.) A. Gray sand d. flexuosus (Thurb.) Rydb. mesa d. giganteus Nash giant d. heterolepis (A. Gray) A. Gray prairie d. interruptus Vasey black d. neglectus Nash puffsheath d. poiretii (Roem. & Schult.) Hitchc. rattail smutgrass pyramidatus (Lam.) Hitchc. whorled d. texanus Vasey Texas d. vaginiflorus (Torr.) Wood poverty d. wrightii Munro ex Scribn. sacaton Stenotaphrum secundatum (Walt.) Kuntze St. augustinegrass Stipa L. needlegrass cernua Stebbins & Love nodding n. columbiana Macoun subalpine n. comata Trin. & Rupr. needleandthread leucotricha Trin. & Rupr. Texas n. neomexicana (Thurb.) Scribn. New Mexico feathergrass occidentalis Thurb. western n. pulchra Hitchc. purple n. robusta (Vasey) Scribn. sleepygrass spartea Trin. porcupinegrass viridula Trin. green n. X Stiporyzopsis caduca (Beal) B. L. Johnson & Rogler (_Oryzopsis hymenoides_ X Stipa viridula) Mandan ricegrass Themeda triandra Forsk. themeda Tragus Hall. burgrass Trichachne Nees cottontop californica (Benth.) Chase Arizona c. patens Swallen Texas c. Trichloris Fourn. trichloris mendocina (Phil.) Kurtz[36] twoflower t. pluriflora Fourn. fourflower t. Tridens Roem. & Schult. tridens albescens (Vasey) Woot. & Standl. white t. elongatus (Buckl.) Nash rough t. flavus (L.) Hitchc. purpletop muticus (Torr.) Nash slim t. pilosus (Buckl.) Hitchc. hairy t. pulchellus (H.B.K.) Hitchc. fluffgrass strictus (Nutt.) Nash longspike t. Triplasis purpurea (Walt.) Chapm. purple sandgrass Tripsacum dactyloides (L.) L. eastern gamagrass Trisetum Pers. trisetum flavescens (L.) Beauv. yellow t. spicatum (L.) Richt. spike t. Triticum L. wheat aestivum L. common w. dicoccum Schrank emmer durum Desf. durum w. monococcum L. einkorn turgidum L. poulard w. Uniola L. uniola latifolia Michx. broadleaf u. sessiliflora Poir. longleaf u. Zea mays L. corn Zizania aquatica L. wildrice Zizaniopsis miliacea (Michx.) Doell & Aschers. southern wildrice Zoysia Willd. zoysia japonica Steud. Japanese lawngrass matrella (L.) Merr.[37] manillagrass tenuifolia Willd. ex. Trin. mascarenegrass

FOOTNOTES:

[9] Agropyron cristatum and A. desertorum are part of a complex that includes several other species.

[10] Not listed in Hitchcock’s 1951 manual.

[11] A complex.

[12] Bothriochloa intermedia (R. Brown) A. Camus (a complex) of Harlan & Celerier, Okla. Tech. Bul. T-72.

[13] Bothriochloa ischaemum (L.) Keng. var. ischaemum of Harlan & Celerier, Okla. Tech. Bul. T-72.

[14] Not listed in Hitchcock’s 1951 manual.

[15] A complex, including B. californicus Nutt. ex Buckl., B. marginatus Nees, B. maritimus (Piper) Hitchc., and B. polyanthus Scribn.

[16] Includes B. richardsoni Link.

[17] In written material in which B. inermis is the only Bromus species discussed, its common name may be shortened to brome.

[18] Not listed in Hitchcock’s 1951 manual.

[19] Not listed in Hitchcock’s 1951 manual.

[20] Spp. with stiff spreading spikes are called windmillgrass.

[21] The name “fingergrass” applied to erect spp.

[22] Not listed in Hitchcock’s 1951 manual.

[23] The name H. nodosum has generally been misapplied to H. brachyantherum in this country.

[24] The name “oniongrass” applied to those spp. with bulblike stem bases.

[25] M. foliosa is a name formerly applied to _M. mexicana_. M. mexicana was then misapplied to the recently recognized M. frondosa (Poir.) Fernald, which it resembles.

[26] Considered to be a form of M. richardsonis (Trin.) Rydb., see 1951 ed. of Hitchcock’s manual, p. 382.

[27] Listed as P. fluitans (Ell.) Kunth on p. 602 of Hitchcock’s 1951 manual.

[28] Listed as P. typhoides, Stapf and Hubbard, page 74 USDA Handbook 170, “Grass varieties in the U.S.,” June, 1965.

[29] Older name, now listed as P. setaceum, p. 729 in Hitchcock’s 1951 manual.

[30] Included in Tricholaena in some manuals.

[31] In some areas certain Setaria spp. have been called foxtail, but to avoid confusion, that common name should be reserved to the genus Alopecurus.

[32] These three species are sometimes called foxtail.

[33] Listed as S. glauca (L.) Beauv. in Gray’s Manual, 8th Ed. p. 226, and on p. 235, Vol. I, of the New Britton & Brown, 1952.

[34] Listed as Sorgum Adans. in Gray’s Manual, 8th Ed. p. 234, and on p. 244 in Vol. I of the New Britton & Brown, 1952.

[35] Sorghum almum is not listed in Hitchcock’s 1951 manual. Parodi, in his 1943 paper, concluded that it must have originated as a hybrid between _S. halepense_ and some other sorghum.

[36] Listed on p. 530 of Hitchcock’s 1951 manual as _T. crinita_ (Lag.) Parodi.

[37] Z. pungens Willd. in some manuals.

=SEDGES, RUSHES, AND RELATED GENERA=

Bulbostylis capillaris (L.) C. B. Clarke hairsedge bulbstyle Carex L. sedge aggregata Mackenz. glomerate s. amphibola Steud. var. turgida Fern. narrowleaf s. annectens Bickn. yellowfruit s. austrina (Small) Mackenz. southern s. bicknellii Britt. bicknell s. blanda Dew. woodland s. brevior (Dew.) Mackenz. straw s. bushii Mackenz. bush s. cephalophora Muhl. woodbank s. davisii Schwein. & Torr. davis s. emoryi Dew. emory s. frankii Kunth frank s. granularis Muhl. meadow s. gravida Bailey heavy s. hyalinolepis Steud. thin scale s. hystricina Muhl. bottlebrush s. laeviconica Dew. smoothcone s. lanuginosa Michx. woolly s. leavenworthii Dew. leavenworth s. lupulina Muhl. hop s. meadii Dew. mead s. microdonta Torr. & Hook. littletooth s. pensylvanica Lam. var. digyna Boeckl. (C. heliophila Mackenz.) pennsylvania s. praegracilis W. Boott clusteredfield s. scoparia Schkuhr broom s. stipata Muhl. sawbeak s. vulpinoidea Michx. fox s. Cyperus L. flatsedge; nutgrass acuminatus Torr. & Hook. tapeleaf f. diandrus Torr. low f. erythrorhizos Muhl. redroot f. esculentus L. yellow n. ferruginescens Boeckl. slender f. filiculmis Vahl fern f. houghtonii Torr. Houghton f. inflexus Muhl. awned f. ovularis (Michx.) Torr. globe f. rivularis Kunth brook f. schweinitzii Torr. schweinitz f. strigosus L. false n. virens Michx. (C. pseudovegetus Steud.) green f. Eleocharis R. Br. spikesedge acicularis (L.) R. & S. needle s. compressa Sulliv. flatstem s. engelmanni Steud. engelmann s. macrostachya Britt. longstem s. obtusa (Willd.) Schultes blunt s. wolfii Gray wolf s. Fimbristylis Vahl fimbristylis autumnalis (L.) R. & S. var. mucronulata (Michx.) Fern. caroliniana (Lam.) Fern. [F. puberula (Michx.) Vahl; F. castanea (Michx.) Vahl var. puberula (Michx.) Britt.; F. interior Britt.] inland f. Fuirena simplex Vahl fuirena Hemicarpha Nees hemicarpha drummondi Nees drummond h. micrantha (Vahl) Pax common h. Juncus L. rush balticus Willd. baltic r. biflorus Ell. (J. aristulatus of Gray’s 7th ed., not Michx.) twoflower r. diffusissimus Buckl. slimpod r. dudleyi Wieg. dudley r. interior Wieg. inland r. kansanus F. J. Herm. Kansas r. marginatus Rostk. grassleaf r. nodatus Coville stout r. tenuis Willd. (J. macer S. F. Gray) soft r. torreyi Coville torrey r. Killinga (see Cyperus) Scirpus L. bulrush americanus Pers. American b. atrovirens Willd. green b. fluviatilis (Torr.) Gray river b. hallii Gray hall b. lineatus Michx. rusty b. pallidus (Britt.) Fern. pale b. paludosus Nels. alkali b. validus Vahl softstem b. Seleria Bergius razorsedge pauciflora Muhl. fewflower r. triglomerata Michx. whip r.

=FERNS AND RELATED GENERA=

Adiantum pedatum L. American maidenhairfern Asplenium L. spleenwort platyneuron (L.) Oakes ebony s. resiliens Kunze blackstem s. Botrychium virginianum (L.) Sw. rattlesnakefern Camptosorus rhizophyllus (L.) Link walkingfern Cheilanthes feei Moore fee lipfern Cystopteris fragilis (L.) Bernh. brittle bladderfern Dryopteris Adans. woodfern thelypteris (L.) Gray marshfern Equisetum L. horsetail; scouringrush arvense L. field h. hyemale L. (including E. prelatum Raf.) scouringrush laevigatum A. Br. (including _E. kansanum_ Schaffn.) smooth h. Isoëtes butleri Engelm. quillwort Marsilea mucronata A. Br. (M. vestita of Gray’s 7th ed., not Hook. & Grev.) pepperwort Notholaena dealbata (Pursh) Kunze cloakfern Onoclea sensibilis L. sensitivefern Ophioglossum vulgatum L. adderstongue Pellaea atropurpurea (L.) Link purple cliffbrake Polystichum Roth hollyfern acrostichoides (Michx.) Schott christmasfern Pteridium Gleditsch bracken aquilinum (L.) Kuhn var. pubescens Underw. western b. var. latiusculum (Desv.) Underw. eastern b. Woodsia obtusa (Spreng.) Torr. common woodsia

