Chambers's Twentieth Century Dictionary (part 3 of 4: N-R) (part 3 of 4)

Chambers's Twentieth Century Dictionary (part 3 of 4: N-R) (part 3 of 4)

PROPORTION, pr[=o]-p[=o]r'shun, n. the relation of one thing to another in regard to magnitude: fitness of parts to each other: symmetrical arrangement: (math.) the identity or equality of ratios: the 'rule of three,' in which three terms are given to find a fourth: equal or just share: (obs.) form, figure.--v.t. to adjust: to form symmetrically: to correspond to: to divide into proper shares.--adj. PROPOR'TIONABLE, that may be proportioned: having a proper proportion.--n. PROPOR'TIONABLENESS.--adv. PROPOR'TIONABLY.--adj. PROPOR'TIONAL, having a due proportion: relating to proportion: (math.) having the same or a constant ratio.--n. (math.) a number or quantity in a proportion.--n. PROPORTIONAL'ITY.--adv. PROPOR'TIONALLY.--adj. PROPOR'TIONATE, adjusted according to a proportion: proportional.--v.t. to make proportional: to adjust in proportion.--adv. PROPOR'TIONATELY.--ns. PROPOR'TIONATENESS, the quality of being adjusted according to settled rates or comparative relation; PROPOR'TIONING, adjustment of proportions.--adj. PROPOR'TIONLESS, without proportion or symmetry of parts.--PROPORTIONAL REPRESENTATION, representation in a parliament, &c., according to the number of electors in an electoral district.--COMPOUND PROPORTION, a proportion between two quantities, each of which is the product of two or more, those of the first set being in their order proportional to those of the other; IN PROPORTION, in the degree or measure, according; INVERSE, or RECIPROCAL, PROPORTION, an equality of ratio between two quantities and the reciprocals of other two, as 6 : 3 = ½ : ¼. [L. proportio--pro, in comparison with, portio, portionis, part, share.]

PROPOSE, pr[=o]-p[=o]z', v.t. to put forward or offer for consideration, &c.: to purpose or intend: (obs.) to place out, state, utter, discourse: (Shak.) to face, confront.--v.i. to form an intention or design: to offer, especially marriage: (Shak.) to converse--n. (obs.) talk, discourse.--n. PROP[=O]'SAL, anything proposed: terms or conditions proposed.--n. PROP[=O]'SER. [Fr.,--pfx. pro-, poser, to place.]

PROPOSITION, prop-[=o]-zish'un, n. a placing before: offer of terms: that which is proposed: the act of stating anything: that which is stated: (gram. and logic) a complete sentence, or one which affirms or denies something: (math.) a theorem or problem to be demonstrated or solved.--adj. PROPOSI'TIONAL, pertaining to, or of the nature of, a proposition: considered as a proposition. [Fr.,--L. propositio.]

PROPOUND, pr[=o]-pownd', v.t. to offer for consideration: to exhibit.--n. PROPOUND'ER. [Orig. propone--L.,--pro, forth, pon[)e]re, to place.]

PROPRÆTOR, PROPRETOR, pr[=o]-pr[=e]'tor, n. a magistrate of ancient Rome, who, after acting as prætor in Rome, was appointed to the government of a province.

PROPRIETOR, pr[=o]-pr[=i]'e-tor, n. one who has anything as his property: an owner:--fem. PROPR[=I]'ETRESS, PROPR[=I]'ETRIX.--adjs. PROPR[=I]'ETARY, PROPRIET[=O]'RIAL, belonging to a proprietor.--n. PROPR[=I]'ETARY, a proprietor, owner: a body of proprietors: the rights of a proprietor.--n. PROPR[=I]'ETORSHIP, state or right of a proprietor: ownership.--PROPRIETARY RIGHT, the right of a proprietor: the common-law right of a playwright to control production or representation of his drama so long as unpublished: the right when protected by copyright after publication.

PROPRIETY, pr[=o]-pr[=i]'e-ti, n. a person's right of possession: state of being proper or right: agreement with established principles or customs: fitness: accuracy: property: (obs.) individuality.--THE PROPRIETIES, conventional customs of society. [Fr.,--L. proprietas--proprius, one's own.]

PROPRIUM, pr[=o]'pri-um, n. selfhood.

PROPROCTOR, pr[=o]-prok'tor, n. a substitute or assistant proctor.

PROPTERYGIUM, pr[=o]-t[=e]-rij'i-um, n. the anterior basal cartilage of the fins in the Elasmobranchii:--pl. PROPTERY'GIA.--adj. PROPTERY'GIAL. [L. pro, before, L.,--Gr. pterygion, a fin, pteron, a wing.]

PROPUGNATION, pr[=o]-pug-n[=a]'shun, n. (Shak.) defence. [L., pro, for, pugn[=a]re, to fight.]

PROPULSION, pr[=o]-pul'shun, n. act of propelling: a driving forward.--adjs. PROPUL'SIVE, PROPUL'SORY, tending or having power to propel. [Low L. propulsio--L. propell[)e]re, propulsum, to push forward.]

PROPYLÆUM, pr[=o]-pi-l[=e]'um, n. a gateway of architectural importance, leading into a temple, &c.:--pl. PROPYLÆ'A.--n. PR[=O]'PYLON, a monumental gateway before the entrance of an ancient Egyptian temple, &c. [Gr. pro, before, pyl[=e], a gate.]

PRO RATA, pr[=o] r[=a]'ta, according to one's share: in proportion.--v.t. PROR[=A]TE', to assess pro rata.

PRORE, pr[=o]r, n. Same as PROW.

PRORECTOR, pr[=o]-rek'tor, n. a substitute or assistant rector.

PRO RE NATA, pr[=o] r[=e] n[=a]'ta, dealing with something that arises unexpectedly or out of due course, for special business. [L. pro, for, re, abl. of res, thing, nata, abl. fem. of natus, born.]

PROROGUE, pr[=o]-r[=o]g', v.t. to bring the meetings of parliament to an end for a time: to put off from one session to another:--pr.p. pror[=o]g'uing: pa.t. and pa.p. pror[=o]gued'.--v.t. PR[=O]'ROG[=A]TE.--n. PROROG[=A]'TION, act of proroguing: a lengthening out: a putting off to another time, esp. the bringing to an end of a session of parliament. [Fr.,--L. prorog[=a]re, -[=a]tum--pro, forward, rog[=a]re, to ask.]

PRORSAD, pror'sad, adv. (anat.) forward.--adj. PROR'SAL, anterior.

PROSAIC, -AL, pr[=o]-z[=a]'ik, -al, adj. pertaining to prose: like prose: commonplace in style, manner, or thought: dull.--adv. PROS[=A]'ICALLY.--ns. PROS[=A]'ICISM, PROS[=A]'ICNESS, quality of being prosaic; PR[=O]'SAISM, a prose idiom: a prosaic phrase; PR[=O]'SAIST, a writer of prose: a commonplace person.

PROSCENIUM, pr[=o]-s[=e]'ni-um, n. the front part of the stage: the curtain and its framework. [L.,--Gr. prosk[=e]nion--pro, before, sk[=e]n[=e], the stage.]

PROSCRIBE, pr[=o]-skr[=i]b', v.t. to publish the names of persons to be punished: to put beyond the protection of law: to banish: to prohibit: to denounce, as doctrine.--ns. PR[=O]SCRIB'ER; PR[=O]'SCRIPT; PROSCRIP'TION, the act of proscribing or dooming to death or outlawry: utter rejection.--adj. PR[=O]SCRIP'TIVE, pertaining to, or consisting in, proscription.--adv. PR[=O]SCRIP'TIVELY. [L. proscrib[)e]re--_pr_o, before, publicly, scrib[)e]re, scriptum, to write.]

PROSE, pr[=o]z, n. the direct, straightforward arrangement of words, free from poetical measures: ordinary spoken and written language: all writings not in verse.--adj. pertaining to prose: not poetical: plain: dull.--v.i. to write prose: to speak or write tediously.--v.t. to compose in prose.--ns. PROSE'-MAN, PR[=O]'SER, PROSE'-WRIT'ER, a writer of prose.--adv. PR[=O]'SILY, in a prosy manner: tediously.--ns. PR[=O]'SINESS, the state or quality of being prosy; PR[=O]'SING, speaking or writing in a dull or prosy way.--adj. PR[=O]'SY, dull, tedious. [Fr.,--L. prosa--prorsus, straightforward--pro, forward, vert[)e]re, versum, to turn.]

PROSECT, pr[=o]-sekt', v.t. to dissect beforehand.--v.i. to perform the duties of a prosector, one who dissects a body for the illustration of anatomical lectures.--ns. PROSEC'TION; PROSEC'TOR.--adj. PROSECT[=O]'RIAL.--n. PROSEC'TORSHIP. [L. pro, before, sec[=a]re, to cut.]

PROSECUTE, pros'[=e]-k[=u]t, v.t. to follow onwards or pursue, in order to reach or accomplish: to continue: to pursue by law: to bring before a court.--v.i. to carry on a legal prosecution.--ns. PROSEC[=U]'TION, the act of prosecuting or pursuing, esp. a civil or criminal suit: the party by which legal proceedings are instituted; PROS'EC[=U]TOR, one who prosecutes or pursues any plan or business: one who carries on a civil or criminal suit:--fem. PROS'EC[=U]TRIX.--PUBLIC PROSECUTOR, a person whose duty it is to conduct prosecutions in the public interest. [L. prosequi--pro, onwards, sequi, secutus, to follow.]

PROSELYTE, pros'e-l[=i]t, n. one who has come over from one religion or opinion to another: a convert, esp. one who left the heathen and joined a Jewish community.--v.t. to convert.--v.t. PROS'ELYT[=I]SE, to make proselytes.--ns. PROS'ELYT[=I]SER, one who proselytises; PROS'ELYTISM, the act of proselytising or of making converts: conversion.--PROSELYTE OF THE GATE, a convert who was not compelled to submit to the regulations of the Mosaic law. [Fr.,--L.,--Gr. pros[=e]lytos--proserchomai, I come to--pros, to, erchomai, [=e]lthon, to come.]

PROSENCEPHALON, pros-en-sef'a-lon, n. the fore-brain, comprising the cerebral hemispheres and olfactory processes.--adj. PROSENCEPHAL'IC. [Gr. pros, before, enkephalon, the brain--en, in, kephal[=e], the head.]

PROSENCHYMA, pros-eng'ki-ma, n. the fibro-vascular system or tissue of plants--opp. to Parenchyma, the soft tissues.--adj. PROSENCHYM'ATOUS. [Gr. pros, to, enchyma, an infusion.]

PROSEUCHE, (-A), pros-[=u]'k[=e], (-kä), n. a place of prayer: among the Jews one that was not a synagogue, or the temple, usually roofless:--pl. PROSEU'CHÆ. [Gr. pros, towards, euchesthai, to pray.]

PROSILIENCY, pr[=o]-sil'i-en-si, n. a standing forward.

PROSIT, pr[=o]'sit, interj. good luck to you, a salutation in drinking healths customary among German students. [3d pers. sing. pres. subj. of prodesse, to be of use--pro, for, esse, to be.]

PROSOBRANCHIATA, pros-[=o]-brangk-i-[=a]'ta, n.pl. an order or sub-class of gasteropods having the gills anterior to the heart.--adj. PROSOBRANCH'I[=A]TE. [Gr. pros[=o], forward, branchia, gills.]

PROSODY, pros'[=o]-di, n. that part of grammar which treats of quantity, accent, and the laws of verse or versification.--adjs. PROS[=O]'DIAL, PROSOD'IC, -AL, pertaining to prosody: according to the rules of prosody.--ns. PROS[=O]'DIAN, PROS'ODIST, one skilled in prosody.--adv. PROSOD'ICALLY. [Fr.,--L. pros[=o]dia, Gr. pros[=o]dia--pros, to, [=o]d[=e], a song.]

PROSOPOPEIA, PROSOPOPOEIA, pros-[=o]-p[=o]-p[=e]'ya, n. a rhetorical figure by which inanimate objects are spoken of as persons: personification. [Gr. pros[=o]popoiia--pros[=o]pon, a person, poiein, to make.]

PROSOPULMONATA, pros-[=o]-pul-m[=o]-n[=a]'ta, n.pl. a group of air-breathing gasteropods in which the pulmonary sac occupies a forward position.--adj. PROSOPUL'MON[=A]TE. [Gr. pros[=o], forward, L. pulmo, a lung.]

PROSPECT, pros'pekt, n. a looking forward: that which the eye takes in at once: a view: object of view: a scene: expectation: a long, straight, wide street: outlook, exposure.--v.i. PROSPECT', to make a search, esp. for chances of mining for precious metals.--ns. PROSPEC'TER, -OR, one who explores for valuable minerals; PROSPEC'TING, searching a district for gold or silver mines with a view to further operations; PROSPEC'TION, the act of looking forward or of providing for future wants.--adj. PROSPEC'TIVE, looking forward: expected: acting with foresight: relating to the future: distant.--n. outlook: prospect.--adv. PROSPEC'TIVELY.--ns. PROSPEC'TIVENESS; PROSPEC'TUS, the outline of any plan submitted for public approval, particularly of a literary work or of a joint-stock concern. [L. prospectus--prospic[)e]re, prospectum--pro, forward, spec[)e]re, to look.]

PROSPER, pros'p[.e]r, v.t. to make fortunate or happy: (B.) to make to prosper.--v.i. to be successful: to succeed: to turn out well.--n. PROSPER'ITY, the state of being prosperous: success: good fortune.--adj. PROS'PEROUS, according to hope: in accordance with one's wishes: making good progress: favourable: successful.--adv. PROS'PEROUSLY.--n. PROS'PEROUSNESS. [L. prosper, prosperus--pro, in accordance with, spes, hope.]

PROSPHYSIS, pros'-fi-sis, n. morbid adhesion of the eyelids to each other or to the eyeball. [Gr.]

PROSTATE, pros't[=a]t, adj. standing in front, applied to a gland in males at the neck of the bladder.--n. the gland at the neck of the bladder.--adj. PROSTAT'IC.--n. PROSTAT[=I]'TIS, inflammation of the prostate gland. [Gr. prostat[=e]s--pro, before, sta, root of hist[=e]mi, I set up.]

PROSTHENIC, pros-then'ik, adj. strong in the fore-parts.

PROSTHESIS, pros'the-sis, n. addition, affixion, as of letters at the beginning of a word: the fitting of artificial parts to the body.--adj. PROSTHET'IC. [Gr.]

PROSTITUTE, pros'ti-t[=u]t, v.t. to expose for sale for bad ends: to sell to lewdness: to devote to any improper purpose.--adj. openly devoted to lewdness: sold to wickedness.--n. a female who indulges in lewdness, esp. for hire, a whore: a base hireling.--ns. PROSTIT[=U]'TION, the act or practice of prostituting: lewdness for hire: the being devoted to infamous purposes; PROS'TIT[=U]TOR, one who prostitutes either himself or another. [L. prostitu[)e]re, -[=u]tum--pro, before, statu[)e]re, to place.]

PROSTRATE, pros'tr[=a]t, adj. thrown forwards on the ground: lying at length: lying at mercy: bent in adoration.--v.t. to throw forwards on the ground: to lay flat: to overthrow: to sink totally: to bow in humble reverence.--n. PROSTR[=A]'TION, act of throwing down or laying flat: act of falling down in adoration: dejection: complete loss of strength. [L. pro, forwards, stern[)e]re, stratum, to strew.]

PROSTYLE, pr[=o]'st[=i]l, adj. (archit.) having a range of detached columns in front.

PROSY. See PROSE.

PROSYLLOGISM, pr[=o]-sil'[=o]-jizm, n. a syllogism of which the conclusion is the premise of another.

PROTACTIC, pr[=o]-tak'tik, adj. placed at the beginning, introductory.

PROTAGONIST, pr[=o]-tag'on-ist, n. a leading character, esp. in a play.--n. PR[=O]'TAGON, a nitrogenous substance obtained from the brain and other tissues. [Gr. pr[=o]tos, first, ag[=o]nist[=e]s, a combatant.]

PROTAMOEBA, pr[=o]-ta-m[=e]'ba, n. a low form of the Monera, which is constantly changing its form by sending out and withdrawing pseudopodia.

PRO TANTO, pr[=o] tan'to, for so much: to a certain extent: to the extent mentioned.

PROTASIS, prot'a-sis, n. (rhet.) the first part of a conditional sentence--opp. to Apodosis: the first part of a dramatic composition.--adj. PROTAT'IC. [Gr.,--pro, before, tasis, a stretching, teinein, to stretch.]

PROTEAN, pr[=o]'t[=e]-an, adj. readily assuming different shapes, like Proteus, the sea-god, fabled to have the power of changing himself into an endless variety of forms: variable: inconstant.

PROTECT, pr[=o]-tekt', v.t. to cover in front: to cover over: to shield from danger: to defend: to shelter.--adv. PROTEC'TINGLY.--ns. PROTEC'TION, act of protecting: state of being protected: preservation: defence: that which protects: guard: refuge: security: a writing guaranteeing against molestation or interference: passport: a fostering of home produce and manufactures by laying taxes on the importation of foreign goods; PROTEC'TIONISM, the doctrine of the protectionists; PROTEC'TIONIST, one who favours the protection of trade by law.--adj. favouring the economic doctrine of protection.--adj. PROTEC'TIVE, affording protection: defensive: sheltering.--n. that which protects.--adv. PROTEC'TIVELY.--ns. PROTEC'TIVENESS; PROTEC'TOR, one who protects from injury or oppression: a guardian: a regent:--fem. PROTEC'TRESS, PROTEC'TRIX.--adjs. PROTEC'TORAL, PROTECT[=O]'RIAL, pertaining to a protector or a regent.--n. PROTEC'TOR[=A]TE, government by a protector: the authority assumed by a superior: relation assumed by a strong nation to a weak one, whereby the latter is protected from hostile or foreign interference.--adj. PROTEC'TORLESS.--ns. PROTEC'TORSHIP; PROTEC'TORY, an institution for destitute children. [L., pro, in front, teg[)e]re, tectum, to cover.]

PROTÉGÉ, pr[=o]-t[=a]-zh[=a]', n. one under the protection of another: a pupil: a ward:--fem. PROTÉGÉE. [Fr., pa.p. of protéger, to protect--L. proteg[)e]re.]

PROTEIN, pr[=o]'t[=e]-in, n. the first element in any compound: formerly the supposed common radical of the group of bodies which form the most essential articles of food, albumen, fibrine, &c.--n. PR[=O]'T[=E]ID, a body containing protein: one of several bodies which go to make up the soft tissues of animals and vegetables. [Gr. pr[=o]tos, first, suffix -in.]

PRO TEMPORE, pr[=o] tem'po-r[=e], for the time being: temporary--sometimes written pro tem.--adj. PROTEMPOR[=A]'NEOUS, temporary.

PROTEND, pr[=o]-tend', v.t. to stretch or hold out.--ns. PROTENSE' (Spens.), extension; PROTEN'SION, duration; PROTEN'SITY.--adj. PROTEN'SIVE. [L.,--pro, forth, tend[)e]re, tensum, to stretch.]

PROTEOLYTIC, pr[=o]-t[=e]-[=o]-lit'ik, adj. converting food material into protein.--n. PROTEOL'YSIS. [Proteid, Gr. lyein, to relax.]

PROTERANDRY, prot-e-ran'dri, n. the maturity of the anthers of a perfect flower before its stigma is ready to receive the pollen.--adj. PROTERAN'DROUS.

PROTEROGLYPHA, prot-e-rog'li-fa, n.pl. a group of snakes having the anterior maxillary teeth grooved. [Gr. proteros, fore, glyphein, to carve.]

PROTEROGYNY, prot-e-roj'i-ni, n. the maturity of the stigmas of a perfect flower before its anthers have matured their pollen.--adj. PROTEROG'YNOUS.

PROTERVITY, pr[=o]-ter'vi-ti, n. peevishness, wantonness:--pl. PROTER'VITIES. [O. Fr.,--L.,--protervus, wanton--pro, forth, ter[)e]re, to bruise.]

PROTEST, pr[=o]-test', v.i. to bear witness before others: to declare openly: to give a solemn declaration of opinion (against).--v.t. to make a solemn declaration of: to note, as a bill of exchange, on account of non-acceptance or non-payment: (rare) to call as a witness: (obs.) to publish, make known: (Shak.) to vow.--n. PR[=O]'TEST, a solemn or formal declaration, esp. in writing, expressing dissent: the noting by a notary-public of an unpaid or unaccepted bill: a written declaration, usually by the master of a ship, stating the circumstances attending loss or injury of ship or cargo, &c.--adj. PROT'ESTANT, protesting: pertaining to the faith of those who protest against the errors of the Church of Rome.--n. one of those who, in 1529, protested against an edict of Charles V. and the Diet of Spires denouncing the Reformation: a member of one of those churches founded by the Reformers: one who protests.--v.t. PROT'ESTANTISE.--ns. PROT'ESTANTISM, the Protestant religion: state of being a Protestant; PROTEST[=A]'TION, an act of protesting: a solemn declaration: a declaration of dissent: a declaration in pleading; PROT'EST[=A]TOR; PROTEST'ER.--adv. PROTEST'INGLY. [Fr.,--L. protest[=a]ri, -[=a]tus, to bear witness in public--pro, before, test[=a]ri--testis, a witness.]

PROTEUS. See PROTEAN.

PROTEVANGELIUM, pr[=o]-t[=e]-van-jel'i-um, n. the earliest announcement of the gospel (Gen. iii. 15): an apocryphal gospel ascribed to James, Jesus' brother.

PROTHALAMIUM, pr[=o]-tha-l[=a]'mi-um, n. a piece written to celebrate a marriage.--Also PROTHAL[=A]'MION. [Gr. pro, before, thalamos, a bride-chamber.]

PROTHALLIUM, pr[=o]-thal'i-um, n. the green, leaf-like, cellular expansion which grows from the spore of a fern.--Also PROTHALL'US. [Gr. pro, before, thallus, a young shoot.]

PROTHESIS, proth'e-sis, n. in the Greek Church the preliminary oblation of the eucharistic elements before the liturgy: the table used. [Gr.,--pro, before, tithenai, to place.]

PROTHONOTARY, pr[=o]-thon'[=o]-ta-ri, n. a chief notary or clerk: one of the chief secretaries of the chancery at Rome: a chief clerk or registrar of a court, in certain of the United States--also PROTON'OTARY.--adj. PROTHONOT[=A]'RIAL.--n. PROTHONOT[=A]'RIAT, the college constituted by the twelve apostolical prothonotaries in Rome. [Late L.,--Gr. pr[=o]tos, first, L. notarius, a clerk.]

PROTHORAX, pr[=o]-th[=o]'raks, n. the anterior segment of the thorax of insects.--adj. PROTHORAC'IC (-ras-).

PROTISTA, pr[=o]-tis'ta, n.pl. a proposed term for a zoological kingdom including PROTOZOA and PROTOPHYTA. [Gr. pr[=o]tistos, superl. of pr[=o]tos, first.]

PROTOCOCCUS, pr[=o]-t[=o]-kok'us, n. a microscopic vegetable organism forming the green scum upon trees, tiles, &c. [Gr. pr[=o]tos, first, kokkos, a berry.]

PROTOCOL, pr[=o]'t[=o]-kol, n. the first copy of any document: the rough draft of an instrument or transaction: the original copy.--v.i. to issue, form protocols.--v.t. to make a protocol of--also PR[=O]'TOCOL[=I]SE.--n. PR[=O]'TOCOLIST, a registrar or clerk. [Fr.,--Low L. protocollum--Late Gr. pr[=o]tokollon, the first leaf, containing the writer's name, date, &c.--Gr. pr[=o]tos, first, kolla, glue.]

PROTOGENAL, pr[=o]-toj'e-nal, adj. primitive.--n. PROTOGEN'ESIS, abiogenesis.--adjs. PROTOGENET'IC, PROTOGEN'IC, noting crystalline or fire-formed rocks: noting intercellular spaces formed within undifferentiated plant tissues.--n. PR[=O]'TOGINE, a variety of granite in the Alps.

PROTOMARTYR, pr[=o]'t[=o]-mär-t[.e]r, n. St Stephen, the first Christian martyr: the first who suffers in any cause.

PROTOPHYTE, pr[=o]'t[=o]-f[=i]t, n. the first or lowest order of plants.--n.pl. PROTOPH'YTA.--adj. PROTOPHYT'IC. [Gr. pr[=o]tos, first, phyton, a plant.]

PROTOPLASM, pr[=o]'t[=o]-plazm, n. living matter: a homogeneous, structureless substance, forming the physical basis of life, endowed with contractility, with a chemical composition allied to that of albumen.--adj. PROTOPLASM'IC.--n. PR[=O]'TOPLAST, he who, or that which, was first formed: an original: the first parent.--adj. PROTOPLAST'IC. [Gr. pr[=o]tos, first, plasma, form--plassein, to form.]

PROTOTHERIA, pr[=o]-t[=o]-th[=e]'ri-a, n.pl. the hypothetical primitive mammals, ancestors of the monotremes. [Gr. pr[=o]tos, first, th[=e]r, wild beast.]

PROTOTYPE, pr[=o]'t[=o]-t[=i]p, n. the first or original type or model from which anything is copied: an exemplar: a pattern.--adjs. PR[=O]'TOTYPAL, PR[=O]TOTYP'ICAL. [Fr.,--L.,--Gr., pr[=o]tos, first, typos, a type.]

PROTOVERTEBRÆ, pr[=o]-t[=o]-ver'te-br[=e], n.pl. the rudimentary segments formed in the vertebrate embryo from the medullary plates, from which the bodies of the vertebræ, spinal nerve-roots, &c. are developed.--adjs. PROTOVER'TEBRAL, PROTOVER'TEBRATE.

PROTOXIDE, pr[=o]-tok's[=i]d, n. the first oxide--that is, an oxide containing one equivalent of oxygen combined with one equivalent of a base.

PROTOZOA, pr[=o]-t[=o]-z[=o]'ä, n.pl. the first or lowest class of animals:--sing. PROTOZ[=O]'ON.--adjs. PROTOZ[=O]'AN; PROTOZ[=O]'IC, pertaining to the protozoa: containing remains of the earliest life of the globe. [Gr. pr[=o]tos, first, z[=o]on, an animal.]

PROTRACT, pr[=o]-trakt', v.t. to draw out or lengthen in time: to prolong: to put off in time: to draw to a scale.--p.adj. PROTRAC'TED, drawn out in time: tedious: prolonged: postponed.--adv. PROTRAC'TEDLY.--n. PROTRAC'TER.--adj. PROTRAC'TILE, susceptible of being thrust out.--n. PROTRAC'TION, act of protracting or prolonging: the delaying of the termination of a thing: the plotting or laying down of the dimensions of anything on paper.--adj. PROTRAC'TIVE, drawing out in time: prolonging: delaying.--n. PROTRAC'TOR, one who, or that which, protracts: a mathematical instrument for laying down angles on paper, used in surveying, &c. [L.,--pro, forth, trah[)e]re, to draw.]

PROTRUDE, pr[=o]-tr[=oo]d', v.t. to thrust or push forward: to drive along: to put out.--v.i. to be thrust forward or beyond the usual limit.--adjs. PROTRUD'ABLE, PROTRU'SILE, protractile; PROTRU'SIBLE, able to be protruded.--n. PROTRU'SION, the act of thrusting forward or beyond the usual limit: the state of being protruded: that which protrudes.--adj. PROTRU'SIVE, thrusting or impelling forward: protruding.--adv. PROTRU'SIVELY.--n. PROTRU'SIVENESS. [L. protrud[)e]re--pro, forward, trud[)e]re, to thrust.]

PROTUBERANCE, pr[=o]-t[=u]b'[.e]r-ans, n. a prominence: a tumour.--adj. PROT[=U]'BERANT, swelling: prominent.--adv. PROT[=U]'BERANTLY.--v.i. PROT[=U]'BER[=A]TE, to bulge out.--n. PROT[=U]BER[=A]'TION. [L. protuber[=a]re, -[=a]tum--pro, forward, tuber, a swelling.]

PROUD, prowd (comp. PROUD'ER; superl. PROUD'EST), adj. having excessive self-esteem: arrogant: haughty: having a proper sense of what is becoming: daring: grand: ostentatious: giving reason for pride or boasting.--n. PROUD'-FLESH, a growth or excrescence of flesh in a wound.--adjs. PROUD'-HEART'ED (Shak.), having a proud spirit; PROUD'ISH, somewhat proud.--adv. PROUD'LY.--adj. PROUD'-MIND'ED (Shak.), proud in mind.--n. PROUD'NESS, the state or quality of being proud: pride.--adjs. PROUD'-PIED (Shak.), gorgeously variegated; PROUD'-STOM'ACHED, of haughty spirit, arrogant. [A.S. prut, proud, prýte, pride.]

PROVABLE, pr[=oo]v'a-bl, adj. that may be proved.--n. PROV'ABLENESS.--adv. PROV'ABLY, in a manner capable of proof. [O. Fr. provable, prouvable--L. probabilis, probable.]

PROVAND, prov'and, n. (Shak.) provender: provision--also PROV'END.--adj. PROV'ANT, belonging to a regular allowance: of common or inferior quality. [O. Fr.,--Low L. præbenda, a payment, pittance.]

PROVE, pr[=oo]v, v.t. to try by experiment or by a test or standard: to make certain: to try by suffering: to establish or ascertain as truth by argument or other evidence: to demonstrate: to ascertain the genuineness of: to experience or suffer: (math.) to ascertain the correctness of any result.--v.i. to make trial: to turn out: to be shown afterwards.--n. PROV'ER.--THE EXCEPTION PROVES THE RULE, the exception tests the rule, proving its general truth. [O. Fr. prover (Fr. prouver), which, like A.S. prófian and Ger. proben, is from L. prob[=a]re--probus, excellent.]

PROVECTION, pr[=o]-vek'shun, n. the transfer of the final consonant from a word to the beginning of the next.--n. PR[=O]VEC'TOR (math.), a contravariant operator formed by substituting signs of partial differentiation for the facients of a quantic. [L. proveh[)e]re, provectum, to carry forward.]

PROVEDOR, (-E), prov'edor, (-d[=o]r), n. a purveyor. [Sp.]

PROVEN, prov'n, (Scots law) same as PROVED, pa.p. of PROVE.--NOT PROVEN, a verdict declaring that guilt has not been fully made out, but which leaves the accused still under serious suspicion.

PROVENANCE, prov'e-nans, n. the source from which anything comes or is derived.--Also PROV[=E]'NIENCE. [Fr.,--L. pro, forth, ven[=i]re, to come.]

PROVENÇAL, pr[=o]-vang-sal', adj. of or pertaining to Provence, in France, or to its inhabitants--also PROVEN'CIAL.--n. a native, or the language of Provence, the langue d'oc (q.v.).

PROVENDER, prov'en-d[.e]r, n. dry food for beasts, as hay or corn: esp. a mixture of meal and cut straw or hay.--v.t. to feed. [O. Fr.,--L. præbenda, in Late L. a daily allowance of food.]

PROVERB, prov'[.e]rb, n. a short familiar sentence expressing a well-known truth or moral lesson: a byword: (B.) a difficult saying that requires explanation: (pl.) a book of the Old Testament: a dramatic composition in which a proverb gives name and character to the plot.--v.t. to speak of proverbially: make a byword of: to provide with a proverb.--adj. PROVER'BIAL, like or pertaining to proverbs: widely spoken of.--v.t. PROVER'BIALISE, to turn into a proverb.--ns. PROVER'BIALISM, a saying in the form of, or like, a proverb; PROVER'BIALIST.--adv. PROVER'BIALLY. [Fr. proverbe--L. proverbium--pro, publicly, verbum, a word.]

PROVIDE, pr[=o]-v[=i]d', v.t. to make ready beforehand: to prepare for future use: to supply: to appoint or give a right to a benefice before it is actually vacant.--v.i. to procure supplies or means of defence: to take measures: to arrange for as a necessary condition or arrangement.--adj. PROV[=I]'DABLE.--conj. PROV[=I]'DED, (often with that) on condition: upon these terms: with the understanding.--n. PROV[=I]'DER. [L. provid[=e]re--pro, before, vid[=e]re, to see.]

PROVIDENCE, prov'i-dens, n. timely preparation: (theol.) the foresight and care of God over all His creatures: God, considered in this relation: something occurring in which God's care is clearly shown: prudence in managing one's affairs.--adjs. PROV'IDENT, seeing beforehand, and providing for the future: cautious: prudent: economical; PROVIDEN'TIAL, effected by, or proceeding from, divine providence.--advs. PROVIDEN'TIALLY; PROV'IDENTLY.--n. PROV'IDENTNESS. [L. provid-ens, -entis, pr.p. of provid[=e]re.]

PROVINCE, prov'ins, n. a portion of an empire or a state marked off for purposes of government: a part of a country as distinguished from the capital: the district over which a governor or an archbishop has jurisdiction: a region: a business or duty: a person's business or calling: a department of knowledge.--adj. PROVIN'CIAL, relating to a province: belonging to a division of a country: local: showing the habits and manners of a province: unpolished: narrow.--n. an inhabitant of a province or country district: (R.C.) the superintendent of the heads of the religious houses in a province.--v.t. PROVIN'CIALISE, to render provincial:--pr.p. provin'cial[=i]sing; pa.p. provin'cial[=i]sed.--ns. PROVIN'CIALISM, a manner, a mode of speech, or a turn of thought peculiar to a province or a country district: a local expression: narrowness; PROVINCIAL'ITY.--adv. PROVIN'CIALLY.--PROVINCIAL LETTERS, a series of letters written (1656-57) by Pascal against the doctrines and policy of the Jesuits. [Fr.,--L. provincia, a province; perh. pro, for, vinc[)e]re, to conquer.]

PROVINCIAL, pr[=o]-vin'shal, adj. pertaining to Provence or Provençal.--PROVINCIAL ROSE, the cabbage-rose--from Provins-rose, Provins in Seine-et-Marne, being famous for its roses: (Shak.) a rosette formerly worn on the shoe.

PROVINE, pr[=o]-v[=i]n', v.i. to propagate a vine by layering, to form a plant for the next season at a distance from the original plant.

PROVISION, pr[=o]-vizh'un, n. act of providing: that which is provided or prepared: measures taken beforehand: a clause in a law or a deed: a rule for guidance: an appointment by the pope to a benefice not yet vacant: preparation: previous agreement: a store of food: provender.--v.t. to supply with provisions or food.--adjs. PROVI'SIONAL, PROVI'SIONARY, provided for the occasion: temporary: containing a provision.--n. PROVI'SIONAL-JUDG'MENT, a judgment given as far as the available evidence admits, but subject to correction under more light.--adv. PROVI'SIONALLY.--ns. PROVI'SIONAL-OR'DER, an order to do something granted by a secretary of state, which, when confirmed by the legislature, has the force of an act of parliament; PROVI'SIONAL-REM'EDY, a means of detaining in safety a person or property until a decision upon some point in which they are concerned be come to; PROVI'SION-MER'CHANT, a general dealer in articles of food. [Fr.,--L.,--provisus, pa.p. of provid[=e]re.]

PROVISO, pr[=o]-v[=i]'z[=o], n. a provision or condition in a deed or other writing: the clause containing it: any condition:--pl. PROVISOS (pr[=o]-v[=i]'z[=o]z).--adv. PROV[=I]'SORILY.--adj. PROV[=I]'SORY, containing a proviso or condition: conditional: making provision for the time: temporary. [From the L. law phrase proviso quod, it being provided that.]

PROVISOR, pr[=o]-v[=i]'zor, n. one who provides: a purveyor: a person to whom the pope has granted the right to the next vacancy in a benefice.--STATUTE OF PROVISORS, an act of the English parliament passed in 1351 to prevent the pope from exercising the power of creating provisors.

PROVOKE, pr[=o]-v[=o]k', v.t. to call forth: to summon: to excite or call into action: to excite with anger: to offend: (B.) to challenge.--n. PROVOC[=A]'TION, act of provoking: that which provokes: any cause of danger.--adjs. PROVOC'ATIVE, PROVOC'ATORY, tending to provoke or excite.--n. anything that stirs up or provokes.--n. PROVOC'ATIVENESS, the quality of being provocative.--adj. PROV[=O]'KABLE.--ns. PROV[=O]KE'MENT (Spens.), provocation; PROV[=O]'KER, one who, or that which, provokes, causes, or promotes.--adj. PROV[=O]'KING, irritating.--adv. PROV[=O]'KINGLY.--THE PROVOCATION, the sojourn of the Jews in the wilderness, when they provoked God. [Fr. provoquer--L. provoc[=a]re, pro, forth, voc[=a]re, to call.]

PROVOST, prov'ost, n. the dignitary set over a cathedral or collegiate church: the head of a college: (Scotland) the chief magistrate of certain classes of burghs, answering to mayor in England: (Shak.) the keeper of a prison.--ns. PROV'OST-MAR'SHAL (army), an officer with special powers for enforcing discipline and securing prisoners till brought to trial: (navy) an officer having charge of prisoners; PROV'OSTRY, a district under a provost; PROV'OSTSHIP, the office of a provost.--LORD PROVOST, the style of the chief magistrates of Edinburgh, Glasgow, Perth, Aberdeen, and Dundee. [O. Fr. provost (Fr. prévôt), L. præpositus, pa.p. of præpon[)e]re--præ, over, pon[)e]re, to place.]

PROW, prow, n. the forepart of a ship: the bow or beak. [Fr. proue (It. prua)--L. prora--Gr. pr[=o]ra, a prow--pro, before.]

PROWESS, prow'es, n. bravery, esp. in war: valour: daring.--adj. PROW (arch.), brave, valiant:--superl. PROW'EST. [O. Fr. prou (Fr. preux), perh. from prod in prodesse, to do good.]

PROWL, prowl, v.i. to keep poking about: to rove about in search of prey or plunder.--n. (coll.) the act of prowling: a roving for prey.--n. PROWL'ER.--adj. PROWL'ING.--adv. PROWL'INGLY. [Prob. for progle=prokle, a freq. form of proke, to thrust; cf. Prog.]

PROXIMATE, proks'i-m[=a]t, adj. nearest or next: without any one between, as a cause and its effect: having the most intimate connection: near and immediate.--adj. PROX'IMAL.--advs. PROX'IMALLY; PROX'IMATELY.--n. PROXIM'ITY, immediate nearness in time, place, relationship, &c.--adj. PROX'IMO, (in) the next (month)--often written prox.--PROXIMATE CAUSE, a cause which immediately precedes the effect; PROXIMATE OBJECT, immediate object. [L. proximus, next, superl. from prope, near.]

PROXY, prok'si, n. the agency of one who acts for another: one who acts or votes for another, or the writing by which he is authorised to do so: a substitute.--v.i. to vote or act by proxy.--n. PROX'YSHIP.--adj. PROX'Y-WED'DED (Tenn.), wedded by proxy. [Obs. procuracy. Cf. Procurator.]

PROZYMITE, proz'i-m[=i]t, n. one who uses leavened bread in the eucharist--opp. to Azymite.

PRUDE, pr[=oo]d, n. a woman of affected modesty: one who pretends extreme propriety.--n. PRU'DERY, manners of a prude: pretended or overdone strictness of manner or behaviour.--adj. PRU'DISH, like a prude: affectedly modest or reserved: stiff: severe.--adv. PRU'DISHLY.--n. PRU'DISHNESS. [O. Fr. prode, fem. of prou, prod, excellent.]

PRUDENT, pr[=oo]'dent, adj. cautious and wise in conduct: careful: discreet: dictated by forethought: frugal.--n. PRU'DENCE, quality of being prudent: wisdom applied to practice: attention to self-interest: caution.--adj. PRUDEN'TIAL, using or practising prudence.--n. a matter for prudence (generally pl.).--n. PRUDENTIAL'ITY.--advs. PRUDEN'TIALLY; PRU'DENTLY. [Fr.,--L. pr[=u]dens, pr[=u]dentis, contr. of providens, pr.p. of provid[=e]re, to foresee.]

PRUD'-HOMME, pr[=oo]-dom', n. a prudent man: a skilled workman: in France, one of a board of arbitrators formed from masters and workmen. [Fr. prud or prod, good, homme, a man.]

PRUINOSE, pr[=oo]'i-n[=o]s, adj. powdery, mealy.--Also PRU'INOUS. [L. pruina, hoar-frost.]

PRUNE, pr[=oo]n, v.t. to trim by lopping off superfluous parts: to divest of anything superfluous: to arrange or dress feathers, as birds do.--ns. PRU'NER; PRU'NING, the act of pruning or trimming; PRU'NING-HOOK, a hooked bill for pruning with; PRU'NING-KNIFE, a large knife with a slightly hooked point for pruning.--n.pl. PRU'NING-SHEARS, shears for pruning shrubs, &c. [Older form proin, prob. from Fr. provigner, provin, a shoot--L. propago, -inis.]

PRUNE, pr[=oo]n, n. a plum, esp. a dried plum.--adj. PRUNIF'EROUS, bearing plums. [Fr.,--L. prunum--Gr. prounon.]

PRUNELLA, pr[=oo]-nel'a, n. sore throat: angina pectoris. [Low L., from Teut.; Ger. bräune, quinsy.]

PRUNELLA, pr[=oo]-nel'a, n. a genus of plants, the best known of which is Self-heal, formerly used as a medicine. [Perh. from prunella, above.]

PRUNELLA, pr[=oo]-nel'a, n. a strong woollen stuff, generally black--also PRUNELL'O.--n. PRUNELL'O, a little prune: a kind of dried plum. [Prob. Latinised form of Fr. prunelle, a sloe, dim. of Fr. prune, a plum.]

PRURIENCE, pr[=oo]'ri-ens, n. state of being prurient: eager desire--also PRU'RIENCY.--adj. PRU'RIENT, itching or uneasy with desire: given to unclean thoughts.--adv. PRU'RIENTLY. [L. pruriens, pr.p. of prur[=i]re, to itch.]

PRURIGO, pr[=oo]-r[=i]'g[=o], n. an eruption on the skin, causing great itching.--adj. PRURIG'INOUS.--n. PRUR[=I]'TUS. [L. prurio, an itching.]

PRUSSIAN, prush'an, adj. of or pertaining to Prussia.--n. an inhabitant of Prussia.--v.t. PRUSS'IANISE.--n. PRUSS'IATE, a salt of prussic acid: a cyanide.--adj. PRUSS'IC, pertaining to Prussian blue.--PRUSSIAN BLUE, cyanide of potassium and iron; PRUSSIC ACID, a deadly poison, an acid first obtained from Prussian blue--also Hydrocyanic acid.

PRY, pr[=i], v.i. to peer or peep into that which is closed: to inspect closely: to try to discover with curiosity:--pa.t. and pa.p. pried.--n. (rare) a peeping glance: one who pries--cf. Paul Pry, in John Poole's (1792-1879) comedy so called, first produced in 1825.--ns. PR[=I]'ER, PRY'ER.--p.adj. PRY'ING, looking closely into: inquisitive: curious.--adv. PRY'INGLY. [M. E. prien=piren, to peer; cf. Peer.]

PRYS, pr[=i]s, n. (Spens.). Same as PRICE.

PRYSE, pr[=i]s, v.t. (Spens.). Same as PRIZE.

PRYTANEUM, prit-an-[=e]'um, n. the town-hall of an ancient Greek city where ambassadors were received, and citizens who had deserved well of the state were sometimes allowed to dine at the public expense. [Gr.,--prytanis, a presiding magistrate.]

PRYTHEE, prith'[=e] (Shak.). Same as Prithee.

PSALM, säm, n. a sacred song.--ns. PSALM'-BOOK, a book containing psalms for purposes of worship; Psalmist (säm'ist, or sal'mist), a composer of psalms, applied to David and to the writers of the Scriptural psalms.--adjs. PSALMOD'IC, -AL, pertaining to psalmody.--v.i. PSAL'MODISE, to practise psalmody.--ns. PSAL'MODIST, a singer of psalms; PSALMODY (sal'mo-di, or säm'o-di), the singing of psalms, esp. in public worship: psalms collectively.--v.t. to celebrate in psalms.--ns. PSALMOG'RAPHER, PSALMOG'RAPHIST, a writer of psalms; PSALMOG'RAPHY, the act or practice of writing psalms; PSALM'-TUNE, a tune to which a psalm is usually sung.--THE PSALMS, one of the books of the Old Testament. [A.S. sealm--Low L. psalmus--Gr. psalmos--psallein, to play on a stringed instrument.]

PSALTER, sawl't[.e]r, n. the book of Psalms, esp. when separately printed: (R.C.) a series of 150 devout sentences: a rosary of 150 beads, according to the number of the psalms.--adj. PSALT[=E]'RIAN, pertaining to a psalter: musical.--ns. PSAL'TERY, a stringed instrument used by the Jews: psalter; PSAL'TRESS, a woman who plays upon the psaltery. [O. Fr. psaltier--L. psalterium, a song sung to the psaltery.]

PSALTERIUM, sawl-t[=e]'ri-um, n. the third division of a ruminant's stomach, the omasum or manyplies.

PSAMMITIC, sa-mit'ik, adj. in geology, applied to derivative rocks composed of rounded grains, as ordinary sandstone. [Gr. psammos, sand.]

PSCHENT, pshent, n. the sovereign crown of ancient Egypt, a combination of the white mitre of southern Egypt, with the red crown, square in front and pointed behind, of northern Egypt. [Egyptian.]

PSELLISM, sel'izm, n. a defect in articulation--also PSELLIS'MUS. [Gr. psellismos--psellos, stammering.]

PSEUDO-, s[=u]'d[=o], a prefix signifying false or spurious, as in ns. PSEUDÆSTH[=E]'SIA, imaginary feeling, as in an amputated limb; PSEUDEPIG'RAPHA (pl.), spurious writings, especially those writings claiming to be Biblical, but not judged genuine or canonical by the consent of scholars.--adjs. PSEUDEPIGRAPH'IC, -AL.--n. PSEUDEPIG'RAPHY, the ascription to books of false names of authors.--n. PSEU'DO-APOS'TLE, a pretended apostle.--adj. PSEU'DO-ARCH[=A]'IC, archaistic.--ns. PSEUDOBLEP'SIS, visual illusion; PSEU'DO-CHRISTIAN'ITY, counterfeit Christianity; PSEUDOCHR[=O]'MIA, false perception of colour; PSEU'DO-CLAS'SICISM, false or affected classicism.--adjs. PSEU'DODONT, having false teeth, as a monotreme; PSEU'DODOX, false.--n. a common fallacy.--ns. PSEUDOGEU'SIA, false taste-perception; PSEU'DOGRAPH, a false writing.--v.i. PSEUDOG'RAPHISE, to write incorrectly.--ns. PSEUDOG'RAPHY, bad spelling; PSEUDOL'OGY, the science of lying; PSEU'DO-MAR'TYR, a false martyr; PSEUDOMEM'BRANE, a false membrane, or lining, as in some diseases of the throat.--adj. PSEUDOMEM'BRANOUS.--n. PSEU'DOMORPH.--adj. PSEUDOMOR'PHOUS, deceptive in form: (min.) noting crystals which have a form of crystallisation foreign to the species to which they belong.--ns. PSEU'DONYM, a fictitious name assumed, as by an author; PSEUDONYM'ITY, state of being pseudonymous.--adj. PSEUDON'YMOUS, bearing a fictitious name.--adv. PSEUDON'YMOUSLY.--n.pl. PSEUDOP[=O]'DIA, the processes alternately thrust forth and drawn back by amoeboid cells:--sing. PSEUDOP[=O]'DIUM, PSEU'DOPOD.--n. PSEU'DOSCOPE, a species of stereoscope which causes the parts of bodies in relief to appear hollow, and vice versâ.--adj. PSEUDOSCOP'IC.--n. PSEU'DOSCOPY. [Gr. pseud[=e]s, false.]

PSHAW, shaw, interj. expressing contempt.--v.i. to express contempt, as with this word. [Imit.]

PSHAW, shaw, n. an upright cylindrical hat once worn by women in Spain.

PSILANTHROPISM, s[=i]-lan'thr[=o]-pizm, n. the doctrine or belief of the mere human existence of Christ.--adj. PSILANTHROP'IC.--ns. PSILAN'THROPIST, one who thinks Christ a mere man; PSILAN'THROPY. [Gr. psilos, bare, anthr[=o]pos, man.]

PSITTACI, sit'a-s[=i], n.pl. the parrot tribe.--adjs. PSIT'TACINE, PSITT[=A]'CEOUS. [Gr. psittakos.]

PSOAS, s[=o]'as, n. a muscle of the loins and pelvis: the tenderloin.--adj. PSOAT'IC. [Gr. psoa, psua, generally in pl. psoai, psuai.]

PSORIASIS, s[=o]-r[=i]'a-sis, n. a disease characterised by slight elevations of the surface of the skin covered with whitish scales.--n. PS[=O]'RA.--adj. PS[=O]'RIC. [Gr. ps[=o]ri[=a]n, to have the itch, ps[=a]n, to rub.]

PSYCHIC, -AL, s[=i]'kik, -al, adj. pertaining to the soul, or living principle in man: spiritual: pertaining to the mind, or to its faculties and functions.--ns. PSY'CHE, the personified soul or spirit: the human soul or spirit or mind: a genus of bombycid moths: a cheval-glass; PSYCH[=I]'ATER, PSYCH[=I]'ATRIST, one who treats diseases of the mind, an alienist; PSYCH[=I]'ATRY, the treatment of mental diseases; PSY'CHIC, a spiritualistic medium; PSY'CHICS, the science of psychology; PSY'CHISM, the doctrine that there is a universal soul animating all living beings; PSY'CHIST; PSYCHOGEN'ESIS, PSYCHOG'ENY, the origination and development of the soul; PSYCHOG'ONY, the doctrine of the development of mind; PSY'CHOGRAPH, an instrument used for so-called spirit-writing.--adj. PSYCHOGRAPH'IC.--n. PSYCHOG'RAPHY, the natural history of mind: supposed spirit-writing by the hand of a medium.--adjs. PSYCHOLOG'IC, -AL, pertaining to psychology: pertaining to the mind.--adv. PSYCHOLOG'ICALLY.--v.i. PSYCHOL'OGISE.--ns. PSYCHOL'OGIST, one who studies psychology; PSYCHOL'OGY, the science which classifies and analyses the phenomena or varying states of the human mind; PSYCHOM'ACHY, a conflict of soul with body; PSY'CHOMANCY, necromancy; PSYCHOM'ETRY, the science of the measurement of the duration, &c., of mental processes: an occult power claimed by some charlatans of divining the secret properties of things by mere contact.--adj. PSY'CHOM[=O]TOR, pertaining to such mental action as induces muscular contraction.--ns. PSYCHONEUROL'OGY, that part of neurology which deals with mental action; PSYCHONEUR[=O]'SIS, mental disease without apparent anatomical lesion; PSYCHON'OMY, the science of the laws of mental action; PSYCHONOSOL'OGY, the branch of medical science that treats of mental diseases; PSYCHOPAN'NYCHISM, the theory that at death the soul falls asleep till the resurrection; PSYCHOPAN'NYCHIST; PSYCHOPAR'ESIS, mental weakness; PSY'CHOPATH, a morally irresponsible person; PSYCHOP'ATHIST, an alienist; PSYCHOP'ATHY, derangement of mental functions.--adj. PSY'CHO-PHYS'ICAL.--ns. PSY'CHO-PHYS'ICIST; PSY'CHO-PHYSIOL'OGY, PSY'CHO-PHYS'ICS, the knowledge of the manifold correspondences of the most intimate and exact kind that exist between states and changes of consciousness on the one hand, and states and changes of brain on the other--the concomitance being apparently complete as respects complexity, intensity, and time-order; PSY'CHOPLASM, the physical basis of consciousness; PSY'CHOPOMP, Hermes, the guide of spirits to the other world; PSYCH[=O]'SIS, mental condition: a change in the field of consciousness: any mental disorder; PSYCHOST[=A]'SIA, the weighing of souls; PSY'CHO-STAT'ICS, the theory of the conditions of the phenomena of mind; PSYCHOTH[=E]'ISM, the doctrine that God is pure spirit; PSYCHOTHERAPEU'TICS, PSYCHOTHER'APY, the art of curing mental disease.--PSYCHICAL RESEARCH, inquiring into alleged phenomena, apparently implying a connection with another world; PSYCHIC FORCE, a power not physical or mechanical, supposed to cause certain so-called spiritualistic phenomena. [L. psychicus--Gr. psychikos--psych[=e], the soul--psych[=e]in, to breathe.]

PSYCHROMETER, s[=i]-krom'e-t[.e]r, n. an instrument for measuring the tension of aqueous vapour in the atmosphere: a wet and dry bulb hygrometer.--adjs. PSYCHROMET'RIC, -AL.--ns. PSYCHROM'ETRY; PSYCHROPH[=O]'BIA, morbid impressibility to cold; PSY'CHROPHORE, a refrigerating instrument like a catheter for cooling the urethra. [Gr. psychros, cold, psychein, to blow, metron, a measure.]

PTARMIC, tar'mik, n. a medicine which causes sneezing.

PTARMIGAN, tär'mi-gan, n. a species of grouse with feathered toes inhabiting the tops of mountains. [Gael. tarmachan.]

PTERE, t[=e]r, n. (zool.) an alate organ.--ns. PTERID'IUM, PTER[=O]'DIUM, a key-fruit or samara.

PTERICHTHYS, ter-ik'this, n. a genus of fossil ganoid fishes in the Old Red Sandstone strata, with wing-like pectoral fins. [Gr. pteron, wing, ichthys, fish.]

PTERION, t[=e]'ri-on, n. in craniometry, the region where the frontal, squamosal, parietal, and sphenoid bones meet:--pl. PT[=E]'RIA.

PTERIS, t[=e]'ris, n. a genus of ferns which includes the brakes.--ns. PTERIDOL'OGIST, one versed in the study of ferns; PTERIDOL'OGY, the science of ferns; PTERIDOM[=A]'NIA, a passion for ferns; PTERIG'RAPHY, a description of ferns. [Gr. pteris--pteron, a feather.]

PTERNA, ter'na, n. the heel-pad in birds:--pl. PTER'NÆ.

PTERODACTYL, ter-[=o]-dak'til, n. an extinct flying reptile with large and bird-like skull, long jaws, and a flying-membrane like that of a bat. [Gr. pteron, wing, daktylos, finger.]

PTEROGRAPHY, ter-og'ra-fi, n. the description of feathers.--n. PTEROG'RAPHER.--adjs. PTEROGRAPH'IC, -AL; PTEROLOG'ICAL.--n. PTEROL'OGY, the science of insects' wings.

PTEROMYS, ter'[=o]-mis, n. a genus of Sciuridæ, the flying-squirrels.

PTERON, t[=e]'ron, n. a range of columns, portico.--n. PTER[=O]'MA, a peridrome: a side-wall. [Gr.]

PTEROPE, ter'[=o]p, n. a fruit-bat or flying-fox.

PTEROPOD, ter'[=o]-pod, n. one of a class of molluscs which move about by means of wing-like appendages attached to the sides of the head, which are not, however, homologous to the foot of other molluscs:--pl. PTEROP'ODA. [Gr. pteron, wing, pous, podos, foot.]

PTEROSAURIA, ter-[=o]-saw'ri-a, n.pl. a group of extinct flying reptiles. [Gr. pteron, wing, sauros, lizard.]

PTERYGOID, ter'i-goid, n. one of a pair of bones in the facial apparatus of some vertebrata behind the palatines, known in human anatomy as the pterygoid plates of the sphenoid bone.--adj. aliform or alate.--adj. PTERYG'IAN.--n. PTERYG'IUM, a generalised limb of a vertebrate.

PTERYLÆ, ter'i-l[=e], n.pl. the bands of contour feathers in birds.--adjs. PTERYLOGRAPH'IC, -AL.--adv. PTERYLOGRAPH'ICALLY.--n. PTERYLOG'RAPHY.

PTILOSIS, t[=i]-l[=o]'sis, n. plumage or mode of feathering of a bird.--Also PTERYL[=O]'SIS. [Gr. ptilon, a feather.]

PTISAN, tiz'an, n. a medicinal drink made from barley with other ingredients. [Gr. ptisan[=e], peeled barley, barley-water--ptissein, to peel.]

PTOCHOCRACY, t[=o]-kok'ra-si, n. the rule of paupers.--n. PTOCHOG'ONY, the production of beggars--wholesale pauperisation. [Gr. pt[=o]chos, a beggar.]

PTOLEMAIC, tol-e-m[=a]'ik, adj. pertaining to the race of Egyptian kings called the Ptolemies: pertaining to Ptolemy the astronomer (of the 2d century)--also PTOLEMÆ'AN.--n. PTOLEM[=A]'IST, one who believes in the Ptolemaic system of astronomy.--PTOLEMAIC SYSTEM, the method by which Ptolemy, the astronomer, explained the structure of the heavens and the motions of the heavenly bodies (139 A.D.).

PTOMAÏNE, t[=o]'ma-in, n. a somewhat loosely used generic name for those bodies, usually poisonous, formed from animal tissues during putrefaction--putrescine, cadaverine, creatinin, neurin, choline, muscarine, &c.--Also PT[=O]'MAÏN. [Gr. pt[=o]ma, a corpse--piptein, to fall.]

PTOSIS, t[=o]'sis, n. inability to raise the upper eyelid. [Gr.,--piptein, to fall.]

PTYALIN, -E, t[=i]'a-lin, n. the nitrogenous essential principle of saliva.--v.i. PTY'ALISE, to salivate.--n. PTY'ALISM, salivation.--adj. PTYALOGOG'IC.--ns. PTYAL'OGOGUE, PTYS'MAGOGUE, a medicine which causes salivation. [Gr.,--ptuein, to spit.]

PUB, pub, n. (slang) a public-house, tavern.

PUBERTY, p[=u]'b[.e]r-ti, n. the age of full development: early manhood or womanhood: the period when a plant begins to flower.--adjs. P[=U]'BERAL; P[=U]BER'ULENT, covered with very fine downy hairs.--ns. P[=U]'BES, the pubic region, the hair growing thereon at puberty; P[=U]BES'CENCE, state of one arrived at puberty: (bot.) the soft, short hair on plants.--adj. P[=U]BES'CENT, arriving at puberty: (bot., zool.) covered with soft, short hair; PUBIG'EROUS, pubescent. [Fr. puberté--L. pubertas, -tatis--pubes, puber, grown up.]

PUBIS, p[=u]'bis, n. a bone of the pelvis which in man forms the anterior portion of the os innominatum.--adjs. P[=U]'BIC; PUBOFEM'ORAL; P[=U]'BO-IL'IAC; P[=U]'BO-IS'CHIAC; PUBOPROSTAT'IC; P[=U]'BO-UR[=E]'THRAL; PUBOVES'ICAL. [For os pubis, gen. of pubes, grown up.]

PUBLIC, pub'lik, adj. of or belonging to the people: pertaining to a community or a nation: general: common to or shared in by all: generally known.--n. the people: the general body of mankind: the people, indefinitely: a public-house, tavern.--ns. PUB'LICAN, the keeper of an inn or public-house: (orig.) a farmer-general of the Roman taxes: a tax-collector; PUBLIC[=A]'TION, the act of publishing or making public: a proclamation: the act of printing and sending out for sale, as a book: that which is published as a book, &c.--ns.pl. PUB'LIC-BILLS, -LAWS, &c., bills, laws, &c. which concern the interests of the whole people; PUB'LIC-FUNDS, money lent to government for which interest is paid of a stated amount at a stated time.--ns. PUB'LIC-HOUSE, a house open to the public: one chiefly used for selling beer and other liquors: an inn or tavern; PUB'LIC-INSTIT[=U]'TION, an institution kept up by public funds for the public use, as an educational or charitable foundation; PUB'LICIST, one who writes on or is skilled in public law, or on current political topics; PUBLIC'ITY, the state of being public or open to the knowledge of all: notoriety; PUB'LIC-LAW (see INTERNATIONAL).--adv. PUB'LICLY.--adjs. PUB'LIC-MIND'ED, -SPIR'ITED, having a spirit actuated by regard to the public interest: with a regard to the public interest.--ns. PUB'LICNESS; PUB'LIC-OPIN'ION, the view which the people of a district or county take of any question of public interest; PUB'LIC-POL'ICY, the main principles or spirit upon which the law of a country is constructed; PUB'LIC-SPIR'IT, a strong desire and effort to work on behalf of the public interest.--adv. PUB'LIC-SPIR'ITEDLY.--n. PUB'LIC-SPIR'ITEDNESS.--n.pl. PUB'LIC-WORKS, permanent works or improvements made for public use or benefit.--PUBLIC HEALTH, the department in any government, municipality, &c. which superintends sanitation; PUBLIC HOLIDAY, a general holiday ordained by parliament; PUBLIC LANDS, lands belonging to government, esp. such as are open to sale, grant, &c.; PUBLIC ORATOR, an officer of English universities who is the voice of the Senate upon all public occasions; PUBLIC SCHOOL (see SCHOOL).--IN PUBLIC, in open view. [Fr.,--L. publicus--populus, the people.]

PUBLISH, pub'lish, v.t. to make public: to divulge: to announce: to proclaim: to send forth to the public: to print and offer for sale: to put into circulation.--adj. PUB'LISHABLE.--ns. PUB'LISHER, one who makes public: one who publishes books; PUB'LISHMENT, publication, esp. of banns.

PUCE, p[=u]s, adj. brownish-purple. [Fr. puce--L. pulex, pul[)i]cis, a flea.]

PUCELLE, p[=u]-sel', n. a maid, virgin, esp. the Maid of Orleans, Jeanne d'Arc (1412-31): a wanton girl.--n. P[=U]'CELAGE, virginity. [O. Fr. through Low L.,--L. pullus, a young animal.]

PUCK, puk, n. a goblin or mischievous sprite: a merry fairy in Midsummer Night's Dream.--adj. PUCK'ISH. [M. E. pouke--Celt., as Ir. puca, W. pwca, bwg; conn. with Ice. púki. Cf. Pug, Bug.]

PUCKA, puk'a, adj. durable, substantial--opp. to Cutcha. [Anglo-Ind.]

PUCK-BALL. Same as PUFF-BALL.

PUCKER, puk'[.e]r, v.t. to gather into folds: to wrinkle.--n. a fold or wrinkle: a number of folds or wrinkles, esp. irregular ones: (coll.) agitation, confusion.--adj. PUCK'ERY, astringent: tending to wrinkle. [Cf. Poke, a bag, and Pock.]

PUD, pud, n. (coll.) a paw, fist, hand. [Perh. Dut. poot, paw.]

PUDDENING, pud'ning, n. a thick pad of rope, &c., used as a fender on the bow of a boat.

PUDDER, pud'[.e]r, n. a pother, a bustle, a tumult.--v.i. to make a tumult or bustle.--v.t. to disturb: to perplex or confound. [Pother.]

PUDDING, p[=oo]d'ing, n. a skin or gut filled with seasoned minced meat, &c., a sausage: a soft kind of food made of flour, milk, eggs, &c.: a piece of good fortune.--adjs. PUDD'ING-FACED, having a fat, round, smooth face; PUDD'ING-HEAD'ED (coll.), stupid.--ns. PUDD'ING-PIE, a pudding with meat baked in it; PUDD'ING-SLEEVE, a large loose sleeve; PUDD'ING-STONE, a conglomerate rock made up of rounded pebbles; PUDD'ING-TIME, dinner-time: (obs.) critical time. [Prob. Celt., as W. poten, Ir. putog--put, a bag. The Low Ger. pudding, Fr. boudin, L. botulus, are prob. all related words.]

PUDDLE, pud'l, n. an ill-shaped, awkward person. [Cf. Low Ger. purrel, something short and thick.]

PUDDLE, pud'l, n. a small pool of muddy water: a mixture of clay and sand.--v.t. to make muddy: to stir up mud: to make water-tight by means of clay: to convert into bar or wrought iron.--v.i. to make a dirty stir.--ns. PUDD'LER, one who turns cast-iron into wrought-iron by puddling; PUDD'LING, the act of rendering impervious to water by means of clay: the process of converting cast into bar or wrought iron.--adj. PUDD'LY, dirty. [M. E. podel (prob. for plod-el)--Celt.; Ir. plodach, plod, a pool.]

PUDDOCK, pud'ok, n. Same as PADDOCK.

PUDENCY, p[=u]'dens-i, n. (Shak.) shamefacedness, modesty.--n.pl. PUDEN'DA, the genitals.--adjs. PUDEN'DAL, PUDEN'DOUS, P[=U]'DIC, -AL, pertaining to the pudenda.--n. PUDIC'ITY, modesty. [L., as if pudentia--pudens, pr.p. of pud[=e]re, to be ashamed.]

PUDGY, puj'i, adj. fat and short: fleshy.--Also PODG'Y.

PUEBLO, pweb'lo, n. a town or settlement in Spanish America: one of the communal habitations of the New Mexico aborigines.--adj. PUEB'LAN. [Sp., a town--L. populus, a people.]

PUERILE, p[=u]'[.e]r-[=i]l, adj. pertaining to children: childish: trifling: silly.--adv. P[=U]'ERILELY.--ns. P[=U]'ERILENESS, P[=U]ERIL'ITY, quality of being puerile: that which is puerile: a childish expression. [Fr. puéril--L. puerilis--puer, a child.]

PUERPERAL, p[=u]-[.e]r'p[.e]r-al, adj. relating to childbirth--also P[=U]ER'PEROUS.--adv. P[=U]ER'PERALLY.--PUERPERAL FEVER, fever occurring in connection with childbirth; PUERPERAL INSANITY, insanity occurring in connection with childbirth. [L. puerpera, a woman lately delivered--puer, a child, par[)e]re, to bear.]

PUFF, puf, v.i. to blow in puffs or whiffs: to swell or fill with air: to breathe with vehemence: to blow at, in contempt: to bustle about.--v.t. to drive with a puff: to swell with a wind: to praise in exaggerated terms.--n. a sudden, forcible breath: a sudden blast of wind: a gust or whiff: a fungus ball containing dust: anything light and porous, or swollen and light: a kind of light pastry: a part of a fabric gathered up so as to be left full in the middle: a light ball or pad for dusting powder on the skin, &c.: an exaggerated expression of praise.--ns. PUFF'-ADD'ER, a large, venomous African serpent; PUFF'-BALL, a dried fungus, ball-shaped and full of dust; PUFF'-BIRD, a South American bird resembling the kingfisher in form, but living on insects; PUFF'-BOX, a box for holding powder for the toilet, and a puff for applying it.--adj. PUFFED, gathered up into rounded ridges, as a sleeve.--ns. PUFF'ER, one who puffs: one who raises the prices at an auction in order to excite the eagerness of the bidders to the advantage of the seller; PUFF'ERY, puffing or extravagant praise.--adv. PUFF'ILY.--ns. PUFF'INESS, state of being puffy or turgid: intumescence; PUFF'ING, the act of praising extravagantly.--adv. PUFF'INGLY.--n. PUFF'-PASTE, a short flaky paste for pastry.--adj. PUFF'Y, puffed out with air or any soft matter: tumid: bombastic: coming in puffs.--PUFF UP (B.), to inflate. [Imit.; cf. Ger. puffen, &c.]

PUFFIN, puf'in, n. a water-fowl having a short, thick, projecting beak like that of a parrot: a puff-ball.

PUG, pug, n. a monkey: a fox: a small kind of dog: any small animal (in familiarity or contempt).--n. PUG'-DOG, a small, short-haired dog with wrinkled face, upturned nose, and short tail.--adjs. PUG'-FACED, monkey-faced; PUG'GING (Shak.), thieving--a misprint for prigging.--n. PUG'-NOSE (sometimes abbrev. pug), a short, thick nose with the tip turned up. [Puck.]

PUG, pug, n. clay ground and worked with water.--v.t. to grind with water and make plastic: to line spaces between floors with mortar, felt, or other deafening.--ns. PUG'GING, beating or punching, esp. the working of clay for making bricks, in a pug-mill: (archit.) clay, sawdust, plaster, &c. put between floors to deaden sound; PUG'-MILL, a machine for mixing and tempering clay. [Prov. Eng. pug, to strike. Cf. Poke.]

PUGH, p[=oo], interj. of contempt or disdain. [Imit.]

PUGILISM, p[=u]'jil-izm, n. the art of boxing or fighting with the fists, esp. in the prize-ring.--ns. P[=U]'GIL, a pinch; P[=U]'GILIST, one who fights with his fists.--adj. P[=U]GILIST'IC. [L. pugil, a boxer.]

PUGNACIOUS, pug-n[=a]'shus, adj. fond of fighting: combative: quarrelsome.--adv. PUGN[=A]'CIOUSLY.--n. PUGNAC'ITY, readiness or inclination to fight: fondness for fighting: quarrelsomeness. [L. pugnax, pugnacis, fond of fighting--pugn[=a]re, to fight.]

PUGREE, pug'r[=e], n. a light scarf worn round the hat to keep off the sun.--Also PUG'GREE, PUG'GERY, PUG'AREE. [Hind. pagr[=i], a turban.]

PUISNE, p[=u]'ne, adj. (law) younger or inferior in rank, applied to certain judges in England. [O. Fr. (Fr. puiné), from puis--L. post, after, né, pa.p. of naître--L. nasci, natus, to be born.]

PUISSANT, p[=u]'is-ant, adj. potent or powerful: strong: forcible.--n. P[=U]'ISSANCE, power, strength, force.--adv. P[=U]'ISSANTLY.--n. P[=U]'ISSANTNESS. [Fr., (It. possente)--L. potens, powerful, modified by the influence of L. posse, to be able.]

PUKE, p[=u]k, v.i. to spew, vomit: to sicken.--n. vomit: an emetic.--n. P[=U]'KER, one who vomits. [Perh. for spuke. Cf. Spew.]

PUKE, p[=u]k, adj. (Shak.) of a colour between black and russet: reddish-brown: puce.--n. PUKE'-STOCK'ING (Shak.), a dark-coloured stocking.

PULCHRITUDE, pul'kri-t[=u]d, n. comeliness. [L.]

PULE, p[=u]l, v.i. to pipe or chirp: to cry, whimper, or whine, like a child.--ns. P[=U]'LER; P[=U]'LING, the cry as of a chicken: a kind of whine.--adj. whimpering: whining.--adv. P[=U]'LINGLY. [From Fr. piauler; imit. like It. pigolare, L. pipil[=a]re and pip[=a]re, to pipe.]

PULEX, p[=u]'leks, n. a genus of insects: the flea. [L.]

PULKHA, pul'kä, n. a Laplander's sledge, shaped like a boat.--Also PULK. [Lap.]

PULL, p[=oo]l, v.t. to draw, or try to draw, with force: to draw or gather with the hand: to tear: to pluck: to extract: to move, propel by tugging, rowing, &c.: to transport by rowing: in horse-racing, to check a horse in order to prevent its winning: to produce on a printing-press worked by hand: to raid or seize.--v.i. to give a pull: to draw.--n. the act of pulling: a struggle or contest: exercise in rowing: (slang) influence, a favourable chance, advantage: (coll.) a drink, draught: (print.) a single impression of a hand-press.--ns. PULL'-BACK, a restraint: a device for making a woman's gown hang close and straight in front; PULL'ER.--PULL A FACE, to draw the countenance into a particular expression: to grimace; PULL APART, to bring asunder by pulling; PULL DOWN, to take down or apart: to demolish; PULL FOR, to row in the direction of; PULL OFF, to carry anything through successfully; PULL ONE'S SELF TOGETHER, to collect one's faculties; PULL OUT, to draw out, lengthen; PULL THE LONG BOW, to lie or boast beyond measure; PULL THROUGH, to get to the end of something difficult or dangerous with some success; PULL UP, to tighten the reins: to take to task: to bring to a stop: to halt; PULL UP STAKES, to prepare to leave a place. [A.S. pullian; conn. with Low Ger. pulen, to pluck.]