=OTHER MONOCOTS=

Acorus calamus L. drug sweetflag Alisma subcordatum Raf. subcordate waterplantain Allium L. onion; garlic various native spp. wild o.; wild g. Anacharis (see Elodea) Androstephium coerculeum (Scheele) Greene blue funnellily Arisaema Mart. jackinthepulpit dracontium (L.) Schott dragonroot j. triphyllum (L.) Schott indian j. Asparagus officinalis L. asparagus Belamcanda chinensis (L.) DC. blackberrylily Camassia scilloides[38] (Raf.) Cory Atlantic camas Commelina L. dayflower diffusa Burm. f. (C. longicaulis of manuals) creeping d. erecta L. (including C. virginica of manuals, not L.) erect d. Cooperia drummondii Herb. eveningstar rainlily Cypripedium calceolus L. var. parviflorum (Salisb.) Fern. (C. parviflorum Salisb.) small yellow ladyslipper Dioscorea villosa L. Atlantic yam Echinodorus Richard burhead cordifolius (L.) Griseb. [E. radicans (Nutt.) Engelm.] rostratus (Nutt.) Engelm. [E. cordifolius of manuals, not (L.) Griseb.] Elodea nuttallii (Planch.) St. John [Anacharis occidentalis (Pursh) Vict.] elodea Erythronium albidum Nutt. white fawnlily Habenaria leucophaea (Nutt.) Gray prairie fringeorchid Heteranthera R. & P. mudplantain dubia (Jacq.) MacM. grassleaf m. limosa (Sw.) Willd. blue m. reniformis R. & P. kidneyleaf m. Hypoxis hirsuta (L.) Coville goldstargrass Iris L. iris brevicaulis Raf. (I. foliosa Mackenz. & Bush) lamance i. versicolor L. blueflag i. Lemna L. duckweed minima Philippi least d. minor L. common d. perpusilla Torr. minute d. Lilium michiganense Farw. Michigan lily Lophotocarpus calycinus (Engelm.) J. G. Sm. lophotocarpus Melanthium virginicum L. bunchflower Najas quadalupensis (Spreng.) Magnus [Naias g. (Spreng.) Morong] southern naiad Nemastylis geminiflora Nutt. (N. acuta Herb.) nemastylis Nothoscordum bivalve (L.) Britt. yellow falsegarlic Polygonatum canaliculatum (Muhl.) Pursh solomonseal Potamogeton L. pondweed diversifolius Raf. waterthread p. foliosus Raf. leafy p. illinoensis Morong (P. lucens of manuals, not L.) Illinois p. nodosus Poir. (P. americanus C. & S.) longleaf p. obtusifolius Mert. & Koch bluntleaf p. pectinatus L. fennelleaf p. pusillus L. baby p. Ruppia maritima L. widgeongrass Sagittaria L. arrowhead ambigua J. G. Sm. Kansas a. brevirostra Mackenz. & Bush shortbeak a. cuneata Sheldon duckpotato a. latifolia Willd. (including _S. esculenta_ Howell) common a. longiloba Engelm. longbarb a. Sisyrinchium L. blue-eyedgrass angustifolium Mill. (including _S. graminoides_ Bickn.) common b. campestre Bickn. prairie b. Smilacina Desf. solomonplume racemosa (L.) Desf. feather s. stellata (L.) Desf. starry s. Smilax L. greenbriar lasioneura Hook. (included in _S. herbacea_ L. in some manuals) tamnoides. L. var. hispida (Muhl.) Fern. (S. hispida Muhl.) bristly g. Sparganium eurycarpum Engelm. giant burreed Spiranthes Richard ladiestresses cernua (L.) Richard nodding l. vernalis Engelm. & Gray upland l. Spirodela polyrhiza (L.) Schleid. common ducksmeat Tradescantia L. spiderwort bracteata Small bracted s. occidentalis (Britt.) Smyth prairie s. ohiensis Raf. (T. canaliculata Raf.) tharpii Anders. & Woodson tharp s. Typha L. cattail angustifolia L. narrowleaf c. latifolia L. common c. Wolffia columbiana Karst. wolffia Yucca glauca Nutt. small soapweed Zannichellia palustris L. common poolmat Zygadenus nuttallii Gray (also spelled Zigadenus) nuttall deathcamas

FOOTNOTES:

[38] C. scilloides in Gray’s 8th Ed.: C. scillioides in some manuals.

=LEGUMES (including woody species)=

Acacia augustissima (Mill.) Ktze. prairie acacia Alysicarpus vaginalis DC. alyceclover Amorpha L. amorpha canescens Pursh leadplant fruticosa L. indigobush a. Amphicarpa bracteata (L.) Fern. southern hogpeanut Anthyllis vulnerania L. kidneyvetch Apios americana Medic. American potatobean Arachis hypogaea L. peanut Astragalus L. milkvetch: species not poisonous loco: species causing locoism poisonvetch: species causing poisoning other than locoism canadensis L. Canada m. caryocarpus Ker (_A. crassicarpus_ Nutt.) groundplum m. cicer L. cicer m. gracilis Nutt. slender m. lotiflorus Hook. lotus m. missouriensis Nutt. Missouri m. mollissimus Torr. woolly l. pectinatus (Hook.) Dougl. narrowleaf p. plattensis Nutt. Nebraska m. racemosus Pursh creamy p. rubyi Greene & Morris ruby m. spatulatus Sheld. (A. caespitosus Gray; Homalobus caespitosus Nutt.) tufted m. Baptisia Vent. wildindigo leucantha T. & G. Atlantic w. leucophaea Nutt. plains w. minor Lehm. blue w. Cajanus cajan Millsp. (C. indicus Spreng.) pigeonpea Caragana arborescens Lam. Siberian peashrub Cassia L. senna; partridgepea fasciculata Michx. (Chamaecrista f. B. & B., including C. rostrata Woot. & Standl.) showy p. marilandica L. wild s. nictitans L. sensitive p. Cercis canadensis L. eastern redbud Cicer arientinum L. chickpea Coronilla varia L. crownvetch Crotalaria L. crotalaria incana L. shackshack c.[39] juncea L. sunn c. mucronata Desv. striped c. sagittalis L. arrow c. spectabilis Roth showy c. Cytisus L. broom Dalea[40] Juss. dalea alopecuroides Willd. [D. leporina (Alt.) Kearney & Peebles] foxtail d. aurea Nutt. silktop d. enneandra Nutt. nineanther d. jamesii (Torr.) T. & G. james d. lanata Spreng. woolly d. nana Torr. dwarf d. Desmanthus Willd. bundleflower illinoensis (Michx.) MacM. Illinois b. leptolobus T. & G. slenderlobed b. Desmodium Desv. tickclover canadense (L.) DC. Canada t. canescens (L.) DC. hoary t. cuspidatum (Muhl.) Loud. [D. bracteosum (Michx.) DC.] longleaf t. glutinosum (Muhl.) Wood [D. acuminatum (Michx.) DC.] largeflower t. illinoense Gray Illinois t. paniculatum (L.) DC. panicled t. sessilifolium (Torr.) T. & G. sessile t. tortuosum DC. (D. purpureum Fawcett & Rendle) tall t. Dolichos lablab L. hyacinthbean Gleditsia triacanthos L. honeylocust Glottidium vesicarium (Jacq.) Harper bagpod Glycine max (L.) Merr. soybean Glycyrrhiza lepidota (Nutt.) Pursh American licorice Gymnocladus dioica (L.) K. Koch Kentucky coffeetree Hedysarum coronarium L. sulla Hoffmanseggia jamesii T. & G. rushpea Homalobus (see Astragalus) Indigofera L. indigo hirsuta L. hairy i. leptosepala Nutt. western i. Lathyrus L. peavine hirsutus L. rough p. latifolius L. perennial p. odoratus L. sweetpea polymorphous Nutt. [including L. incanus (Sm. & Rydb.) Rydb. and L. stipulaceous (Pursh) Butters & St. John] hoary p. pusillus Ell. low p. sativus L. grass p. sylvestris L. flat p. tingitanus L. tangierpea venosus Muhl. veiny p. Lens culinaris Medic. (L. esculenta Moench) lentil Lespedeza Michx. lespedeza bicolor Turcz. shrub l. capitata Michx. roundhead l. cuneata (Dumont) G. Don sericea l. cyrtobotrya Miq. bush l. daurica (Laxm.) Schindl. var. schimadae (Masam.) Masam. & Hosok prostrate-daurican l. hedysaroides (Pall.) Kitagawa rush l. hirta (L.) Hornem. hairy l. intermedia (S. Wats.) Britt. wand l. japonica Bailey Japan l. latissima Nakai decumbent l. manniana Mackenz. & Bush mann l. nuttallii Darl. nuttall l. procumbens Michx. trailing l. repens (L.) Bart. creeping l. stipulacea Maxim. Korean l. striata (Thunb.) H. & A. common l. stuevei Nutt. stuves l. violacea (L.) Pers. (L. prairea Britt.) violet l. virginica (L.) Britt. slender l. Lotus L. deervetch (native American spp.); trefoil americanus (Nutt.) Bisch. American d. corniculatus L. birdsfoot t. tenuis Waldst. & Dit. ex. Willd. narrowleaf b.t. uliginosus Schkuhr (L. major Sm.; L. villosus Willd.) big t. Lupinus L. lupine albus L. white l. angustifolius L. blue l. luteus L. yellow l. plattensis S. Wats. Nebraska l. pusillus Pursh low l. subcarnosus Hook. Texas l. Medicago L. medic; burclover; alfalfa arabica (L.) Huds. spotted b. arborea L. tree m. ciliaris Bald. ex DC. fringed m. falcata L. yellow a. hispida Gaertn. California b. lupulina L. black m. minima (L.) Desr. little b. orbicularis All. button m. rigidula Desr. Tifton b. sativa L. alfalfa scutellata Mill. snail m. tuberculata Willd. tuberculous m. Melilotus Mill. sweetclover alba Desr. white s. dentata Pers. banat s. indica (L.) All. annual yellow s. officinalis (L.) Lam. yellow s. suaveolens Ledeb. daghestan s. Onobrychis viciaefolia Scop. common sainfoin Ornithopus sativus Brot. serradella Oxytropis lambertii Pursh lambert crazyweed[41] Petalostemum[42] Michx. prairieclover candidum (Willd.) Michx. white p. compactum (Spreng.) Swezey compact p. multiflorum Nutt. roundheaded p. occidentale (Gray) Fern. western p. porterianum Small porter p. purpureum (Vent.) Rydb. purple p. tenuifolium Gray slimleaf p. villosum Nutt. silky p. Phaseolus L. bean aconitifolius Jacq. moth b. acutifolius Gray Texas b. angularis Wight adsuki b. aureus Roxb. mung b. calcaratus Roxb. rice b. coccineus L. (P. multiflorus Lam.) runner b. lunatus L. (including var. macrocarpus Benth.) lima b. vulgaris L. common b. Pisum L. pea arvense (L.) Poir. field p. sativum L. garden p. Prosopis juliflora (Swartz) DC. (P. chilensis of manuals; including P. glandulosa Torr. and _P. velutina_ Woot.) mesquite Psoralea L. scurfpea argophylla Pursh silverleaf s. cuspidata Pursh tallbread s. digitata Nutt. palmleaf s. osculenta Pursh common breadroot s. hypogaea Nutt. little breadroot s. lanceolata Pursh lemon s. linearifolia T. & G. slimleaf s. psoralioides (Walt.) Cory bobsroot s. tenuiflora Pursh slimflower s. var. floribunda (Nutt.) Rydb. manyflower s. Pueraria DC. kudzu lobata (Willd.) Ohwi [P. thunbergiana (Sieb. & Zucc.) Benth.] thunberg k. phaseoloides Benth. tropical k. Robinia L. locust pseudo-acacia L. black l. viscosa Vent. clammy l. Schrankia nuttallii (DC.) Standl. (_S. uncinata_ of manuals, not Willd.) catclaw sensitivebriar Sesbania exaltata (Raf.) Cory sesbania Sophora sericea Nutt. silky sophora Stizolobium deeringianum Bort. velvetbean Strophostyles Ell. wildbean helvola (L.) Ell. trailing w. leiosperma (T. & G.) Piper smoothseed w. Stylosanthes biflora (L.) BSP. pencilflower Tephrosia virginiana (L.) Pers. [including T. leucosericea (Rydb.) Cory] Virginia tephrosia Thermopsis rhombifolia Nutt. ex Rich. prairie thermopsis Trifolium L. clover agrarium L. hop c. alexandrinum L. berseem ambiguum Bieb. kura c. arvense L. rabbitfoot c. campestre Schreb. plains c. carolinianum Michx. Carolina c. dubium Sibth. small hop c. fragiferum L. strawberry c. glomeratum L. cluster c. hirtum All. rose c. hybridum L. alsike c. incarnatum L. crimson c. lappaceum L. lappa c. medium L. zigzag c. nigrescens Viv. ball c. pratense L. red c. procumbens L. large hop c. reflexum L. buffalo c. repens L. white c. resupinatum L. Persian c. stoloniferum Eat. stoloniferous c. striatum L. knotted c. subterraneum L. subterranean c. Trigonella L. trigonella foenum-graecum L. fenugreek Vicia L. vetch americana Muhl. American v. angustifolia Reichard narrowleaf v. articulata Hornem. oneflower v. benghalensis L. (V. atropurpurea Desf.) purple v. caroliniana Walt. Carolina v. cracca L. bird v. dasycarpa Ten. woollypod v. ervilia Willd. bitter v. faba L. broadbean var. equina Pers. (V. faba L. subsp. major Alef.) horsebean grandiflora Scop. bigflower v. ludoviciana Nutt. Louisiana v. monantha (L.) Desf. oneflower v. pannonica Crantz. Hungarian v. sativa L. common v. sparsifolia Nutt. stiffleaf v. trifida Dietr. clubleaf v. villosa Roth hairy v. Vigna Savi cowpea sesquipedalis Fruwirth yardlong c. sinensis (L.) Endl. cowpea Wisteria macrostachya Nutt. wisteria

FOOTNOTES:

[39] Listed as shack c. in 1948 USDA Yearbook of Agriculture.