PULLET, p[=oo]l'et, n. a young hen.--n. PULL'ET-SPERM (Shak.), the treadle or chalaza of an egg. [Fr. poulette, dim. of poule, a hen--Low L. pulla, a hen, fem. of L. pullus, a young animal.]

PULLEY, p[=oo]l'i, n. a wheel turning about an axis, and having a groove on its rim in which a cord runs, used for raising weights:--pl. PULL'EYS.--ns. PULL'EY-BLOCK, a shell containing one or more sheaves, the whole forming a pulley; PULL'EY-SHELL, the casing of a pulley-block. [M. E. poleyne--Fr. poulain--Low L. pullanus--pullus; acc. to Diez, from Fr. poulie, itself from Eng. pull.]

PULLMAN-CAR, p[=oo]l'man-kär, n. a railway sleeping-car or palace-car, first made by George M. Pullman (b. 1831) in America.

PULLULATE, pul'[=u]-l[=a]t, v.i. to germinate, bud.--n. PULLUL[=A]'TION. [L.,--pullulus, a young animal, sprout--pullus. Cf. Pullet.]

PULMONARY, pul'm[=o]-n[=a]-ri, adj. pertaining to, or affecting, the lungs: done by the lungs: having lungs: pulmonic.--adj. PULMOBRANCH'IATE, breathing by lung-sacs.--n. PULMOM'ETER, an instrument for measuring the capacity of the lungs.--adj. PULMON[=A]'RIOUS, diseased in the lungs.--n.pl. PULMON[=A]'TA, an order or sub-class of Gasteropoda, air-breathing.--adjs. PUL'MON[=A]TE, having lungs, lung-sacs, or lung-like organs; PULMON'IC, pertaining to or affecting the lungs.--n. a medicine for disease of the lungs: one affected by disease of the lungs.--adj. PULMONIF'EROUS, provided with lungs.--PULMONARY ARTERY, an artery which brings blood from the heart to the lungs; PULMONARY VEIN, a vein which brings blood from the lungs to the heart. [L. pulmonarius--pulmo, pulmonis, a lung--Gr. pleum[=o]n, pneum[=o]n, lung.]

PULP, pulp, n. the soft fleshy part of bodies, e.g. of teeth: marrow: the soft part of plants, esp. of fruits: any soft mass: the soft mass obtained from the breaking and grinding of rags, &c., before it is hardened into paper.--v.t. to reduce to pulp: to deprive of pulp: to separate the pulp.--v.i. to become ripe or juicy, like the pulp of fruit.--ns. PULP'-EN'GINE, a machine for converting rags, &c., into pulp; PULP'IFIER, an apparatus for reducing fresh meat to a jelly-like pulp, to aid digestion.--v.t. PULP'IFY, to make into pulp. [Fr. pulpe--L. pulpa, flesh without bones.]

PULPIT, p[=oo]l'pit, n. a platform for speaking from: an elevated or enclosed place in a church where the sermon is delivered: a desk.--adj. belonging to the pulpit.--ns. PULPITEER', PUL'PITER, one who speaks from a pulpit: a preacher.--adj. PUL'PITISH.--THE PULPIT, preachers or preaching collectively. [Fr.,--L. pulpitum, a stage.]

PULPOUS, pulp'us, adj. consisting of, or resembling, pulp: soft.--ns. PULP'INESS; PULP'OUSNESS.--adj. PULP'Y, like pulp: soft.

PULQUE, p[=oo]l'k[=a], n. a fermented drink, made in Mexico. [Sp., from Mex.]

PULSATE, pul's[=a]t, v.i. to beat, as the heart or as a vein: to throb.--adj. PUL'SATILE, that can pulsate, as a wound: that may be struck or beaten, as a drum: played by beating: acting by pulsation.--n. PULS[=A]'TION, a beating or throbbing: a motion of the heart or pulse: any measured beat: a vibration.--adj. PUL'SATIVE.--n. PULS[=A]'TOR, a pulsometer: a jigging-machine, used in South African diamond-digging.--adj. PUL'SATORY, beating or throbbing.--n. any musical instrument played by being beaten on. [L. puls[=a]re, -[=a]tum, to beat, freq. of pell[)e]re, pulsum, to drive.]

PULSATILLA, pul-sa-til'a, n. the pasque-flower, Anemone pulsatilla.

PULSE, puls, n. a beating or throbbing: a measured beat or throb: a vibration: the beating of the heart and the arteries: (fig.) feeling, sentiment.--v.i. to beat, as the heart: to throb.--adj. PULSE'LESS, having no pulsation: without life.--ns. PULSE'LESSNESS; PULSE'-RATE, the number of beats of a pulse per minute; PULSE'-WAVE, the expansion of the artery, moving from point to point, like a wave, as each beat of the heart sends the blood to the extremities.--adj. PULSIF'IC, exciting the pulse.--ns. PULSIM'ETER, an instrument for measuring the strength or quickness of the pulse; PULSOM'ETER, a pulsimeter: a kind of steam-condensing pump.--FEEL ONE'S PULSE, to find out by the sense of touch the force of the blood in the arteries: to find out what one is thinking on some point; PUBLIC PULSE, the movement of public opinion on any question; QUICK PULSE, a pulse in which the rise of tension is very rapid. [Fr. pouls--L. pulsus--pell[)e]re, pulsum.]

PULSE, puls, n. grain or seed of beans, pease, &c.--adj. PULT[=A]'CEOUS, macerated and softened. [L. puls, porridge (Gr. poltos). Cf. Poultice.]

PULU, p[=oo]'l[=oo], n. a silky fibre obtained from the Hawaiian tree-ferns, used for stuffing mattresses.

PULVERABLE, pul'v[.e]r-a-bl, adj. that may be reduced to fine powder--also PUL'VER[=I]SABLE.--adj. PULVER[=A]'CEOUS, having a powdery surface.--vs.t. PUL'VERATE, PUL'VERISE, to reduce to dust or fine powder.--vs.i. to fall down into dust or powder: to roll or wallow in the dust.--ns. PUL'VERINE, ashes of barilla; PULVERIS[=A]'TION; PUL'VER[=I]SER.--adj. PUL'VEROUS, consisting of, or like, dust or powder.--n. PULVER'[=U]LENCE.--adj. PULVER'[=U]LENT, consisting of fine powder: powdery: dusty. [L. pulvis, pulveris, powder.]

PULVIL, pul'vil, n. a bag of perfumed powder.--Also PULVIL'IO. [It. polviglio--L. pulvillus, a little cushion--pulvinus, a cushion.]

PULVILLAR, pul'vi-lär, adj. cushion or pad-like.--adj. PULVIL'LIFORM, like a pulvillus.--n. PULVIL'LUS, a foot-pad between the clavi of the terminal tarsal joint of an insect's leg--also PULVIN'ULUS.--adj. PULV[=I]'NAR, padded: formed like a cushion.--n. a pillow or cushion: a peculiar prominence on a part of the human brain.--adjs. PUL'VIN[=A]TE, -D, PULVIN'IFORM, cushion-shaped. [L. pulvillus, pulvinus, a cushion, pulvinar, a soft couch.]

PULWAR, pul'wär, n. a light keelless boat used on the Ganges.--Also PAL'WAR.

PULZA-OIL, pul'zä-oil, n. an oil obtained from the seeds of Fatropha Curcas, from the Cape Verd Islands.

PUMA, p[=u]'ma, n. a carnivorous animal, of the cat kind, of a reddish-brown colour without spots, called also the American lion. [Peruv. puma.]

PUMICE, pum'is, or p[=u]'mis, n. a hard, light, spongy substance, formed of lava, from which gas or steam has escaped while hardening.--v.t. to polish or rub with pumice-stone--also P[=U]'MIC[=A]TE.--adjs. PUMI'CEOUS, PUM'ICIFORM, of or like pumice.--ns. PUM'ICE-STONE (same as PUMICE); P[=U]'MY (Spens.), a pebble, stone. [A.S. pumic-(-stán), pumice (-stone)--L. pumex, pumicis, for spumex--spuma, foam--spu[)e]re. Cf. Spume, and Pounce, a fine powder.]

PUMMEL. Same as POMMEL.

PUMP, pump, n. a machine for raising water and other fluids to a higher level: a machine for drawing out or forcing in air.--v.t. to raise with a pump: to draw out information by artful questions.--v.i. to work a pump: to raise water by pumping.--ns. PUMP'AGE, the amount pumped; PUMP'-BARR'EL, the cylinder which forms the body of a pump.--pa.p. PUMPED (coll.), out of breath, panting--sometimes with out.--ns. PUMP'ER; PUMP'-GEAR, the various parts which make up a pump; PUMP'-HAND'LE, the lever by means of which the pump is worked; PUMP'-HEAD, -HOOD, a frame covering the upper wheel of a chain-pump, serving to guide the water into the discharge-spout; PUMP'ING-EN'GINE, any form of motor for operating a pump; PUMP'-ROD, the rod by which the handle is fixed to the bucket which moves up and down inside; PUMP'-ROOM, the apartment at a mineral spring in which the waters are drunk; PUMP'-WELL, a well from which water is got by pumping.--PUMP SHIP, to urinate. [O. Fr. pompe (cf. Ger. pumpe); perh. conn. with plump.]

PUMP, pump, n. a thin-soled shoe used in dancing.--adj. PUMPED, wearing pumps. [Prob. Fr. pompe, ornament, show, from Teut., cf. Ger. pumphosen, wide pantaloons.]

PUMPERNICKEL, pump'er-nik-el, n. a kind of coarse bread, made of unsifted rye, much used in Westphalia. [Ger., a heavy, stupid fellow, from pumper, a heavy fall, nickel=Nicholas.]

PUMPKIN, pump'kin, n. a plant of the gourd family and its fruit.--Also PUMP'ION. [A corr. of O. Fr. pompon--L. pep[=o]--Gr. pep[=o]n, ripe.]

PUMY. See PUMICE.

PUN, pun, v.t. (Shak.) to pound. [Cf. Pound.]

PUN, pun, v.i. to play upon words similar in sound but different in meaning so as to produce a ludicrous idea:--pr.p. pun'ning; pa.t. and pa.p. punned.--n. a play upon words.--ns. PUN'NAGE, PUN'NING, the act or habit of punning. [Ety. dub.; prob. to beat words=pound, to beat, from A.S. punian, to pound.]

PUNCH, punsh, n. contr. of Punchinello, a humpbacked, hook-nosed puppet with a squeaking voice, one of the two main actors in the street puppet-show 'Punch and Judy:' PUNCH, or the London CHARIVARI, the chief illustrated English comic journal (begun 17th July 1841). [Through the influence of prov. Eng. punch, a variant of bunch, thick.]

PUNCH, punsh, adj. (prov.) short and fat.--n. a short and fat man: a short-legged, round-bodied horse.--adj. PUNCH'Y. [Prob. a variant of bunch.]

PUNCH, punsh, n. a drink of five ingredients--spirit, water, sugar, lemon-juice, and spice.--ns. PUNCH'-BOWL, a large bowl for making punch in; PUNCH'-L[=A]D'LE, a ladle for filling glasses from a punch-bowl. [Hind. panch, five--Sans. pancha, five.]

PUNCH, punsh, v.t. to prick or pierce with something sharp or blunt: to make a hole in with a steel tool.--n. a tool either blunt, or hollow and sharp-edged, for stamping or perforating: a kind of awl.--n. PUNCH'ER. [A shortened form of puncheon, a tool.]

PUNCH, punsh, v.t. to strike or hit: to beat with the fist, as one's head.--n. a stroke or blow with the fist, elbow, &c. [Prob. a corr. of punish.]

PUNCHEON, punsh'un, n. a steel tool with a die or a sharp point at one end for stamping or perforating metal plates: a short post or slab of wood with the face smoothed. [O. Fr. poinson--L. punctio, -onis--pung[)e]re, punctum, to prick.]

PUNCHEON, punsh'un, n. a cask: a liquid measure of from 72 or 84 to 120 gallons. [O. Fr. poinson, a cask; perh. from the above.]

PUNCHINELLO, punsh-i-nel'o, n. the short, hump-backed figure of a puppet-show: a buffoon, any grotesque personage. [It. pulcinello, dim. of pulcino, a chicken, child--L. pullus, a young animal.]

PUNCTATE, -D, pungk't[=a]t, -ed, adj. pointed: (bot.) punctured: full of small holes: pitted: dotted.--ns. PUNCT[=A]'TION; PUNCT[=A]'TOR, one who marks with dots--esp. applied to the Massoretes who invented the Hebrew vowel-points.--adj. PUNC'TIFORM, pointed. [L. punctum--pung[)e]re, punctum, to prick.]

PUNCTILIO, pungk-til'yo, n. a nice point in behaviour or ceremony: nicety in forms: exact observance of forms.--adj. PUNCTIL'IOUS, attending to little points or matters: very nice or exact in behaviour or ceremony: exact or punctual to excess.--adv. PUNCTIL'IOUSLY.--ns. PUNCTIL'IOUSNESS; PUNC'TO (Shak.), the point, or a blow with it in fencing: a nice point of ceremony. [Sp. puntillo, dim. of punto, point--L. punctum, a point.]

PUNCTUAL, pungk't[=u]-al, adj. of or pertaining to a point: observant of nice points: punctilious: exact in keeping time and appointments: done at the exact time.--ns. PUNC'TUALIST; PUNCTUAL'ITY, quality or state of being punctual: the keeping of the exact time of an appointment: exactness.--adv. PUNC'TUALLY.--n. PUNC'TUALNESS. [Fr. ponctuel--punctum, a point.]

PUNCTUATE, pungk't[=u]-[=a]t, v.t. to mark with points: to divide sentences by the usual points or marks: to emphasise.--adv. PUNC'TU[=A]TIM, point for point.--n. PUNCTU[=A]'TION, the act or art of dividing sentences by points or marks.--adj. PUNC'TU[=A]TIVE.--n. PUNC'TU[=A]TOR.--PUNCTUATION MARKS, the comma, semicolon, colon, period, &c.

PUNCTUM, pungk'tum, n. (anat.) a point, dot.--adjs. PUNC'T[=U]LATE, -D.--ns. PUNCT[=U]L[=A]'TION; PUNC'T[=U]LE; PUNC'T[=U]LUM.--PUNCTUM CÆCUM, the point of the retina from which the optic nerve fibres radiate, so called because impervious to light.

PUNCTURE, pungk't[=u]r, n. a pricking: a small hole made with a sharp point.--v.t. to prick: to pierce with a pointed instrument.--n. PUNCTUR[=A]'TION. [L. punctura--pung[)e]re, to prick.]

PUNDIT, pun'dit, n. a person who is learned in the language, science, laws, and religion of India: any learned man. [Hind. pandit--Sans. pandita.]

PUNDONOR, pun'do-n[=o]r', n. point of honour. [Sp., contr. of punto de honor, point of honour.]

PUNGENT, pun'jent, adj. sharp: pricking or acrid to taste or smell: keenly touching the mind: painful: keen: sarcastic.--ns. PUN'GENCY, PUN'GENCE.--adv. PUN'GENTLY. [L. pungens, -entis, pr.p. of pung[)e]re, to prick.]

PUNIC, p[=u]'nik, adj. pertaining to, or like, the ancient Carthaginians: faithless, treacherous, deceitful.--n. the language of ancient Carthage. [L. Punicus--Poeni, the Carthaginians.]

PUNINESS, p[=u]'ni-nes, n. the state or quality of being puny or feeble: smallness: pettiness. [Puny.]

PUNISH, pun'ish, v.t. to cause to pay a penalty: to cause loss or pain to a person for a fault or crime: (coll.) to handle or beat severely, maul: (coll.) to consume a large quantity of: to chasten.--ns. PUNISHABIL'ITY, PUN'ISHABLENESS.--adj. PUN'ISHABLE, that may be punished--said both of persons and crimes.--ns. PUN'ISHER; PUN'ISHMENT, act or process of punishing: loss or pain inflicted for a crime or fault: the consequences of a broken law.--adjs. PUNITIVE (p[=u]'ni-tiv), pertaining to punishment: inflicting punishment; P[=U]'NITORY, punishing: tending to punishment. [Fr. punir, punis-sant--L. pun[=i]re, to punish--poena, penalty.]

PUNJABEE, PUNJABI, pun-jä'b[=e], n. a native or inhabitant of the Punjab in India.

PUNK, pungk, n. rotten wood used as tinder: (Shak.) a strumpet. [Spunk.]

PUNKA, PUNKAH, pung'ka, n. a large fan for cooling the air of an Indian house, consisting of a light framework covered with cloth and suspended from the ceiling of a room, worked by pulling a cord or by machinery. [Hind. pankha, a fan.]

PUNSTER, pun'st[.e]r, n. one who makes puns.

PUNT, punt, n. a flat-bottomed boat with square ends.--v.t. to propel, as a boat, by pushing with a pole against the bottom of a river: to kick the ball (in football) before it touches the ground, when let fall from the hands: to knock.--v.i. to pursue water-fowl in a punt with a punt-gun.--ns. PUNT'ER; PUNT'-FISHING, angling from a punt in a pond, river, or lake; PUNT'-GUN, a heavy gun of large bore used for shooting water-fowl from a punt; PUNTS'MAN, a sportsman who uses a punt. [A.S.,--L. ponto, a punt--pons, pontis, a bridge.]

PUNT, punt, v.i. to play at basset or ombre.--n. PUNT'ER, one who marks the points in basset or ombre. [Fr., through Sp.--L. punctum, a point.]

PUNTILLA, pun-til'a, n. lace-work. [Sp.]

PUNTO, pun'to, n. (Shak.) a point or hit: a pass or thrust made in fencing.--PUNTO DRITTO, a direct or straight hit; PUNTO RIVERSO, a back-handed stroke. [Sp. and It. punto--L. punctum, a point.]

PUNY, p[=u]'ni, adj. (comp. P[=U]'NIER; superl. P[=U]'NIEST) small: feeble: petty. [Cf. Puisne.]

PUP, pup, v.t. to bring forth puppies, as a bitch: to whelp:--pr.p. pup'ping; pa.t. and pa.p. pupped.--n. PUP.--BE IN PUP, to be pregnant, said of dogs. [Puppy.]

PUPA, p[=u]'pa, n. an insect enclosed in a case while passing from the caterpillar to the winged stage: a chrysalis--also P[=U]PE:--pl. PUPÆ (p[=u]'p[=e]).--adjs. P[=U]'PAL, P[=U]P[=A]'RIAL.--n. P[=U]P[=A]'RIUM, a pupa included within the last larval skin.--v.i. P[=U]P[=A]TE', to become a pupa.--n. P[=U]P[=A]'TION.--adjs. P[=U]'PIFORM; P[=U]PIG'EROUS.--n. P[=U]PIP'ARA, a division of dipterous insects having pupæ developed within the body of the mother.--adjs. P[=U]PIP'AROUS; P[=U]PIV'OROUS; P[=U]'POID. [L. pupa, a girl, a doll, fem. of pupus, a boy, a child; cf. puer, a boy.]

PUPIL, p[=u]'pil, n. a little boy or girl: one under the care of a tutor: a scholar: a ward: (law) one under the age of puberty--i.e. under fourteen years for males, and twelve for females.--adj. under age.--ns. PUPILABIL'ITY (rare), pupilary nature: confidential character; P[=U]'PILAGE, P[=U]'PILLAGE, state of being a pupil: the time during which one is a pupil; PUPILAR'ITY, PUPILLAR'ITY, the time between birth and puberty.--adjs. P[=U]'PILARY, P[=U]'PILLARY, pertaining to a pupil or ward.--PUPIL TEACHER, one who is both a pupil and a teacher. [Fr. pupille--L. pupillus, pupilla, dims. of pupus, boy, pupa, girl.]

PUPIL, p[=u]'pil, n. the round opening in the middle of the eye through which the light passes: the apple of the eye, so called from the baby-like figures seen on it: (zool.) the central dark part of an ocellated spot.--adjs. P[=U]'PILARY, P[=U]'PILLARY; P[=U]'PILATE (zool.), having a central spot of another colour.--n. PUPILLOM'ETER, an instrument for measuring the size of the pupil of an eye. [Same as above word.]

PUPPET, pup'et, n. a small doll or image moved by wires in a show: a marionette: one who acts just as another tells him.--ns. PUPP'ETRY, finery, affectation: a puppet-show; PUPP'ET-SHOW, -PLAY, a mock show or drama performed by puppets; PUPP'ET-VALVE, a valve like a pot-lid attached to a rod, and used in steam-engines for covering an opening. [O. Fr. poupette, dim. from L. pupa.]

PUPPY, pup'i, n. a doll: a young dog: a whelp: a conceited young man.--adj. PUPP'Y-HEAD'ED (Shak.), stupid.--n. PUPP'YHOOD, the condition of being a puppy.--adj. PUPP'YISH.--n. PUPP'YISM, conceit in men. [Fr. poupée, a doll or puppet--L. pupa.]

PUR. See PURR.

PURANA, p[=oo]-rä'na, n. one of a class of sacred poetical books in Sanscrit literature, forming with the Tantras the main foundation of the actual popular creed of the Brahmanical Hindus.--adj. PURAN'IC. [Sans. pur[=a]na--pur[=a], ancient.]

PURBLIND, pur'bl[=i]nd, adj. nearly blind, near-sighted: (orig.) wholly blind.--adv. PUR'BLINDLY.--n. PUR'BLINDNESS. [For pure-blind--i.e. wholly blind; the meaning has been modified, prob. through some confusion with the verb to pore.]

PURCHASE, pur'ch[=a]s, v.t. to acquire by seeking: to obtain by paying: to obtain by labour, danger, &c.: (law) to get in any way other than by inheritance: to raise or move by mechanical means: (Shak.) to expiate by a fine or forfeit.--n. act of purchasing: that which is purchased or got for a price: value, advantage, worth: any mechanical power or advantage in raising or moving bodies.--adj. PUR'CHASABLE, that may be purchased: (hence of persons) venal, corrupt.--n. PUR'CHASER.--PURCHASE MONEY, the money paid, or to be paid, for anything; PURCHASE SHEARS, a very strong kind of shears, with removable cutters, and a strong spring at the back; PURCHASE SYSTEM, the method by which, before 1871, commissions in the British army could be bought.--(SO MANY) YEARS' PURCHASE, a price paid for a house, an estate, &c. equal to the amount of the rent or income during the stated number of years. [O. Fr. porchacier (Fr. pourchasser), to seek eagerly, pursue--pur (L. pro), for, chasser, to chase.]

PURDAH, pur'dä, n. a curtain screening a chamber of state or the women's apartments: the seclusion itself. [Hind. parda, a screen.]

PURE, p[=u]r, adj. (comp. PUR'ER; superl. PUR'EST) clean: unsoiled: unmixed: not adulterated: real: free from guilt or defilement: chaste: modest: mere: that and that only: complete: non-empirical, involving an exercise of mind alone, without admixture of the results of experience.--n. purity.--adv. quite: (obs.) entirely.--v.t. to cleanse, refine.--adv. PURE'LY, without blemish: wholly, entirely: (dial.) wonderfully, very much.--n. PURE'NESS.--PURE MATHEMATICS (see MATHEMATICS); PURE REASON, reason alone, without any mixture of sensibility; PURE SCIENCE, the principles of any science considered in themselves and their relation to each other, and not in their application to the investigation of other branches of knowledge, as pure mathematics, pure logic, &c. [Fr. pur--L. purus, pure.]

PURÉE, pü-r[=a]', n. a soup, such as pea-soup, in which there are no pieces of solids. [Fr.]

PURFLE, pur'fl, v.t. to decorate with a wrought or flowered border: (archit.) to decorate with rich sculpture: (her.) to ornament with a border of ermines, furs, &c.--ns. PUR'FLE, PUR'FLEW, a border of embroidery: (her.) a bordure of ermines, furs, &c.; PUR'FLING.--adj. PUR'FLY (Carlyle), wrinkled. [O. Fr. pourfiler--L. pro, before, filum, a thread.]

PURGE, purj, v.t. to make pure: to carry off whatever is impure or superfluous: to clear from guilt or from accusation: to evacuate, as the bowels: to trim, dress, prune: to clarify, as liquors.--v.i. to become pure by clarifying: to have frequent evacuations.--n. act of purging: a medicine that purges.--n. PURG[=A]'TION, a purging: a clearing away of impurities: (law) the act of clearing from suspicion or imputation of guilt, a cleansing.--adj. PUR'GATIVE, cleansing: having the power of evacuating the intestines.--n. a medicine that evacuates.--adv. PUR'GATIVELY.--adjs. PURGAT[=O]'RIAL, PURGAT[=O]'RIAN, pertaining to purgatory; PUR'GATORY, purging or cleansing: expiatory.--n. (R.C.) a place or state in which souls are after death purified from venial sins: any kind or state of suffering for a time.--ns. PUR'GER, a person or thing that purges; PUR'GING, act of cleansing or clearing. [Fr. purger--L. purg[=a]re, -[=a]tum--purus, pure, ag[)e]re, to do.]

PURIFY, p[=u]'ri-f[=i], v.t. to make pure: to cleanse from foreign or hurtful matter: to free from guilt or uncleanness: to free from improprieties or barbarisms, as language.--v.i. to become pure:--pa.t. and pa.p. p[=u]'rif[=i]ed.--n. PURIFIC[=A]'TION, act of purifying: (B.) the act of cleansing ceremonially by removing defilement: a cleansing of the soul from moral guilt or defilement: a crushing of desire after anything evil: the pouring of wine into the chalice to rinse it after communion, the wine being then drunk by the priest.--adj. P[=U]'RIFIC[=A]TIVE.--n. P[=U]'RIFIC[=A]TOR.--adj. P[=U]'RIFIC[=A]TORY, tending to purify or cleanse.--n. P[=U]'RIFIER.--PURIFICATION OF THE BLESSED VIRGIN MARY, a feast observed in the R.C. Church on February 2d, in commemoration of the purification of the Virgin Mary, according to the Jewish ceremonial (Lev. xii. 2) forty days after the birth of Christ. [Fr. purifier--L. purific[=a]re--purus, pure, fac[)e]re, to make.]

PURIM, p[=u]'rim, n. the feast of lots held about 1st of March, in which the Jews commemorated their deliverance from the plot of Haman, as related in Esther. [Heb., pl. of pur, lot.]

PURISM, p[=u]r'izm, n. exclusion of mixture of any kind: pure or immaculate conduct or style: the doctrine of a purist: great nicety or care in the use of words.--n. P[=U]R'IST, one who is excessively pure or nice in the choice of words.--adj. P[=U]RIS'TIC.

PURITAN, p[=u]r'i-tan, n. one aiming at greater strictness in religious life, esp. one of a religious and political party having such aims in the time of Elizabeth and the Stuarts.--adj. pertaining to the Puritans.--adjs. P[=U]RITAN'IC, -AL, like a Puritan: rigid: exact.--adv. P[=U]RITAN'ICALLY.--v.i. P[=U]R'ITANISE.--n. P[=U]R'ITANISM, a puritan manner of life: strictness of life: simplicity and purity of worship: the notions or practice of Puritans. [L. puritas, purity--purus, pure.]

PURITY, p[=u]r'i-ti, n. condition of being pure: freedom from mixture of any kind: freedom from sin or defilement: chastity: sincerity: freedom from foreign or improper idioms or words.

PURL, purl, v.i. to flow with a murmuring sound, as a stream over small stones: to ripple: to flow in eddies: to curl or swirl.--v.t. to whirl about: to unseat.--n. a soft murmuring sound, as of a stream among stones: an eddy or ripple.--n. PURL'ING, the act of flowing with a gentle, murmuring sound: the murmuring sound of a small stream. [Prob. freq. of purr; cf. Sw. porla, Ger. perlen, to bubble.]

PURL, purl, v.t. to fringe with a waved edging, as lace: to invert stitches.--n. an embroidered border: a hem or fringe of twisted gold or silver thread: a ribbed or wavy appearance caused by inverted stitches: a kind of 16th-cent. lace. [Purfle.]

PURL, purl, n. ale warmed and spiced.

PURLIEU, pur'l[=u], n. the borders or environs of any place: (orig.) the grounds on the borders of a royal forest, illegally added to the forest, but afterwards restored to their rightful owners, and marked out by perambulation. [Acc. to Skeat, a corr. of O. Fr. puralee (a mere translation of L. perambulatio), land severed from a royal forest by perambulation--O. Fr. pur (=L. pro), allee, a going.]

PURLIN, PURLINE, pur'lin, n. a piece of timber stretching horizontally across the rafters underneath to support them in the middle. [Perh. Fr. pour, for, or par, through, ligne, a line.]

PURLOIN, pur-loin', v.t. to carry off to a distance: to take for one's own use: to steal: to plagiarise.--v.i. to practise theft.--n. PURLOIN'ER. [O. Fr. purloignier--L. prolong[=a]re.]

PURPLE, pur'pl, n. a very dark-red colour formed by the mixture of blue and red: a purple dress or robe, originally worn only by royalty: a robe of honour: the dignity of a king or emperor: a cardinalate, so called from the red hat and robes worn by cardinals.--adj. red tinged with blue: blood-red: bloody.--v.t. to dye purple: to clothe with purple.--v.i. to become purple in colour.--n. PUR'PLE-FISH, a shellfish of genus Purpura.--adjs. PUR'PLE-FROST'Y (Tenn.), purple with frost or cold; PUR'PLE-HUED (Shak.), having a purple hue.--n.pl. PUR'PLES, petechiæ or spots of livid red on the body: a disease of wheat: an early purple-flowered orchid.--adj. PUR'PLE-SPIKED, having purple spikes.--ns. PUR'PLE-WOOD, -HEART, the heartwood of Copaifera pubiflora, used for ramrods.--adj. PUR'PLISH, somewhat purple.--PURPLE EMPEROR, one of the largest of British butterflies, and one of the most richly coloured.--BORN IN THE PURPLE, of princely rank or birth; TYRIAN PURPLE, a fine purple dye for which the people of ancient Tyre were celebrated. [O. Fr. porpre (Fr. pourpre)--L. purpura--Gr. porphyra, the purple-fish.]

PURPORT, pur'p[=o]rt, n. design: meaning: signification.--v.t. (also PURPORT') to give out as its meaning: to convey to the mind: to seem to mean--often with an infinitive clause as its object.--adj. PUR'PORTLESS. [O. Fr., from pur (Fr. pour)--L. pro, for, porter--L. port[=a]re, to carry.]

PURPOSE, pur'pos, n. idea or aim kept before the mind as the end of effort: aim, intention: effect: (Spens.) conversation: (pl.) a sort of conversational game.--OF, or ON, PURPOSE, with design, intentionally; TO THE PURPOSE, to the point, or material to the question. [O. Fr. pourpos, propos--L. propositum, a thing intended--pro, forward, pon[)e]re, positum, to place.]

PURPOSE, pur'pos, v.t. to intend (often followed by an infinitive or participial clause as its object).--v.i. to have an intention: (Spens.) to discourse.--adj. PUR'POSEFUL, having an object: full of meaning.--adv. PUR'POSEFULLY.--n. PUR'POSEFULNESS.--adj. PUR'POSELESS, without purpose or effect: aimless.--adv. PUR'POSELESSLY.--n. PUR'POSELESSNESS.--adj. PUR'POSE-LIKE, having a definite purpose: having the appearance of being fit for a purpose.--adv. PUR'POSELY, with purpose: intentionally.--n. PUR'POSER.--adj. PUR'POSIVE, having an aim: (biol.) functional.--n. PUR'POSIVENESS. [O. Fr. purposer, form of proposer, influenced by Fr. propos.]

PURPRISE, pur-pr[=i]z', n. an enclosure: the whole compass of a manor.--n. PURPREST'URE, a private encroachment upon a public highway, &c. [O. Fr. pourpris--pour, for, prendre--L. prehend[)e]re, to take.]

PURPURA, pur'p[=u]-ra, n. a genus of marine gasteropods: an eruption of small purple spots, caused by extravasation of blood in the skin--also called the Purples.--adj. PUR'PUR[=A]TE, of purple colour.--n. PUR'PURE, purple.--adjs. PURP[=U]'REAL, purple; PURP[=U]'RIC, relating to purpura. [L.,--Gr. porphyra.]

PURR, PUR, pur, v.i. to utter a low, murmuring sound, as a cat when pleased: to signify by, or as by, purring.--ns. PURR; PURR'ING, the low, murmuring sound of a cat.--adv. PURR'INGLY. [Imit.]

PURSE, purs, n. a small bag for money, orig. made of skin: a sum of money, esp. a sum given as a present or offered as a prize: a treasury: a person's finances.--v.t. to put into a purse: to contract as the mouth of a purse: to draw into folds or wrinkles.--n. PURSE'-BEAR'ER, one who has charge of the purse of another: a treasurer.--adj. PURSE'-BEAR'ING, pouched, marsupiate.--ns. PURSE'FUL, as much as a purse can hold: enough to fill a purse; PURSE'-MOUTH (Tenn.), a pursed-up mouth; PURSE'-NET, a kind of net that can be closed like a purse; PURSE'-PRIDE.--adj. PURSE'-PROUD, proud of one's purse or wealth: insolent from wealth.--ns. PURS'ER, an officer who has charge of the provisions, clothing, and accounts of a ship, now termed a 'paymaster;' PURS'ERSHIP; PURSE'-SEINE, a seine which can be pursed into the shape of a bag.--n.pl. PURSE'-STRINGS, the strings fastening a purse.--n. PURSE'-TAK'ING, robbing.--A LIGHT, or EMPTY, PURSE, poverty; A LONG, or HEAVY, PURSE, riches; PRIVY PURSE, an allowance for the private expenses of the British sovereign: an officer in the royal household who pays the sovereign the grant of the civil list for his private expenses. [O. Fr. borse (Fr. bourse)--Low L. bursa--Gr. byrsa, a hide.]

PURSLANE, PURSLAIN, purs'l[=a]n, n. an annual plant, frequently used in salads. [O. Fr. porcelaine--L. porcilaca, portulaca.]

PURSUE, pur-s[=u]', v.t. to follow after in order to overtake: to follow with haste: to chase: to follow up: to be engaged in: to carry on: to seek to obtain: to seek to injure: to imitate: to continue.--v.i. to follow: to go on or continue: to act as a prosecutor at law.--n. (Spens.) pursuit.--adj. PURS[=U]'ABLE.--n. PURS[=U]'ANCE, the act of pursuing or following out: process: consequence.--adj. PURS[=U]'ANT, done while pursuing or seeking any purpose, hence agreeable.--adv. agreeably: conformably--also PURS[=U]'ANTLY.--n. PURS[=U]'ER, one who pursues: (Scots law) a plaintiff. [O. Fr. porsuir (Fr. poursuivre)--L. prosequi, -secutus--pro, onwards, sequi, to follow.]

PURSUIT, pur-s[=u]t', n. the act of pursuing: endeavour to attain: occupation: employment.

PURSUIVANT, pur'swi-vant, n. an attendant or follower: a state messenger: an attendant on the heralds: one of four inferior officers in the English College of Arms. [Fr., pr.p. of poursuivre, to pursue.]

PURSY, purs'i, adj. puffy: fat and short: short-breathed.--n. PURS'INESS. [O. Fr. pourcif (Fr. poussif), orig. poulsif, broken-winded--O. Fr. poulser (Fr. pousser), to push--L. puls[=a]re, to push.]

PURTENANCE, pur'ten-ans, n. that which pertains or belongs to: (B.) the inwards or intestines of an animal. [Appurtenance.]

PURULENCE, p[=u]'r[=u]-lens, n. the forming of pus or matter: pus--also P[=U]'RULENCY.--adj. P[=U]'RULENT, consisting of, full of, or resembling pus or matter.--adv. P[=U]'RULENTLY. [Pus.]

PURVEY, pur-v[=a]', v.t, to provide, esp. with conveniences: to procure.--v.i. to provide: to buy in provisions for several persons: (with to) to pander.--ns. PURVEY'ANCE, the act of purveying: a procuring of victuals: that which is supplied: the former royal prerogative of pre-emption of necessaries; PURVEY'OR, one who provides victuals: an officer who formerly exacted provisions for the use of the king's household: a procurer. [O. Fr. porvoir (Fr. pourvoir)--L. provid[=e]re, to provide.]

PURVIEW, pur'v[=u], n. a condition or disposition: the part of a statute beginning with 'Be it enacted:' scope: limits. [O. Fr. pourvieu--pourvoir, to provide.]

PUS, pus, n. a thick yellowish fluid exuded from inflamed tissues: that which has become putrid. [L. pus, puris, matter; akin to Gr. pyon.]

PUSEYISM, p[=u]'zi-izm, n. a name given to the High Church and Catholic principles of Dr E. B. Pusey (1800-82), and other Oxford divines, as set forth in 'Tracts for the Times.'--adjs. P[=U]SEYIST'IC, -AL.--n. P[=U]'SEYITE, one who holds the views of Dr Pusey.

PUSH, p[=oo]sh, v.t. to thrust or press against: to drive by pressure: to press forward: to urge: to press hard: to thrust, as with a sword.--v.i. to make a thrust: to make an effort: to press against: to burst out.--n. a thrust: an impulse: assault: effort: exigence: (Bacon) a pustule, a pimple, eruption.--n. PUSH'ER, one who pushes: a stem or rod.--adj. PUSH'ING, pressing forward in business: enterprising: vigorous.--n. PUSH'ING-JACK, an implement for starting a railway-carriage, &c.--adv. PUSH'INGLY.--n. PUSH'-PIN (Shak.), a children's game in which pins are pushed alternately. [Fr. pousser--L. puls[=a]re, freq. of pell[)e]re, pulsum, to beat.]

PUSHTU, PUSHTOO, push't[=oo], n. the language of the Afghans proper.--Also PUSH'TO. [Afghan.]

PUSILLANIMOUS, p[=u]-si-lan'i-mus, adj. wanting firmness of mind: of small courage: having a little mind: mean-spirited: cowardly.--adv. PUSILLAN'IMOUSLY.--ns. PUSILLAN'IMOUSNESS, PUSILLANIM'ITY, state or quality of being weak-minded: lack of spirit or courage: timidity. [L. pusillanimis--pusillus, very little, animus, the mind.]

PUSS, p[=oo]s, n. a familiar name for a cat: a hare, in sportsmen's language: a playful name for a child or a girl.--ns. PUSS'-CLOV'ER, the rabbit's foot or stone-clover; PUSS'-GEN'TLEMAN, a dandy; PUSS'-MOTH, a moth of the genus Cerura; PUSS'-TAIL, a common grass with bristly spikes, belonging to the genus Setaria--also called Foxtail; PUSS'Y, a dim. of puss--also PUSS'Y-CAT; PUSS'Y-CAT, the silky catkin of various willows; PUSS'Y-WILL'OW, a common American willow, Salix discolor, with silky spring catkins.--PUSS IN THE CORNER, a children's game in which the places are continually being changed, while the player who is out tries to secure one of them. [Dut. poes, puss; Ir. and Gael. pus, a cat.]

PUSTULE, pus't[=u]l, n. a small pimple containing pus: anything like a pustule, on plants or animals: a small blister.--adjs. PUS'T[=U]LAR, PUS'T[=U]LOUS, covered with pustules.--v.t. PUS'T[=U]L[=A]TE, to form into pustules.--n. PUST[=U]L[=A]'TION. [Fr.,--L. pustula, a pimple.]

PUT, p[=oo]t, v.t. to push or thrust: to cast, throw: to drive into action: to throw suddenly, as a word: to set, lay, or deposit: to bring into any state or position: to offer: to propose: to express, state: to apply: to oblige: to incite: to add.--v.i. to place: to turn:--pr.p. putting (p[=oo]t'-); pa.t. and pa.p. put.--n. a push or thrust: a cast, throw, esp. of a heavy stone from the shoulder (see PUTTING): an attempt: a game at cards: a contract by which one person, in consideration of a certain sum of money paid to another, acquires the privilege of selling or delivering to the latter within a certain time certain securities or commodities, at a stipulated price (see OPTIONS).--ns. PUT'-OFF, -BY, an excuse, a makeshift, evasion; PUT'TER, one who puts.--PUT ABOUT, to change the course, as of a ship: to put to inconvenience, trouble: to publish; PUT AN END, or stop, to, to check, hinder: cause to discontinue; PUT AWAY, to renounce, to divorce; PUT BACK, to push backward: to delay: to say nay; PUT BY, to lay aside: to divert: to store up; PUT DOWN, to crush: to degrade: (Shak.) to confute: to enter, as a name: (rare) to give up: to start for; PUT FOR, to set out vigorously towards a place; PUT FORTH, to extend: to propose: to publish: to exert: to depart; PUT IN, to introduce: to hand in: to appoint: to insert: to conduct a ship into a harbour; PUT IN FOR, to put in an application or claim for; PUT IN MIND, to bring to one's memory; PUT OFF, to lay aside: to baffle or frustrate: to defer or delay: to push from shore: (Shak.) to discard; PUT ON, or UPON, to invest: to impute: to assume: to promote: to instigate: to impose upon: to hasten: to inflict: to deceive, trick: to foist or palm upon; PUT OUT, to expel, to extinguish: to place at interest: to extend: to publish: to disconcert: to offend: to expend: to dislocate; PUT OVER (Shak.), to refer: to send: to defer: to place in authority; PUT THE CASE, PUT CASE, suppose the case to be; PUT THE HAND TO, to take hold of: to take or seize: to engage in (any affair); PUT THIS AND THAT TOGETHER, to infer from given premises; PUT THROUGH, to bring to an end: to accomplish; PUT TO, to apply, use: to add to: to bring or consign to; PUT TO DEATH, to kill; PUT TO IT, to press hard: to distress; PUT TO RIGHTS, to bring into proper order; PUT TO SEA, to set sail: to begin a voyage; PUT TO, or ON, TRIAL, to test: to try; PUT TWO AND TWO TOGETHER, to draw a conclusion from certain circumstances; PUT UP, to startle from a cover, as a hare: to put back to its ordinary place when not in use, as a sword: to accommodate with lodging: to nominate for election: (with) to bear without complaint: to take lodgings; PUT UP TO, to give information about, to instruct in. [A.S. potian, to push; prob. Celt., as Gael. put, W. pwtio.]

PUT, put, n. a rustic, simpleton. [Perh. W. pwt, pytiau, any short thing.]

PUT, put, n. a strumpet.--ns. P[=U]'T[=A]GE, a law phrase for a woman's fornication; P[=U]'TANISM, the habit of prostitution. [O. Fr. pute, a whore.]

PUTAMEN, p[=u]-t[=a]'men, n. the hard bony stone of some fruits--cherry, peach, &c.: the soft shell of an egg: the outer and darker portion of the lenticular nucleus of the brain. [L.,--put[=a]re, to prune.]

PUTATIVE, p[=u]'t[=a]-tiv, adj. supposed: reputed: commonly supposed to be.--n. PUT[=A]'TION, act of considering, estimation.--PUTATIVE MARRIAGE, a marriage prohibited by canon law, but entered into in good faith by at least one of the parties. [Fr.,--L. putativus--put[=a]re, -[=a]tum, to suppose.]

PUTCHOCK, p[=oo]-chok', n. the fragrant costus-root, exported from India to China--a chief ingredient in the Chinese pastille-rod, commonly called jostick.--ALSO PUTCHUK'. [Perh. Telegu p[=a]ch'ck[=a]ku, 'green leaf;' or more prob. Malay.]

PUTEAL, p[=u]'t[=e]-al, n. a well-curb. [L.,--puteus, a well.]

PUTELI, put'e-li, n. a flat-bottomed Ganges boat.

PUTID, p[=u]'tid, adj. rotten: stinking: worthless.--n. P[=U]'TIDNESS. [L. putidus, putrid.]

PUT-LOG, put'-log, n. a cross-piece in a scaffolding, the inner end resting in a hole left in the wall.

PUTOIS, pü-twa', n. a brush of polecat's hair for pottery. [Fr.]

PUTOO, put'[=oo], n. a dish made of palmyra-nut meal, scraped coco-nut, &c.

PUTORIUS, p[=u]-t[=o]'ri-us, n. a large family of Mustelidæ, including weasels, stoats, polecats, ferrets, &c.

PUTREFY, p[=u]'tre-f[=i], v.t. to make putrid or rotten: to corrupt.--v.i. to become putrid: to rot:--pa.t. and pa.p. p[=u]'trefied.--adjs. P[=U]TRED'INOUS, having an offensive smell; PUTREF[=A]'CIENT (also n.), PUTREFAC'TIVE, pertaining to or causing putrefaction.--ns. PUTREFAC'TION, the act or process of putrefying: rottenness: corruption; PUTREFAC'TIVENESS; PUTRES'CENCE.--adjs. PUTRES'CENT, becoming putrid: pertaining to putrefaction; P[=U]'TRID, in a state of decay: showing putrefaction: stinking: rotten: corrupt.--ns. PUTRID'ITY, P[=U]'TRIDNESS, state of being putrid: corrupt matter: rottenness: corruption.--adj. P[=U]'TRIFIABLE, liable to putrefy. [O. Fr. putrefier--L. putrefac[)e]re, to make putrid--puter, putris, rotten.]

PUTT, put, v.i. in golf, to play with a putter.--n. a short stroke made with a putter in attempting to hole a ball.--ns. PUTT'ER, one who throws a stone: one who takes coal along underground roads: a short, stiff golf-club used in putting; PUTT'ER-ON (Shak.), an instigator; PUTT'ER-OUT (obs.), one who deposited money on going abroad, on condition of receiving a larger sum on his return, the money to be forfeited in case of non-return; PUTT'ING, the act of hurling a heavy stone from the hand by a sudden push from the shoulder: the act of striking a golf-ball when near a hole, so as to cause it to fall into it; PUTT'ING-GREEN, the prepared ground immediately round a hole in a golf-course; PUTT'ING-STONE, a heavy stone raised by the hand and thrust forward from the shoulder, as a trial of strength and skill. [Put.]

PUTTIES, put'tiz, n.pl. strips of cloth wound round the legs, from ankle to knee, as leggings.

PUTTOCK, p[=oo]t'ok, n. (Shak.) a kite, a buzzard.

PUTTOO, put'[=oo], n. a cloth made in Cashmere from the longer and coarser wool of the goat.

PUTTY, put'i, n. an oxide of tin, or of lead and tin, used in polishing glass, &c.--jewellers' putty: a cement of whiting and linseed-oil, used in glazing windows: a fine cement of lime only--plasterers' putty.--v.t. to fix or fill with putty:--pa.t. and pa.p. putt'ied.--n. PUTT'IER, a glazier.--adj. PUTT'Y-FACED, having a face resembling putty in pastiness or colour.--ns. PUTT'Y-KNIFE, a knife with a blunt, flexible blade for laying on putty; PUTT'Y-POW'DER, an artificially prepared oxide of tin used for polishing glass; PUTT'Y-ROOT, an American orchid the corm of whose root-stock contains a highly glutinous matter; PUTT'Y-WORK, decoration in a soft substance which grows very hard. [O. Fr. potée, properly that which is contained in a pot, Fr. pot.]

PUT-UP, poot'-up, adj. speciously conceived, planned, or carried out. [Put.]

PUTURE, p[=u]'t[=u]r, n. the claim to food for man, horse, and dog within the bounds of a forest, &c.--Also PUL'T[=U]RE. [O. Fr. peulture.]

PUXI, puk'si, n. the edible larvæ of various flies of the genus Ephydra, found in the alkali lakes of western North America. [Mex. Ind.]

PUY, pw[=e], n. one of the small volcanic cones in Auvergne, &c. [Fr.]

PUZZEL, puz'l, n. (obs.) a drab. [Fr. pucelle.]

PUZZLE, puz'l, n. a difficulty to be solved: perplexity: something to try the ingenuity, as a toy or riddle.--v.t. to set a difficult question to: to pose: to perplex.--v.i. to be bewildered: to think long and carefully (with out, over).--ns. PUZZ'LEDOM (coll.), bewilderment; PUZZ'LE-HEAD, one who is puzzle-headed.--adj. PUZZ'LE-HEAD'ED, having the head full of confused notions.--ns. PUZZ'LE-HEAD'EDNESS; PUZZ'LEMENT, the state of being puzzled; PUZZ'LE-MONK'EY (same as MONKEY-PUZZLE, q.v.); PUZZ'LE-PEG, a piece of wood so secured under a dog's jaw as to keep his nose from the ground; PUZZ'LER; PUZZ'LE-RING, a ring made of several small rings intricately linked together, capable of being taken apart and put together again.--adj. PUZZ'LING, posing: perplexing.--adv. PUZZ'LINGLY. [From M. E. opposaile (Eng. opposal), an objection--opposen, posen. Cf. Pose and Oppose.]

PUZZOLANA, puz-[=o]-lä'na, n. a loosely coherent volcanic sand found at Pozzuoli, near Naples, forming a hydraulic cement with ordinary lime.--Also PUZZOLÄ'NO, POZZUOLÄ'NA.

PYÆMIA, PYEMIA, p[=i]-[=e]'mi-a, n. a disease caused by the introduction into the blood of decomposing matter, from pus, &c.--adjs. PYÆ'MIC, PY[=E]'MIC. [Gr. pyon, pus, haima, blood.]

PYCNID, pik'nid, n. a special receptacle in ascomycetous fungi, resembling a perithecium, in which stylospores or pycnospores are produced--also PYCNID'IUM.--n. PYC'NOSPORE, a stylospore. [Gr. pyknos, thick.]

PYCNITE, pik'n[=i]t, n. a columnar variety of topaz.

PYCNOGONIDA, pik-n[=o]-gon'i-da, n.pl. a division of marine arthropods, the sea-spiders.--adj. PYCNOG'ONOID. [Gr. pyknos, thick, gony, the knee.]

PYCNOMETER, pik-nom'e-t[.e]r, n. an instrument for determining the specific gravity of solid bodies. [Gr. pyknos, thick, metron, measure.]

PYCNON, pik'non, n. (mus.) a small interval in Greek music, a quarter-tone: in medieval music, a semi-tone. [Gr. pyknos, thick.]

PYCNOSTYLE, pik'n[=o]-st[=i]l, adj. (archit.) noting a lower degree of intercolumniation, usually 1½ diameters. [Gr. pyknos, thick, stylos, a column.]

PYEBALD. See PIEBALD.

PYELITIS, p[=i]-e-l[=i]'tis, n. inflammation of the pelvis of the kidney--also Endonephritis.--adjs. PYELIT'IC; PYELONEPHRIT'IC.--n. PYELONEPHR[=I]'TIS, inflammation of the kidney and renal pelvis. [Gr. pyelos, the pelvis, nephros, the kidney.]

PYENGADU, p[=i]-eng'ga-d[=oo], n. a large acacia-like tree of Burma, India, &c., with reddish-brown wood of great heaviness and hardness.--Also PYN'KADO.

PYGAL, p[=i]'gal, adj. belonging to the rump or posteriors of an animal.--n. the posterior median or supracaudal plate of a chelonian carapace.--n. PY'GARG, a kind of antelope: the osprey or sea-eagle. [Gr. pyg[=e], the rump, argos, white.]

PYGMY, PIGMY, pig'mi, n. one of a fabulous dwarfish race of antiquity: a dwarf: any diminutive thing: one of several pygmy races in equatorial Africa and elsewhere: one of the ancient diminutive dwellers in underground houses, &c., in whom David MacRitchie sees the historical originals of the fairies and elves of folklore.--adj. resembling a pygmy: very small.--adj. PYGM[=E]'AN, dwarfish: diminutive. [O. Fr. pigme, pygme--L. Pygmæi--Gr. Pygmaioi, the Pygmies, a (Gr.) pygm[=e]--13½ in. long--pygm[=e], fist.]

PYGOPUS, p[=i]'g[=o]-pus, n. a genus of Australian lizards.

PYGOSTYLE, p[=i]'g[=o]-st[=i]l, n. the vomer or ploughshare bone of a bird's tail.--adj. PY'GOSTYLED. [Gr. pyg[=e], the rump, stylos, a column.]

PYJAMAS, pe-jä'maz, n.pl. loose drawers or trousers tied round the waist, in India, used also by Europeans.--Also PAIJÄ'MAS, PAJÄ'MAS. [Hind. p[=a]ëj[=a]ma, lit. 'leg-clothing.']

PYLON, p[=i]'lon, n. a gateway to an Egyptian temple: the mass of building through which the gateway was pierced. [Gr. pyl[=o]n--pyl[=e], a gate.]

PYLORUS, pi-l[=o]'rus, n. the lower opening of the stomach leading to the intestines.--adj. PYLOR'IC. [L.,--Gr. pyl[=o]ros--pyl[=e], an entrance, ouros, a guardian.]

PYOGENESIS, p[=i]-[=o]-jen'e-sis, n. the formation of pus.--adjs. PYOGENET'IC, PYOGEN'IC, PY'OID.--ns. PYOPOI[=E]'SIS, suppuration; PYOP'TYSIS, expectoration of pus; PYORRH[=E]'A, purulent discharge; PY[=O]'SIS, the formation of pus.

PYRAMID, pir'a-mid, n. a solid figure on a triangular, square, or polygonal base, with triangular sides meeting in a point: (pl.) 'the Pyramids,' or great monuments of Egypt: a game played on a billiard-table in which the balls are arranged in pyramid shape.--adjs. PYRAM'IDAL, PYRAMID'IC, -AL, having the form of a pyramid.--advs. PYRAM'IDALLY, PYRAMID'ICALLY.--ns. PYRAMID'ICALNESS; PYRAMID'ION, the small pyramidal apex of an obelisk; PYRAM'IDIST, one versed in the history of the Pyramids; PYR'AMIS (Shak.), a pyramid:--pl. PYRAM'IDES.--adjs. PYR'AMOID, PYRAM'IDOID. [L.,--Gr. pyramis, pyramidos; prob. Egypt. pir-em-us. Some connection with Gr. pyr, fire.]

PYRAMIDON, pi-ram'i-don, n. in organ-building a stop having wooden pipes in the form of an inverted pyramid, giving very deep notes somewhat like those of a stopped diapason.

PYRARGYRITE, p[=i]-rar'ji-r[=i]t, n. an ore of silver consisting of the sulphide of silver and antimony. [Gr. pyr, fire, argyros, silver.]

PYRE, p[=i]r, n. a pile of wood, &c., on which a dead body is burned.--adj. PYR'AL. [L.,--Gr.,--pyr, fire.]

PYRENE, p[=i]'r[=e]n, n. a stone or putamen.--n. PYR[=E]'NOCARP, any drupaceous fruit.--adjs. PYR[=E]'NOID, globular, nucleiform; PYR[=E]'NOUS. [Gr. pyr[=e]n.]

PYRENE, p[=i]'r[=e]n, n. a hydrocarbon obtained from coal-tar.

PYRENEAN, pir-[=e]-n[=e]'an, adj. of or pertaining to the Pyrenees, the range of mountains between France and Spain.--n. PYREN[=E]'ITE, a grayish-black garnet. [L. Pyrenæi (montes), the Pyrenees.]

PYRENOMYCETES, p[=i]-r[=e]-n[=o]-m[=i]-s[=e]'tez, n.pl. an order of ascomycetous fungi, including ergot, black-rot, &c. [Gr. pyren, a stone, myk[=e]s, pl. myc[=e]tes, a mushroom.]

PYRETHRUM, pir-eth'rum, n. a genus of plants containing the fever-few, or golden-feather, so much used in gardens as a bordering. [L.,--Gr.,--pyr, fire.]

PYRETIC, p[=i]-ret'ik, adj. pertaining to fever.--n. a remedy for fever.--ns. PYRETOL'OGY, the science of fevers; PYREX'IA, fever.--adjs. PYREX'IAL, PYREX'IC. [Gr. pyrektikos--pyretos, fever--pyr, fire.]

PYRGOIDAL, pir-goi'dal, adj. tower-shaped. [Gr., pyrgos, a tower.]

PYRHELIOMETER, pir-h[=e]-li-om'e-t[.e]r, n. an instrument for measuring the intensity of the sun.--adj. PYRHELIOMET'RIC. [Gr. pyr, fire, h[=e]lios, sun, metron, measure.]

PYRIFORM, pir'i-form, adj. pear-shaped. [L. pirum, a pear, forma, form.]

PYRITE, p[=i]'r[=i]t, n. native iron disulphide of a pale-yellow colour and very hard--also IRON PYRITES.--COPPER PYRITES, yellow sulphide of copper and iron. [L.,--Gr. pyrites, a flint--pyr, fire.]

PYRITEGIUM, pir-i-t[=e]'ji-um, n. the curfew-bell. [Low L.]

PYRITES, pir-[=i]'t[=e]z, n. a term applied to a large class of mineral compounds of metals with sulphur, or with arsenic, or with both--crystalline, hard, generally brittle, and frequently yellow.--adjs. PYRIT[=A]'CEOUS; PYRIT'IC, -AL; PYRITIF'EROUS.--v.t. PYR'ITISE, to convert into pyrites.--n. PYRITOL'OGY, knowledge of pyrites.--adj. PYR'ITOUS. [L.,--Gr. pyr, fire.]

PYRITOHEDRON, p[=i]-r[=i]-t[=o]-h[=e]'dron, n. a pentagonal dodecahedron.--adj. PYRITOH[=E]'DRAL. [Gr. pyrit[=e]s, pyrites, hedra, a seat.]

PYRO-ACETIC, p[=i]'r[=o]-a-set'ik, adj. relating to acetic acid under heat.

PYROBALLOGY, p[=i]-r[=o]-bal'[=o]-ji, n. the art of throwing fire: (Sterne) the science of artillery. [Gr. pyr, fire, ballein, to throw, logia--legein, to speak.]

PYROCLASTIC, p[=i]-r[=o]-klas'tik, adj. formed by volcanic agencies. [Gr. pyr, fire, klastos, broken.]

PYRO-ELECTRICITY, p[=i]'r[=o]-e-lek-tris'i-ti, n. that branch of electricity which deals with electrification as produced by change of temperature in certain crystallised bodies.--adj. PY'RO-ELEC'TRIC.

PYROGALLIC, p[=i]-r[=o]-gal'ik, adj. obtained from gallic acid by the action of heat.

PYROGEN, p[=i]'r[=o]-jen, n. any substance which causes fever when introduced into the blood.--adjs. PYROGENET'IC, PYROG'ENOUS, producing fire: produced by fire; PYROGEN'IC, producing fever. [Gr. pyr, fire, root of gignesthai, to become.]

PYROGNOMIC, p[=i]-rog-nom'ik, adj. becoming incandescent when heated to a certain degree. [Gr. pyr, fire, gn[=o]m[=o]n, a mark.]

PYROGNOSTIC, p[=i]-rog-nos'tik, adj. pertaining to fire or heat. [Gr. pyr, fire, gn[=o]stikos, knowing.]

PYROGRAPHY, p[=i]-rog'ra-fi, n. the art of producing a design on wood by applying heat and pressure. [Gr. pyr, fire, graphein, to write.]

PYROGRAVURE, p[=i]-r[=o]-gr[=a]-v[=u]r', n. a method of engraving on wood by a red-hot metallic point: a picture so produced.

PYROLA, p[=i]'r[=o]-la, n. a genus of plants of the heath kind, called also Wintergreen: a single plant of this genus. [L., dim. of pirus, a pear-tree.]

PYROLATRY, p[=i]-rol'a-tri, n. fire-worship.--n. PYROL'ATER, a fire-worshipper. [Gr. pyr, pyros, fire, latreia, worship.]

PYROLETER, p[=i]-rol'e-t[.e]r, n. a fire-extinguishing chemical apparatus by which carbonic acid is generated and thrown on the fire. [Gr. pyr, fire, olet[=e]r, destroyer--ollynai, to destroy.]

PYROLIGNEOUS, p[=i]-r[=o]-lig'ne-us, adj. procured by the distillation of wood--applied to a kind of acetic acid.--Also PYROLIG'NIC, PYROLIG'NOUS.

PYROLOGY, p[=i]-r[=o]l-[=o]-ji, n. the science of heat: a treatise on heat.--n. PYROL'OGIST. [Gr. pyr, pyros, fire, logos, discourse.]

PYROLUSITE, p[=i]-r[=o]-l[=u]'s[=i]t, n. native manganese dioxide.

PYROMAGNETIC, p[=i]-r[=o]-mag-net'ik, adj. pertaining to magnetism as modified by the action of heat.

PYROMANCY, p[=i]'r[=o]-man-si, n. divination by fire.--adj. PYROMAN'TIC. [Gr. pyr, pyros, fire, manteia, divination.]

PYROMANIA, p[=i]-r[=o]-m[=a]'ni-a, n. a mania for destroying things by fire: insanity which takes this form.--n. PYROM[=A]'NIAC.--adjs. PYROM[=A]'NIAC, -AL.

PYROMETAMORPHISM, p[=i]-r[=o]-met-a-mor'fizm, n. metamorphism due to heat, as opp. to Hydrometamorphism, that due to water.

PYROMETER, p[=i]-rom'e-t[.e]r, n. an instrument in the form of a metallic bar for measuring the temperature of bodies under heat.--adjs. PYROMET'RIC, -AL.--n. PYROM'ETRY, the science or art of measuring degrees of heat beyond the compass of the mercurial thermometer. [Gr. pyr, fire, metron, a measure.]

PYROMORPHOUS, p[=i]-r[=o]-mor'fus, adj. assuming a crystallised form after fusion by heat. [Gr. pyr, pyros, fire, morph[=e], form.]

PYRONOMICS, p[=i]-r[=o]-nom'iks, n. the science of heat.

PYROPE, p[=i]'r[=o]p, n. a gem nearly allied to garnet, of a deep-red colour and translucent, generally occurring in roundish grains. [Gr. pyr[=o]pos, fiery-eyed--pyr, pyros, fire, [=o]ps, opos, the face.]

PYROPHANOUS, p[=i]-rof'a-nus, adj. made transparent by heat.--n. PY'ROPH[=A]NE, an opal translucent while hot by melted wax. [Gr. pyr, fire, phainein, to show.]

PYROPHONE, p[=i]'r[=o]-f[=o]n, n. a musical instrument invented by Eugene Kastner (1873), in which the tones are produced by means of burning jets of hydrogen enclosed in graduated glass tubes. [Gr. pyr, fire, ph[=o]n[=e], sound.]

PYROPHORUS, p[=i]-rof'[=o]-rus, n. a substance which takes fire on exposure to air: a genus of elaterid beetles.--n. PY'ROPH[=O]RE, any composition which takes fire on exposure to air or water.--adjs. PYROPHOR'IC, PYROPH'OROUS. [Gr. pyr, fire, pherein, to carry.]

PYROPHOSPHORIC, p[=i]-r[=o]-fos-for'ik, adj. formed by heating phosphoric acid.

PYROPHOTOGRAPHY, p[=i]-r[=o]-f[=o]-tog'ra-fi, n. any photographic process in which heat is applied to fix the picture.

PYROSCOPE, p[=i]'r[=o]-sk[=o]p, n. an instrument for measuring the intensity of radiating heat. [Gr. pyr, pyros, fire, skopein, to view.]

PYROSILVER, p[=i]-r[=o]-sil'v[.e]r, n. electroplated ware in which the silver is made to sink into the pores of the plated baser metal by the action of heat.

PYROSIS, p[=i]-r[=o]'sis, n. water-brash (q.v.). [Gr.,--pyr, fire.]

PYROSOMA, p[=i]-r[=o]-s[=o]'ma, n. a genus of compound Tunicates, with brilliant phosphorescence, inhabiting the Mediterranean and the Atlantic--fire-flames. [Gr. pyr, fire, s[=o]ma, body.]

PYROSTAT, p[=i]'r[=o]-stat, n. an automatic draught-regulator for chimney-stacks, smoke-pipes, &c. [Gr. pyr, fire, statos--histanai, to stand.]

PYROSULPHURIC, p[=i]-r[=o]-sul-f[=u]'rik, adj. obtained from sulphuric acid by the action of heat.

PYROTECHNICS, p[=i]-r[=o]-tek'niks, n. the art of making fireworks: the use and application of fireworks--also PY'ROTECHNY.--adjs. PYROTECH'NIC, -AL, pertaining to fireworks.--n. PYROTECH'NIST, a maker of fireworks: one skilled in pyrotechny. [Gr. pyr, fire, technikos, artistic--techn[=e], art.]

PYROTIC, p[=i]-rot'ik, adj. burning: caustic.--n. a caustic medicine. [Gr. pyr[=o]tikos--pyr, pyros, fire.]

PYROXENE, p[=i]'rok-s[=e]n, n. an important mineral species, occurring in monoclinic crystals.--adj. PYROXEN'IC. [Gr. pyr, fire, xenos, a guest.]

PYROXYLIC, p[=i]-rok-sil'ik, adj. obtained by distilling wood.--ns. PYROX'YLE, PYROX'YLIN, -E, gun-cotton.--PYROXYLIC SPIRIT, a mixture of acetone, methyl-alcohol, acetate of methyl, &c., obtained by the destructive distillation of wood in the manufacture of pyroligneous acid. [Gr. pyr, fire, xylon, wood.]

PYRRHIC, pir'ik, n. a kind of war-dance among the ancient Greeks: a poetical foot consisting of two short syllables.--adj. pertaining to the dance or to the poetical foot.--n. PYR'RHICIST, one who dances the pyrrhic. [Gr. pyrrhich[=e] (orch[=e]sis), a kind of war-dance, so called from Pyrrhichos, the inventor.]

PYRRHIC, pir'ik, adj. of or pertaining to Pyrrhus, king of Epirus (318-272 B.C.).--PYRRHIC VICTORY, a victory gained at too great a cost, in allusion to Pyrrhus's exclamation after his victory of Asculum (279), 'Another such victory and we are lost!'

PYRRHONIST, pir'r[=o]-nist, n. one who holds the tenets of Pyrrho, a philosopher of Elis (360-270 B.C.), who taught universal scepticism: a sceptic.--adjs. PYRRH[=O]'NEAN, PYRRHON'IC.--n. PYR'RHONISM, scepticism.

PYRRHOUS, pir'us, adj. reddish. [Gr.]

PYRUS, p[=i]'rus, n. a genus of trees and shrubs of the natural order Rosaceæ, sub-order Pomeæ. [L. pyrus, for pirus, a pear-tree.]

PYTHAGOREAN, pi-thag-[=o]-r[=e]'an, adj. pertaining to Pythagoras (c. 532 B.C.), a celebrated Greek philosopher, or to his philosophy.--n. a follower of Pythagoras.--ns. PYTHAG'ORISM, PYTHAGOR[=E]'ANISM, his doctrines.--PYTHAGOREAN PROPOSITION, the 47th proposition of Euclid, Book I., said to have been discovered by Pythagoras; PYTHAGOREAN SYSTEM, the astronomical system of Copernicus, erroneously attributed to Pythagoras; PYTHAGOREAN TRIANGLE, a triad of whole numbers proportional to the sides of a right-angled triangle--e.g. 3, 4, 5.

PYTHIAN, pith'i-an, adj. pertaining to the Pythia, the priestess of Apollo at Delphi, who delivered the oracles of the god there: noting one of the four national festivals of ancient Greece, in honour of Apollo, held every four years at Delphi.--PYTHIAN VERSE, the dactylic hexameter.

PYTHOGENIC, p[=i]-th[=o]-jen'ik, adj. produced by filth.--n. PYTHOGEN'ESIS. [Gr. pythein, to rot, root of gignesthai, to become.]

PYTHOMETRIC, p[=i]-th[=o]-met'rik, adj. pertaining to the gauging of casks. [Gr. pithos, a wine-jar, metron, a measure.]

PYTHON, p[=i]'thon, n. a genus of serpents of the boa family, all natives of the Old World, and differing from the true boas by having the plates on the under surface of the tail double: a demon, spirit.--n. PY'THONESS, the priestess of the oracle of Apollo at Delphi, in Greece: a witch.--adj. PYTHON'IC, pretending to foretell future events, like the Pythoness: prophetic: like a python.--ns. PY'THONISM, the art of predicting events by divination; PY'THONIST. [Gr. Pyth[=o]n, the serpent slain near Delphi by Apollo.]

PYX, piks, n. (R.C.) the sacred box in which the host is kept after consecration: the box at the British Mint containing sample coins.--v.t. to test the weight and fineness of, as the coin deposited in the pyx.--TRIAL OF THE PYX, final trial by weight and assay of the gold and silver coins of the United Kingdom, prior to their issue from the Mint. [L. pyxis, a box--Gr. pyxis--pyxos (L. buxus), the box-tree.]

PYXIDIUM, pik-sid'i-um, n. (bot.) a pod or seed-vessel which opens in two halves, the upper one resembling a lid. [Gr. pyxidion, dim. of pyxis.]

* * * * *

Q the seventeenth letter of our alphabet--absent from the Anglo-Saxon alphabet, in which the sound was expressed by cw; in Scotland replacing hw, now always followed by u: Roman numeral=500.

QUA, kwä, adv. as far as. [L.]

QUAB, QUOB, kwob, v.i. (obs.) to tremble.

QUACK, kwak, v.i. to cry like a duck: to boast: to practise as a quack.--v.t. to doctor by quackery.--n. the cry of a duck: a boastful pretender to skill which he does not possess, esp. medical skill: a mountebank.--adj. pertaining to quackery: used by quacks.--n. QUACK'ERY, the pretensions or practice of a quack, esp. in medicine.--adj. QUACK'ISH, like a quack: boastful: trickish.--n. QUACK'ISM.--v.i. QUACK'LE (rare), to quack, croak.--n. QUACK'SALVER, a quack who deals in salves, ointments, &c.: a quack generally.--adj. QUACK'SALVING. [Imit.; cf. Ger. quaken, Dut. kwaken, Gr. koax, a croak.]

QUAD, kwod, n. a quadrangle: (slang) a prison.--v.t. (slang) to put in prison.--Also QUOD. [Quadrangle.]

QUAD, kwod, n. (print.) an abbreviation of quadrat.--v.t. to fill with quadrats.

QUADRA, kwod'ra, n. a frame enclosing a bas-relief:--pl. QUAD'RÆ (-[=e]). [L. quadrus, square.]

QUADRAGENARIAN, kwod-ra-j[=e]-n[=a]'ri-an, adj. consisting of forty: forty years old.--n. QUAD'RAGENE, an indulgence for forty days.

QUADRAGESIMA, kwod-ra-jes'i-ma, n. the Latin name for the whole season of Lent, with its forty days: the name commonly assigned to the first Sunday in Lent, by analogy with the three Sundays which precede Lent--Septuagesima, Sexagesima, and Quinquagesima.--adj. QUADRAGES'IMAL, belonging to or used in Lent. [L.--quadragesimus, fortieth--quadraginta, forty--quatuor, four.]

QUADRANGLE, kwod'rang-gl, n. a square surrounded by buildings: (geom.) a plane figure having four equal sides and angles: in the jargon of palmistry, the space between the line of the heart and that of the head.--adj. QUADRANG'ULAR, of the form of a quadrangle.--adv. QUADRANG'ULARLY. [Fr.,--L. quadrangulum--quatuor, four, angulus, an angle.]

QUADRANS, kwod'ranz, n. a Roman copper coin, the fourth part of the as:--pl. QUADRAN'TES. [L.]

QUADRANT, kwod'rant, n. (geom.) the fourth part of a circle, or an arc of 90°: an instrument used in astronomy for the determination of angular measurements: an instrument of navigation for measuring the altitude of the sun.--adj. QUADRANT'AL, pertaining to, equal to, or included in a quadrant. [L. quadrans, from quatuor, four.]