[40] The genus Dalea includes Petalostemum in some manuals.

[41] Often termed stemless loco in older literature but the name loco should be reserved for the genus Astragalus.

[42] The genus Petalostemum is included in Dalea in some manuals.

=OTHER DICOT FORBS=

Abronia fragrans Nutt. ex Hook. sweet sandverbena Abutilon theophrasti Medic. velvetleaf Acalypha L. copperleaf gracilens Gray slender c. ostryaefolia Riddell hophornbeam c. virginica L. Virginia c. Acerates (see Asclepias) Achillea L. yarrow millefolium L. subsp. millefolium common y. millefolium L. subsp. lanulosa (Nutt.) Piper western y. Acnida tamariscina (Nutt.) Wood waterhemp Actinea (see Hymenoxys) Actinomeris (see Verbesina) Agastache Clayt. gianthyssop nepetoides (L.) Ktze. catnip g. scrophulariaefolia (Willd.) Ktze. purple g. Agoseris cuspidata (see Microseris) Agrimonia L. agrimony parviflora Ait. many flower a. pubescens Wallr. downy a. rostellata Wallr. woodland a. Agrostemma githago L. common corncockle Alliaria officinalis Andrz. garlicmustard Allionia (included in Mirabilis) Amaranthus L. pigweed (amaranth of SPN) graecizans L. (A. blitoides S. Wats.) tumbleweed hybridus L. slim p. palmeri S. Wats. palmer p. retroflexus L. rough p. spinosus L. spiny p. torreyi (Gray) Benth. torrey p. Ambrosia L. ragweed artemisiifolia L. (A. elatior L.) common r. bidentata Michx. lanceleaf r. psilostachya DC. (A. coronopifolia T. & G.) western r. trifida L. giant r. Ammannia ammannia auriculata Willd. earleaf a. coccinea Rottb. purple a. Ampelamus albidus (Nutt.) Britt. (Gonolobus laevis of manuals, not Michx.) climbingmilkweed Amsonia tabernaemontana Walt. willow amsonia Anagallis arvensis L. scarlet pimpernel Androsace occidentalis Pursh western rockjasmine Anemone L. anemone canadensis L. meadow a. caroliniana Walt. Carolina a. cylindrica Gray candle a. decapetala Ard. tenpetal a. virginiana L. Virginia a. Antennaria Gaertn. pussytoes neglecta Greene (including A. campestris Rydb. & _A. longifolia_ Greene) field p. plantaginifolia (L.) Richards (including A. fallax Greene) plantainleaf p. Anthemis L. camomile cotula L. mayweed c. tinctoria L. golden c. Anychia (see Paronychia) Aplopappus (see Haplopappus) Apocynum L. dogbane cannabinum L. hemp d. sibiricum Jacq. prairie d. Aquilegia L. columbine Arabis L. rockcress canadensis L. sickle pod dentata (Torr.) T. & G. toothed r. hirsuta (L.) Scop. var. pycnocarpa (M. Hopkins) Rollins hairy r. laevigata (Muhl.) Poir. smooth r. virginica (L.) Poir. Virginia r. Arctium minus (Hill) Bernh. smaller burdock Arenaria L. sandwort patula Michx. pitchers s. serpyllifolia L. thymeleaf s. stricta Michx. var. texana Robins. Texas s. Argemone L. pricklypoppy polyanthemos (Fedde) G. Ownbey squarrosa Greene (including _A. hispida_ Gray) hedgehog p. Aristolochia tomentosa Sims dutchmanspipe Armoracia lapathifolia Gilib. [Rorippa armoracia (L.) Hitchc.] common horseradish Artemisia L. sagewort; sagebrush annua L. sweet sagewort biennis Willd. biennial sagewort campestris L. (A. canadensis Michx.) prairie sagewort dracunculus L. falsetarragan sagewort filifolia Torr. sand sagebrush ludoviciana Nutt. [including var. gnaphalodes (Nutt.) T. & G.] Louisiana sagewort vulgaris L. common sagewort Asarum canadense L. wildginger Asclepias L. (including Acerates Ell.) milkweed amplexicaulis Sm. bluntleaf m. arenaria Torr. sand m. auriculata (Engelm.) Holz. (Acerates a. Engelm.) leafy m. hirtella (Pennell) Woodson (Acerates h. Pennell) prairie m. incarnata L. swamp m. lanuginosa Nutt. [Acerates l. (Nutt.) DC.] woolly m. latifolia (Torr.) Raf. broadleaf m. pumila (Gray) Vail plains m. purpurascens L. purple m. speciosa Torr. showy m. stenophylla Gray (_Acerates angustifolia_ Dene.) narrowleaf m. subverticillata (Gray) Vail (A. galioides HBK.) poison m. sullivantii Engelm. sullivant m. syriaca L. var. kansana (Vail) Palmer & Steyerm. Kansas m. syriaca L. var. syriaca common m. tuberosa L. butterfly m. verticillata L. whorled m. viridiflora Raf. [Acerates v. (Raf.) Eaton] green m. Asclepiodora[43] Gray antelopehorn decumbens (Nutt.) Gray (_Asclepias capricornu_ Woodson) spider a. viridis (Walt.) Gray (Asclepias v. Walt.) green a. Aster L. aster anomalus Engelm. manyray a. arenosus Blake [Leucelene ericoides (Torr.) Greene] babywhite a. azureus Lindl. azure a. drummondii Lindl. drummond a. ericoides L. heath a. exilis Ell. slim a. fendleri Gray fendler a. laevis L. var. laevis smooth a. novae-angliae L. New England a. oblongifolius Nutt. aromatic a. ontarionis Wieg. (A. missouriensis Britt., & A. pantotrichus Blake) Missouri a. paludosus Ait. singlestem bog a. praealtus Poir. willowleaf a. sagittifolius Wedemeyer arrow a. sericeus Vent. silky a. simplex Willd. (A. paniculatus Lam. not Mill.) panicled a. tanacetifolius HBK. [_Machaeranthera t._ (HBK.) Nees] tansyleaf a. tataricus L. f. tatarian a. vimineus Lam. small white a. Astranthium integrifolium (Michx.) Nutt. entireleaved westerndaisy Atriplex L. saltbush argentea Nutt. silverscale s. canescens (Pursh) Nutt. fourwing s. patula L. fat-hen s. rosea L. tumbling orach Aureolaria (see Gerardia) Bacopa rotundifolia (Michx.) Wettst. (Macuillamia r. Michx.) disk waterhyssop Bahia oppositifolia (Nutt.) DC. [Picradeniopsis o. (Nutt.) Rydb.] plains bahia Barbarea vulgaris R. Br. bitter wintercress Bergia texana (Hook.) Seubert Texas bergia Berlandiera DC. berlandiera lyrata Benth. wireleaf b. texana DC. Texas b. Berteroa incana (L.) DC. hoary false-alyssum Berula erecta (Huds.) Coville stalky berula Beta L. beet Bidens L. beggarticks bipinnata L. spanishneedles cernua L. [including B. glaucescens Greene, & B. elliptica (Wieg.) Gleason] nodding b. frondosa L. devils b. polylepis Blake [B. involucrata (Nutt.) Britt.] coreopsis b. tripartita L. [B. comosa (Gray) Wieg., & B. connata Muhl.] bur b. vulgata Greene tall b. Boehmeria cylindrica (L.) Sw. smallspike falsenettle Boltonia L’Her. boltonia asteroides (L.) L’Her. var. recognita (Fern. & Griscom) Cron. (B. latisquama Gray var. recognita Fern. & Griscom) white b. asteroides (L.) L’Her. var. latisquama (Gray) Cron. (B. latisquama Gray) violet b. Brassica L. mustard juncea (L.) Coss. India m. kaber (DC.) L. C. Wheeler charlock napus L. (B. rapa of authors, not L.) turnip nigra (L.) Koch black m. oleracea L. cabbage, etc. rapa L. (B. campestris L.) rape & rutabaga Brickellia grandiflora (Hook.) Nutt. [B. umbellata (Greene) Rydb.] brickellia Buchnera americana L. American bluehearts Cacalia L. indian plantain atriplicifolia L. pale i. tuberosa Nutt. tuberous i. Calceolaria (see Hybanthus) Callirhoë Nutt. poppymallow alcaeoides (Michx.) Gray pale p. digitata Nutt. finger p. involucrata (T. & G.) Gray purple p. Callitriche heterophylla Pursh waterstarwort Camelina microcarpa Andrz. littlepod falseflax Campanula americana L. American bellflower Cannabis sativa L. hemp Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medic. shepherdspurse Cardamine L. bittercress bulbosa (Schreb.) BSP. bulb b. parviflora L. smallflower b. pensylvanica Muhl. Pennsylvania b. Cardaria draba (L.) Desv. (Lepidium draba L.) hoary cress Carduus nutans L. muskthistle Carthamus tinctorius L. safflower Castilleja Mutis paintbrush citrina Pennell citron p. coccinea (L.) Spreng. indian p. sessiliflora Pursh downy p. Centaurea L. centaurea americana Nutt. basketflower cyanus L. cornflower repens L. (C. picris Pall.) Russian knapweed solstitialis L. yellow c. Cerastium L. cerastium brachypodum (Engelm.) Robins. shortstalk c. nutans Raf. powderhorn c. vulgatum L. big c. Ceratophyllum demersum L. hornwort Chaerophyllum L. chervil procumbens (L.) Crantz spreading c. reflexum Bush. reflexed c. texanum C. & R. Texas c. Chamaesaracha Gray falsenightshade conioides (Moric.) Britt. coronopus (Dunal) Gray green f. Chamaesyce (included in Euphorbia) Chenopodium L. goosefoot albescens Small pale g. album L. lambsquarters ambrosioides L. wormseed g. berlandieri Moq. pitseed g. boscianum Moq. goosefoot cycloides A. Nels. sandhill g. fremontii S. Wats. fremont g. glaucum L. oakleaf g. hybridum L. var. gigantospermum (Aellen) Rouleau mapleleaf g. incanum (S. Wats.) Heller leptophyllum Nutt. slimleaf g. murale L. nettleleaf g. petiolare HBK. salinum Standl. alkali g. Chrysanthemum leucanthemum L. oxeyedaisy Chrysopsis Ell. goldaster pilosa Nutt. soft g. villosa (Pursh) Nutt. var. angustifolia (Rydb.) Cron. [C. angustifolia Rydb., C. stenophylla (Gray) Greene] villosa (Pursh) Nutt. var. canescens Gray (_C. berlandieri_ Greene) villosa (Pursh) Nutt. var. foliosa (Nutt.) D. C. Eat. (C. foliosa Nutt.) leafy g. villosa (Pursh) Nutt. var. hispida (Hook.) Gray [C. viscida (Gray) Greene] rough g. villosa (Pursh) Nutt. var. villosa (including C. bakeri Greene, C. ballardi Rydb., _C. hirsutissima_ Greene, & C. asprella Greene) hairy g. Cichorium intybus L. common chicory Cicuta maculata L. waterhemlock Circaea latifolia Hill broadleaf circaea Cirsium Mill. thistle altissimum (L.) Spreng. tall t. arvense (L.) Scop. Canada t. ochrocentrum Gray yellowspine t. undulatum (Nutt.) Spreng. wavyleaf t. vulgare (Savi) Airy-Shaw (C. lanceolatum of manuals) bull t. Claytonia virginica L. Virginia springbeauty Clematis L. clematis fremontii S. Wats. fremont c. ligusticifolia Nutt. western c. pitcheri T. & G. pitcher c. virginiana L. virginsbower Cleome L. spiderflower serrulata Pursh bee s. spinosa Jacq. spiny s. Cleomella angustifolia Torr. cleomella Cocculus carolinus (L.) DC. Carolina snailseed Collinsia violacea Nutt. collinsia Comandra Nutt. comandra pallida A. DC. pale c. richardsiana Fern. richards c. Conium maculatum L. poisonhemlock Conobea multifida (Michx.) Benth. [Leucospora m. (Michx.) Nutt.] paleseed Conringia orientalis (L.) Dumort. treacle haresear Convolvulus L. bindweed arvensis L. field b. incanus Vahl gray b. sepium L. (including C. interior House of manuals) hedge b. Conyza L. conyza canadensis (L.) Cron. [_Erigeron c._ L., Leptilon