QUADRAT, kwod'rat, n. a piece of type-metal lower than the letters, used in spacing between words and filling out blank lines (commonly QUAD)--distinguished as en ([En quadrat]), em ([Em quadrat]), two-em ([Two-Em quadrat]), and three-em ([Three-Em quadrat]).

QUADRATE, kwod'r[=a]t, adj. squared: having four equal sides and four right angles: divisible into four equal parts: (fig.) balanced: exact: suited.--n. a square or quadrate figure: the quadrate bone, that between the lower jaw and the cranium in birds and reptiles, suspending the lower jaw.--v.i. to square or agree with: to correspond.--adj. QUADRAT'IC, pertaining to, containing, or denoting a square.--n. (alg.) an equation in which the highest power of the unknown quantity is the second: an old instrument for measuring latitudes: (pl.) that branch of algebra which treats of quadratic equations.--adj. QUADRATIF'EROUS, having a distinct quadrate bone.--ns. QUADR[=A]'TRIX, a curve by which may be found straight lines equal to the circumference of circles or other curves; QUAD'R[=A]TURE, a squaring: (geom.) the finding, exactly or approximately, of a square that shall be equal to a given figure of some other shape: the position of a heavenly body when 90° distant from another: (Milt.) a square space; QUADR[=A]'TUS, the quadratus femoris, or square muscle of the femur in man, the quadratus lumborum, that of the loins, the depressor labii inferioris, that of the chin, which draws down the upper lip.--QUADRATURE OF THE CIRCLE, the problem of squaring the circle, insoluble both by the arithmetical and the geometrical method.--METHOD OF QUADRATURES, the name applied to any arithmetical method of determining the area of a curve. [O. Fr. quadrat--L. quadratus, pa.p. of quadr[=a]re, to square--quatuor, four.]

QUADREL, kwod'rel, n. a square stone, brick, or tile: a square piece of turf.

QUADRENNIAL, kwod-ren'yal, adj. comprising four years: once in four years.--adv. QUADRENN'IALLY.--ns. QUADRENN'IATE, QUADRENN'IUM, QUADRIENN'IUM, a period of four years. [L. quadrennis--quatuor, four, annus, a year.]

QUADRIC, kwod'rik, adj. (alg.) of the second degree, quadratic--esp. in solid geometry and where there are more than two variables.--n. QUAD'RICONE, a quadric cone.

QUADRICENTENNIAL, kwod-ri-sen-ten'i-al, adj. pertaining to a period of 400 years.--n. the 400th anniversary of an event or its celebration.

QUADRICEPS, kwod'ri-seps, n. the great muscle which extends the leg upon the thigh.--adj. QUADRICIP'ITAL. [L. quatuor, four, caput, head.]

QUADRICORN, kwod'ri-korn, adj. and n. having four horns, antennæ, &c.--Also QUADRICORN'OUS.

QUADRICYCLE, kwod'ri-s[=i]-kl, n. a four-wheeled vehicle propelled by the feet. [L. quatuor, four, Low L. cyclus--Gr. kyklos, a circle.]

QUADRIDENTATE, kwod-ri-den't[=a]t, adj. having four teeth. QUADRIDIGITATE, kwod-ri-dij'i-t[=a]t, adj. having four digits: quadrisulcate.

QUADRIFID, kwod'ri-fid, adj. four-cleft.

QUADRIFOLIATE, kwod-ri-f[=o]'li-[=a]t, adj. four-leaved.

QUADRIFORM, kwod'ri-form, adj. fourfold in form, arrangement, &c.

QUADRIGA, kwod-r[=i]'ga, n. in Greek and Roman times a two-wheeled car drawn by four horses abreast:--pl. QUADR[=I]'GÆ. [L., a contr. of quadrijugæ--quatuor, four, jugum, a yoke.]

QUADRIGEMINOUS, kwod-ri-jem'i-nus, adj. fourfold, having four similar parts.--Also QUADRIGEM'INAL, QUADRIGEM'IN[=A]TE.

QUADRIGENARIOUS, kwod-ri-j[=e]-n[=a]'ri-us, adj. consisting of four hundred.

QUADRIJUGATE, kwod-ri-j[=oo]'g[=a]t, adj. (bot.) pinnate with four pairs of leaflets.--Also QUADRIJU'GOUS.

QUADRILATERAL, kwod-ri-lat'[.e]r-al, adj. having four sides.--n. (geom.) a plane figure having four sides: the four fortresses--Mantua, Verona, Peschiera, and Legnago--which form the points of a quadrilateral.--n. QUADRILAT'ERALNESS. [L. quadrilaterus--quatuor, four, latus, lateris, a side.]

QUADRILITERAL, kwod-ri-lit'[.e]r-al, adj. of four letters.--n. a word or a root having four letters. [L. quatuor, four, litera, a letter.]

QUADRILLE, kwa-dril', n. a square dance for four couples, consisting of five movements: music for such square dances: a game played by four with forty cards.--v.i. to play at quadrille: to dance quadrilles. [Fr.,--Sp. cuadra, a square--L. quadra, a square--quatuor, four.]

QUADRILLION, kwod-ril'yun, n. a million raised to the fourth power, represented by a unit with twenty-four ciphers. [Coined from L. quater, four times, on the model of million.]

QUADRILOBATE, kwod-ri-l[=o]'b[=a]t, adj. having four lobes or lobules.--Also QUAD'RILOBED.

QUADRILOCULAR, kwod-ri-lok'[=u]-lar, adj. having four cells, cavities, or compartments.

QUADRIMANOUS, kwod-rim'a-nus, adj. Same as QUADRUMANOUS.

QUADRINOMIAL, kwod-ri-n[=o]'mi-al, adj. (alg.) consisting of four divisions or terms.--n. an expression of four terms. [L. quatuor, four, Gr. nom[=e], a division--nemein, to distribute.]

QUADRIPARTITE, kwod-ri-par't[=i]t, adj. divided into four parts: (bot.) deeply cleft into four parts, as a leaf: (archit.) divided, as a vault, into four compartments.--n. a treatise divided into four parts.--adv. QUADRIPAR'TITELY.--n. QUADRIPARTI'TION. [L.,--quatuor, four, part[=i]re, -[=i]tum, to divide.]

QUADRIPENNATE, kwod-ri-pen'[=a]t, adj. and n. having four wings.

QUADRIPHYLLOUS, kwod-ri-fil'us, adj. having four leaves.

QUADRIREME, kwod'ri-r[=e]m, n. a galley with four benches of oars. [L. quadriremis--quatuor, four, remus, an oar.]

QUADRISECTION, kwod-ri-sek'shun, n. a division into four equal parts. [L. quatuor, four, sec[=a]re, sectum, to cut.]

QUADRISYLLABLE, kwod-ri-sil'a-bl n. a word consisting of four syllables.--adjs. QUADRISYLLAB'IC, -AL. [L. quatuor, four, syllaba, a syllable.]

QUADRIVALVULAR, kwod-ri-val'v[=u]-lar, adj. having four valves or valvular parts.--Also QUAD'RIVALVE.

QUADRIVIUM, kwod-riv'i-um, n. the Pythagorean name for the four branches of mathematics--arithmetic, music, geometry, astronomy--when preceded by the trivium of grammar, logic, and rhetoric--together making up the seven liberal arts taught in the schools of the Roman Empire.--adjs. QUADRIV'IAL, QUADRIV'IOUS. [L., 'the place where four roads meet'--L. quatuor, four, via, a way.]

QUADROON, kwod-r[=oo]n', n. the offspring of a mulatto and a white person, one 'quarter-blooded.'--Also QUARTEROON'. [Sp. cuarteron--cuarto, a fourth.]

QUADRUMANE, kwod'r[=oo]-m[=a]n, n. one of the QUADRU'MANA, an order of mammalia having four hands, or four feet, with an opposable thumb--also QUAD'RUMAN.--adj. QUADRU'MANOUS, having four hands. [L. quatuor, four, manus, a hand.]

QUADRUPED, kwod'r[=oo]-ped, n. a four-footed animal.--adjs. QUAD'RUPED, -AL, having four feet.--n. QUAD'RUPEDISM, the state of being a quadruped. [L. quatuor, four, pes, pedis, a foot.]

QUADRUPLE, kwod'r[=oo]-pl, adj. fourfold.--n. four times the quantity or number.--v.t. to increase fourfold.--v.i. to become four times as many.--n. QUAD'RUPLET, any combination of four things--also QUART'ET: one of four born at a birth.--adj. QUAD'RUPLEX, fourfold, esp. of a telegraphic system capable of sending four messages, two in each direction, simultaneously over one wire.--n. an instrument of this kind.--v.t. to arrange for quadruplex transmission.--adj. QUADRU'PLICATE, fourfold.--n. one of four corresponding things.--v.t. to make fourfold.--ns. QUADRUPLIC[=A]'TION; QUADRU'PLIC[=A]TURE; QUADRUPLIC'ITY.--adv. QUAD'RUPLY, in a fourfold manner.--QUADRUPLE ALLIANCE, a league formed in 1718 between England, France, Austria, and Holland to counteract the ambitious schemes of Alberoni. [Fr.,--L. quadruplus--quatuor, four.]

QUÆSITUM, kw[=e]-s[=i]'tum, n. something sought or required:--pl. QUÆS[=I]'TA. [L. neut. of quæsitus, pa.p. of quær[)e]re, to seek.]

QUÆSTOR, kw[=e]s'tor, n. a magistrate with charge of the Roman public funds--originally who investigated cases of murder and executed sentence: in the Middle Ages an officer who announced indulgences: a treasurer--also QUES'TOR.--ns. QUÆS'TORSHIP, QUES'TORSHIP. [L.,--quærere, quæsitum, to seek.]

QUAFF, kwaf, v.t. to drink in large draughts.--v.i. to drink largely.--n. QUAFF'ER. [Quach, quaich,--Gael. and Ir. cuach, a bowl.]

QUAG, kwag, n. a quagmire (q.v.).--adj. QUAGG'Y, spongy, boggy.

QUAGGA, kwag'a, n. one of the three species of striped wild horses, or more properly wild asses, peculiar to Africa, of which the zebra is the type. [Hottentot.]

QUAGMIRE, kwag'm[=i]r, n. wet, boggy ground that yields under the feet.--v.t. to entangle, as in a quagmire.--adj. QUAG'MIRY. [Quake and mire.]

QUAHOG, kwa-hog', n. the common round clam of the North American Atlantic coast.--Also QUAHAUG'. [Amer. Ind. poquauhock.]

QUAID, kw[=a]d, adj. (Spens.) quelled, crushed.

QUAIGH, kw[=a]h, n. (Scot.) a kind of drinking-cup, usually made of wood. [Gael. cuach, a cup.]

QUAIL, kw[=a]l, v.i. to cower: to fail in spirit: (Shak.) to slacken.--v.t. to subdue: to terrify.--n. QUAIL'ING (Shak.), act of one who quails: a failing in courage. [A.S. cwelan, to die; Ger. quälen, to suffer.]

QUAIL, kw[=a]l, n. a small gallinaceous bird, related to the partridge family: (Shak.) a whore.--ns. QUAIL'-CALL, -PIPE, a call for alluring quails into a net. [O. Fr. quaille--Low L. quaquila--Old Dut. quakele; cf. Low Ger. quackel, and Quack.]

QUAINT, kw[=a]nt, adj. unusual: odd: whimsical: (obs.) prim, affectedly nice: fine: (Shak.) clever.--adv. QUAINT'LY.--n. QUAINT'NESS. [O. Fr. coint--L. cognitus, known. Some confusion with L. comptus, neat, is probable.]

QUAKE, kw[=a]k, v.i. to tremble, esp. with cold or fear: to tremble from want of firmness.--v.t. to cause to tremble:--pr.p. qu[=a]'king; pa.t. and pa.p. qu[=a]ked.--n. a shake: a shudder.--ns. QU[=A]'KINESS; QU[=A]'KING; QU[=A]'KING-GRASS, a native grass of the genus Briza, so called from the tremulous motion of its spikelets.--adv. QU[=A]'KINGLY.--adj. QU[=A]'KY, shaky. [A.S. cwacian; perh. allied to quick.]

QUAKER, kw[=a]'k[.e]r, n. one of the Society of Friends, a religious sect founded by George Fox (1624-90): a dummy cannon: a collector's name for certain noctuoid moths.--n. QU[=A]'KER-BIRD, the sooty albatross.--n.pl. QU[=A]'KER-BUTT'ONS, the round seeds of nux vomica.--ns. QU[=A]'KER-COL'OUR, drab; QU[=A]'KERDOM, the Quakers as a class; QU[=A]'KERESS, a female Quaker.--adjs. QU[=A]'KERISH, QU[=A]'KERLY, like a Quaker.--n. QU[=A]'KERISM, the tenets of the Quakers.--STEWED QUAKER, molasses or honey, with butter and vinegar, taken hot against colds. [The nickname Quakers was first given them by Judge Bennet at Derby, because Fox bade him and those present quake at the word of the Lord.]

QUALIFY, kwol'i-f[=i], v.t. to render capable or suitable: to furnish with legal power: to limit by modifications: to soften: to abate: to reduce the strength of: to vary: (Scots law) to prove, confirm.--v.i. to take the necessary steps to fit one's self for a certain position.--adj. QUAL'IFIABLE.--ns. QUALIFIC[=A]'TION, that which qualifies: a quality that fits a person for a place, &c.: (logic) the attaching of quality, or the distinction of affirmative and negative, to a term: abatement: (Shak.) pacification; QUAL'IFIC[=A]TIVE, that which qualifies, modifies, or restricts: a qualifying term or statement; QUAL'IFIC[=A]TOR (R.C.), one who prepares ecclesiastical causes for trial.--adj. QUAL'IFIC[=A]TORY.--p.adj. QUAL'IFIED, fitted: competent: modified: limited.--adv. QUAL'IFIEDLY.--ns. QUAL'IFIEDNESS; QUAL'IFIER.--adj. QUAL'IFYING.--PROPERTY QUALIFICATION, the holding of a certain amount of property as a condition to the right of suffrage, &c. [Fr.,--Low L. qualific[=a]re--L. qualis, of what sort, fac[)e]re, to make.]

QUALITY, kwol'i-ti, n. that which makes a thing what it is: property: peculiar power: acquisition: character: rank: superior birth or character: (logic) the character of a proposition as affirmative or negative: (Shak.) character in respect to dryness or moisture, heat or cold: (Shak.) cause, occasion.--adj. QUAL'IT[=A]TIVE, relating to quality: (chem.) determining the nature of components.--adv. QUAL'IT[=A]TIVELY.--adj. QUAL'ITIED, furnished with qualities.--ACCIDENTAL QUALITY, a quality whose removal would not impair the identity of its subject, as opposed to an Essential quality; THE QUALITY, persons of high rank, collectively. [Fr.,--L. qualitas, qualitatis.]

QUALM, kwäm, n. a sudden attack of illness: a sensation of nausea: a scruple, as of conscience.--adj. QUALM'ISH, affected with qualm, or a disposition to vomit, or with slight sickness: uneasy.--adv. QUALM'ISHLY.--n. QUALM'ISHNESS. [A.S. cwealm, death; Ger. qualm, nausea; Sw. qvalm, a suffocating heat.]

QUAMASH, kwa-mash', n. camass.

QUANDANG, kwan'dang, n. a small Australian tree, with edible fruit, the native peach. [Austr.]

QUANDARY, kwon-d[=a]'ri, or kwon'da-ri, n. a state of difficulty or uncertainty: a hard plight. [Prob. M. E. wandreth, peril--Ice. vandrætdi, trouble.]

QUANNET, kwan'et, n. a file for scraping zinc plates: a kind of file used in comb-making.

QUANT, kwant, n. a pushing or jumping pole, with a flat cap at the end, used in marshes.

QUANTIC, kwon'tik, n. (math.) a rational integral homogeneous function of two or more variables.--adj. QUAN'TICAL. [L. quantus, how great.]

QUANTIFY, kwon'ti-f[=i], v.t. to determine with respect to quantity: to fix or express the quantity of.--n. QUANTIFIC[=A]'TION, the art, process, or form by which anything is quantified.--QUANTIFICATION OF THE PREDICATE, a phrase belonging to logic, signifying the attachment of the signs of quantity to the predicate. [L. quantus, how great, fac[)e]re, to make.]

QUANTITY, kwon'ti-ti, n. the amount of anything: bulk: size: a determinate amount: a sum or bulk: a large portion: (logic) the extent of a conception: (gram.) the measure of a syllable: (mus.) the relative duration of a tone: (math.) anything which can be increased, divided, or measured: (Shak.) a small part: (Shak.) proportion.--adj. QUAN'TIT[=A]TIVE, relating to quantity: measurable in quantity: (chem.) determining the relative proportions of components.--advs. QUAN'TIT[=A]TIVELY, QUAN'TITIVELY.--ns. QUAN'TIT[=A]TIVENESS; QUANTIV'ALENCE (chem.), the combining power of an atom as compared with that of the hydrogen atom, valence.--adj. QUANTIV'ALENT.--QUANTITATIVE LOGIC, the doctrine of probability.--CONSTANT QUANTITY (math.), a quantity that remains the same while others vary. [Fr.,--L. quantitas, quantitatis--quantus, how much--quam, how.]

QUANTUM, kwon'tum, n. quantity: amount:--pl. QUAN'TA.--QUANTUM SUFFICIT--as much as is sufficient. [L. quantum, neut. of quantus, how great.]

QUAQUAVERSAL, kwä-kwä-ver'sal, adj. (geol.) inclining outward in all directions from a centre: facing all ways.--adv. QUAQUAVER'SALLY. [L. quaqua, wheresoever, vert[)e]re, versum, to turn.]

QUARANTINE, kwor'an-t[=e]n, n. a forced abstinence from communication with the shore which ships are compelled to undergo when they are last from some port where certain infectious diseases are raging--the time originally forty days: (coll.) the isolation of a person, house, district, &c. afflicted with or recovering from contagious disease.--v.t. to prohibit from intercourse from fear of infection.--adj. QUARANTIN'ABLE, admitting of, or controlled by, quarantine.--QUARANTINE FLAG, a yellow flag displayed by a ship to signify the presence on board of contagious disease. [Fr. quarantaine--L. quadraginta, forty--quatuor, four.]

QUARL, kwärl, n. a segment of fireclay used in making covers for retorts, &c.

QUARL, kwärl, n. a medusa or jelly-fish.

QUARREL, kwor'el, n. a square of glass placed diagonally: a lozenge or diamond: a diamond pane of glass: a small square tile: a square-headed arrow for a cross-bow: a graver, glaziers' diamond, or other tool having a several-edged head or point.--ns. QUARR'ELET, a small lozenge; QUARR'EL-PANE. [O. Fr.,--Low L. quadrellus--L. quadrus, square--quatuor, four.]

QUARREL, kwor'el, n. an angry dispute: a breach of friendship: (Shak.) a cause of complaint: a brawl: (Shak.) a quarreller.--v.i. to cavil, find fault: to dispute violently: to fight: to disagree.--v.t. (Scot.) to find fault with: to affect by quarrelling:--pr.p. quarr'elling; pa.t. and pa.p. quarr'elled.--ns. QUARR'ELLER; QUARR'ELLING, strife: dissension: brawling.--adjs. QUARR'ELLOUS (Shak.), quarrelsome; QUARR'ELSOME, disposed to quarrel: brawling: easily provoked.--adv. QUARR'ELSOMELY.--n. QUARR'ELSOMENESS.--QUARREL WITH ONE'S BREAD AND BUTTER, to act in a way prejudicial to one's means of subsistence.--PICK A QUARREL WITH, to try to get into a dispute with; TAKE UP A QUARREL (Shak.), to settle a dispute. [O. Fr. querele--L. querela--queri, questus, to complain.]

QUARRENDER, kwor'en-d[.e]r, n. (prov.) a kind of apple.

QUARRY, kwor'i, n. an excavation from which stone is taken for building, &c., by cutting, blasting, &c.--v.t. to dig from a quarry:--pa.t. and pa.p. quarr'ied.--adj. QUARR'IABLE, capable of being quarried.--ns. QUARR'IER, QUARR'Y-MAN, a man who works in a quarry.--adj. QUARR'Y-FACED, rough-faced.--ns. QUARR'YING-MACHINE', a rock-drill; QUARR'Y-WA'TER, the water contained in the pores of stone while unquarried, or newly quarried, before its evaporation. [O. Fr. quarriere (Fr. carrière)--Low L. quadraria--L. quadratus, square.]

QUARRY, kwor'i, n. the entrails of the game given to the dogs after the chase: the object of the chase: the game a hawk is pursuing or has killed: a heap of dead game. [O. Fr. curee, cuiree--cuir, the skin--L. corium, hide.]

QUARRY, kwor'i, n. a small square tile.--adj. QUARR'IED, paved with such. [O. Fr. quarre--L. quadratus, square.]

QUART, QUARTE, kärt, n. a sequence of four cards: one of the eight thrusts and parries in fencing.--QUART AND TIERCE, practice between fencers. [Fr. quarte.]

QUART, kwort, or kwawrt, n. the fourth part of a gallon, or two pints: a vessel containing two pints: (Spens.) a quarter: the peck or quarter of a bushel: (mus.) the interval of a fourth.--n. QUART[=A]'TION, the parting of gold and silver by means of nitric acid.--QUART D'ÉCU (Shak.), a cardecu. [Fr. quarte--L. quartus, fourth--quatuor, four.]

QUARTAN, kwor'tan, adj. occurring every fourth day, as a fever or ague.--n. an ague of this character. [Fr. quartaine--L. quartanus, of the fourth.]

QUARTER, kwor't[.e]r, n. a fourth part: the fourth part of a cwt.=28 lb. avoirdupois (abbrev. qr.): 8 bushels, as a measure of capacity, for grain, &c.: the fourth part of an hour--of the year--of the moon's period--of a carcass (including a limb)--of the horizon, &c.: a cardinal point: (her.) one of the four parts into which a shield is divided by quartering (dexter chief, sinister chief, dexter base, sinister base), an ordinary occupying one-fourth of the field: a region of a hemisphere: a division of a town, &c.: place of lodging, as for soldiers, esp. in pl.: mercy granted to a disabled antagonist, prob. from the idea of the captor sending the prisoner to his quarters: (Shak.) peace, concord: (naut.) the part of a ship's side between the mainmast and the stern.--v.t. to divide into four equal parts: to divide into parts or compartments: to furnish with quarters: to lodge: to allot or share: to furnish with entertainment: (her.) to bear as an appendage to the hereditary arms: to beat the ground for game.--v.i. to be stationed: to shift or change position: to range for game: to drive across a road from side to side.--ns. QUAR'TER[=A]GE, a quarterly payment: quarters, lodging: a name applied to a particular tax; QUAR'TER-BACK, a certain player or position in football (see BACK); QUAR'TER-BEND, a bend in a pipe or rod altering its direction 90°; QUAR'TER-BILL, a list of the stations for men on board a man-of-war during action; QUAR'TER-BLANK'ET, a horse-blanket for the hind quarters.--n.pl. QUAR'TER-BLOCKS, blocks fitted under the quarters of a yard, on each side the slings, for the topsail-sheets, &c., to reeve through.--ns. QUAR'TER-BOARD, topgallant bulwarks; QUAR'TER-BOAT, any boat hung to davits over the ship's quarter; QUAR'TER-BOOT, a leather boot to protect an overreaching horse's fore feet from being struck by the hind feet.--adj. QUAR'TER-BOUND, having leather or cloth on the back only.--n.pl. QUAR'TER-BOYS, automata which strike the quarter-hours in certain belfries.--adjs. QUAR'TER-BRED, having only one-fourth pure blood, as horses, cattle, &c.; QUAR'TER-CAST, cut in the quarter of the hoof.--ns. QUAR'TER-DAY, the first or last day of a quarter, on which rent or interest is paid; QUAR'TER-DECK, the part of the deck of a ship abaft the mainmast; QUAR'TER-DECK'ER (coll.), a stickler for small points of etiquette on board ship.--adj. QUAR'TERED, divided into four equal parts: lodged, stationed for lodging: having hind quarters of a particular kind, as a short-quartered horse: sawed into quarters: (her.) having a square piece cut out of the centre.--ns. QUAR'TER-[=E]'VIL, -ILL, symptomatic anthrax, an infectious and frequently fatal disease of cattle, marked by hemorrhage into the subcutaneous areolar tissue of the limbs--also Black-leg, Quarter, or Spaul, &c.; QUAR'TERFOIL (archit.), an ornamental carving disposed in four segments of circles like an expanded flower; QUAR'TER-GALL'ERY, a projecting balcony on each of the quarters of a large ship: a small structure on a ship's quarters containing the water-closet and bath-tub; QUAR'TER-GUN'NER, a petty-officer in the United States navy, having care, under the gunner, of arms, ammunition, &c.--adj. QUAR'TERING, sailing nearly before the wind: striking on the quarter of a ship, as a wind.--n. assignment of quarters to soldiers: (archit.) a series of small upright posts for forming partitions of rooms, lathed and plastered only, or boarded also: (her.) the bearing of two or more coats-of-arms on a shield divided by horizontal and perpendicular lines, denoting the alliances of the family--also, one of the divisions thus formed.--ns. QUAR'TERING-BLOCK, a block on which the body of a person condemned to be quartered was cut in pieces; QUAR'TER-LINE, the position of ships of a column ranged in a line when one is four points forward or abaft another's beam.--adj. QUAR'TERLY, relating to a quarter: consisting of, or containing, a fourth part: once a quarter of a year.--adv. once a quarter: (her.) arranged according to the four quarters of a shield.--n. a periodical published every quarter of a year.--ns. QUAR'TERMASTER, an officer who looks after the quarters of the soldiers, and attends to the supplies--he is assisted by a non-commissioned officer named QUAR'TERMASTER-SER'GEANT: (naut.) a first-class petty officer who attends to the helm, signals, &c.; QUAR'TERMASTER-GEN'ERAL, in the British army, a staff-officer of high rank (major-general or colonel) who deals with all questions of transport, marches, quarters, fuel, clothing, &c.; QUAR'TERN, the fourth part of a peck, a stone, or a pint: the quarter of a pound; QUAR'TERN-LOAF, a loaf weighing, generally, four pounds; QUARTEROON' (see QUADROON); QUAR'TER-PLATE, in photography, a size of plate measuring 3¼ by 4¼ inches: a picture of this size; QUAR'TER-ROUND, a moulding having an outline approximating to a quadrant, an ovolo: any tool adapted for making such; QUAR'TER-SEAL, the seal kept by the director of the Chancery of Scotland--the testimonial of the Great Seal; QUAR'TER-SES'SIONS, a criminal court held quarterly by Justices of the Peace, established in 1350-51, but having had most of its administrative powers transferred in 1888 to the County Councils: county or borough sessions held quarterly; QUAR'TER-STAFF, a long staff or weapon of defence, grasped at a quarter of its length from the end and at the middle; QUAR'TER-TONE (mus.), an interval equivalent to one-half of a semitone; QUAR'TER-WATCH (naut.), one-half of the watch on deck; QUARTETTE', QUARTET', anything in fours: a musical composition of four parts for voices or instruments: a stanza of four lines.--adj. QUAR'TIC (math.), of the fourth degree or order.--n. an algebraic function of the fourth degree.--n. QUAR'TILE (astrol.), an aspect of planets when their longitudes differ by 90°.--adj. QUAR'TO, having the sheet folded into four leaves (abbrev. 4to).--n. a book of a quarto size:--pl. QUAR'TOS (demy quarto, 8¾ × 11¼ in.; medium quarto, 9¼ × 11¾ in.; royal quarto, 10 × 12½ in.).--BEAT UP THE QUARTERS OF, to disturb: to visit unceremoniously; COME TO CLOSE QUARTERS, to get into a hand-to-hand struggle.--SMALL QUARTO, a square octavo: a book having eight leaves to a sheet but the shape of a quarto.--WINTER QUARTERS, the quarters or station of an army during the winter. [O. Fr.,--L. quartarius--quartus, fourth.]

QUARTODECIMAN, kwor-t[=o]-des'i-man, n. one of those who celebrated the Paschal festival on the 14th day of Nisan without regard to the day of the week. The western churches kept it on the Sunday after the 14th day--the usage approved by the Council of Nice (325 A.D.). [L. quartodecimus, fourteenth, quatuor, four, decem, ten.]

QUARTZ, kworts, n. the common form of native silica, or the oxide of silicon, occurring both in crystals and massive, scratching glass easily, and becoming positively electrical by friction, colourless when pure--Rock-crystal, Common, and Compact Quartz.--ns. QUARTZ'-CRUSH'ER, -MILL, a machine, mill, where auriferous quartz is reduced to powder, and the gold separated by amalgamation.--adj. QUARTZIF'EROUS.--ns. QUARTZ'ITE, QUARTZ'-ROCK, a common rock, usually white, gray, or rusty in colour, and composed of an aggregate of quartz-grains welded together.--adjs. QUARTZIT'IC; QUARTZ'OSE, of or like quartz; QUARTZ'Y. [Ger. quarz.]

QUASH, kwosh, v.t. to crush: to subdue or extinguish suddenly and completely: to annul. [O. Fr. quasser (Fr. casser)--L. quass[=a]re, inten. of quat[)e]re, to shake.]

QUASHEE, kwosh'e, n. a negro, esp. in West Indies.

QUASHEY, kwosh'i, n. a pumpkin.

QUASI, kw[=a]'s[=i], conj. and adv. as if: in a certain manner, sense, or degree--in appearance only, as 'quasi-historical,' &c. [L.]

QUASIMODO, kwas-i-m[=o]'do, n. the first Sunday after Easter, Low Sunday. [From the first words of the introit for the day, 1 Peter, ii. 2; L. Quasi modo geniti infantes, as new-born babes, &c.]

QUASS, kwas, n. See KVASS.

QUASSATION, kwas-s[=a]'shun, n. the act of shaking: the state of being shaken: concussion.--adj. QUAS'SATIVE. [L. quassatio--quass[=a]re, to shake.]

QUASSIA, kwash'i-a, n. a South American tree, the bitter wood and bark of which are used as a tonic.--ns. QUASS'INE, QUASS'ITE, the bitter principle of quassia-wood, the Bitter-wood of the West Indies. [So called by Linnæus from a negro named Quassi, who first discoverer its value against fever.]

QUAT, kwot, n. (Shak.) a pimple: an insignificant person.

QUATCH, kwoch, adj. (Shak.) squat, flat.

QUATERCENTENARY, qua-ter-sen'te-n[=a]-ri, n. a 400th anniversary.

QUATERFOIL, kat'[.e]r-foil, n. See QUARTERFOIL.

QUATERNARY, kwa-t[.e]r'nar-i, adj. consisting of four: by fours: pertaining to strata more recent than the Upper Tertiary: (math.) containing four variables.--n. a group of four things.--adjs. QU[=A]T'ERN, QU[=A]TER'N[=A]TE, composed of, or arranged in, sets of four.--n. QU[=A]TER'NION, a set or group of four: a word of four syllables: (pl.) in mathematics, a calculus of peculiar power and generality invented by Sir W. R. Hamilton of Dublin, as a geometry, primarily concerning itself with the operations by which one directed quantity or vector is changed into another.--v.t. to divide into quaternions: (Milt.) to divide into companies.--ns. QU[=A]TER'NIONIST, a student of quaternions; QU[=A]TERN'ITY, the state of being four, a group of four.--QUATERNARY NUMBER, ten; so called by the Pythagoreans because equal to 1 + 2 + 3 + 4.

QUATORZE, ka-torz', n. the four aces, kings, queens, knaves, or tens in the game of piquet.--n. QUATOR'ZAIN, a stanza or poem of fourteen lines. [Fr.]

QUATRAIN, kwot'r[=a]n, n. a stanza of four lines rhyming alternately. [Fr.]

QUATRE-FOIL, Fr. QUATRE-FEUILLE=QUARTERFOIL.

QUATTROCENTO, kwot-r[=o]-chen'to, n. in Italian, a term for the 15th century, its literature and art: the early Renaissance.--n. QUATTROCEN'TIST. Outstanding quattrocentisti in art are Donatello, Masaccio, Lippo Lippi, and Mantegna. [It., 'four hundred,' contr. for 1400.]

QUAVER, kw[=a]'v[.e]r, v.i. to shake: to sing or play with tremulous modulations.--n. a trembling: a vibration of the voice: a note in music=half a crotchet or one-eighth of a semibreve.--n. QU[=A]'VERER.--adv. QU[=A]'VERINGLY. [Imit.; cf. Quiver, and Ger. quabbeln.]

QUAY, k[=e], n. a landing-place: a wharf for the loading or unloading of vessels.--n. QUAY'AGE, payment for use of a quay. [O. Fr. quay--Celt., as in Bret. kaé, and W. cae, an enclosure.]

QUAYD, kw[=a]d, adj. (Spens.). Same as QUELLED.

QUEACHY, kw[=e]'chi, adj. shaking: unsteady. [From queach, a variant of quitch.]

QUEAN, kw[=e]n, n. a saucy girl or young woman: a woman of worthless character. [Queen.]

QUEASY, kw[=e]'zi, adj. sick, squeamish: inclined to vomit: causing nausea: fastidious: ticklish, nice.--adv. QUEA'SILY.--n. QUEA'SINESS. [Scand.; Norw. kveis, sickness after a debauch, Ice. -kveisa, pains, as in idhra-kveisa, pains in the stomach.]

QUEBRACHO, ke-brä'ch[=o], n. the bark of several hard-wooded South American trees--good in fever. [Port.,--quebrahacho, axe-breaker--quebrar, to break, hacha, facha, axe.]

QUEBRADA, ke-brä'da, n. a ravine. [Sp. Amer.]

QUEEN, kw[=e]n, n. the wife of a king: a female sovereign: the best or chief of her kind: a queen-bee or queen-ant: of playing-cards, one with the queen painted on it: the piece in chess which is the most deadly in attack.--v.i. to play the queen.--ns. QUEEN'-APP'LE, QUEEN'ING, the name of several varieties of apple; QUEEN'-BEE, the sole female of a bee-hive, considerably larger than an ordinary bee; QUEEN'-CON'SORT, the wife of the reigning sovereign--opp. to QUEEN'-REG'NANT, holding the crown in her own right; QUEEN'CRAFT, craft or policy on the part of a queen; QUEEN'DOM, queenly rule or dignity: the realm of a queen; QUEEN'-DOW'AGER, the widow of a deceased king; QUEEN'HOOD, the state of being a queen; QUEEN'LET, a petty queen.--adjs. QUEEN'-LIKE, QUEEN'LY, like a queen: becoming or suitable to a queen.--n. QUEEN'LINESS.--adv. QUEEN'LY, like a queen.--ns. QUEEN'-MOTH'ER, a queen-dowager, the mother of the reigning king or queen; QUEEN'-OF-THE-MEAD'OWS, the meadow-sweet; QUEEN'-POST (archit.), one of two upright posts in a trussed roof, resting upon the tie-beam, and supporting the principal rafters; QUEEN'-R[=E]'GENT, a queen who reigns as regent; QUEEN'S'-ARM, a musket; QUEEN'SHIP, the state, condition, or dignity of a queen; QUEEN'-STITCH, a square or chequer pattern in embroidery stitch.--QUEEN ANNE'S BOUNTY, a fund for augmenting the incomes of the poorer clergy of England, set aside in 1703; QUEEN ANNE STYLE (archit.), the style popular in the early part of the 18th century, the buildings plain and simple, with classic cornices and details, and frequently with large windows divided by mullions; QUEEN OF HEAVEN, a title often given to the goddess Astarte or Ashtoreth: among Roman Catholics, a title for the Virgin Mary; QUEEN OF THE MAY=May-queen (see MAY); * QUEEN'S BENCH (court of: see KING); * QUEEN'S COLOUR, one of the pair of colours belonging to each regiment in our army; * QUEEN'S COUNSEL (see COUNSEL); * QUEEN'S ENGLISH, correct use of the English language; * QUEEN'S EVIDENCE (see EVIDENT); * QUEEN'S MESSENGER (see MESSAGE); QUEEN'S METAL, an alloy consisting chiefly of tin; QUEEN'S TOBACCO PIPE, the facetious designation of a peculiarly shaped kiln which used to be situated at the corner of the tobacco warehouses belonging to the London Docks, and in which contraband goods were burned; QUEEN'S WARE, a variety of Wedgwood ware, otherwise known as cream-coloured ware; QUEEN'S YELLOW, the yellow subsulphate of mercury. [A.S. cwén; Goth. kw[=e]ns, Ice. kván, kvæn.]