c. (L.) Britt.] horseweed ramosissima Cron. (_Erigeron divaricatus_ Michx.) Coreopsis L. coreopsis grandiflora Hogg bigflower c. palmata Nutt. finger c. tinctoria Nutt. plains c. Corispermum L. tickseed hyssopifolium L. hyssopleaf t. nitidum Kit. bugseed Corydalis Medic. corydalis aurea Willd. golden c. campestris (Britt.) Buchholz & Palmer plains c. crystallina Engelm. mealy c. flavula (Raf.) DC. pale c. micrantha (Engelm.) Gray smallflower c. Cristatella jamesii T. & G. cristatella Croton L. croton capitatus Michx. woolly c. glandulosus L. var. septentrionalis Muell. Arg. tropic c. lindheimerianus Scheele threeseed c. monanthogynus Michx. oneseed c. texensis (Klotzsch) Muell. Arg. Texas c. Crotonopsis elliptica Willd. crotonopsis Cryptantha Lehm. (including Oreocarya Greene) cryptantha crassisepala (T. & G.) Greene thicksepal c. jamesii (Torr.) Payson [_O. suffruticosa_ (Torr.) Greene] james c. Cucurbita foetidissima HBK. buffalogourd Cuphea petiolata (L.) Koehne clammy cuphea Cuscuta L. dodder cephalanthi Engelm. buttonbush d. coryli Engelm. hazel d. cuspidata Engelm. cusp d. glomerata Choisy cluster d. indecora Choisy showy d. pentagona Engelm. field d. polygonorum Engelm. smartweed d. Cyclanthera dissecta (T. & G.) Arn. cyclanthera Cycloloma atriplicifolium (Spreng.) Coult. tumble ringwing Cymopterus Raf. cymopterus acaulis (Pursh) Raf. stemless c. montanus (Nutt.) T. & G. (Phellopterus m. Nutt.) mountain corkwing Cynoglossum L. houndstongue officinale L. common h. virginianum L. wildcomfrey h. Dasistoma macrophylla (Nutt.) Raf. oakleech Datura L. datura innoxia Mill. (D. meteloides DC., D. metel of manuals, not L.) sacred d. stramonium L. jimsonweed Daucus L. carrot carota L. wild c. pusillus Michx. southwestern c. Delphinium L. larkspur ajacis L. rocket l. tricorne Michx. dwarf l. virescens Nutt. plains l. Dentaria laciniata Muhl. cutleaf toothwort Descurainia Webb & Berthelot tansymustard pinnata (Walt.) Britt. [including D. intermedia (Rydb.) Daniels, & D. magna Rydb.] pinnate t. sophia (L.) Webb flixweed t. Dianthera (see Justicia) Diaperia prolifera Nutt. diaperia Dicentra cucullaria (L.) Bernh. dutchmans-breeches Dicliptera brachiata (Pursh) Spreng. dicliptera Diodia teres Walt. rough buttonweed Ditaxis Vahl ditaxis humilis (Engelm. & Gray) Pax low d. mercurialina (Nutt.) Coult. tall d. Dodecatheon meadia L. common shootingstar Draba L. draba brachycarpa Nutt. shortpod d. cuneifolia Nutt. wedgeleaf d. reptans (Lam.) Fern. (D. caroliniana Walt.) carolina d. Dracopis amplexicaulis (Vahl) Cass. (Rudbeckia a. Vahl) clasping coneflower Dyssodia papposa (Vent.) Hitchc. prairie dogweed Echinacea Moench echinacea angustifolia DC. blacksamson e. atrorubens Nutt. [including E. paradoxa (Norton) Britt.] yellow e. pallida Nutt. pale e. Echinocereus Engelm. echinocereus reichenbachii (Terscheck) Haage jr. (E. caespitosus Engelm.) lace e. viridiflorus Engelm. greenpitaya e. Echinocystis lobata (Michx.) T. & G. wild mockcucumber Echium vulgare L. blueweed Eclipta alba (L.) Hassk. yerbadetajo Elephantopus carolinianus Willd. elephantsfoot Ellisia nyctelea L. ellisia Engelmannia pinnatifida T. & G. engelmanndaisy Epilobium L. willowweed angustifolium L. fireweed coloratum Biehler purpleleaf w. leptophyllum Raf. (E. lineare of manuals, not Muhl.) narrowleaf w. Erechtites hieracifolia (L.) Raf. American burnweed Erigeron L. (see also Conyza) fleabane annuus (L.) Pers. annual f. bellidiastrum Nutt. western f. flagellaris Gray trailing f. philadelphicus L. Philadelphia f. pumilus Nutt. low f. strigosus Muhl. [E. ramosus (Walt.) BSP.] daisy f. Eriogonum Michx. eriogonum annuum Nutt. annual e. longifolium Nutt. longleaf e. Erodium cicutarium (L.) L’Her. filaree Eruca sativa Mill. rocketsalad Eryngium L. eryngo leavenworthii T. & G. leavenworth e. yuccifolium Michx. buttonsnakeroot e. Erysimum L. erysimum asperum (Nutt.) DC. plains e. inconspicuum (S. Wats.) MacM. smallflower e. repandum L. spreading e. Eulophus (see Perideridia) Eupatorium L. eupatorium; joepyeweed altissimum L. tall e. coelestinum L. mistflower e. maculatum L. spotted j. perfoliatum L. boneset purpureum L. (E. falcatum Michx.) bluestem j. rugosum Houtt. (E. urticaefolium Reichard) white snakeroot serotinum Michx. late e. Euphorbia L. [including Tithymalus (Tourn.) Adans., & Chamaesyce Small] euphorbia; spurge corollata L. flowering s. dentata Michx. [including _E. cuphosperma_ (Engelm.) Boiss.] toothed e. dictyosperma Fisch. & Mey. warty e. esula L. leafy s. fendleri T. & G. (E. greenei in Rydb.’s floras) fendler e. geyeri Engelm. geyer e. glyptosperma Engelm. ridgeseed e. heterophylla L. painted e. hexagona Nutt. sixangle e. humistrata Engelm. spreading e. lata Engelm. hoary e. maculata L. (variously known as _E. hypericifolia_ L., E. hyssopifolia L., E. nutans Lag., & E. preslii Guss.) spotted e. marginata Pursh snow-on-the-mountain missurica Raf. [including E. nuttallii (Engelm.) Small, & E. petaloidea Engelm.] Missouri s. obtusata Pursh roughpod e. serpens HBK. serpent e. serpyllifolia Pers. thymeleaf e. stictospora Engelm. slimseed e. supina Raf. (called E. maculata L. in manuals) prostrate s. Eustoma russellianum (Hook.) Griseb. russell prairiegentian Evolvulus nuttallianus R. & S. nuttall evolvulus Fagopyrum sagittatum Gilib. (_F. esculentum_ Moench) common buckwheat Flaveria campestris J. R. Johnston flaveria Fragaria virginiana Duchesne wild strawberry Franseria Cav. bursage acanthicarpa (Hook.) Coville variable b. confertiflora (DC.) Rydb. (_F. tenuifolia_ Harv. & Gray) slimleaf b. tomentosa Gray burragweed Froelichia Moench snakecotton floridana (Nutt.) Moq. var. campestris (Small) Fern. (F. campestris Small) field s. gracilis (Hook.) Moq. slender s. Gaillardia Foug. gaillardia aristata Pursh common perennial g. drummondii (Hook.) DC. drummond g. fastigiata Greene prairie g. pulchella Foug. (G. aristosa of manuals) rosering g. Galinsoga ciliata (Raf.) Blake (G. aristulata Bickn.) fringed quickweed Galium L. bedstraw aparine L. catchweed b. circaezans Michx. var. hypomalacum Fern. woods b. concinnum T. & G. shining b. obtusum Bigel. bluntleaf b. pilosum Ait. hairy b. tinctorium L. dye b. triflorum Michx. fragrant b. Gaura L. gaura biennis L. biennial g. coccinea Pursh scarlet g. parviflora Dougl. smallflower g. villosa Torr. hairy g. Gentiana puberula Michx. downy gentian Geranium L. geranium carolinianum L. Carolina g. maculatum L. spotted g. Gerardia L. gerardia aspera Dougl. rough g. auriculata Michx. [Tomanthera a. (Michx.) Raf.] earleaf g. densiflora Benth. [Tomanthera d. (Benth.) Raf.] fineleaf g. grandiflora Benth. [Aureolaria g. (Benth.) Pennell] bigflower g. skinneriana Wood rose g. tenuifolia Vahl slender g. Geum L. avens canadense Jacq. white a. vernum (Raf.) T. & G. heartleaf a. Gilia R. & P. gilia laxiflora (Coult.) Osterh. irion g. longiflora (Torr.) G. Don whiteflower g. spicata Nutt. spike g. Glechoma hederacea L. [Nepeta h. (L.) Trevisan] groundivy Gnaphalium L. cudweed obtusifolium L. fragrant c. purpureum L. purple c. Gonolobus (see Ampelamus) Gossypium hirsutum L. upland cotton Gratiola L. hedgehyssop aurea Muhl. (G. lutea Raf. in part) golden h. virginiana L. Virginia h. Grindelia Willd. gumweed lanceolata Nutt. spinytooth g. squarrosa (Pursh) Dunal curlycup g. Gutierrezia Lag. snakeweed dracunculoides (DC.) Blake [Amphiachyris d. (DC.) Nutt.] broomweed sarothrae (Pursh) Britt. & Rusby (including G. diversifolia Greene, & G. linearis Rydb.) broom s. Hackelia virginiana (L.) I. M. Johnston [Lappula v. (L.) Greene] Virginia stickseed Haplopappus Endl. (including Aplopappus Cass., Sideranthus Sweet, & Oonopsis Greene) goldenweed ciliatus (Nutt.) DC. (_Prionopsis ciliata_ Nutt.) wax g. divaricatus (Nutt.) Gray [Isopappus d. (Nutt.) T. & G.] slender g. englemannii Z. (Gray) Hall [Oonopsis e. (Gray) Greene] englemann g. phyllocephalus DC. (Sideranthus annuus Rydb.) annual g. spinulosus (Pursh) DC. [_Sideranthus s._ (Pursh) Sweet] ironplant Hedeoma Pers. falsepennyroyal drummondii Benth. drummond f. hispida Pursh rough f. pulegioides (L.) Pers. American f. Helenium L. sneezeweed autumnale L. common s. nudiflorum Nutt. purplehead s. tenuifolium Nutt. bitter s. Helianthemum bicknellii Fern. sunrose Helianthus L. sunflower annuus L. (including H. lenticularis Dougl.) common s. grosseserratus Martens sawtooth s. hirsutus Raf. [H. leptocaulis (Wats.) Blake (including _H. virilis_ Wats.)] hairy s. laetiflorus Pers. [including _H. rigidus_ (Cass.) Desf., & H. severus Wats.] stiff s. maximiliani Schrad. maximilian s. mollis Lam. ashy s. petiolaris Nutt. prairie s. salicifolius A. Dietr. willowleaf s. tuberosus L. (including H. mollissimus E. E. Wats.) jerusalemartichoke Heliopsis helianthoides (L.) Sweet var. scabra (Dunal) Fern. rough heliopsis Heliotropium L. heliotrope convolvulaceum (Nutt.) Gray bindweed h. spathulatum Rydb. wild h. tenellum (Nutt.) Torr. pasture h. Hesperis matronalis L. dames rocket Heterotheca subaxillaris (Lam.) Britt. & Rusby camphorweed Heuchera richardsonii R. Br. var. grayana Rosend., Butt., & Lak. alumroot Hibiscus L. hibiscus; rosemallow esculentus L. okra militaris Cav. scarlet r. trionum L. flowerofanhour Hieracium longipilum Torr. longbeard hawkweed Houstonia L. bluets minima Beck tiny b. nigricans (Lam.) Fern. (H. angustifolia Michx.) narrowleaf b. Humulus lupulus L. hop Hybanthus verticillatus (Ortega) Baill. [Calceolaria verticillata (Ortega) Ktze.] Northamerican calceolaria Hydrophyllum L. waterleaf appendiculatum Michx. notchbract w. virginianum L. Virginia w. Hymenopappus L’Her. hymenopappus corymbosus T. & G. flattop h. scabiosaeus L’Her. whitebract h. tenuifolius Pursh slimleaf h. Hymenoxys Cass. (Actinea Juss., Tetraneuris Greene, Actinella Pers.) hymenoxys acaulis (Pursh) Parker [_Tetraneuris a._ (Pursh) Greene] stemless h. odorata DC. [Actinea o. (DC.) Ktze., & Actinella o. (DC.) Gray] bitterweed scaposa (DC.) Parker