* Now King's Bench, &c.

QUEER, kw[=e]r, adj. odd, singular, quaint: open to suspicion, dubious: counterfeit: having a sensation of coming sickness.--v.t. (slang) to banter, ridicule.--adj. QUEER'ISH, somewhat singular.--n. QUEER'ITY (rare).--adv. QUEER'LY.--n. QUEER'NESS.--QUEER STREET, the imaginary residence of persons in financial and other difficulties.--A QUEER FISH (see FISH); SHOVE THE QUEER (slang), to pass bad money. [Low Ger. queer, across, oblique (Ger. quer); cf. Thwart.]

QUEET, kw[=e]t, n. (Scot.) an ankle. [Coot (2).]

QUEEZ-MADAM, kw[=e]z'-mad'am, n. (Scot.) the cuisse-madam, a French jargonelle pear.

QUEINT, kw[=a]nt, adj. (Spens.). Same as QUAINT.

QUEINT, kwent (Spens.), pa.t. and pa.p. of quench.

QUELCH, kwelch, v.i. (prov.) to make a sucking sound like that of water in one's boots.

QUELEA, kw[=e]'le-a, n. the weaver-bird of Africa.

QUELL, kwel, v.t. to crush: subdue: to allay.--v.i. to die, perish, (Shak.) abate.--ns. QUELL (Shak.), murder: (Keats) power of quelling; QUELL'ER, one who quells or crushes: a slayer. [A.S. cwellan, to kill, causal of cwelan, to die. Cf. Quail (v.).]

QUEME, kw[=e]m, v.t. (Spens.) to please, suit, fit. [A.S. cwéman; cf. Ger. bequem, fit.]

QUENCH, kwensh, v.t. to put out: to destroy: to check: to allay: to place in water.--v.i. to lose zeal, grow cold.--adj. QUENCH'ABLE, that may be extinguished.--ns. QUENCH'ER, one who, or that which, quenches: a draught or drink; QUENCH'ING, act of extinguishing: the act of cooling the surface of molten metal and forming rosettes in the crust.--adj. QUENCH'LESS, that cannot be extinguished: irrepressible.--adv. QUENCH'LESSLY.--n. QUENCH'LESSNESS. [A.S. cwencan, to quench, causal of cwincan; cf. Old Fries. kwinka, to go out.]

QUENELLE, ke-nel', n. a forcemeat ball of chicken, veal, or the like. [Fr.]

QUENOUILLE-TRAINING, ke-n[=oo]'lye-tr[=a]'ning, n. the training of trees in a conical shape with the branches bent downwards. [Fr. quenouille, a distaff--Low L. colucula--L. colus, a distaff.]

QUERCETUM, kwer-s[=e]'tum, n. a collection of living oaks. [L.,--quercus, an oak.]

QUERCITRON, kwer'si-tron, n. the name both of a dye-stuff and of the species of oak of which it is the bark--the Quercus coccinea of North America, also called Dyer's oak and Yellow-barked oak.--ns. QUER'CITE, a sweet crystalline compound found in acorns; QUER'CITIN, a yellow crystalline compound derived from quercitrin by the action of mineral acids; QUER'CITRIN, a glucoside, the colouring-matter of quercitron-bark. [L. quercus, oak, citrus, a tree of the lemon kind.]

QUERELA, kwe-r[=e]'la, n. a complaint preferred in a court.--n. QU[=E]'RENT, a plaintiff. [L.]

QUERIMONIOUS, kwer-i-m[=o]'ni-us, adj. complaining: discontented.--adv. QUERIM[=O]'NIOUSLY.--n. QUERIM[=O]'NIOUSNESS. [L. querimonia, a complaining--queri, to complain.]

QUERIST, kw[=e]'rist, n. one who inquires or asks questions. [Query.]

QUERK, kw[.e]rk, v.t. (prov.) to throttle.--v.i. to grunt.

QUERL, kw[.e]rl, v.t. (U.S.) to twirl.--n. a coil.

QUERN, kw[.e]rn, n. a stone handmill for grinding grain. [A.S. cwyrn, cweorn; Ice. kvern, Goth, kwairnus.]

QUERQUEDULA, kwer-kwed'[=u]-la, n. the teal. [L.]

QUERULOUS, kwer'[=u]-lus, adj. complaining: discontented: quarrelsome.--adv. QUER'ULOUSLY.--n. QUER'ULOUSNESS. [L.,--queri, to complain.]

QUERY, kw[=e]'ri, n. an inquiry: the mark of interrogation.--v.t. to inquire into: to question: to doubt of: to mark with a query.--v.i. to question:--pa.t. and pa.p. qu[=e]'ried.--adj. QUES'ITIVE, interrogatory. [L. quære, imper. of quær[)e]re, quæsitum, to inquire.]

QUEST, kwest, n. the act of seeking: search: pursuit: a searching party: a jury of inquest: inquiry, investigation: request or desire.--v.i. to go in search of, to go begging: to give tongue, as a dog after game.--ns. QUEST'ANT, QUEST'ER (Shak.), one who seeks after anything, a candidate.--adj. QUEST'FUL. [O. Fr. queste (Fr. quête)--L. quæsita (res), a thing sought--quær[)e]re, quæsitum, to seek.]

QUESTION, kwest'yun, n. a seeking: an inquiry: an examination, esp. by torture: an investigation: dispute: doubt: a subject of discussion, esp. the particular point actually before the house, the measure to be voted upon: (Shak.) conversation.--v.t. to ask questions of: to examine by questions: to inquire of: to regard as doubtful: to challenge, take exception to: to have no confidence in.--v.i. to ask questions: to inquire: to debate, consider, to converse.--adj. QUEST'IONABLE, that may be questioned: doubtful: uncertain: suspicious.--n. QUEST'IONABLENESS.--adv. QUEST'IONABLY.--adj. QUEST'IONARY, asking questions.--n. one who hawks about for sale indulgences or relics.--ns. QUEST'IONER; QUEST'IONING, a query, doubt, suspicion.--adv. QUEST'IONINGLY.--n. QUEST'IONIST, a questioner, a doubter: at Cambridge, a student qualified to be a candidate for a degree.--adj. QUEST'IONLESS, unquestioning: beyond question or doubt: certainly.--n. QUEST'RIST (Shak.), a seeker, a pursuer.--adj. QUEST'UARY (obs.), greedy of gain, yielding gain.--QUESTION OF FACT, consideration as to the actual occurrence of an event.--BEG THE QUESTION (see BEG); CALL IN QUESTION, to challenge, to subject to judicial inquiry; IN QUESTION, under consideration, referring to a thing just mentioned; LEADING-QUESTION (see LEAD); OUT OF QUESTION, doubtless; OUT OF THE QUESTION, not to be thought of; POP THE QUESTION (see POP); PREVIOUS QUESTION (see PREVIOUS). [Fr.,--L. quæstion-em--quær[)e]re, quæsitum, to seek.]

QUESTOR, QUESTORSHIP. See QUÆSTOR.

QUETZAL, kwet'sal, n. the resplendent trogon, a native of Central America, the plumage of the male a magnificent golden green.--Also QUES'AL, QUIJ'AL.

QUEUE, k[=u], n. a pendent braid of hair at the back of the head, a pigtail: a file of persons waiting in the order of arrival: a tailpiece, as of a violin: (her.) the tail of a beast.--v.t. to tie or fasten in a queue or pigtail. [Fr.,--L. cauda, a tail.]

QUEY, kw[=a], n. (Scot.) a young cow or heifer, a cow that has not yet had a calf. [Ice. kvíga; Dan. kvie.]

QUHILK, hwilk, pron. an obsolete Scotch form of which.

QUIB, kwib. Same as QUIP.

QUIBBLE, kwib'l, n. a turning away from the point in question into matters irrelevant or insignificant: an evasion, a pun: a petty conceit.--v.i. to evade a question by a play upon words: to cavil: to trifle in argument: to pun.--n. QUIBB'LER.--adv. QUIBB'LINGLY. [Freq. of quip.]

QUICH, kwich, v.i. (Spens.) to stir, to move.--Also QUINCH, QUITCH. [A.S. cweccan, causal of cwacian, to quake.]

QUICK, kwik, adj. living: lively: speedy: nimble: ready: sensitive: hasty: pregnant: active, piercing.--adv. without delay: rapidly: soon.--n. a living animal or plant: the living: the living flesh: the sensitive parts: a hedge of some growing plant, quickset.--adj. QUICK'-AN'SWERED (Shak.), quick at giving an answer.--n. QUICK'BEAM, the mountain-ash or rowan.--adj. QUICK'-CONCEIV'ING, quick at conceiving or understanding.--v.t. QUICK'EN, to make quick or alive: to revive: to reinvigorate: to cheer: to excite: to sharpen: to hasten.--v.i. to become alive: to move with activity.--n. the couch or quitch-grass.--ns. QUICK'ENER, one who, or that which, reinvigorates; QUICK'ENING, the period in pregnancy when the mother first becomes conscious of the movement of the child--from the sixteenth or seventeenth week onwards.--adj. QUICK'-EYED, having acute sight.--ns. QUICK'-GRASS=Quitch-grass; QUICK'-HEDGE, a hedge of living plants; QUICK'LIME, recently burnt lime, caustic and unslaked: carbonate of lime without its carbonic acid.--adv. QUICK'LY.--ns. QUICK'MARCH (same as QUICK'STEP); QUICK'MATCH (see MATCH); QUICK'NESS; QUICK'SAND, a movable sandbank in a sea, lake, &c., any large mass of sand saturated with water, often dangerous to travellers: anything treacherous.--adj. QUICK'-SCENT'ED, having a keen scent.--n. QUICK'SET, a living plant set to grow for a hedge, particularly the hawthorn.--adj. consisting of living plants.--adj. QUICK'-SIGHT'ED, having quick or sharp sight: quick in discernment.--ns. QUICK'-SIGHT'EDNESS, sharpness of sight or discernment; QUICK'SILVER, the common name for fluid mercury, so called from its great mobility and its silvery colour.--v.t. to overlay or to treat with quicksilver.--adj. QUICK'SILVERED.--ns. QUICK'SILVERING, the mercury on the back of a mirror; QUICK'STEP, a march in quick time: (mus.) a march written in military quick time.--adj. QUICK'-TEM'PERED, irascible.--n. QUICK'-WA'TER, a solution of nitrates of mercury and of gold, for water-gilding.--adj. QUICK'-WIT'TED, having ready wit.--ns. QUICK'-WIT'TEDNESS; QUICK'-WORK, the part of a ship under water when laden: the part of the inner upper-works of a ship above the covering board: the short planks worked inside between the ports: spirketting.--SOME QUICK (Spens.), something alive. [A.S. cwic; Ice. kvikr, Goth. kwius, living; allied to L. vivus.]

QUICUNQUE, kw[=i]-kung'kwe, n. the so-called Athanasian Creed, from its first words, Quicunque vult='whosoever will.'

QUID, kwid, n. what, substance: something.--TERTIUM QUID, something distinct from both mind and matter, itself immediately known, mediating between the mind and the reality. [L., what.]

QUID, kwid, n. something chewed or kept in the mouth, esp. a piece of tobacco. [A corr. of cud.]

QUID, kwid, n. (slang) a sovereign.

QUIDAM, kw[=i]'dam, n. somebody, one unknown. [L.]

QUIDDANY, kwid'a-ni, n. a confection of quince-juice and sugar. [L. cydonium. Cf. Quince.]

QUIDDIT, kwid'it, n. an equivocation: a subtilty or quibble. [A contr. of quiddity.]

QUIDDITY, kwid'i-ti, n. the essence of anything: any trifling nicety: a cavil: a captious question.--adjs. QUIDD'ATIVE, QUIDD'IT[=A]TIVE. [Low L. quidditas--L. quid, what.]

QUIDDLE, kwid'l, v.i. to spend time in trifling.--n. one who does so.--n. QUIDD'LER, a trifler.--adj. QUIDD'LING. [L. quid.]

QUIDNUNC, kwid'nungk, n. one always on the lookout for news: one who pretends to know all occurrences. [L., 'what now?']

QUID PRO QUO, kwid pr[=o] kw[=o], n. something given or taken as equivalent to something else. [L., 'something for something.']

QUIEN SABE, kien sä'be, who knows? a common reply to a question in the south-western United States, meaning 'I do not know.' [Sp. quien, who--L. quis, who; sabe, 3d pers. sing. pres. indic. of saber, to know--L. sap[)e]re, to have sense.]

QUIESCENT, kw[=i]-es'ent, adj. being quiet, resting: not sounded, as a quiescent letter: still: unagitated: silent.--v.i. QUIESCE', to become quiet: to become silent in pronunciation, as a letter.--ns. QUIES'CENCE, QUIES'CENCY, state of being at rest: rest of mind: silence: torpor.--adv. QUIES'CENTLY. [L. quiescens, -entis, pr.p. of quiesc[)e]re, to rest.]

QUIET, kw[=i]'et, adj. at rest: calm: smooth: peaceable: gentle, inoffensive: silent, still: free from gaudiness, in good taste: free from bustle or formality.--n. the state of being at rest: repose: calm: stillness: peace.--v.t. to bring to rest: to stop motion: to calm or pacify: to lull: to allay.--v.i. to become quiet, to abate.--n. QU[=I]'ET[=A]GE (Spens.), quiet.--v.t. QU[=I]'ETEN, to make quiet, calm.--v.i. to become quiet.--n. QU[=I]'ETER (Shak.), a person or thing that quiets.--v.t. QU[=I]'ETISE, to make quiet.--ns. QU[=I]'ETISM, rest of the mind: mental tranquillity: apathy: the doctrine that religious perfection on earth consists in passive and uninterrupted contemplation of the Deity; QU[=I]'ETIST, one who believes in this doctrine (Molinos, Mme. Guyon, &c.).--adj. QUIETIST'IC, pertaining to quietism.--n. QU[=I]'ETIVE, anything that induces quiet.--adv. QU[=I]'ETLY, in a quiet manner: without motion or alarm: calmly: silently: patiently.--ns. QU[=I]'ETNESS, QU[=I]'ETUDE, rest: repose: freedom from agitation or alarm: stillness: peace: silence.--adj. QU[=I]'ETSOME (Spens.), calm, still, undisturbed.--n. QUI[=E]'TUS, a final settlement or discharge: ending generally: (slang) a severe blow.--AT QUIET (B.), peaceful; IN QUIET, quietly; ON THE QUIET, clandestinely; OUT OF QUIET, disturbed. [L. quietus--quisc[)e]re, to rest.]

QUIGHT, kw[=i]t, adv. a misspelt form of quite.

QUI-HI, -HYE, kw[=i]'h[=i]', n. in Bengal, the Anglo-Indian call for a servant: (coll.) an Anglo-Indian in Bengal. [Hind. ko[=i] hai, 'who is there?']

QUILL, kwil, n. a fold of a plaited or fluted ruff.--v.t. to flute: form with rounded ridges.--adj. QUILLED, crimped, fluted.--n. QUILL'ING, a narrow bordering of plaited lace or ribbon. [Fr. quille, a keel.]

QUILL, kwil, n. a reed-pen: the feather of a goose or other bird used as a pen, hence a pen generally: the profession of letters: anything like a quill: the hollow basal stem of a feather: one of the large hollow sharp spines (modified hairs) of the hedgehog, porcupine, &c.: the reed on which weavers wind their thread: the instrument for striking the strings of certain instruments: the tube of a musical instrument: the hollow shaft or mandril of the seal-engraver's lathe: a train for igniting a blast: bark in a cylindrical roll.--v.t. to plait with small ridges like quills: to wind on a quill: to pluck out quills from.--ns. QUILL'-DRIV'ER (slang), one who works with a quill or pen, a clerk; QUILL'-DRIV'ING, writing.--adj. QUILLED, furnished with quills, or formed into a quill.--ns. QUILL'-NIB, a quill-pen shortened for use with a holder; QUILL'-TURN, the machine in which a weaver's quill is turned; QUILL'-WORK, embroidery with porcupine quills, done by the North American Indians; QUILL'-WORT, any plant of the genus Isoëtes, esp. Isoëtes lacustris.--IN THE QUILL (Shak.), perhaps=penned, though others interpret 'in form and order like a quilled ruff.' [Explained by Skeat as orig. a stalk, hence anything pointed, O. Fr. quille, a peg--Old High Ger. kegil or chegil (Ger. kegel), a cone-shaped object, ninepin.]

QUILLET, kwil'et, n. a trick in argument: a petty quibble. [L. quidlibet, 'what you will.']

QUILLET, kwil'et, n. (prov.) a furrow: a small croft.

QUILLON, k[=e]-lyong', n. one of the branches of the cross-guard of a sword.

QUILT, kwilt, n. a bed-cover of two cloths sewed together with something soft between them: a thick coverlet.--v.t. to make into a quilt: to stitch together with something soft between, to stitch in: to sew like a quilt.--adj. QUILT'ED, stitched together as a quilt: (Spens.) padded.--ns. QUILT'ER, a person or machine for making quilting; QUILT'ING, the act of making a quilt: that which is quilted: a cotton or linen cloth, like diaper, with raised pattern, for vests, &c.: a kind of coating formed of sinnet, strands of rope, &c., outside any vessel containing water: a thrashing with a rope's end; QUILT'ING-BEE, in New England, a gathering of women to help one in quilting a counterpane, followed by a supper to which men are admitted; QUILT'ING-COTT'ON, cotton-wadding; QUILT'ING-FRAME, an adjustable frame for holding a fabric for quilting. [O. Fr. cuilte (Fr. couette)--L. culcita, a cushion.]

QUIN, kwin, n. (prov.) a kind of scallop.

QUINARIAN, kw[=i]-n[=a]'ri-an, adj. classified in sets of five: (zool.) relating to the circular or so-called natural system of classification, propounded in 1819 and much elaborated by Swainson in 1835--also QU[=I]'NARY.--n. one who supports this theory. [L. quinarius--quini, five each--quinque, five.]

QUINATE, kw[=i]'n[=a]t, adj. (bot.) having five leaflets on a petiole. [L. quini, five each.]

QUINCE, kwins, n. the golden, globose or pear-shaped, fragrant fruit of a large shrub or small tree (Pyrus Cydonia) of the rose family, too austere to be eaten raw, but excellent for jellies, marmalade, and flavouring other fruits. [Pl. of quine--O. Fr. coin (Fr. coing)--L. cydonium--Gr. Cyd[=o]nia, in Crete.]

QUINCENTENARY, kwin-sen'te-n[=a]-ri, adj. relating to five hundred, especially five hundred years.--n. a five hundredth anniversary.

QUINCH, kwinsh, v.t. (Spens.). Same as QUITCH, v.t.

QUINCUNX, kwin'kungks, n. an arrangement of five things, so as to occupy each corner and the centre of a square, esp. of trees or plants.--adj. QUINCUN'CIAL.--adv. QUINCUN'CIALLY. [L. quinque, five, uncia, a twelfth part, an ounce.]

QUINDECEMVIR, kwin-d[=e]-sem'vir, n. one of a college of fifteen men in ancient Rome who had the charge of the Sibylline books:--pl. QUINDECEM'VIRI.--ns. QUINDEC'AGON, a plane figure with fifteen sides and angles; QUINDECEM'VIRATE, the body of the quindecemviri or their office; QUINDEC'IMA (mus.), the interval of a fifteenth, or double-octave. [L.,--quindecim, fifteen (quinque, five, decem, ten), vir, a man.]

QUINIBLE, kwin'i-bl, n. (mus.) an interval of a fifth: a descant sung at the fifth. [L. quinque, five.]

QUININE, kwin'[=e]n, ki-n[=e]n', or kw[=i]'n[=i]n, n. a colourless, inodorous, and very bitter alkaloid, obtained from the bark of the Cinchona tree, its salts used for agues and fevers.--ns. QU[=I]'NA, the bark of various species of Cinchona; QUINAM'INE, a natural white crystalline alkaloid obtained from various Cinchona barks; QUINAQU[=I]'NA, the bark of various species of Cinchona.--adj. QUIN'IC, pertaining to, or derived from, quinine.--ns. QUIN'IDINE, a white crystalline compound, isomeric with quinine, found in some Cinchona barks; QUINOL'OGY, the knowledge of quinine and other Cinchona alkaloids. [Fr.,--Sp. and Port. quinina--Peruv. quina, kina, bark.]

QUINISEXT, kwin'i-sekst, adj. pertaining to five and six, or to the fifth and sixth.

QUINNAT, kwin'at, n. the king-salmon.

QUINOA, k[=e]'no-a, n. a Chilian and Mexican food-plant, resembling some British species of chenopodium, cultivated for its farinaceous seeds. [Peruv.]

QUINOLINE, kwin'[=o]-lin, n. a pungent, colourless liquid obtained by the distillation of bones, coal-tar, and various alkaloids--the base of many organic bodies, isomeric with Leucol.--Also CHIN'OLINE. [Peruv. quina, kina, bark.]

QUINONE, kwin'[=o]n, n. or Benzoquinone, a golden-yellow crystalline compound usually prepared by oxidising aniline with potassium bichromate and sulphuric acid: a general name applied to all benzene derivatives in which two oxygen atoms replace two hydrogen atoms.--Also KINONE (k[=e]'n[=o]n), as Kinic--Quinic.

QUINQUAGESIMA, kwin-kwa-jes'i-ma, n. a period of fifty days.--n. QUINQUAGEN[=A]'RIAN, one who is between fifty and sixty years old.--QUINQUAGESIMA SUNDAY, the Sunday before Ash Wednesday, being the fiftieth day before Easter. [L. quinquaginta, fifty--quinque, five.]

QUINQUANGULAR, kwin-kwang'g[=u]-lar, adj. having five angles.--adjs. QUINQUARTIC'ULAR, of five articles; QUINQUECAP'SULAR, having five capsules; QUINQUECOS'T[=A]TE, -D having five ribs; QUINQUEDEN'TATE, -D (bot.), five-toothed; QUINQUEF[=A]'RIOUS, disposed in five sets or rows; QUIN'QUEFID, cleft into five segments; QUINQUEF[=O]'LIATE, -D (bot.), having five leaves or leaflets; QUINQUELIT'ERAL, consisting of five letters; QUINQUEL[=O]'BATE, having five lobes; QUINQUELOC'ULAR, having five loculi; QUINQUEPÄR'TITE, five-parted; QUINQUESEP'TATE, having five septa; QUINQUES[=E]'RIAL, arranged in five series; QUINQUESYLLAB'IC, having five syllables; QUINQUEV'ALENT, having an equivalence of five; QUIN'QUEVALVE, QUINQUEVAL'VULAR, having five valves.

QUINQUENNIAD, kwin-kwen'i-ad, n. a period of five years--also QUINQUENN'IUM.--adj. QUINQUENN'IAL, occurring once in five years: lasting five years.--n. a fifth anniversary or its celebration.

QUINQUEREME, kwin'kwe-r[=e]m, n. an ancient galley having five banks of oars. [L.,--quinque, five, remus, an oar.]

QUINQUINA, kin-k[=i]'nä, n. quinaquina. [Quinine.]

QUINQUINO, kin'ki-n[=o], n. the tree (Myroxylon Pereiræ) which yields the balsam of Peru.

QUINSY, kwin'zi, n. an inflammatory affection of the substance of the tonsils, attended when fully developed by suppuration.--ns. QUIN'SY-BERR'Y, the common black-currant; QUIN'SY-WORT, a small trailing British herb of the madder family. [O. Fr. squinancie (Fr. esquinancie)--Gr. kynanch[=e]--ky[=o]n, a dog, anchein, to throttle.]

QUINT, kwint, n. a set or a sequence of five: (mus.) a fifth: the E string of a violin.--adj. QUINT'AN, recurring on every fifth day.--n. a malarial fever whose paroxysms recur on every fifth day. [Fr.,--L. quintus, fifth--quinque, five.]

QUINTA, kwin'tä, n. a country house in Madeira. [Sp.]

QUINTAD, kwin'tad, n. the same as Pentad.

QUINTADENA, kwin-ta-d[=e]'na, n. in organ-building, a mutation stop yielding a tone one-twelfth above the digital struck.

QUINTAIN, kwin't[=a]n, n. a post with a turning and loaded top or cross-piece, to be tilted at.--Also QUIN'TIN. [Fr.,--L. quintana, quintus, fifth, the place of recreation in the Roman camp being between the fifth and sixth maniples.]

QUINTAL, kwin'tal, n. a hundredweight, either 112 or 100 pounds according to the scale.--The QUINTAL MÉTRIQUE, the modern French quintal, is 100 kilograms=220 lb. avoirdupois. [Fr. and Sp. quintal--Ar. qint[)a]r--L. centum, a hundred.]

QUINTESSENCE, kwin-tes'ens, n. the pure concentrated essence of anything, the most essential part of anything: the fifth essence, according to the Pythagoreans, beyond earth, water, fire, air.--adj. QUINTESSEN'TIAL.--v.t. QUINTESSEN'TIALISE. [Fr.,--L. quinta essentia, fifth essence, orig. applied to ether, supposed to be purer than fire, the highest of the four ancient elements.]

QUINTET, QUINTETTE, kwin-tet', n. a musical composition for five voices or instruments: a company of five singers or players. [It. quintetto, dim. of quinto, a fifth part--L. quintus, fifth--quinque, five.]

QUINTIC, kwin'tik, adj. of the fifth degree.

QUINTILE, kwin'til, n. the aspect of planets distant from each other the fifth part of the zodiac, or 72°.

QUINTILLION, kwin-til'yun, n. the fifth power of a million, or a unit followed by thirty ciphers: generally, in U.S., the sixth power of one thousand, or a unit followed by eighteen ciphers.

QUINTOLE, kwin't[=o]l, n. a five-stringed viol common in France in the 18th century: a group of five notes to be played in the time of three, four, or six. [It. quinto--L. quintus, fifth.]

QUINTROON, kwin-tr[=oo]n', n. the offspring of a white by one who has one-sixteenth part of negro blood. [Sp. quinteron--L. quintus, fifth--quinque, five.]

QUINTUPLE, kwin't[=u]-pl, adj. fivefold: (mus.) having five crotchets in a bar.--v.t. to make or to increase fivefold.--ns. QUIN'T[=U]PLET, a set of five things: (pl.) five young at a birth: (mus.) same as QUINTOLE; QUINT[=U]'PLIC[=A]TE, consisting of five: one of five exactly corresponding things.--v.t. to make or to increase a set of fivefold.--n. QUINTUPLIC[=A]'TION. [Fr.,--L. quintuplex--quintus, fifth, plic[=a]re, to fold.]

QUINZAINE, kwin'z[=a]n, n. the fifteenth day onward from a feast day, counting itself: a stanza of fifteen lines. [Fr. quinze, fifteen--L. quindecim--quinque, five, decem, ten.]

QUINZE, kwinz, n. a card-game, like vingt-et-un, the object being to count as nearly to fifteen as possible without going above it.

QUIP, kwip, n. a sharp, sarcastic turn, a gibe: a quick retort.--v.i. to use sarcasms.--v.t. to sneer at.--adj. QUIP'PISH. [W. chwip, a quick turn, chwipio, to move briskly.]

QUIPU, k[=e]'p[=oo], or kwip'[=oo], n. the mnemonic language of coloured and knotted cords used by the Incas of ancient Peru--depending on order, colour, and kind.--Also QUIP'O. [Peruv., 'a knot.']

QUIRE, kw[=i]r, n. a collection of paper consisting of twenty-four sheets, the twentieth part of a ream, each having a single fold.--v.t. to fold in quires. [O. Fr. quaier (Fr. cahier), prob. from Low L. quaternum, a set of four sheets,--L. quatuor, four.]

QUIRE, kw[=i]r, n. old form of choir.--n. QU[=I]'RISTER, a chorister.

QUIRINUS, kwi-r[=i]'nus, n. an Italic divinity identified with the deified Romulus.--n. QUIRIN[=A]'LIA, a festival in ancient Rome in honour of Quirinus, on Feb. 17.

QUIRITES, kwi-r[=i]'tez, n.pl. the citizens of ancient Rome in their civil capacity.

QUIRK, kw[.e]rk, n. a quick turn: an artful evasion: a quibble: a taunt or retort: a slight conceit: inclination, turn: fantastic phrase: (archit.) an acute angle or recess.--v.i. to turn sharply.--v.t. to twist or turn: to furnish with a quirk or channel.--adjs. QUIRK'ISH, consisting of quirks; QUIRK'Y, abounding in quirks. [Skeat explains as prob. for obs. Eng. quirt, to turn; from W. chwired, a piece of craft, from chwiori, to turn briskly; cf. Gael. cuireid, a turn.]

QUIRT, kw[.e]rt, n. a riding-whip much used in the western states of North America.--v.t. to flog with a quirt. [Perh. Sp. cuerda, a rope.]

QUISCALUS, kwis'ka-lus, n. a genus of birds, the American grackles or crow-blackbirds.

QUIT, kwit, v.t. to pay, requite: to release from obligation, accusation, &c.: to acquit: to depart from: to give up: to clear by full performance: (Spens.) to remove by force: (coll.) to give over, cease:--pr.p. quit'ting; pa.t. and pa.p. quit'ted.--adj. (B.) set free: acquitted: released from obligation.--n. QUIT'-CLAIM, a deed of release.--v.t. to relinquish claim or title to.--n. QUIT'-RENT, a rent by which the tenants are discharged from all other services--in old records called white rent, as being paid in silver money.--adj. QUIT'TABLE, capable of being quitted.--ns. QUIT'TAL (Shak.), requital, repayment; QUIT'TANCE, a quitting or discharge from a debt or obligation: acquittance: recompense.--v.t. (obs.) to repay.--QUIT COST, to pay expenses; QUIT ONE'S SELF (B.), to behave; QUIT SCORES, to balance accounts.--BE QUITS, to be even with one; CRY QUITTANCE, to get even; DOUBLE OR QUITS, in gambling, said when a stake due is either to become double or be reduced to nothing, according to the issue of a certain chance; NOTICE TO QUIT (law), notice to a tenant of real property that he must surrender possession. [O. Fr. quiter (Fr. quitter)--Low L. quiet[=a]re, to pay--L. quiet[=a]re, to make quiet--quietus, quiet.]

QUI TAM, kw[=i] tam, an action on a penal statute, brought partly at the suit of the state and partly at that of an informer--from the first words. [L. qui, who, tam, as well.]

QUITCH, kwich, n. couch-grass.--Also QUITCH'-GRASS, QUICK'ENS. [Assibilated form of quick.]

QUITCH, kwich, v.i. (Spens.) to move. [A.S. cweccan, causative of cwacian, to quake.]

QUITE, kw[=i]t (Spens.). Same as QUIT.

QUITE, kw[=i]t, adv. completely: wholly: entirely.--QUITE A LITTLE, a good few: considerable; QUITE SO, a phrase denoting assent in conversation. [Merely an adv. use of the adj. quit.]

QUITTER, kwit'[.e]r, n. a fistulous sore on the quarters or the heel of the coronet of a horse's hoof.--v.i. to suppurate.

QUIVER, kwiv'[.e]r, adj. (Shak.) nimble, active.

QUIVER, kwiv'[.e]r, n. a case for arrows.--adj. QUIV'ERED, furnished with a quiver: sheathed, as in a quiver. [O. Fr. cuivre; from Old High Ger. kohhar (Ger. köcher); cog. with A.S. cocer.]

QUIVER, kwiv'[.e]r, v.i. to shake with slight and tremulous motion: to tremble: to shiver.--ns. QUIV'ER, QUIV'ERING, a tremulous motion, shiver.--adv. QUIV'ERINGLY, with quivering.--adj. QUIV'ERISH, tremulous. [A.S. cwifer, seen in adv. cwiferlíce, eagerly. Cf. Quick and Quaver.]

QUI VIVE, k[=e] v[=e]v, Who goes there?--the challenge of French sentries to those who approach their posts.--BE ON THE QUI VIVE, to be on the alert. [Fr.,--qui, who, vive, 3d pers. sing. pres. subj. of vivre, to live--L. viv[)e]re.]

QUIXOTIC, kwiks-ot'ik, adj. like Don Quixote, the knight-errant in the great romance of Cervantes (1547-1616), extravagantly romantic, aiming at an impossible ideal.--adv. QUIXOT'ICALLY.--ns. QUIX'OTISM, QUIX'OTRY, absurdly romantic, impracticable, and magnanimous notions, schemes, or actions like those of Don Quixote.

QUIZ, kwiz, n. a riddle or enigma: one who quizzes another: an odd fellow: a monocular eye-glass, often with a handle: (coll.) an oral examination of a pupil or class by a teacher.--v.t. to puzzle: to banter or make sport of: to examine narrowly and with an air of mockery.--v.i. to practise derisive joking:--pr.p. quiz'zing; pa.t. and pa.p. quizzed.--ns. QUIZ'ZER; QUIZ'ZERY.--adj. QUIZ'ZICAL.--ns. QUIZZICAL'ITY; QUIZZIFIC[=A]'TION.--v.t. QUIZ'ZIFY, to turn into a quiz.--ns. QUIZ'ZINESS, oddness; QUIZ'ZING, raillery; QUIZ'ZING-GLASS, a single eye-glass. [Origin obscure; doubtless framed from question, or direct from L. quæso, I ask.]

QUOAD, kw[=o]'ad, prep. as far as, to this extent.--QUOAD HOC, as far as this; QUOAD OMNIA, in respect of all things; QUOAD SACRA, as far as concerns sacred matters, as a parish disjoined for ecclesiastical purposes only. [L.]

QUOD, kwod, n. (slang) prison.

QUODLIBET, kwod'li-bet, n. a scholastic argument upon a subject chosen at will, almost invariably theological: a humorous fanciful combination of two or more familiar melodies.--n. QUODLIBET[=A]'RIAN, one given to quodlibets.--adjs. QUODLIBET'IC, -AL. [L., 'what you please'--quod, what, libet, it pleases.]

QUODLIN, kwod'lin, n. (Bacon). Same as CODLIN.

QUOIF, koif, n. a cap or hood.--v.t. to cover or dress with a coif.

QUOIN, koin, n. (archit.) a wedge used to support and steady a stone: an external angle, esp. of a building: (gun.) a wedge of wood or iron put under the breech of heavy guns or the muzzle of siege-mortars to raise them to the proper level: (print.) a wedge used to fasten the types in the forms.--v.t. to wedge or steady with quoins. [Coin.]

QUOIT, koit, n. a heavy flat ring of iron for throwing as near as possible to one hob or pin from the other--18 to 21 yards apart--the points in the game counted as in bowls or curling: (pl.) the game played with such rings.--v.i. to throw quoits: to throw as with a quoit. [Perh. from O. Fr. coiter, to drive, which may be from L. coact[=a]re--cog[)e]re, to force.]

QUONDAM, kwon'dam, adj. that was formerly: former. [L., formerly.]

QUONIAM, kw[=o]'ni-am, n. the part of the 'Gloria in Excelsis' beginning 'For Thou only art holy:' the musical setting thereof: (obs.) a kind of drinking-cup. [L., 'since now.']

QUOOK, kwook (Spens.), pa.t. of quake.

QUOP, kwop, v.i. to move: to throb, as the heart.--Also QUAB, QUAP.

QUORUM, kw[=o]'rum, n. a number of the members of any body sufficient to transact business. [The first word of a commission formerly issued to certain justices, of whom (L. quorum) a certain number had always to be present when the commission met.]

QUOTA, kw[=o]'ta, n. the part or share assigned to each.--n. QUOT'ITY (Carlyle), the number of individuals in a collection. [It.,--L. quotus, of what number?--quot, how many?]

QUOTE, kw[=o]t, v.t. to repeat the words of any one: to adduce for authority or illustration: to give the current price of: to enclose within quotation marks: (Shak.) to set down in writing.--v.i. to make a quotation.--adj. QU[=O]'TABLE, that may be quoted.--ns. QU[=O]'TABLENESS, QU[=O]TABIL'ITY.--adv. QU[=O]'TABLY.--ns. QU[=O]T[=A]'TION, act of quoting: that which is quoted: the current price of anything; QU[=O]T[=A]'TION-MARK, one of the marks used to note the beginning and the end of a quotation--generally consisting of two inverted commas at the beginning, and two apostrophes at the end of a quotation; but a single comma and a single apostrophe are frequently used; QU[=O]'TER. [O. Fr. quoter, to number--Low L. quot[=a]re, to divide into chapters and verses--L. quotus, of what number?--quot, how many?]

QUOTH, kw[=o]th, v.t. say, says, or said--used only in the 1st and 3d persons present and past, and always followed by its subject.--interj. QU[=O]'THÄ, forsooth, indeed. [A.S. cwethan, pa.t. cwæth, to say. For quoth'a, said he--'a being a corr. of he.]

QUOTIDIAN, kw[=o]-tid'i-an, adj. every day: occurring daily.--n. anything returning daily: (med.) a kind of ague that returns daily. [Fr.,--L. quotidianus--quot, as many as, dies, a day.]

QUOTIENT, kw[=o]'shent, n. (math.) the number which shows how often one number is contained in another.--n. QU[=O]T[=I]'ETY, the proportionate frequency of an event. [Fr.,--L. quotiens, quoties, how often?--quot, how many?]

QUOTUM, kw[=o]'tum, n. quota: share: part or proportion. [L., neut. of quotus; cf. Quota.]

QUO WARRANTO, kw[=o] wo-ran'to, n. (law) the title of a writ by which a person or corporate body is summoned to show by what warrant a particular franchise or office is claimed. [So called from these words in the writ. L. quo, by what (abl. sing. neut. of quis, who, which, what), warranto, abl. of Low L. warrantum, warrant.]

* * * * *

R the eighteenth letter in our alphabet, belonging to the class of liquids--the 'dog's letter' (littera canina), from the trilling or vibration of the tip of the tongue: as a medieval numeral=80; [=R]=80,000.--THE THREE R'S, a humorous term for reading, writing, and arithmetic.

RA, rä, n. the supreme sun-god of the Memphite system of ancient Egyptian mythology.

RABANNA, ra-ban'a, n. matting made from the fibre of the raffia, in Madagascar. [Malagasy.]

RABAT, ra-bä', n. a neck-band with flaps worn by French ecclesiastics: a turned-down collar or ruff--(obs.) RAB'ATINE, RAB[=A]'TO. [Fr.]

RABATE, ra-b[=a]t', v.t. to beat down.--n. abatement. [Fr. rabattre, to beat down--re-, again, abattre--L. ad, to, batu[)e]re, to beat.]

RABBET, rab'et, n. a groove cut in the edge of a plank so that another may fit into it.--v.t. to groove a plank thus.--ns. RABB'ETING-MACHINE', -PLANE, -SAW, for ploughing and cutting grooves; RABB'ET-JOINT, a joint formed by fitting together timber with rabbets. [O. Fr. raboter, to plane--rabouter--re-, again, aboter, abouter, to thrust against.]

RABBI, rab'i, or rab'[=i], RABBIN, rab'in, n. Jewish title of a doctor or expounder of the law:--pl. RABBIS (rab'[=i]z), RABB'INS.--ns. RABB'AN ('our master'), a title of greater honour than rabbi; RABB'INATE, the dignity of a rabbi.--adjs. RABBIN'IC, -AL, pertaining to the rabbis or to their opinions, learning, and language.--n. RABBIN'IC, the later Hebrew.--adv. RABBIN'ICALLY.--ns. RABB'INISM, the doctrine or teaching of the rabbis: a rabbinical peculiarity of expression: the late Jewish belief which esteemed the oral law equally with the written law of God; RABB'INIST, RABB'INITE, one who adheres to the Talmud and traditions of the rabbis; RABB[=O]'NI, my great master. [Gr.,--Heb. rabbí--rab, great, master--r[=a]bab, to be great. Cf. Ar. rabb, master, the Lord.]

RABBIT, rab'it, n. a small rodent burrowing animal of the hare family: a cony: any member of the hare family.--v.i. to hunt rabbits.--ns. RABB'IT-BRUSH, a North American composite plant; RABB'IT-EAR, a long slender oyster; RABB'ITER, one who hunts rabbits; RABB'IT-FISH, the 'king of the herrings;' RABB'IT-HUTCH, a box for the rearing of rabbits; RABB'IT-MOTH, a moth in United States of a furry appearance; RABB'IT-MOUTH, harelip; RABB'IT-ROOT, the wild sarsaparilla; RABB'ITRY, a rabbit-warren; RABB'IT-SQUIRR'EL, a chincha, a South American rodent; RABB'IT-SUCK'ER (Shak.), a sucking rabbit; RABB'IT-WARR'EN, a place where rabbits are kept and bred.--SNOW-SHOE RABBIT, an American hare found in the Rocky Mountains which turns white in winter; WELSH RABBIT, melted cheese with a little ale poured over a slice of hot toast--sometimes written 'Welsh rarebit' by wiseacres. [M. E. rabet, dim. of a form seen in Old Dut. robbe.]

RABBIT, rab'it, v.t. an interjectional expression, like confound. [Perh. a corr. of rabate.]

RABBLE, rab'l, n. a disorderly, noisy crowd: a mob: the lowest class of people.--adj. disorderly.--v.i. to utter nonsense.--v.t. (Scot.) to mob.--ns. RABB'LEMENT, a tumultuous crowd of low people; RABB'LING (Scot.), the act of assaulting in a disorderly manner, mobbing. [Allied to Old Dut. rabbelen, to gabble, Prov. Ger. rabbeln.]

RABBLE, rab'l, n. an iron bar used in puddling.--v.t. to stir with a rabble.--n. RABB'LER. [O. Fr. roable (Fr. râble)--L. rutabulum, a poker.]

RABDOMANCY. Same as RHABDOMANCY.

RABELAISIAN, rab-e-l[=a]'zi-an, n. characteristic of Rabelais (1490-1553), broadly humorous, coarse.

RABI, rab'i, n. the great grain crop of Hindustan.

RABID, rab'id, adj. furious: mad: affected with rabies, as a dog: foolishly intense.--adj. RAB'IC, pertaining to rabies.--adv. RAB'IDLY.--ns. RAB'IDNESS; R[=A]'BIES, the disease (esp. of dogs) from which hydrophobia is communicated: canine madness.--adjs. R[=A]BIET'IC, resembling madness; R[=A]BIF'IC, communicating hydrophobia; R[=A]'BIOUS, raging. [L. rabidus--rab[)e]re, to rave.]

RABOT, rab'ot, n. a rubber used in polishing marble.

RACA, r[=a]'ka, adj. worthless--a term of contempt used by the Jews of Christ's day; cf. Matt. v. 22. [Chaldee r[=e]k[=a], worthless; perh. conn. with raq, to spit (Ar. r[=i]q), or with r[=i]q[=a], empty.]

RACCAHOUT, rak'a-h[=oo]t, n. an Eastern dish made from the edible acorns of the oak. [Fr.,--Ar. r[=a]quat, r[=a]qaout, a nourishing starch.]

RACCOON, RACOON, ra-k[=oo]n', n. a genus of the bear family of North America, valuable for its fur.--ns. RACCOON'-BERR'Y, the May apple of the United States; RACCOON'-OYS'TER, an oyster growing on the shores of the sea in United States. [Amer. Ind.]

RACE, r[=a]s, n. the human family: the descendants of a common ancestor: a breed or variety: a tribal or national stock: a line of persons, as of statesmen, or of animals, as the feline race: a herd: peculiar flavour, as of wine, by which its origin may be recognised: (Shak.) intrinsic character, vigour. [Fr.,--Old High Ger. reiza, a line.]

RACE, r[=a]s, n. rapid motion: trial of speed: progress: course of action: a strong and rapid current: a canal to a water-wheel: a competitive trial of speed in running, walking, &c.: a horse-race, as the Ascot races.--v.i. to run swiftly: to contend in running.--v.t. to cause to race, as steamers, horses, &c.--ns. RACE'-CARD, a card containing information about races; RACE'-COURSE, -GROUND, -TRACK, the course over which races are run; RACE'-CUP, a piece of plate forming a prize at a race; RACE'HORSE, a horse bred for racing; RACE'-MEET'ING, a meeting for purposes of horse-racing; R[=A]'CER, one who races: a racehorse; RACE'-WAY, a mill-race; R[=A]'CING, the running of races; R[=A]'CING-BIT, a light jointed ring-bit; CONSOL[=A]'TION-RACE (see CONSOLATION); FLAT'-RACE, a horse-race over level or clear ground--opp. to a Hurdle-race or Steeplechase, which are called generally Obstacle-races.--RACING CALENDAR, a full list of races to be run. [A.S. r['æ]s, stream; Ice. rás, rapid course.]

RACE, r[=a]s, n. (Shak.) a root.--n. RACE'-GIN'GER, unpulverised ginger. [O. Fr. rais--L. radix, a root.]

RACE, r[=a]s, v.t. (obs.)=Raze.--adj. RACED.

RACEME, ra-s[=e]m', n. a cluster: a flower-cluster, as in the currant.--adjs. RACEMED', having racemes; RACEM'IC, pertaining to, or obtained from, grapes: an acid obtained from a certain kind of grape; RACEMIF'EROUS, bearing racemes; RAC'EM[=O]SE, RAC'EMOUS, growing in, or resembling, a raceme.--n. RAC'EM[=U]LE, a small raceme.--adj. RACEM'UL[=O]SE, bearing small racemes. [Fr.,--L. racemus.]

RACH, RATCH, rach, n. a dog that hunts by scent. [A.S. ræcc, a dog; Ice. rakki.]

RACHIANECTES, ra-ki-an-ek'tez, n. the gray whale of the North Pacific. [Gr. rhachia, a rocky shore, n[=e]kt[=e]s, a swimmer.]

RACHIS, r[=a]'kis, n. the spine: (bot.) a branch or axis of inflorescence which proceeds in nearly a straight line from the base to the apex:--pl. R[=A]'CHID[=E]S.--n. R[=A]CHIAL'GIA, pain in the spine.--adjs. R[=A]CHIAL'GIC; R[=A]CHID'IAL, R[=A]CHID'IAN.--n. R[=A]CHIL'LA, a secondary rachis in a compound inflorescence.--adj. R[=A]CHIT'IC, rickety.--ns. R[=A]CH[=I]'TIS, rickets in children (see RICKETS): (bot.) a disease which produces abortion in the fruit; R[=A]CH'ITOME, an anatomical instrument for opening the spinal canal. [Gr. rachis, the spine.]

RACIAL, r[=a]'si-al, adj. relating to lineage, peculiar to a race.--adv. R[=A]'CIALLY.

RACK, rak, n. an instrument for racking or extending: an engine for stretching the body in order to extort a confession, hence (fig.) extreme pain, anxiety, or doubt: a framework on which articles are arranged, as hat-rack, plate-rack, letter-rack, &c.: the grating above a manger for hay: (mech.) a straight bar with teeth to work into those of a wheel, pinion, or endless screw, for converting a circular into a rectilinear motion, or vice versâ: (Scot.) the course in curling.--v.t. to stretch forcibly: to strain: to stretch on the rack or wheel: to torture: to exhaust: to worry, agitate: to wrest, overstrain: to practise rapacity: to extort: to place in a rack or frame: (naut.) to seize together with cross-turns, as two ropes.--n. RACK'ER, one who tortures.--adj. RACK'ING, tormenting.--ns. RACK'-RAIL, a railway having cogs which work into similar cogs on a locomotive; RACK'-RENT, an annual rent stretched to the utmost value of the thing rented, exorbitant rent.--v.t. to subject to such rents.--ns. RACK'-RENT'ER, one who exacts or pays rack-rent; RACK'-STICK, a stick for stretching a rope; RACK'-TAIL, a bent arm in a repeating clock connected with the striking mechanism; RACK'WORK, a strong bar with cogs to correspond with similar cogs on a wheel, which either moves or is moved by the bar.--LIVE AT RACK AND MANGER, to live sumptuously and wastefully; ON THE RACK, stretched upon it: tortured by anxiety; PUT TO THE RACK, to put to the torture of the rack: to subject to keen suffering. [The radical sense is to stretch, closely allied to reach (q.v.); cf. Ice. rakkr, straight, Ger. rack, a rail, recken, to stretch.]

RACK, rak, n. same as WRACK=Wreck--now used only in the phrases GO TO RACK, GO TO RACK AND RUIN. [Cf. the next word.]

RACK, rak, n. thin or broken clouds drifting across the sky.--v.i. to drift, to drive. [Wrack; cf. Ice. rek.]

RACK, rak, v.t. to strain or draw off from the lees, as wine.--ns. RACK'ING-CAN, a vessel from which wine can be drawn without disturbing the lees; RACK'ING-COCK, -FAU'CET, a cock used in drawing off liquour from a cask; RACK'ING-PUMP, a pump for the transfer of liquor to casks. [O. Fr. raquer, vin raqué; prob. cog. with Sp. rascar, to scrape.]

RACK, rak, n. (prov.) the neck and spine of a fore-quarter of veal or mutton: the neck of mutton or pork.

RACK, rak, n. the gait of a horse between a trot and a gallop.--n. RACK'ER, a horse that moves in this gait. [Perh. rack, to drift, or rock.]

RACK, rak, n. same as ARRACK.--RACK PUNCH, a punch made with arrack.

RACK, rak, n. a young rabbit. [Orig. unknown.]

RACKABONES, rak'a-b[=o]nz, n. (Amer.) a very lean person or animal.

RACKAROCK, rak'a-rok, n. an explosive of potassium chlorate and nitro-benzol.--Also REND'ROCK.

RACKET, RACQUET, rak'et, n. a bat for playing tennis: a snow-shoe: an organ-stop: a 17th-cent. musical instrument: (pl.) a modern variety of the old game of tennis.--v.t. to strike, as with a racket.--ns. RACK'ET-, RACQ'UET-COURT, -GROUND, a court for playing rackets: a tennis-court; RACK'ET-TAIL, a humming-bird with two feathers like rackets.--adj. RACK'ET-TAILED. [O. Fr. rachete (Fr. raquette)--Sp. raqueta--Ar. r[=a]hat, the palm of the hand.]

RACKET, rak'et, n. a clattering noise: hurly-burly.--v.i. to make a clattering noise: to engage in racket of any kind: to be dissipated.--n. RACK'ETER.--adj. RACK'ETY.--v.t. and v.i. RACK'LE (prov.), to rattle.--n. noisy talk. [Gael. racaid--rac, to cackle.]

RACONTEUR, ra-kong-t[.e]r', n. a story-teller. [Fr.]

RACOON. See RACCOON.

RACOVIAN, ra-k[=o]'vi-an, n. a 17th-cent. Polish Socinian--their seminary being at Rakow.

RACY, r[=a]'si, adj. having a strong flavour imparted by the soil, as wine: exciting to the mind by strongly characteristic thought or language: spirited: pungent, as a racy story: peculiar to the race.--adv. R[=A]'CILY.--n. R[=A]'CINESS. [Race, a family.]

RAD, rad (Spens.), pa.t. of read and ride.

RAD, rad, adj. (Scot.) afraid.

RAD, rad, n. short for radical.

RADDLE, rad'l, v.t. to interweave: to beat.--n. a hedge formed by interweaving the branches of trees: a hurdle: split wood like laths: a wooden bar used in domestic weaving. [Perh. a transposed form of hurdle; or perh. formed from wreathe, or writhe, and confused with hurdle.]

RADDLE, rad'l, n. a layer of red pigment--also REDD'LE.--v.t. to colour coarsely, as with raddle: to do work in a slovenly way. [Ruddle.]

RADE, r[=a]d, old form of rode.

RADIAL, r[=a]'di-al, adj. shooting out like a ray or radius: pertaining to the radius of the forearm: (bot.) developing uniformly on all sides.--ns. R[=A]DI[=A]'LE, the radiocarpal bone:--pl. R[=A]DI[=A]'LIA; R[=A]DI[=A]'LIS, a radial muscle, artery, or nerve:--pl. R[=A]DI[=A]'LES; R[=A]DIALIS[=A]'TION, arrangement in radiating forms.--v.t. R[=A]'DIALISE, to make ray-like: to cause to radiate.--n. R[=A]DIAL'ITY, radial symmetry.--adv. R[=A]'DIALLY, in the manner of a radius or of rays.--adjs. R[=A]'DIOCAR'PAL, pertaining to the wrist or carpus; R[=A]'DIOMUS'CULAR, pertaining to the radius and to muscles; R[=A]'DIO-UL'NAR, pertaining to the radius and the ulna.--RADIAL ARTERY, the smaller of the branches of the branchial artery at the elbow.

RADIAN, r[=a]'di-an, n. the angle subtended at the centre of a circle by an arc equal to the radius.

RADIANT, r[=a]'di-ant, adj. emitting rays of light or heat: issuing in rays: beaming with light: shining: (her.) edged with rays.--n. (opt.) the luminous point from which light emanates: (astron.) the centre point from which meteoric showers proceed: (geom.) a straight line from a point about which it is conceived to revolve.--ns. R[=A]'DIANCE, R[=A]'DIANCY, quality of being radiant: brilliancy: splendour.--adv. R[=A]'DIANTLY.--adj. R[=A]'DIOUS (obs.), radiant.--RADIANT ENERGY, energy in the form of light or radiant heat; RADIANT HEAT, heat proceeding in rays or direct lines from a centre. [L. radians, -antis, pr.p. of radi[=a]re, -[=a]tum, to radiate--radius.]

RADIATA, r[=a]-di-[=a]'ta, n.pl. the lowest of Cuvier's four great divisions of the animal kingdom--the organs of sense and motion disposed as rays round a centre.

RADIATE, r[=a]'di-[=a]t, v.i. to emit rays of light: to shine: to proceed in direct lines from any point or surface.--v.t. to send out in rays: to furnish with rays.--adjs. R[=A]'DI[=A]TE, -D, formed of rays diverging from a centre: (bot.) consisting of a disc in which the florets are tubular: (min.) having crystals diverging from a centre: belonging to the Radiata: in coins, represented with rays proceeding from a centre, as a head or bust.--adv. R[=A]'DIATELY, in a radiate manner: with radiation from a centre.--adj. R[=A]DI[=A]'TIFORM, having the appearance of being radiate.--adv. R[=A]'DIATINGLY.--n. R[=A]DI[=A]'TION, act of radiating: the emission and diffusion of rays of light or heat.--adj. R[=A]'DIATIVE.--n. R[=A]'DIATOR, a body which radiates or emits rays of light or heat: a part of a heating apparatus for a room.--adj. R[=A]'DIATORY.--ns. R[=A]DIOFLAGELL'ATA, marine animalcules; R[=A]'DIOGRAPH, an instrument by which solar radiation is measured.--adj. R[=A]DIOL[=A]'RIAN, pertaining to the ooze at the bottom of the sea, composed of the shells of RADIOL[=A]'RIANS, a class of marine rhizopod Protozoa, so called from their having thread-like processes of living matter radiating outwards on all sides.--ns. R[=A]D[=I]'OLUS, one of the barbules of the main shaft of a feather; R[=A]DIOM'ETER, an instrument consisting of four horizontal arms of very fine glass, carefully poised so as to revolve easily on a point, the whole contained in a glass vessel almost exhausted of air--the arms move round under light or heat, more or less swiftly according to the strength of the rays.--adj. R[=A]DIOMET'RIC.--ns. R[=A]DIOMICROM'ETER, an instrument for measuring very small amounts of heat; R[=A]'DIOPHONE, an instrument for producing or transmitting sound by heat-rays.--adj. R[=A]DIOPHON'IC.--ns. R[=A]DIOPHON'ICS, R[=A]'DIOPHONY, the production of sound by radiant heat; R[=A]'DIUM, a rare element whose radiations act upon photographic plates and have properties like the X-rays.

RADICAL, rad'i-kal, adj. pertaining to the root or origin: original: fundamental: intrinsic: primitive: implanted by nature: not derived: serving to originate: (bot.) proceeding immediately from the root: (politics) ultra-liberal, democratic.--n. a root: a primitive word or letter: one who advocates radical reform, an uncompromising democratic politician: (chem.) the base of a compound.--v.t. RAD'ICALISE, to make radical.--v.i. to become radical, adopt radical political principles.--n. RAD'ICALISM, the principles or spirit of a radical or democrat.--adv. RAD'ICALLY.--n. RAD'ICALNESS. [Radix.]

RADICATE, rad'i-k[=a]t, adj. deeply rooted: firmly established: (zool.) fixed at the bottom as if rooted: (conch.) adhering like a limpet.--v.t. to root: to plant or fix deeply and firmly:--pr.p. rad'ic[=a]ting; pa.p. rad'ic[=a]ted.--adjs. RAD'ICANT (bot.), sending out roots from the stem above the ground; RADIC[=A]'RIAN, relating to roots; RAD'ICATED, rooted.--ns. RADIC[=A]'TION, the act or process of radicating or taking root deeply: (bot.) the disposition of the root with respect to the ascending or descending stem; RAD'ICEL, a rootlet.--adjs. RADICIC'OLOUS, RADIC'OLOUS, living on roots, pertaining to the root-form of the phylloxera; RADICIFL[=O]'ROUS, flowering from the root; RADIC'IFORM, like a root.--n. RAD'ICLE, a little root: the part of a seed which in growing becomes the root.--adjs. RAD'IC[=O]SE, having a large root; RADIC'[=U]LAR, pertaining to a radicle.--n. RAD'IC[=U]LE (bot.), that end of the embryo which is opposite to the cotyledons.--adj. RADIC'[=U]L[=O]SE (bot.), covered with rootlets: radicose, having a large root. [L. radic[=a]ri, -[=a]tus, to take root--radix, a root.]

RADISH, rad'ish, n. an annual whose succulent pungent root is eaten raw as a salad.--ns. RAD'ISH-FLY, an American insect; SEA'SIDE-RAD'ISH, the wild radish. [Fr. radis--Prov. raditz--L. radix, radicis, a root.]

RADIUS, r[=a]'di-us, n. (geom.) a straight line from the centre to the circumference of a circle: anything like a radius, as the spoke of a wheel: a ray: (anat.) the exterior bone of the arm: (bot.) the ray of a flower: the movable arm of a sextant: one of the radiating lines of a geometrical spider's web:--pl. R[=A]'DII ([=i]).--ns. R[=A]'DIUS-BAR, -ROD, in a steam-engine, a rod pivoted at one end and connected at the other with a concentrically moving part at a fixed distance.--RADIUS VECTOR (pl. Radii vectores), the distance from a fixed origin to any point of a curve. [L., a rod.]

RADIX, r[=a]'diks, n. a root: primitive source: a primitive word from which other words are formed: the base of a system of logarithms:--pl. RADICES (r[=a]-d[=i]'s[=e]z). [L. radix, radic-is.]

RADOUB, ra-d[=oo]b', n. the refitting of a ship. [Fr., radouber, to mend. Cf. Redub.]

RADULA, rad'[=u]-la, n. the tongue or lingual ribbon of a mollusc.--adjs. RAD'[=U]LAR; RAD'[=U]L[=A]TE; RAD[=U]LIF'EROUS, bearing a radula; RAD'[=U]LIFORM, rasp-like: like a file. [L.,--rad[)e]re, to scrape.]

RAFF, raf, n. the sweepings of society, the rabble: the riff-raff: rubbish: a low worthless fellow, a rowdy.--v.t. (obs.) to snatch, to sweep off.--adj. RAFF'ISH, worthless. [O. Fr. raffer, to catch; cog. with Ger. raffen, to snatch; cf. Riff-raff.]

RAFF, RAFFE, raf, n. (naut.) a three-cornered sail set on a schooner when before the wind.--Also RAFF'IE.

RAFFIA. Same as RAPHIA.

RAFFLE, raf'l, n. a kind of sale by chance or lottery in which the price is subscribed equally by all who hope to win.--v.i. to try a raffle.--n. RAFF'LER. [Fr. rafle, a certain game of dice--rafler, to sweep away--Ger. raffeln, freq. of raffen (A.S. reafian), to seize.]

RAFFLE, raf'l, n. lumber, rubbish. [Cf. Raff (1).]

RAFFLED, raf'ld, adj. having the edge finely notched.

RAFFLESIA, raf-l[=e]'zi-a, n. a remarkable genus of apetalous parasitic plants, named after Sir T. Stamford Raffles (1781-1826), British governor in Sumatra (1818).

RAFT, raft, n. (U.S.) a miscellaneous or promiscuous lot. [A variant of Raff (1).]

RAFT, raft, n. a collection of pieces of timber fastened together for a support on the water: planks conveyed by water.--v.t. to transport on a raft: to form into a raft.--v.i. to manage a raft, travel by raft.--ns. RAFT'-BRIDGE, a bridge supported on rafts; RAFT'-DOG, an iron bar fitted for securing logs in a raft; RAFT'-DUCK, the black-head duck of the United States; RAFT'-PORT, a square hole in some ships for convenience in loading and unloading timber; RAFT'-ROPE, a rope used in whaling-vessels for stringing blubber; RAFTS'MAN, one who guides a raft. [Ice. raptr (pron. raftr), a rafter--ráf, ræfr, a roof; cf. Old High Ger. r[=a]fo, a spar.]

RAFTER, raft'[.e]r, n. an inclined beam supporting the roof of a house.--v.t. to furnish with rafters.--n. RAFT'ER-BIRD, the spotted fly-catcher.--PRINCIPAL RAFTER, a main timber in supporting the weight of a roof. [A.S. ræfter, a beam; Ice. raptr (raftr), a beam; Dan. raft, a pole.]

RAG, rag, n. a fragment of cloth: a rock having a rough irregular surface: a remnant, scrap: a beggarly person: anything rent or worn out.--adj. made of rags.--v.t. to make ragged.--v.i. to become ragged, to fray: (U.S. slang) to dress (out).--ns. RAG'ABASH, a low fellow; RAG'AMUFFIN, a low, disreputable person.--adj. RAG'AMUFFINLY.--ns. RAG'-BUSH, in some heathen countries, a bush dedicated to some deity and decorated with rags torn from the clothes of pilgrims; RAG'-DUST, the refuse of rags used by dyers; RAG'-FAIR, a fair or market for rags, old clothes, &c.; RAG'GERY, rags collectively; RAG'GING, the first rough separation of the ore from dross; RAG'-MAN, a man who collects or deals in rags; RAG'-MON'EY (slang), paper money; RAG'-PICK'ER, one who collects rags, &c., from ash-heaps, dung-hills, &c.: a machine for tearing old rags, &c., to pieces; RAG'-SHOP, a shop where rag-pickers dispose of their finds; RAG'-SORT'ER, one who sorts out rags for paper-making; RAG'-STONE, RAGG, an impure limestone, consisting chiefly of lime and silica; RAG'-TAG, the rabble; RAG'WEED, any plant of the composite genus Ambrosia; RAG'WHEEL, a wheel with teeth or cogs on the rim, which fit into the links of a chain or into rackwork: a cutlass polishing-wheel; RAG'-WOOL, shoddy; RAG'WORK, mason-work built of small stones about the size of bricks: a manufacture from strips of rag.--RAG-TAG AND BOBTAIL, a rabble. [Ice. rögg, shagginess.]

RAG, rag, v.t. to banter, torment.--Also n. [Perh. from the previous word; others refer to Ice. rægja, to calumniate; cog. with A.S. wrégan, to accuse.]

RAGBOLT, rag'b[=o]lt, n. an iron pin with barbed shank.

RAGE, r[=a]j, n. violent excitement: enthusiasm: rapture: furious anger: intensity: any object much sought after, the fashion.--v.i. to be furious with anger: to exercise fury: to prevail fatally, as a disease: to be violently agitated, as the waves.--v.t. to enrage.--adjs. RAGE'FUL, full of rage, furious; R[=A]'GING, acting with rage, violence, or fury.--adv. R[=A]'GINGLY.--All the rage (coll.), quite the fashion. [Fr.,--L. rabies--rab[)e]re, to rave.]

RAGG, rag, n. (geol.)=Ragstone. See under RAG (1).

RAGGED, rag'ed, adj. torn or worn into rags: having a rough edge: ruggedly uneven, jagged: wearing ragged clothes: shabby.--adv. RAGG'EDLY.--ns. RAGG'EDNESS; RAGG'ED-ROB'IN, the cuckoo flower; RAGG'ED-SAIL'OR, the prince's feather-plant; RAGG'ED-SCHOOL, a school for the destitute; RAGG'ED-STAFF (her.), a knotted stick with short stumps of branches on each side. [Cf. Rag.]

RAGGEE, rag'[=e], n. a species of millet, grown in Southern India. [Hind.]

RAGGLE, rag'l, v.t. to notch irregularly.--n. a ragged piece. [Freq. of rag.]

RAGLAN, rag'lan, n. a loose, wide-sleeved overcoat. [From Lord Raglan (1788-1855), commander of the English forces in the Crimea.]

RAGMAN-ROLL, rag'man-r[=o]l, n. a parchment roll with pendent seals, any important document, esp. the collection of instruments by which the Scotch nobles subscribed allegiance to Edward I. of England, 1291-2-6, and at the parliament of Berwick: a vague story (cf. Rigmarole). [Prob. Ice. ragmenni, a craven--ragr, cowardly (A.S. earg), madhr, man.]

RAGNARÖK, rag'na-r[=oo]k', n. the end of the world when the gods (Odin, Thor, &c.) shall be overcome by their enemies and the world burnt up. [Ice. ragna rökr, twilight of the gods--rögn, régin, the gods, rökr, darkness; but orig. ragna rök, the history of the gods--rök, reason, judgment.]

RAGOUT, ra-g[=oo]', n. a stew of meat with kitchen herbs, the French equivalent of Irish stew: any spicy mixture or combination, even of persons. [Fr.,--ragoûter, to restore the appetite--L. re, again, Fr. à (=ad), to, goût--L. gustus, taste.]

RAGULY, rag'[=u]-li, adj. (her.) ragged or notched at the edges.--Also RAG'ULED.

RAGWORT, rag'wurt, n. any one of several herbs of genus Senecio: a large coarse weed with a yellow flower.--GOLDEN RAGWORT, a North American plant; WOOLLY RAGWORT, a plant from one to three feet high, found in the United States, and covered with hoary wool. [Rag, and A.S. wyrt, a plant.]

RAHU, rä'h[=oo], n. in Hindu mythology, the demon who causes eclipses of sun and moon.

RAIBLE, r[=a]'bl, v.t. and v.i. a Scotch form of rabble.

RAID, r[=a]d, n. a hostile or predatory invasion: a sudden onset: an irruption, as if for assault or seizure.--v.t. to make a sudden attack.--n. RAID'ER, one who makes a raid.--RAID THE MARKET, to derange prices by a panic. [A.S. rád, a riding; Ice. reidh.]

RAIL, r[=a]l, n. a bar of timber or metal extending from one support to another, as in fences, staircases, &c.: one of those steel bars used on the permanent way of a railway, generally of that form known as the T-rail: a barrier: the railway as a means of travel or transport: (archit.) the horizontal part of a frame and panel: (naut.) the forecastle-rail, poop-rail, and top-rail are bars across the forecastle, &c.--v.t. to enclose with rails: to furnish with rails.--ns. RAIL'-BEND'ER, a screw-press for straightening rails; RAIL'-BOR'ER, a hand-drill for rails; RAIL'-CHAIR, an iron block by which the rails are secured to the sleepers; RAIL'-CLAMP, a wedge for clamping a rail firmly; RAIL'-COUP'LING, a bar by which the opposite rails of a railway are connected at curves, switches, &c.; RAIL'-GUARD, a guard-rail before a front wheel; RAIL'ING, a fence of posts and rails: material for rails; RAIL'-PUNCH, a machine for punching holes in the webs of rails; RAIL'ROAD, RAIL'WAY, a road or way laid with iron rails on which carriages run.--v.t. RAIL'ROAD (U.S.), to push forward fast.--ns. RAIL'ROADER, one employed about a railway; RAIL'ROAD-WORM, the apple maggot; RAIL'-SAW, a portable machine for sawing off metal rails; RAIL'-SPLIT'TER (U.S.), one who splits logs into rails for a fence; RAIL'WAY-CAR, a vehicle for the transportation of passengers and goods; RAIL'WAY-CARR'IAGE, a carriage for the conveyance of passengers; RAIL'WAY-CROSS'ING, an intersection of railway-lines: an intersection of an ordinary road with a railroad; RAIL'WAY-SLIDE, a turn-table; RAIL'WAY-STITCH, a loose and rapid stitch in knitting or crochet-work; RAIL'WAY-TRAIN (see TRAIN).--RAILWAY COMPANY, a stock company formed for the construction and working of a railway, usually organised by a legislative enactment.--ELEVATED RAILWAY, an elevated bridge-like structure used for railway purposes, to avoid obstruction of surface roadways; MILITARY RAILWAY, a railway equipped for military service, the locomotives being armoured, and the carriages armour-plated and provided with portholes for rifles; PORTABLE RAILWAY, a light railway made in detachable sections, and so suited for carrying easily from place to place. [Low Ger. regel, prob. through O. Fr. reille; cf. Ger. riegel, a bar. Some refer to L. regula through O. Fr. reille.]

RAIL, r[=a]l, v.i. to brawl: to use insolent language.--v.t. to scoff at, affect by railing.--n. RAIL'ER, one who rails: one who insults or defames by opprobrious language.--adj. RAIL'ING, reproachful, insulting.--n. reproachful and insulting language.--adv. RAIL'INGLY, in a railing manner: scoffingly: insultingly.--n. RAILLERY (r[=a]l'[.e]r-i, or ral'-), railing or mockery: banter: good-humoured irony. [Fr. railler--L. rallum, a hoe--rad[)e]re, to scrape.]

RAIL, r[=a]l, n. a genus of wading-birds with a harsh cry.--n. RAIL'-BIRD, the Carolina rail.--GOLDEN RAIL, a rail snipe. [O. Fr. rasle (Fr. râle)--Old Dut. ratelen, to rattle.]

RAIL, r[=a]l, v.i. (Spens.) to flow or pour down.

RAIL, r[=a]l, n. a robe--now only in Night-rail.

RAIMENT, r[=a]'ment, n. that in which one is dressed: clothing in general. [For arraiment. Cf. Array.]