var. linearis (Nutt.) Parker (_Tetraneuris fastigiata_ Greene) plains h. Hypericum L. St. johnswort drummondii (Grev. & Hook.) T. & G. drummond S. mutilum L. dwarf S. perforatum L. common S. punctatum Lam. spotted S. sphaerocarpum Michx. roundfruit S. Impatiens L. snapweed biflora Walt. spotted s. nortoni Rydb. norton s. pallida Nutt. pale s. Iodanthus pinnatifidus (Michx.) Steud. purplerocket Ipomoea L. morningglory batatas Lam. sweetpotato hederacea (L.) Jacq. ivyleaf m. lacunosa L. white m. leptophylla Torr. bush m. pandurata (L.) G. F. W. Mey. bigroot m. purpurea (L.) Roth common m. Isanthus brachiatus (L.) BSP. fluxweed Isopyrum biternatum (Raf.) T. & G. Atlantic isopyrum Iva L. sumpweed ciliata Willd. seacoast s. xanthifolia Nutt. rag s. Jussiaea repens L. var. glabrescens Ktze. (J. diffusa of manuals, not Forsk.) floating waterprimrose Justicia americana (L.) Vahl (Dianthera a. L.) American dianthera Kallstroemia Scop. caltrop hirsutissima Vail hairy c. intermedia Rydb. intermediate c. Kochia Roth kochia Krameria lanceolata Torr. (K. secundiflora of manuals, not DC.) trailing krameria Krigia Schreb. dwarfdandelion dandelion (L.) Nutt. [Cynthia d. (L.) DC.] tube d. occidentalis Nutt. [Cymbia o. (Nutt.) Standl.] western d. oppositifolia Raf. [_Serinia o._ (Raf.) Ktze.] common d. Kuhnia L. kuhnia eupatorioides L. (K. suaveolens Fresen.; K. hitchcockii A. Nels.) falseboneset Lactuca L. lettuce canadensis L. Canada l. floridana (L.) Gaertn. Florida l. ludoviciana (Nutt.) DC. Louisiana l. pulchella (Pursh) DC. chicory l. scariola L. (L. serriola L.; L. virosa of manuals, not L.) prickly l. Lamium amplexicaule L. henbit Laportea canadensis (L.) Gaud. woodnettle Lappula Moench stickseed echinata Gilib. European s. redowskii (Hornem.) Greene [_L. occidentalis_ (S. Wats.) Greene] flatspine s. texana (Scheele) Britt. (L. heterosperma Greene) cupseed s. Lechea tenuifolia Michx. pinweed Leonurus cardiaca L. common motherwort Lepidium L. pepperweed campestre (L.) R. Br. field p. densiflorum Schrad. peppergrass perfoliatum L. clasping p. ramosissimum Nels. manybranch p. virginicum L. Virginia p. Lesquerella S. Wats. bladderpod gracilis (Hook.) S. Wats. [including L. repanda (Nutt.) S. Wats.] spreading b. ludoviciana (Nutt.) S. Wats. Louisiana b. ovalifolia Rydb. ovalleaf b. Leucelene ericoides (see Aster arenosus) Liatris Schreb. gayfeather angustifolia (Bush) Gaiser narrowleaf g. kansana (Britt.) Rydb. Kansas g. punctata Hook. dotted g. pycnostachya Michx. thickspike g. scariosa (L.) Willd. tall g. squarrosa (L.) Michx. scaly g. Linaria Mill. toadflax canadensis (L.) Dum. var. canadensis oldfield t. canadensis var. texana (Scheele) Pennell Texas t. vulgaris Hill butter-and-eggs t. Lindernia All. falsepimpernel anagallidea (Michx.) Pennell clasping f. dubia (L.) Pennell yellowseed f. Linum L. flax compactum A. Nels. lewisii Pursh [L. pratense (Norton) Small] lewis f. rigidum Pursh stiffstem f. sulcatum Riddell grooved f. usitatissimum L. common f. Lippia L. lippia cuneifolia (Torr.) Steud. wedgeleaf fogfruit lanceolata Michx. var. recognita Fern. & Grisc. lanceleaf l. Lithospermum L. gromwell arvense L. corn g. canescens (Michx.) Lehm. hoary g. incisum Lehm. (L. angustifolium Michx., & L. linearifolium Goldie) narrowleaf g. latifolium Michx. American g. Lobelia L. lobelia cardinalis L. cardinalflower siphilitica[44] L. bigblue l. spicata Lam. palespike l. splendens Willd. western cardinalflower Lomatium Raf. lomatium foeniculaceum (Nutt.) C. & R. [including L. daucifolium (Nutt.) C. & R., & L. villosum Raf.] carrotleaf l. orientale C. & R. eastern l. Lonicera L. honeysuckle Ludwigia L. seedbox alternifolia L. bushy s. palustris (L.) Ell. var. americana (DC.) Fern. & Grisc. marsh s. polycarpa Short & Peter manyseed s. Lychnis alba Mill. white cockle Lycopersicum esculentum Mill. tomato Lycopus L. bugleweed americanus Muhl. American b. asper Greene (L. lucidus Turcz.) rough b. virginicus L. Virginia b. Lygodesmia D. Don skeletonplant juncea (Pursh) D. Don rush s. rostrata Gray beaked s. Lysimachia L. (including Steironema Raf.) loosestrife ciliata L. fringed l. nummularia L. moneywort Lythrum alatum Pursh winged lythrum Machaeranthera Nees (see Aster) Macuillamia (see Bacopa) Malacothrix sonchoides (Nutt.) T. & G. sowthistle malacothrix Malva L. mallow neglecta Wallr. common m. rotundifolia L. running m. sylvestris L. high m. verticillata L. cluster m. Mamillaria Haw. (Neomamillaria Britt.) mamillaria missouriensis Sweet (including M. similis Engelm.) Missouri m. vivipara (Nutt.) Haw. [including Neomamillaria radiosa (Engelm.) Rybd.] Marrubium vulgare L. common hoarhound Martynia (see Proboscidea) Melampodium cinereum DC. (M. leucanthum T. & G.) plains blackfoot Menispermum canadense L. common moonseed Mentha arvensis L. field mint Mentzelia L. mentzelia decapetala (Pursh) Urban & Gilg tenpetal m. nuda (Pursh) T. & G. var. stricta (Osterh.) Harrington [M. stricta (Osterh.) Stevens ex Jeff. & Little] bractless m. oligosperma Nutt. stickleaf m. Microseris cuspidata (Pursh) Schultz-Bip. [Agoseris c. (Pursh) Raf.] wavyleaf agoseris Mimulus L. monkeyflower alatus Ait. sharpwing m. glabratus HBK. roundleaf m. ringens L. Alleghany m. Mirabilis L. (including Oxybaphus L’Her., & Allionia Loefl.) four-o’clock albida (Walt.) Heimerl white f. carletoni (Standl.) Standl. carleton f. hirsuta (Pursh) MacM. hairy f. linearis (Pursh) Heimerl narrowleaf f. nyctaginea (Michx.) MacM. prairie f. Mollugo verticillata L. carpetweed Monarda L. beebalm citriodora Cerv. lemon b. clinopodioides Gray basil b. fistulosa L. var. menthaefolia (Graham) Fern. (_M. menthaefolia_ Graham) mintleaf b. fistulosa L. var. mollis (L.) Benth. (M. mollis L.) wildbergamot b. punctata L. subsp. occidentalis Epl. (M. pectinata Nutt.) spotted b. Monolepis nuttalliana (R. & S.) Greene nuttall monolepis Myosotis verna. Nutt. (M. virginica of manuals) Virginia forgetmenot Myosurus minimus L. tiny mousetail Myriophyllum L. parrotfeather heterophyllum Michx. changeleaf p. pinnatum (Walt.) BSP. green p. Nasturtium officinale R. Br. nasturtium Nelumbo lutea (Willd.) Pers. [?N. pentapetala (Walt.) Fern.] American lotus Nepeta L. (see also Glechoma) nepeta cataria L. catnip Nicotiana L. tobacco Nuphar advena (Ait.) Ait. f. spatterdock cowlily Nymphaea odorata Ait. American waterlily Oënothera L. eveningprimrose albicaulis Pursh pale e. biennis L. common e. biennis L. var. hirsutissima Gray [O. strigosa (Rydb.) Mackenz. & Bush] bristly-common e. canescens Torr. & Frem. beakpod e. coronopifolia T. & G. combleaf e. fremontii S. Wats. fremont e. hartwegii Benth. var. fendleri Gray fendler e. hookeri T. & G. hooker e. laciniata Hill cutleaf e. lavandulaefolia T. & G. lavenderleaf e. linifolia Nutt. narrowleaf e. missouriensis Sims Missouri e. rhombipetala Nutt. fourpoint e. serrulata Nutt. serrateleaf e. speciosa Nutt. white e. tetragona Roth var. latifolia (Rydb.) Fern. (Kneiffia latifolia Rydb.) broadleaf e. triloba Nutt. stemless e. Onosmodium Michx. marbleseed hispidissimum Mackenz. rough m. occidentale Mackenz. western m. Oonopsis engelmannii (see Haplapappus) Opuntia Mill. pricklypear; cholla arborescens Engelm. [O. imbricata (Haw.) DC.] walkingstick c. fragilis (Nutt.) Haw. brittle p. humifusa Raf. common p. macrorhiza Engelm. bigroot p. polyacantha Haw. plains p. tortispina Engelm. twistspine p. Oreocarya (see Cryptantha) Orobanche L. broomrape ludoviciana Nutt. Louisiana b. uniflora L. ghostpipe Osmorhiza longistylis (Torr.) DC. longstyle sweetroot Othake (see Palafoxia) Oxalis L. oxalis europaea Jord. European yellow o. stricta L. common yellow o. violacea L. violet woodsorrel o. Oxybaphus (included in Mirabilis) Palafoxia spacelata (Nutt.) Cory [Othake s. (Nutt.) Rydb.] othake Parietaria pensylvanica Muhl. pellitory Paronychia Mill. nailwort canadensis (L.) Wood [Anychia c. (L.) BSP.] Canada n. fastigiata (Raf.) Fern. (_Anychia polygonoides_ Raf.) forked n. jamesii T. & G. james n. Parthenium integrifolium L. parthenium Pastinaca sativa L. parsnip Pectis angustifolia Torr. pectis Pedicularis canadensis L. pedicularis Penstemon Mitchell penstemon albidus Nutt. white p. ambiguus Torr. gilia p. angustifolius Nutt. ex Pursh, subsp. caudatus (Heller) Keck narrowleaf p. buckleyi Pennell buckley p. cobaea Nutt. cobaea p. digitalis Nutt. smooth p. grandiflorus Nutt. shell-leaf p. pallidus Small pale p. tubaeflorus Nutt. tube p. Penthorum sedoides L. penthorum Perideridia americana (Nutt.) Reichenb. (Eulophus a. Nutt.) eulophus Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt. common perilla Phacelia Juss. phacelia gilioides A. Brand (P. hirsuta of many SW botanists, not Nutt.) hairy p. integrifolia Torr. gyp p. Phellopterus (see Cymopterus) Phlox L. phlox bifida Beck tenpoint p. divaricata L. sweetwilliam p. paniculata L. summer p. pilosa L. prairie p. Phryma leptostachya L. lopseed Physalis L. groundcherry angulata L. cutleaf g. comata Rydb. hillside g. heterophylla Nees [including _P. ambigua_ (Gray) Rydb.] clammy g. ixocarpa Brotero tomatillo g. lanceolata Michx. lanceleaf g. lobata Torr. [Quincula l. (Torr.) Raf.] chineselantern longifolia Nutt. spearleaf g. macrophysa Rydb. bladder g. missouriensis Mackenz. & Bush Missouri g. pendula Rydb. purplevein g. pruinosa L. hairy g. pubescens L. downy g. pumila Nutt. prairie g. rotundata Rydb. roundleaf g. subglabrata Mackenz. & Bush taperleaf g. virginiana Mill. Virginia g. Physostegia Benth. lionsheart intermedia (Nutt.) Engelm. & Gray intermediate l. virginiana (L.) Benth. Virginia l. Phytolacca americana L. (P. decandra L.) common pokeberry Picradeniopsis (see Bahia) Pilea pumila (L.) A. Gray clearweed Plantago L. plantain aristata Michx. bottlebrush p. lanceolata L. buckhorn p.[45] purshii R. & S. woolly p. pusilla Nutt. (P. elongata of manuals, not Pursh) slender p. rhodosperma Dcne. redseed p. rugelii Dcne. blackseed p. spinulosa Dcne. brittlebract p. virginica L. paleseed p. Podophyllum peltatum L. common mayapple Polanisia trachysperma T. & G. roughseed clammyweed Polemonium reptans L. creeping polemonium Polygala L. polygala alba Nutt. white p. incarnata L. sanguinea L. (including P. viridescens L.) blood p. verticillata L. whorled p. Polygonum L. (see also Tovara) knotweed; smartweed aviculare L. (including P. buxiforme Small) prostrate k. coccineum Muhl. swamp s. convolvulus L. climbing-buckwheat erectum L. erect k. hydropiper L. marshpepper s. hydropiperoides Michx. swamp s. lapathifolium L. (including P. tomentosum of manuals) curltop s. longistylum Small longstyle s. pensylvanicum L. (including P. omissum Greene) Pennsylvania s. persicaria L. ladysthumb s. persicarioides HBK. southwest s. punctatum Ell. dotted s. ramosissimum Michx. bushy k. tenue Michx. slim k. Polytaenia nuttalii DC. polytaenia Portulaca L. portulaca; purslane oleracea L. common purslane parvula Gray slenderleaf purslane Potentilla L. cinquefoil arguta Pursh clammy c. norvegica L. Norwegian c. paradoxa Nutt. bushy c. rivalis Nutt. brook c. simplex Michx. (P. canadensis of manuals, not L.) oldfield c. sulfurea Lam. Prenanthes aspera Michx. rough rattlesnakeroot Prionopsis ciliata (see Haplopappus ciliatus) Proboscidea louisianica (Mill.) Thell. (Martynia l. Mill.) common devilsclaw Prunella vulgaris L. var. lanceolata (Bart.) Fern. common selfheal Psilostrophe villosa Rydb. paperflower Ptilimnium nuttallii (DC.) Brit. mockbishopweed Ptiloria (see Stephanomeria) Pycnanthemum Michx. mountainmint flexuosum (Walt.) BSP. slender m. pilosum Nutt. woods m. Pyrrhopappus DC. falsedandelion carolinianus (Walt.) DC. Carolina f. scaposus DC. (P. grandiflorus Nutt.) tuber f. Quincula (see Physalis) Ranunculus L. buttercup; crowfoot abortivus L. littleleaf b. acris L. tall b. cymbalaria Pursh shore b. fascicularis Muhl. tufted b. flabellaris Raf. threadleaf b. hispidus Michx. bristly b. longirostris Godr. longbeak b. sceleratus L. cursed c. Raphanus L. radish Ratibida Raf. prairieconeflower columnifera (Nutt.) Woot. & Standl. upright p. pinnata (Vent.) Barnh. grayhead p. tagetes (James) Barnh. shortray p. Rheum L. rhubarb Ricinus communis L. castorbean Rorippa Scop. (see also Armoracia) yellowcress; marshcress islandica (Oeder) Borbas [including R. hispida (DC.) Britt. & R. palustris (L.) Bess.] bog y. sessiliflora (Nutt.) Hitchc. stalkless y. sinuata (Nutt.) Hitchc. spreading y. Rotala ramosior (L.) Koehne var. interior Fern. & Grisc. rotala Rudbeckia L. (see also Dracopis) coneflower grandiflora (D. Don) Gmel. rough c. hirta L. blackeyedsusan laciniata L. cutleaf c. subtomentosa Pursh sweet c. triloba L. browneyedsusan Ruellia L. ruellia humilis Nutt. (R. ciliosa of manuals, in part; R. caroliniensis of manuals, in part) fringeleaf r. strepens L. limestone r. Rumex L. dock; sorrel acetosella L. red s. altissimus Wood pale d. crispus L. curled d. hastatulus Baldw. heartwing s. maritimus L. var. fueginus (Phil.) Dusen (R. persicarioides of manuals, not L.) golden d. obtusifolius L. bitter d. patientia L. patience d. venosus Pursh veiny d. Sabatia[46] campestris Nutt. prairie rosegentian Sagina decumbens (Ell.) T. & G. trailing pearlwort Salsola kali L. (S. pestifer Nels.) russianthistle Salvia L. sage azurea Lam. var. grandiflora Benth. (S. pitcheri Torr.) pitcher s. officinalis L. garden s. reflexa Hornem. (including _S. lanceolata_ Willd., & S. lanceafolia of authors, not Poir.) lanceleaf s. Samolus parviflorus Raf. samolus Sanguinaria canadensis L. bloodroot Sanicula L. sanicle canadensis L. Canada s. gregaria Bickn. cluster s. marilandica L. black s. Saponaria L. soapwort officinalis L. bouncingbet vaccaria L. (Vaccaria vulgaris Host) cow s. Scrophularia L. figwort lanceolata Pursh lanceleaf f. marilandica L. Maryland f. Scutellaria L. skullcap incana Biehler hoary s. lateriflora L. sideflowering s. ovata Hill eggleaf s. parvula Michx. var. australis Fassett [S. australis (Fassett) Epling] southern-small s. parvula Michx. var. leonardi (Epling) Fern. (S. leonardi Epling) leonard-small s. parvula Michx. var. parvula small s. resinosa Torr. resinous s. Sedum L. stonecrop Selenia aurea Nutt. golden selenia Senecio L. groundsel aureus L. golden g. integerrimus Nutt. lambstongue g. obovatus Muhl. roundleaf g. plattensis Nutt. prairie g. riddellii T. & G. riddell g. tridenticulatus Rydb. Sesamum indicum L. sesame Sicyos angulatus L. burcucumber Sida spinosa L. prickly sida Sideranthus (see Haplopappus) Silene L. silene antirrhina L. sleepy s. (sleepy catchfly) cucubalus Wibel [S. latifolia (Mill.) Britten & Rendle, S. vulgaris (Moench) Garcke, & S. inflata Sm.] cowbell s. noctiflora L. nightflowering s. stellata (L.) Ait. f. starry s. Silphium L. rosinweed integrifolium Michx. (including S. speciosum Nutt.) wholeleaf r. laciniatum L. compassplant perfoliatum L. cup r. Sisymbrium L. sisymbrium altissimum L. tumblemustard officinale (L.) Scop. hedgemustard Solanum L. nightshade carolinense L. horsenettle elaeagnifolium Cav. silverleaf n. nigrum L. black n. rostratum Dunal buffalobur n. torreyi Gray torrey n. triflorum Nutt. cutleaf n. tuberosum L. potato Solidago L. goldenrod altissima L. (including some Kansas specimens called S. dumetorum Lunell) tall g. angusta T. & G. (S. lindheimeriana Scheele) canadensis L. Canada g. gigantea Ait. (including S. serotina Ait.) November g. graminifolia (L.) Salisb. [Euthamia g. (L.) Nutt.] grassleaf g. gymnospermoides (Greene) Fern. (Euthamia g. Greene) sticky g. missouriensis Nutt. (including _S. glaberrima_ Martens & S. moritura Steele) Missouri g. mollis Bartl. ashy g. nemoralis Ait. dyersweed g. petiolaris Ait. downy g. pruinosa Greene (including some Kansas specimens called S. dumetorum Lunell) rigida L. stiff g. sparsiflora Gray (S. trinervata Greene) threenerve g. speciosa Nutt. var. rigidiuscula T. & G. [S. rigidiuscula (T. & G.) Porter] showywand g. speciosa Nutt. var. speciosa noble g. ulmifolia Muhl. elmleaf g. Sonchus L. sowthistle arvensis L. perennial s. asper (L.) Hill prickly s. oleraceus L. common s. Specularia Fabricius venuslookingglass biflora (R. & P.) Fisch. & Mey. small v. leptocarpa (Nutt.) Gray slimpod v. perfoliata (L.) A. DC. clasping v. Spermolepis Raf. spermolepis divaricata (Walt) Britt. forked s. inermis (Nutt.) Math. & Const. [S. patens (Nutt.) Robins.] spreading s. Sphaeralcea St. Hil. globemallow angusta (Gray) Fern. angustifolia (Cav.) Don var. cuspidata Gray (S. cuspidata of manuals) narrowleaf g. coccinea (Pursh) Rydb. scarlet g. Stachys tenuifolia Willd. slenderleaf betony Stanleya pinnata (Pursh) Britt. desert princesplume Steironema (included in Lysimachia) Stellaria media (L.) Cyrillo chickweed Stenosiphon linifolius (Nutt.) Britt. stenosiphon Stephanomeria pauciflora (Torr.) A. Nels. [Ptiloria p. (Torr.) Raf.] wirelettuce Stillingia sylvatica L. var. salicifolia Torr. [S. salicifolia (Torr.) Raf.] stillingia Striga lutea Lour. witchweed Suaeda depressa (Pursh) S. Wats. [including S. erecta (Wats.) A. Nels.] pursh seepweed (seablite) Taenidia integerrima (L.) Drude yellow taenidia Talinum Adans. fameflower calycinum Engelm. rockpink f. parviflorum Nutt. prairie f. Tanacetum vulgare L. common tansy Taraxacum Zinn dandelion laevigatum (Willd.) DC. (T. erythrospermum Andrz.) smooth d. officinale Weber (T. vulgare Lam.) common d. Teucrium L. germander canadense L. var. virginicum (L.) Eat. American g. laciniatum Torr. cutleaf g. occidentale Gray hairy g. Thalictrum dasycarpum Fisch. & Lall. purple meadowrue Thaspium Nutt. thaspium barbinode (Michx.) Nutt. hairyjoint t. trifoliatum (L.) Gray threeleaf t. Thelesperma Less. greenthread gracile (Torr.) Gray slender g. trifidum (Poir.) Britt. threecleft g. Thlaspi arvense L. pennycress Tidestromia lanuginosa (Nutt.) Standl. woolly tidestromia Tithymalus (see Euphorbia) Tomanthera (see Gerardia) Tovara virginiana (L.) Raf. (Polygonum v. L.) Virginia tovara Townsendia sericea Hook. [T. exscapa (Rich.) Porter] stemless townsendia Tragia urticifolia Michx. (T. nepetaefolia of manuals, not Cav., including T. ramosa of manuals, not Torr.) nettleleaf noseburn Tragopogon L. salsify dubius Scop. (T. major Jacq.) western s. porrifolius L. vegetable-oyster s. pratensis L. meadow s. Tribulus terrestris L. puncturevine Triosteum L. horsegentian aurantiacum Bickn. orange h. perfoliatum L. common h. Urtica procera Muhl. tall nettle Utricularia vulgaris L. common bladderwort Vaccaria (see Saponaria) Valerianella radiata (L.) Dufr. cornsalad Verbascum L. mullein blattaria L. moth m. thapsus L. flannel m. Verbena L. verbena bipinnatifida Nutt. Dakota v. bracteata Lag. & Rodr. bigbract v. canadensis (L.) Britt. rose v. hastata L. blue v. simplex Lehm. narrowleaf v. stricta Vent. woolly v. urticifolia L. white v. Verbesina L. crownbeard alternifolia (L.) Britt. [Actinomeris a. (L.) DC.] wingstem encelioides (Cav.) B. & H. (Ximenesia e. Cav.) golden c. virginica L. white c. Vernonia Schreb. ironweed baldwini Torr. var. baldwini baldwin i. baldwini Torr. var. interior (Small) Schub. inland i. crinita Raf. bur i. marginata (Torr.) Raf. plains i. Veronica L. speedwell arvensis L. common s. peregrina L. purslane s. polita Fries (V. didyma Ten.) wayside s. salina Schur. (V. connata of manuals) cupleaf s. serpyllifolia L. thymeleaf s. Veronicastrum virginicum (L.) Farw. culversphysic Viola L. violet eriocarpa Schw. woolpod v. kitaibeliana R. & S. var. rafinesquii (Greene) Fern. (V. rafinesquii Greene) johnnyjumpup missouriensis Greene Missouri v. nuttallii Pursh nuttall v. papilionacea Pursh butterfly v. pedata L. birdsfoot v. pedatifida G. Don prairie v. sororia Willd. sister v. Xanthium strumarium L. (including X. chinense Mill., X. globosum Shull, X. italicum Moretti, X. pensylvanicum Wallr., and X. speciosum Kearney) cocklebur Ximenesia (see Verbesina) Zinnia grandiflora Nutt. Rocky Mountain zinnia Zizia aurea (L.) W. D. J. Koch golden zizia

FOOTNOTES:

[43] Asclepiodora is included in Asclepias in some manuals.

[44] From Gray: spelled syphilitica in some manuals.

[45] The word “plantain” may be omitted from the common name of this species, calling it simply “buckhorn.”

[46] From Gray: spelled Sabbatia in some manuals.

=WOODY PLANTS=

Acer L. maple negundo L. boxelder nigrum Michx. f. black m. saccharinum L. silver m. saccharum Marsh. sugar m. Aesculus L. buckeye glabra Willd. var. glabra Ohio b. glabra Willd. var. sargentii Rehd. western b. Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle treeofheaven Amelanchier arborea (Michx. f.) Fern. (A. canadensis sensu Wieg., not Medic.) serviceberry Amorpha L. amorpha canescens Pursh leadplant fruticosa L. indigobush a. nana Nutt. dwarfindigo a. Ampelopsis cordata Michx. heartleaf falsegrape Artemisia filifolia Torr. sand sagebrush Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal pawpaw Atriplew L. saltbush argentea Nutt. silverscale s. canescens (Pursh) Nutt. fourwing s. patula L. fat-hen s. Baccharis L. baccharis neglecta Britt. landbank b. salicina T. & G. willow b. wrightii Gray wright b. Berberis L. barberry thunbergii DC. Japanese b. vulgaris L. European b. Betula nigra L. river birch Bumelia lanuginosa (Michx.) Pers. woollybucket bumelia Campsis Lour. trumpetcreeper grandiflora (Thunb.) Laisel Chinese t. radicans (L.) Seem. common t. Caragana arborescens Lam. Siberian peashrub Carya Nutt. hickory cordiformis (Wang.) K. Koch bitternut h. illinoensis (Wang.) K. Koch [C. pecan (Marsh.) Engl. & Graebn.] pecan laciniosa (Michx. f.) Loud. shellbark h. ovalis (Wang.) Sarg. red h. ovalis var. obovalis (Marsh.) Sarg. pignut h. ovata (Mill.) K. Koch shagbark h. tomentosa Nutt. mockernut h. villosa Ashe black h. Catalpa Scop. catalpa Ceanothus L. ceanothus americanus L. jerseytea c. ovatus Desf. inland c. Celastrus scandens L. American bittersweet Celtis L. hackberry laevigata Willd. southern h. occidentalis L. [C. occidentalis L. var. crassifolia (Lam.) Gray] common h. reticulata Torr. (including _C. rugulosa_ Rydb.) netleaf h. tenuifolia Nutt. (C. pumila of most Amer. authors, not Pursh) small h. Cephalanthus occidentalis L. common buttonbush Cercis canadensis L. eastern redbud Chrysothamnus pulchellus (Gray) Greene southwest rabbitbrush Cornus L. dogwood drummondi Meyer (C. asperifolia of authors, not Michx.) roughleaf d. obliqua Raf. pale d. Corylus L. filbert[47] americana Walt. American f. cornuta Marsh. beaked f. Crataegus L. hawthorn calpodendron (Ehrh.) Medic. pear h. collina Chapm. sandhill h. crus-galli L. cockspur h. mollis (T. & G.) Scheele downy h. succulenta Link fleshy h. viridis L. green h. Cytisus L. broom Diospyros virginiana L. common persimmon Elaeagnus angustifolia L. russianolive Euonymus L. euonymus americanus L. brook e. atropurpureus Jacq. eastern wahoo Eurotia lanata (Pursh) Moq. winterfat Fraxinus L. ash americana L. white a. pennsylvanica Marsh var. pennsylvanica red a. pennsylvanica Marsh var. subintegerrima (Vahl) Fern. [var. lanceolata (Borkh.) Sarg.] green a. quadrangulata Michx. blue a. Ginkgo biloba L. ginkgo Gleditsia triacanthos L. common honeylocust Gutierrezia sarothrae (Pursh) Britt. & Rusby (including G. diversifolia Greene, & G. linearis Rydb.) broom snakeweed Gymnocladus dioica (L.) K. Koch Kentucky coffeetree Ilex decidua Walt. holly Juglans L. walnut cinerea L. butternut nigra L. black w. Juniperus virginiana L. redcedar; juniper Lespedeza bicolor Turcz. shrub lespedeza Lonicera dioica L. var. glaucescens (Rydb.) Butters (L. glaucescens Rydb.) honeysuckle Lycium halimifolium Mill. matrimonyvine Maclura pomifera (Rat) Schneid. osageorange Mahonia aquifolium (Pursh) Nutt. (Berberis a. Pursh, _Odostemon a._ of manuals) oregongrape Malus (see Pyrus) Morus L. mulberry alba L. white m. nigra L. black m. rubra L. red m. Odostemon (see Mahonia) Ostrya virginiana (Mill.) K. Koch American hophornbeam Parthenocissus Planch. creeper quinquefolia (L.) Planch. Virginia c. vitacea (Knerr) Hitchc. thicket c. Platanus occidentalis L. sycamore Populus L. cottonwood; poplar alba L. white p. deltoides Marsh. eastern c. sargentii Dode plains c. Prosopis juliflora (Swartz) DC. (P. chilensis of manuals, including P. glandulosa Torr. & P. velutina Woot.) mesquite Prunus L. plum; cherry americana Marsh. var. americana American p. americana Marsh. var. lanata Sudw. (P. lanata Mackenz. & Bush) inch p. angustifolia Marsh. chickasaw p. besseyi Bailey sand c. gracilis Engelm. & Gray Oklahoma p. hortulana Bailey hortulan p. mexicana S. Wats. Mexican p. munsoniana Wight & Hedr. wildgoose p. serotina Ehrh. black c. virginiana L. common chokecherry Ptelea trifoliata L. common hoptree Pyrus L. (including Malus Mill.) apple; crabapple angustifolia Ait. southern c. communis L. pear coronaria L. wild sweet c. ioensis (Wood) Bailey prairie c. malus L. (Malus pumila Mill.) common a. Quercus L. oak alba L. white o. imbricaria Michx. shingle o. macrocarpa Michx. bur o. marilandica Muenchh. blackjack o. muchlenbergii Engelm. [Q. prinoides Willd. var. acuminata (Michx.) Gl.] chinquapin o. palustris Muenchh. pin o. prinoides Willd. dwarf chinquapin o. rubra L. var. rubra (Q. borealis Michx. f. var. maxima Ashe) eastern red o. rubra L. var. borealis (Michx. f.) Farw. (Q. borealis Michx. f.) northern red o. shumardii Buckl. var. shumardii shumard o. shumardii Buckl. var. schneckii (Britt.) Sarg. schneck o. stellata Wang. post o. velutina Lam. black o. X hillii Trel. (Q. bicolor Willd. _X Q. macrocarpa_ Michx.) hills o. Rhamnus lanceolata Pursh lanceleaf buckthorn Rhus L. sumac aromatica Ait. (including _R. trilobata_ Nutt.) aromatic s. copallina L. flameleaf s. glabra L. smooth s. radicans L. (R. toxicodendron of manuals, in part, not L.)[48] poisonivy Ribes L. gooseberry; currant missouriense Nutt. Missouri g. odoratum Wendland f. flowering c. Robinia L. locust pseudo-acacia L. black l. viscosa Vent. clammy l. Rosa L. rose arkansana Porter var. suffulta (Greene) Cockerell (R. suffulta Greene) Arkansas r. blanda Ait. meadow r. carolina L. carolina r. multiflora Thunb. multiflora r. rubifolia R. Br. redleaf r. setigera Michx. prairie r. woodsii Lindl. woods r. Rubus L. blackberry; dewberry; raspberry flagellaris Willd. northern d. laciniatus Willd. cutleaf b. occidentalis L. blackcap r. odoratus L. fragrant thimbleberry ostryifolius Rydb. highbrush b. Salix L. willow amygdaloides Anderss. almondleaf w. babylonica L. weeping w. caroliniana Michx. (S. longipes Shuttlew.,S. wardi Bebb) coastalplain w. discolor Muhl. pussy w. eriocephala Michx. (S. missouriensis Bebb) diamond w. exigua Nutt. coyote w. fragilis L. brittle w. humilis Marsh. var. microphylla, (Anderss.) Fern. (S. tristis Ait.) dwarf pussy w. humilis Marsh. var. humilis, & var. hyporhysa Fern. [These two include var.] rigidiuscula (Anderss.) Robins. & Fern. prairie w. interior Rowlee sandbar w. nigra Marsh. black w. rigida Muhl. (S. cordata Muhl., not Michx.) heartleaf w. Sambucus canadensis L. American elderberry Sapindas drummondi H. & A. western soapberry Sarcobatus vermiculatus (Hook.) Torr. greasewood Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees common sassafras Sorbus aucuparia L. European mountainash Staphylea trifolia L. American bladdernut Symphoricarpos Duham. snowberry occidentalis Hook. western s. orbiculatus Moench buckbrush Syringa vulgaris L. common lilac Tamarix L. tamarisk Tilia L. linden; basswood[49] americana L. (including T. palmeri Bush ex. F. C. Gates) American l. europaea L. European l. platyphyllos Scop. bigleaf l. Ulmus L. elm alata Michx. winged e. americana L. American e. carpinifolia Gleditsch. smoothleaf e. parvifolia Jacq. Chinese e. procera Salisb. English e. pumila L. Siberian e. rubra Muhl. (U. fulva Michx.) slippery e. thomasi Sarg. rock e. Viburnum L. viburnum prunifolium L. blackhaw v. rufidulum Raf. rusty blackhaw v. Vitis L. wild grape Wisteria macrostachya Nutt. wisteria Xanthoxylum americanum Mill. common pricklyash Yucca glauca Nutt. small soapweed

FOOTNOTES:

[47] Hazel in many texts.

[48] R. radicans is an extremely variable species.

[49] Basswood, a lumber trade name.

LIST OF SPECIES NAMES IN COMMON USE AND THEIR ENGLISH MEANING

acaulis stemless acicularis needle-like acuminatus long-pointed, tapering aestivalis summer affinis related to agrostoides similar to agrostis airoides sky-blue alatus winged alba white albidus, albus white alopecuroides foxtail alternifolius alternate-leaved altissimus very tall amabilis lovely amplexicaulis clasping the stem anceps two-headed or edged angustifolius narrow-leaved apiculatus tipped with a point annua yearly arachnifera spiderwebby arborescens tree-like arenarius of sandy places arenicola sand inhabitant argenteus silvery argillaceus of clay or clay-colored argutus sharp-toothed arida dry aridus arid aristatus bearded arundinacea reed-bearing arundinaceous reed-like arvensis of cultivated fields asper rough asperifolia rough leaves atropurpureus dark-purple atrovirens dark-green aureus golden australis southern azureus sky-blue baccatus berried barbatus barbed, bearded barbinodis barbed at nodes barbulatum bearded basirmea branches low; toward bottom bicolor two-colored bidentata two-toothed bifidum two-forked bifidus twice-cut biflorus two-flowered borealis northern brachystachy short-spiked bulbifera bulb-bearing caeruleus sky-blue, dark-blue campanularia bell-flowered campestris of the fields or plains candidus white, shining canescens gray-hairy capillaris hair-like capitatus headed carinatus keeled catharticus cathartic caudatus tailed cernuus drooping chloranthus green-flowered ciliatifolium hairy leaves cilianensis hairy ciliaris, ciliatus fringed cinereus ash-colored circulare round clandestinus concealed coccineus scarled colonum cultivated comatus with hair communis gregarious commutatus changing comosus long-haired compressa compressed compressus compressed confertus crowded confusus confused, uncertain contortus contorted contracta narrowed cordatus heart-shaped corniculatus horned crassifolius thick-leaved cristatus crested crus-galli cockspur cryptandrus hidden stamens cucullata hooded pedicel cuneatus wedge-shaped curtipedicellata short pedicel curtipendula short pendula cuspidata sharp, pointed dactyloides finger-shaped dactylon finger debilis weak decumbens reclining deflexus bent downward deltoides triangular depauperatum stunted dichotoma forked in pairs dichotomiflorum flowering in twos diffusa loosely branching dilatatum dilated, expanded discolor different colors distichum 2-rank; leaves or flowers in rank on opposites sides of stem divaricata spreading, widely divergent donax reed or cane dubia doubtful dulcis sweet dumosus bushy echinatus prickly edulis edible elatior taller elatus tall elongata lengthened erectum upright eriopoda having hairs at base esculentus edible everta expelled, turned out extensa spread out or stretched out falcatus sickle-shaped fasciculatus fascicled filiformis long, very slender, thread-like fistulosis hollow, cylindrical flabellatus fan-like parts flavescens yellowish flavus yellow flexilis pliant flexuosa alternately bent in different directions floridanum flowering or from Florida fragilis brittle, fragile fragrans fragrant, odorous frondosus leafy frutescens shrubby, bushy furcatus forked geminatum double geniculata bent more or less like a knee geniculatus jointed glaber smooth glabriflorus smooth flower glomerata dense or compact cluster or clusters gracilis slender gramineus grassy hastatus spear-shaped heterolepsis heterogeneous scales heterophyllus various-leaved; with leaves of more than one shape hiomalis pertaining to winter hians spread out hirsuta bristly or prickly hirta hairy hispidus bristly hortensis of or belonging to a garden humilis dwarf hyemalis of winter hystrix bristly incanus hoary indentata toothed, indented indurata hardened inermis unarmed intermedium intermediate interruptis not continuous, irregular jubatum crested, with a mane junceus rush-like labiatus lipped laeve left hand laevigatus smooth laevis smooth lanatus wooly lanosa wooly lanuginosum wooly, downy lanuginosus wooly lasiocarpus rough- or wooly-fruited latifolia broad leaf latiglumis wide glumes laxa loose leucanthus white-flowered leucotricha white hairs linearifolum long, slender leaves longispica long-spiked longpipes long-footed lutescens yellowish or becoming yellow macranthus large-flowered macrocarpus large fruits macrophyllus large-leaved macrus large maculatus spotted malacophyllum soft leaves maritimus of the sea micranthus small-flowered microcarpon small-fruited miliaceum pertaining to millet mirabilis wonderful mollis soft monspeliensis lives in caves and mountains montanus of mountains multiflorum many-flowered muralis of walls murinum mouse-colored mutabile changeable mutabilis variable mutica curtailed nanus dwarf natans floating neglectus overlooked nemoralis of groves or woods nitens shining nudicaulis naked-stemmed nutans nodding obtusata blunt, rounded obtusum blunted, dull occidentale western octoflora 8-flowered officinalis official olignathus few-flowered orientalis eastern ornatus adorned ovinus of sheep palustris marsh-loving paniculatus in panicles parviflora small-flowered parvifolius small-leaved patens spreading patula spreading pauciflorus few-flowered pectinatus comb-like perennans perennial phleoides resembling timothy pilifera bearing hairs pilosa with long hairs polyanthes many-flowered polyanthus many-flowered pracocius aggressive pratense of meadows pubens downy pubescens downy, covered with soft hairs pubiflorum downy-flowered pulchellus pretty, beautiful pumila dwarf pumilus dwarf purpurascens purplish purpurea purple pusillum very small ramosissima many-branched ramosus branched repens creeping reptans creeping retroflexus reflaxed regodoseta stiff bristles robustus robust, stout rupestris rock-loving rostratus rostrate, beaked rugosa wrinkled saccharinus saccharine saccaroides sweet; like sugar salinus salty sanguilalis blood-colored sanguineus blood-red sativa cultivated sativus cultivated scandens climbing sciurea resembling squirrel’s tail scoparius broom-like secundiflora one-sided septentrionalis northern sericea silken serotinus late-flowering sessilispicata without pedicel setaceus bristle-like sobolifera bearing creeping, rooting stems or shoots speciosus showy, good-looking spectabilis spectacular, worth seeing sphaerocarpon round-fruited squarrosa with parts spreading or recurved at ends sterilis sterile, infertile stramineum straw-colored strictus strict, upright, erect tectorum of roofs, or houses temulentum drunken tenarum slender, tender, soft tenarius slender tener slender tenuiflora slender flowers tenuis slender, thin tinctorius of dyes tomentosus densely wooly trichodes pilose tridens with 3 teeth trifidus three-parted trunicata blunt uncinatus hooked vaginaeflorus flowers in sheath vaginatus sheathed vernalis vernal vernis of spring versuta versatile verticellata in whorls villosa hairy villosissimum hairy villosus hairy virens green viridis green virgatus twiggy vulgaris common

Transcriber’s Note:

Words and phrases in italics are surrounded by underscores, like this. Those in bold are surrounded by equal signs, =like this=. Footnotes were renumbered sequentially and were moved to the end of the section in which the anchor occurs. Footnotes [9], [11], [18], [19], [22], and [32] have multiple anchors. Obvious printing errors, such as backwards, upside down, or partially printed letters and punctuation, were corrected. Letters in reversed order and several italics mark-ups were corrected. Final stops missing at the end of abbreviations were added.

Words may have multiple spelling variations or inconsistent hyphenation in the text. These have been left unchanged unless indicated below. Obsolete and alternative spellings were left unchanged. Misspelled words were not corrected. In the lists of common names, names are often run together, as in climbingmilkweed and rattlesnakefern; these were not changed.

The following was changed: “small-loaved” to “small-leaved.”

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