RAIN, r[=a]n, n. water from the clouds in drops: a shower: a fall of any substance through the atmosphere in the manner of rain.--v.i. to fall from the clouds: to drop like rain.--v.t. to pour like rain.--ns. RAIN'BAND, a dark band in the solar spectrum; RAIN'-BIRD, a bird, like the RAIN'-CROW, supposed to foretell rain by its cries and actions; RAIN'BOW, the brilliant-coloured bow or arch seen when rain is falling opposite the sun, called lunar rainbow when formed by the moon; RAIN'BOW-DART'ER, the soldier-fish.--adjs. RAIN'BOWED, formed with, or like, a rainbow; RAIN'BOW-TINT'ED, having tints like those of a rainbow: iridescent.--ns. RAIN'BOW-TROUT, a variety of the Californian salmon; RAIN'-CHAM'BER, an attachment to a furnace in which the fumes of any metal are condensed; RAIN'-CHART, -MAP, a chart giving information as to the distribution of rain in any part of the world; RAIN'-CLOUD, a cloud in meteorology called nimbus; RAIN'DROP, a drop of rain; RAIN'FALL, a fall of rain: the amount of water that falls in a given time in the form of rain; RAIN'-GAUGE, an instrument for measuring the quantity of rain that falls; RAIN'INESS, the state of being rainy.--adj. RAIN'LESS, without rain.--ns. RAIN'-MAK'ER, -DOC'TOR, a sorcerer, as those of Africa, professing to bring rain; RAIN'-POUR, a heavy rainfall; RAIN'-PRINT, one of the small pits seen on the surfaces of some argillaceous rocks, and believed to be the impressions of raindrops.--adjs. RAIN'-PROOF, -TIGHT, impervious to rain.--ns. RAIN'STORM; RAIN'-TREE, the genisaro of South America; RAIN'-WA'TER, water which falls in rain from the clouds.--adj. RAIN'Y, abounding with rain: showery.--RAIN CATS AND DOGS (see CAT).--A RAINY DAY (fig.), a time of need or hardship: future want or need; THE FORMER AND THE LATTER RAIN, Palestine, the rain in spring and in autumn: rain in its season. [A.S. regn, rén, rain; Dut. and Ger. regen, Ice. regn.]

RAINDEER. Same as REINDEER.

RAISE, r[=a]z, v.t. to cause to rise: to lift up: to hoist: to set upright: to originate or produce: to bring together: to cause to grow or breed: to produce: to give rise to: to exalt: to increase the strength of: to excite: to collect: muster: (Scot.) to rouse, inflame: to recall from death: to cause to swell, as dough: to extol: to bring up: to remove, take off, as a blockade: to collect, as to raise a company: to give rise to, as to raise a laugh.--n. an ascent, a cairn: (coll.) an enlargement, increase.--adj. RAIS'ABLE, capable of being raised.--ns. RAIS'ER, one who, or that which, raises a building, &c.: (archit.) the upright board on the front of a step in a flight of steps; RAIS'ING, the act of lifting: the embossing of sheet-metal by hammering or stamping: the process of deepening colours in dyeing: that with which bread is raised; RAIS'ING-BEE, a gathering of neighbours to help in raising the frame of a house, &c.; RAIS'ING-BOARD, a ribbed board by which to raise the grain of leather; RAIS'ING-GIG, a machine for raising a nap on cloth; RAIS'ING-PIECE, a piece of timber laid on a brick wall, or on a frame, to carry a beam or beams; RAIS'ING-PLATE, a horizontal timber supporting the heels of rafters.--RAISE A SIEGE, to relinquish a siege, or cause this to be done; RAISE BREAD, to make it light, as by yeast or leaven; RAISE CAIN, THE DEVIL, HELL, THE MISCHIEF, &c., to create confusion or riot; RAISED BEACH (geol.), a terrace of gravel, &c., marking the margin of an ancient sea; RAISED EMBROIDERY, that in which the pattern is raised in relief from the ground; RAISED WORK, in lace-making, work having the edge or some other part of the pattern raised in relief; RAISE MONEY ON, to get money by pawning something; RAISE ONE'S DANDER (see DANDER); RAISE THE MARKET UPON (coll.), to charge more than the regular price; RAISE THE WIND, to obtain money by any shift. [M. E. reisen--Ice. reisa, causal of rísa, to rise. Cf. Rise.]

RAISIN, r[=a]'zn, n. a dried ripe grape.--RAISIN WINE, wine made from dried grapes. [Fr.,--L. racemus, a bunch of grapes.]

RAISON D'ÊTRE, r[=a]-zong' d[=a]'tr, n. reason or excuse for being: rational ground for existence.--adj. RAISONNÉ (r[=a]-zo-n[=a]'), reasoned out, systematic, as in 'catalogue raisonné.' [Fr. raison, reason, de, of, être, to be.]

RAJAH, RAJA, rä'ja, n. a native prince or king in Hindustan.--ns. RAJ (räj), rule; RA'JAHSHIP, the dignity or principality of a rajah; RAJPOOT, RAJPUT (räj-poot'), a member of various tribes in India, descended either from the old royal races of the Hindus or from the warrior caste. [Sans. r[=a]jan, a king, cog. with L. rex; Sans. putra, a son.]

RAKE, r[=a]k, n. an instrument with teeth or pins for smoothing earth, &c.: any tool consisting of a flat blade at right angles to a long handle.--v.t. to scrape with something toothed: to draw together: to gather with difficulty: to level with a rake: to search diligently: to pass over violently and swiftly: (naut.) to fire into, as a ship, lengthwise: to inter or hide, as by raking earth over a body.--v.i. to work with a rake: to search minutely.--ns. R[=A]'KER; R[=A]'KING, the act or operation of using a rake: the space raked at once: the quantity collected at once with a rake: sharp criticism.--adj. such as to rake, as a raking fire.--RAKE HELL, to search even hell to find a person equally bad; RAKE UP, to cover with material raked or scraped together: to draw from oblivion, to revive. [A.S. raca, a rake; Ger. rechen, Ice. reka, a shovel.]

RAKE, r[=a]k, n. [Contr. of rakehell.]

RAKE, r[=a]k, n. (naut.) the projection of the stem and stern of a ship beyond the extremities of the keel: the inclination of a mast from the perpendicular.--v.i. to incline from the perpendicular or the horizontal.--v.t. to cause to incline or slope.--adj. R[=A]'KISH, having a rake or inclination of the masts.--adv. R[=A]'KISHLY. [Scand., Sw. raka, to reach.]

RAKE, r[=a]k, n. a dissolute person: a libertine.--v.i. to lead a debauched life, esp. to make a practice of lechery.--n. RAKE'HELL, a rascal or villain: a debauchee.--adjs. RAKE'HELL, -Y, dissolute.--ns. RAKEHELL[=O]'NIAN, a rakehell; R[=A]'KERY, dissoluteness; RAKE'SHAME (Milt.), a base, dissolute wretch.--adj. R[=A]'KISH, like a rake: dissolute: debauched.--adv. R[=A]'KISHLY.--n. R[=A]'KISHNESS, dissoluteness: the state of being rakish or dissolute: dissolute practices. [Corr. of M. E. rakel, corr. into rakehell, shortened to rake; Scand., as Sw. rakkel, a vagabond, Ice. reikall, unsettled--reika, to wander.]

RAKE, r[=a]k, v.i. (prov.) to wander, to take a course, proceed: (hunting) of a hawk, to fly wide of the game: of a dog, to follow a wrong course.--RAKE ABOUT (Scot.), to gad or wander about. [M. E. raken--A.S. racian, to run; confused with M. E. raiken--Ice. reika, to wander.]

RAKI, rak'[=e], n. a spirituous liquor used in the Levant and Greece.--Also RAK'EE. [Turk.]

RAKSHAS, -A, rak'shas, -ä, n. in Hindu mythology, one of a class of evil spirits or genii, generally hideous, frequenting cemeteries.

RÂLE, räl, n. (path.) an abnormal sound heard on auscultation of the lungs. [Fr.,--râler, to rattle--Low Ger. ratelen, to rattle.]

RALLENTANDO, ral-len-tan'd[=o], adj. (mus.) becoming slower.--Also RALLENTA'TO, and abbrev. RALL. [It., rallentare, to slacken.]

RALLIER, ral'i-[.e]r, n. one who rallies.

RALLUS, ral'us, n. a genus containing the true rails, water-rails, and marsh-hens.--adjs. RALL'IFORM; RALL'INE. [Rail.]

RALLY, ral'i, v.t. to gather again: to collect and arrange, as troops in confusion: to recover.--v.i. to reassemble, esp. after confusion: to recover wasted strength:--pa.t. and pa.p. rallied (ral'id).--n. act of rallying: a mêlée of pantomimists, as at the end of a transformation scene: recovery of order: recovery of prices: the return of the ball in tennis, playing frequently from one side to the other.--n. RALL'YING-POINT, a place or person at or about whom people come together for action. [O. Fr. rallier--L. re-, again, ad, to, lig[=a]re, to bind. Cf. Ally.]

RALLY, ral'i, v.t. to attack with raillery: to banter.--v.i. to exercise raillery:--pa.t. and pa.p. rall'ied.--n. satirical merriment.--adv. RALL'YINGLY. [Fr. railler. A variant of rail (v.i.).]

RALPH, ralf, n. (slang) the imp of mischief in a printing-house: a raven.

RAM, ram, n. a male sheep, a tup: (astron.) Aries (q.v.), one of the signs of the zodiac: an engine of war for battering, with a head like that of a ram: a hydraulic engine, called water-ram: a ship-of-war armed with a heavy iron beak for running down a hostile vessel.--v.t. to thrust with violence, as a ram with its head: to force together: to drive hard down:--pr.p. ram'ming; pa.t. and pa.p. rammed.--n. RAM'-HEAD, an iron lever for raising great stones: a cuckold. [A.S. ram, rom; Ger. ramm.]

RAM, ram, adj. strong-scented: (used as a prefix) very.--n. RAM'-CAT, a tom-cat.--adj. RAM'MISH, strong-scented: lewd.--n. RAM'MISHNESS.--adj. RAM'MY. [Ice. ramr, strong, as Ice. ramliga, strongly.]

RAMADAN, RAMADHAN, ram-a-dan', n. the ninth month of the Mohammedan year, throughout which the faithful are required to fast from dawn to sunset--prop. RAMAZAN'. [Ar.,--ramed, to be hot.]

RAMAL. See RAMUS.

RAMAYANA, rä-mä'ya-nä, n. one of the two great epic poems of ancient India--the history of Rama.

RAMBADE, ram'b[=a]d, n. the elevated platform built across the prow of a vessel for boarding. [Fr.]

RAMBLE, ram'bl, v.i. to go from place to place without object: to visit many places: to be desultory, as in discourse.--n. a roving about: an irregular excursion: a place in which to ramble.--n. RAM'BLER.--adj. RAM'BLING, moving about irregularly: desultory.--adv. RAM'BLINGLY, in a rambling manner. [Freq. of M. E. ramen, to roam.]

RAMBUSTIOUS, ram-bus'tyus, adj. (slang) boisterous.

RAMBUTAN, ram-b[=oo]'tan, n. the edible fruit of a lofty Malaysian tree (Nephelium lappaceum).--Also RAMB[=OO]'TAN, RAMBOST'AN. [Malay.]

RAMÉ, ra-m[=a]', adj. (her.) attired. [O. Fr., 'branched.']

RAMEAL, r[=a]'m[=e]-al, adj.; RAMIFY, &c. See under RAMUS.

RAMED, ramd, adj. framed on the stocks, and adjusted by the RAM'-LINE, a small rope or line used for setting the frames fair, helping to form the sheer of the ship, &c. [Fr. rame, a branch--L. ramus.]

RAMEKIN, ram'e-kin, n. toasted cheese and bread. [Fr. ramequin--Old Flem. rammeken.]

RAMENT, r[=a]-ment', n. (bot.) a bristle-shaped leaflet in the angle of a petiole:--pl. R[=A]MEN'TA, loose foliaceous scales on plants, esp. on the petioles and leaves of ferns.--adj. R[=A]MENT[=A]'CEOUS (bot.), covered with ramenta. [L. ramenta, scrapings, pl. of ramentum--rad[)e]re, to scrape.]

RAMFEEZLE, ram-f[=e]'zl, v.t. (Scot.) to weary out.

RAMGUNSHOCK, ram-gun'shok, adj. (Scot.) rough.

RAMICORN, r[=a]'mi-korn, n. the horny sheath of the side of the lower mandible in birds.--adj. possessing ramified antennæ. [L. ramus, branch, cornu, horn.]

RAMIE, RAMEE, ram'[=e], n. China-grass, Boehmeria nivea, or its fibre, long used in the East for ropes and cordage, and for cloth in China and Japan.--Also Rhea and China-grass. [Malay.]

RAMIFY, RAMIFICATION, &c. See under RAMUS.

RAMILIE, ram'il-[=e], n. a name applied to various 18th-cent. articles or fashions of dress, in honour of Marlborough's victory over the French at Ramillies in Belgium in 1706--esp. to a form of cocked hat, and to a wig with a long plaited tail.

RAMISM, r[=a]'mizm, n. the system of logic of Peter Ramus (1515-72).

RAM-LINE, ram'-l[=i]n. See under RAMED.

RAMMEL, ram'el, n. refuse wood.--v.i. to turn to rubbish. [Through Fr. and Low L. forms from L. ramus, a branch.]

RAMMER, ram'[.e]r, n. one who, or that which, rams or drives: an instrument used by founders and pavers for ramming, also by gunners.

RAMOLLESCENCE, ram-o-les'ens, n. softening, mollifying.--n. RAMOLLISSE'MENT, a morbid softening of some organ or tissue of the body.

RAMOON, ra-m[=oo]n', n. a West Indian mulberry. [Sp.,--L. ramus, a branch.]

RAMOSE, r[=a]'m[=o]s, adj. branching, much-branched: (bot.) branched as a stem or root.--adv. R[=A]'MOSELY.--adj. R[=A]'MOUS, branched, branchy.

RAMP, ramp, v.i. to climb or creep up, as a plant: to leap or bound: to adapt a piece of iron to the woodwork of a gate.--n. a leap or bound: a gradual slope or inclined plane between one level and another: a concave bend at the top or cap of a railing, wall, or coping: a romp.--adj. RAMP[=A]'CIOUS=Rampageous (q.v.).--ns. RAMP[=A]'DGEON, a furious fellow; RAM'P[=A]GE, or RAMP[=A]GE', a state of passion or excitement.--v.i. to storm or prance violently.--adj. RAMP[=A]'GEOUS, unruly: boisterous: glaring.--ns. RAMP[=A]'GEOUSNESS; RAMPALL'IAN (Shak.), a mean wretch; RAMP'ER, a ruffian who infests race-courses; RAMPS'MAN (slang), a highway robber. [Fr. ramper, to creep, to clamber; from the Teut.; cf. Low Ger. rappen, to snatch, Ger. raffen.]

RAMPANT, ramp'ant, adj. overgrowing usual bounds: rank in growth: overleaping restraint: (her.) standing on the hind-legs.--n. RAMP'ANCY, state of being rampant.--adv. RAMP'ANTLY.--RAMPANT ARCH, an arch whose abutments are not on the same level.

RAMPART, ram'part, n. that which defends from assault or danger: (fort.) a mound or wall surrounding a fortified place.--v.t. to fortify with ramparts, to strengthen. [O. Fr. rempart (orig. rempar)--remparer, to defend--re, again, em, to (=en), in, parer, to defend--L. par[=a]re, to prepare.]

RAMPICK, ram'pik, n. any dead tree--also RAM'PIKE.--adj. RAM'PICKED. [Prob. ran, as in roan-tree, rantle-tree, and pick or pike.]

RAMPION, ram'pi-on, n. a perennial plant with esculent root. [Prob. through It. and Low L. forms from L. rapum, rapa, a turnip.]

RAMPIRE, ram'p[=i]r, n.=Rampart.--adj. RAM'PIRED.

RAMPLER, ramp'l[.e]r, n. (Scot.) a roving fellow.

RAMROD, ram'rod, n. a rod used in ramming down the charge in a gun.--n. RAM'ROD-BAY'ONET.--adj. RAM'RODDY, stiff like a ramrod.

RAMSHACKLE, ram'shak'l, adj. tumble-down: ill-made: out of repair--also RAM'SHACKLED.--n. (Scot.) a careless fellow.--adj. RAM'SHACKLY. [Ice. ramskakkr, quite wrong--ramr, strong, very, skakkr, wry, unequal.]

RAMSHACKLE, ram'shak'l, v.t.=Ransack.

RAMSHORN, ramz'horn, n. a semicircular work of low profile in the ditch of a fortified place: an ammonite: a fossil cephalopod.

RAMSKIN, ram'skin, n. a cake made of dough mixed with grated cheese. [Prob. Ramekin.]

RAMSONS, ram'zonz, n.pl. broad-leaved garlic. [A.S. hramsan (pl.), with pl. -s added.]

RAMSTAM, ram'stam, adj. reckless: (Scot.) forward.--adv. headlong.--n. a headstrong, giddy person. [Ram, intens. pfx., stam, a form of stamp.]

RAMUS, r[=a]'mus, n. a small spray or twig.--adjs. R[=A]'MAL, R[=A]'MEAL, pertaining to a branch; R[=A]'M[=E]OUS (bot.), belonging to, or growing on, a branch.--n. RAMIFIC[=A]'TION, division or separation into branches: a branch: a division or subdivision: (bot.) manner of producing branches.--adjs. RAM'IFIED, branched; RAMIFL[=O]'ROUS, flowering on the branches; R[=A]'MIFORM (bot.), resembling a branch.--v.t. RAM'IFY, to make or divide into branches.--v.i. to shoot into branches: to be divided or spread out:--pa.t. and pa.p. ram'if[=i]ed.--adj. RAMIP'AROUS, producing branches.--ns. RAM'ULE, RAM'ULUS, a small branch or artery.--adjs. RAM[=U]LIF'EROUS, RAM'[=U]LOSE, RAM'[=U]LOUS, having small branches.--n. RAMUS'C[=U]LE, a branchlet. [L. ramus, a branch.]

RAN, pa.t. of run.

RANA, r[=a]'na, n. the genus of the frogs.--n. RAN[=A]'RIUM, a place where frogs are reared. [L., 'a frog.']

RANA, rä'nä, n. prince or chief in Rajputana. [Hind.]

RANCE, rans, n. a prop, as for the support of a congreve-rocket. [O. Fr. ranche--L. ramex, -icis, a staff--ramus, a branch.]

RANCH, ranch, n. a stock farm in the west part of the United States.--v.i. to manage or work upon a ranch--also RANCHE, RANCH'O.--ns. RANCH'ER, RANCHERO (ran-ch[=a]'r[=o]), RANCH'MAN, one employed in ranching; RANCHERIA (ran-ch[=a]-r[=e]'a), a herdsman's hut: a village of herdsmen: a settlement of Indians; RANCH'ING, the business of cattle-breeding. [Sp. rancho, prop. 'mess' or 'mess-room;' in Mexico, a herdsman's hut, a grazing-farm.]

RANCH, ransh, v.t. (Dryden) to tear, wound. [Wrench.]

RANCID, ran'sid, adj. partially decomposed (used of oil or any greasy substance): sour: disgusting.--adj. RANCES'CENT, becoming rancid.--adv. RAN'CIDLY.--ns. RAN'CIDNESS, RANCID'ITY, the quality of being rancid. [L. rancidus, putrid.]

RANCOUR, rang'kur, n. deep-seated enmity: spite: virulence: (Shak.) sourness.--adjs. (obs.) RANCK=Rank; RAN'COROUS, malicious: virulent.--adv. RAN'COROUSLY. [Fr.,--L. rancor, an old grudge--rancere, to be rancid.]

RAND, rand, n. a strip of flesh or of leather: one of the slips beneath the heel of the shoe, called the heel-rand: a margin, border, edge, of a stream: a territory, as the Rand in the Transvaal.--ns. RAND'ING-MACHINE', a machine for fitting rands to heel-blanks; RAND'ING-TOOL, a tool for cutting out rands for shoes. [A.S. rand, rond, border.]

RAND, rand, v.i. an old form of rant.

RANDALL-GRASS, ran'dal-gras, n. the meadow fescue.

RANDAN, ran'dan, n. a noise or uproar: a spree--in phrase, 'On the randan:' the finest part of the bran of wheat: a boat impelled by three oarsmen--also RANDAN GIG. [Prob. from rand, a variant of rant.]

RANDLE-BAR, ran'dl-bar, n. the horizontal bar in an open chimney on which cooking-vessels are hung.--Also RAN'DLE-BALK.

RANDLE-TREE. See RANTLE-TREE.

RANDOM, ran'dum, adj. done or uttered at haphazard: left to chance: aimless--(obs.) RAN'DON.--n. something done without aim, chance--now only in phrase, AT RANDOM, haphazard.--adv. RAN'DOMLY, without direction: by chance. [O. Fr. randon, urgency, haste; from Teut.; Ger. rand, a brim.]

RANDY, ran'di, n. a virago: (Scot.) a romping girl: a violent beggar. [Rand, rant.]

RANEE. See RANI.

RANG, rang, pa.t. of ring.

RANGE, r[=a]nj, v.t. to rank or set in a row: to place in proper order: to rove or pass over: to sail in a direction parallel to.--v.i. to be placed in order: to lie in a particular direction: to have range or direction: to rove at large: to beat about, as for game: to sail or pass near: to be on a level: to extend.--n. a row or rank: a class or order: a wandering: room for passing to and fro: space occupied by anything moving: capacity of mind: extent of acquirements: the horizontal distance to which a shot is carried: a space through which a body moves, as the range of a thermometer: the long cooking-stove of a kitchen: a fire-grate.--adj. RANGÉ (her.), arranged in order, said of small bearings set in a row fessewise.--n. RANGE'-FIND'ER, an instrument for determining the range of an object by sight.--n.pl. RANGE'-LIGHTS, lights placed in line, usually at or near a lighthouse, so as to direct the course of a ship through a channel: lights on board ship so placed as to give a ready indication of changes of course to other vessels.--n. RANG'ER, a rover: a dog that beats the ground: an officer who superintends a forest or park.--n.pl. RANG'ERS, a body of mounted troops: a name sometimes taken by clubs of football players, &c.--ns. RANG'ERSHIP; RANGE'-STOVE, a portable cooking-range.--adj. RAN'GY, disposed to roam: roomy. [Fr. ranger, to range--rang, a rank.]

RANGIA, ran'ji-a, n. a family of bivalves. [From Rang, a French conchologist.]

RANGIFER, ran'ji-fer, n. a genus of Cervidæ, to which the reindeer belongs.--adjs. RAN'GERINE, RANGIF'ERINE. [O. Fr. rangier, a reindeer, most prob. the Ice. hreinn, reindeer, L. fera, a wild beast.]

RANI, RANEE, ran'[=e], n. the wife of a rajah. [Hind. r[=a]n[=i]--Sans. r[=a]jñi, queen, fem. of r[=a]jan.]

RANIDÆ, ran'i-d[=e], n.pl. the largest family of batrachians, including about 250 species, of several genera.--adjs. RAN'IFORM, frog-like; R[=A]'NINE, pertaining to frogs; R[=A]NIV'OROUS, frog-eating. [L. rana, a frog.]

RANK, rangk, n. a row or line, esp. of soldiers standing side by side: class or order: grade or degree: station: high social position or standing.--v.t. to place in a line: to range in a particular class: to place methodically: to take rank over.--v.i. to be placed in a rank or class: to have a certain degree of distinction: to be admitted as a claim against the property of a bankrupt.--n. RANK'ER, one who arranges or disposes in ranks: an officer who has risen from the ranks.--RANK AND FILE, the whole body of common soldiers.--TAKE RANK OF, to have the right to take a higher place than; TAKE RANK WITH, to take the same rank as; THE RANKS, the order of common soldiers. [O. Fr. renc (Fr. rang)--Old High Ger. hring or hrinc, Eng. ring.]

RANK, rangk, adj. growing high and luxuriantly: coarse from excessive growth: raised to a high degree: excessive: very fertile: strong-scented: strong-tasted: rancid: utter, as rank nonsense: coarse: indecent: (Shak.) ruttish: (slang) eager: (law) excessive: (mech.) cutting deeply.--adv. (Spens.) rankly, fiercely.--v.i. RANK'LE, to be inflamed: to fester: to be a source of disquietude or excitement: to rage.--v.t. to irritate.--adv. RANK'LY, offensively: to an inordinate degree.--n. RANK'NESS, exuberant growth: (Shak.) insolence.--adjs. RANK'-R[=I]'DING, hard-riding; RANK'-SCENT'ED (Shak.), strong-scented: rancid. [A.S. ranc, fruitful, rank; Ice. rakkr, bold, Dan. rank, lank, slender.]

RANSACK, ran'sak, v.t. to search thoroughly: to plunder: to pillage.--n. eager search.--n. RAN'SACKER. [Scand. rannsaka--rann, a house, sak (sækja), Eng. seek.]

RANSOM, ran'sum, n. price paid for redemption from captivity or punishment: release from captivity: atonement: expiation.--v.t. to redeem from captivity, punishment, or ownership: (Shak.) to set free for a price: (Shak.) to expiate.--adj. RAN'SOMABLE.--n. RAN'SOMER.--adj. RAN'SOMLESS, without ransom: incapable of being ransomed. [Fr. rançon--L. redemptio; cf. Redemption.]

RANT, rant, v.i. to use extravagant language: to be noisy in words: to be noisily merry.--n. empty declamation: bombast: (Scot.) a frolic.--ns. RANT'ER, a noisy talker: a jovial fellow: a boisterous preacher: a byname for the Primitive Methodists: a nickname applied to the members of a sect of the Commonwealth time; RANT'ERISM.--adv. RANT'INGLY, boisterously.--adj. RANT'IPOLE, wild.--n. a reckless fellow. [Old Dut. ranten, to rave; Low Ger. randen, Ger. ranzen.]

RANTLE-TREE, ran'tl-tr[=e], n. (Scot.) a beam built into the gable of a cottage.

RANULA, ran'[=u]-la, n. a tumour on the tongue of cattle.--adj. RAN'[=U]LAR. [L.]

RANUNCULUS, r[=a]-nung'k[=u]-lus, n. a genus of plants, including the crowfoot, buttercup, &c.:--pl. R[=A]NUN'CUL[=I], R[=A]NUN'CULUSES.--adj. R[=A]NUNCUL[=A]'CEOUS, pertaining to, or resembling, plants of the order of which the ranunculus is the typical genus. [L., a dim. of rana, a frog.]

RANZ-DES-VACHES, rong'-d[=a]-väsh', n. a melody of the Swiss, played on the alpenhorn. [Swiss Fr., either 'the lowing of the cows' or 'the line of cows.' Vaches, pl. of vache--L. vacca, a cow; ranz, either Swiss dial. ranz (cf. Ger. ranzen), or for rangs, pl. of rang, a line.]

RAP, rap, n. a sharp blow: a knock, or a sound made by knocking: a counterfeit coin current in Ireland for a halfpenny in the time of George I.--hence, 'Not worth a rap.'--v.t. and v.i. to strike with a quick blow: to knock: to utter sharply, as to rap out a lie: to swear falsely:--pr.p. rap'ping; pa.t. and pa.p. rapped.--n. RAP'PER, one who raps: a door-knocker. [Scand., as Dan. rap; imit.]

RAP, rap, v.t. to seize and carry off: to transport out of one's self: to affect with rapture:--pr.p. rap'ping; pa.p. rapped or rapt. [Scand., as Ice. hrapa, to rush headlong, cog. with Ger. raffen, to snatch.]

RAPACIOUS, ra-p[=a]'shus, adj. seizing by violence: given to plunder: ravenous: greedy of gain.--n. RAP[=A]'CES, the beasts and birds of prey.--adv. RAP[=A]'CIOUSLY.--ns. RAP[=A]'CIOUSNESS, RAPAC'ITY, the quality of being rapacious: ravenousness: extortion. [L. rapax, rapacis--rap[)e]re, raptum, to seize and carry off.]

RAPE, r[=a]p, n. the act of seizing and carrying away by force: carnal knowledge of a woman without her consent.--adj. RAPE'FUL, given to violence or lust. [M. E. rapen, to haste, a variant of rappen, to seize, confused with L. rap[)e]re, to snatch.]

RAPE, r[=a]p, n. a division of the county of Sussex, greater than the hundred. [Ice. hreppr, district.]

RAPE, r[=a]p, n. a plant nearly allied to the turnip, cultivated for its herbage and oil-producing seeds: cole-seed.--ns. RAPE'-CAKE, cake made of the refuse, after the oil has been expressed from the rape-seed; RAPE'-OIL, oil obtained from rape-seed; RAPE'-SEED, the seed of the rape, cole-seed. [Through Fr. from L. rapa, rapum, a turnip; cog. with Gr. rhapys.]

RAPE, r[=a]p, n. the stalk and skin of grapes.

RAP-FULL, rap'-fool, adj. full of wind--of sails when close-hauled.--n. a sail full of wind.

RAPHAELESQUE, raf-[=a]-el-esk', adj. in the manner of the great Italian painter Raphael, Raffaello Sanzio da Urbino (1483-1520).--ns. RAPH'[=A]ELISM, the principles of art of Raphael; RAPH'[=A]ELITE, one who follows the principles of Raphael; RAPH'[=A]ELITISM.

RAPHANIA, raf-[=a]'ni-a, n. ergotism, a disease occurring in two forms, a spasmodic and a gangrenous, due to the use of rye, wheat, rice, &c., in which a poisonous fungus has developed.--n. RAPH'ANUS, a genus of Cruciferæ, the radish family.

RAPHE, r[=a]'f[=e], n. (anat.) a seam-like union of two lateral halves, either a median septum of connective tissue or a longitudinal ridge: the fibro-vascular cord joining the hilum of an anatropous or amphitropous ovule or seed with the chalaza: a line or rib connecting the nodules on a diatom-valve. [Gr. rhaph[=e], a seam.]

RAPHIA, r[=a]'fi-a, n. a genus of handsome pinnately-leaved palms. [Malagasy.]

RAPHIDES, raf'i-d[=e]z, n.pl. crystals found in the interior of the cells of plants:--sing. R[=A]'PHIS.--adjs. R[=A]PHID'IAN, RAPHIDIF'EROUS. [Gr. rhaphis, rhaphidos, a needle--rhaptein, to sew.]

RAPHIGRAPH, raf'i-graf, n. a kind of typewriter for the blind, pricking characters in paper by needle-points. [Gr. rhaphis, a needle, graphein, to write.]

RAPID, rap'id, adj. hurrying along: very swift: speedy.--n. that part of a river where the current is most rapid (gen. in pl.).--n. RAPID'ITY, quickness of motion or utterance: swiftness: velocity.--adv. RAP'IDLY.--n. RAP'IDNESS. [Fr. rapide--L. rapidus--rap[)e]re, to seize.]

RAPIDAMENTE, ra-p[=e]-dä-men'te, adv. (mus.) rapidly.--adv. RAP'IDO, with rapidity. [It.]

RAPIER, r[=a]'pi-[.e]r, n. a light, highly tempered, edgeless, thrusting weapon, finely pointed, and about 3 feet in length, long the favourite weapon in duelling.--n. R[=A]'PIER-FISH, a swordfish. [Fr. rapière, prob. from Sp. raspadera--raspar, rapar, to rasp.]

RAPINE, rap'in, n. act of seizing and carrying away forcibly: plunder: violence. [Fr.,--L. rapina--rap[)e]re, to seize.]

RAPING, r[=a]'ping, adj. (her.) tearing its prey: (obs.) transporting, ravishing.

RAPLOCH, rap'loh, n. and adj. (Scot.) homespun.

RAPPAREE, rap-ar-[=e]', n. a wild Irish plunderer: a vagabond. [Ir. rapaire, a robber.]

RAPPEE, ra-p[=e]', n. a coarse, strong-flavoured snuff. [Fr. râpé, rasped, grated--râper, to rasp.]

RAPPEL, ra-pel', n. the beat of the drum to call soldiers to arms. [Fr.]

RAPPER, rap'[.e]r, n. one who raps, esp. a spiritualistic medium: a swinging knocker for making signals at the mouth of a shaft: a loud oath or bold lie.--adj. RAP'PING (prov.), remarkably large.

RAPPORT, ra-p[=o]r', n. accord, as in the French phrase, 'en rapport,' in harmony. [Fr.]

RAPPROCHEMENT, ra-pr[=o]sh'mong, n. reunion. [Fr.]

RAPSCALLION, rap-skal'yun, n. a rascal: a wretch. [Rascallion.]

RAPT, rapt, adj. raised to rapture: transported: ravished:--pa.t. and pa.p. of rap (2).--v.t. (obs.) to grasp or carry off.--n. RAP'TOR, a ravisher. [Rap, to seize, influenced by L. rap[)e]re, to snatch.]

RAPTORES, rap-t[=o]'r[=e]z, n.pl. an order of birds of prey distinguished by a hooked bill and sharp claws, and including the vultures, falcons, and owls--also RAPTAT[=O]'RES.--adjs. RAPT[=O]'RIAL, seizing by violence, as a bird of prey; RAPT[=O]'RIOUS. [L. raptor, a plunderer--rap[)e]re, to seize.]

RAPTURE, rap't[=u]r, n. a seizing and carrying away: extreme delight: transport: ecstasy.--adj. RAP'T[=U]RED.--n. RAP'T[=U]RIST (Spens.), one filled with rapture.--adj. RAP'T[=U]ROUS, seizing and carrying away: ecstatic.--adv. RAP'T[=U]ROUSLY.

RARA AVIS, r[=a]'ra [=a]'vis, n. a rare bird: a remarkable person:--pl. R[=A]'RÆ [=A]'VES. [L.]

RARE, r[=a]r, adj. (comp. R[=A]'RER; superl. R[=A]'REST) thin: not dense, as rarefied atmosphere: sparse: seldom met with: uncommon: excellent: especially good: extraordinary.--ns. R[=A]RE'BIT, an erroneous form of Welsh-rabbit; RAREFAC'TION, act of rarefying: expansion of aëriform bodies.--adj. RAR'EFIABLE, capable of being rarefied.--v.t. RAREFY (rar'e-f[=i], or r[=a]'re-f[=i]), to make rare, thin, or less dense: to expand a body.--v.i. to become less dense:--pa.t. and pa.p. rar'efied.--adv. R[=A]RE'LY, seldom: remarkably well.--ns. R[=A]RE'NESS, tenuity: scarcity; RARITY (rar'i-ti), state of being rare: thinness: subtilty: something valued for its scarcity: uncommonness. [Fr.,--L. r[=a]rus.]

RARE, r[=a]r, adj. underdone--of meat. [A.S. hr[=e]r.]

RAREE-SHOW, rar'[=e]-sh[=o], n. a show carried about in a box: a peep-show. [A corr. of rarity-show.]

RARERIPE, r[=a]r'r[=i]p, adj. early ripe. [Rathripe.]

RAS, ras, n. the chief vizier in Abyssinia: a headland, cape. [Ar., 'head.']

RASANT, r[=a]'zant, adj. (fort.) sweeping or flanking, applied to fire. [Fr.]

RASCAL, ras'kal, n. a dishonest fellow: a knave, rogue, scamp.--adj. worthless: mean.--ns. RAS'CALDOM, the class of rascals; RAS'CALISM, RASCAL'ITY, mean trickery or dishonesty: fraud: villainy: the rabble.--adj. RAS'CALLIEST (Shak., superl. of Rascally).--n. RASCALL'ION, a rascal: one of the lowest people: a low, mean wretch.--adjs. RAS'CALLY, RAS'CAL-LIKE, mean: vile: base. [Fr. racaille, scum of the people, through Low L. forms from L. rad[)e]re, rasum, to scrape.]

RASE, r[=a]z, v.t. to scratch or blot out: to efface: to cancel: to level with the ground, demolish, or ruin (in this sense raze is generally used).--n. a slight wound.--ns. R[=A]'SING, in shipbuilding, the act of marking figures upon timber; R[=A]'SING-[=I]'RON, a caulking-iron for cleaning the pitch, &c., from a vessel's seams; R[=A]'SING-KNIFE, an edged tool for making marks on timber, &c.; R[=A]'SION, a scraping: rasure; R[=A]'SURE, act of scraping, shaving, or erasing: obliterating: an erasure. [Fr. raser--L. rad[)e]re, rasum, to scrape.]

RASH, rash, adj. (comp. RASH'ER; superl. RASH'EST) hasty: headstrong: incautious.--adj. RASH'-EMBRACED' (Shak.), rashly undertaken.--ns. RASH'ER, a thin slice of broiled bacon, perh. because quickly roasted; RASH'LING, a rash person.--adv. RASH'LY, precipitately.--n. RASH'NESS. [Dan. and Sw. rask; Ger. rasch, rapid.]

RASH, rash, n. a slight eruption on the skin. [O. Fr. rasche (Fr. rache)--L. rad[)e]re, to scratch.]

RASH, rash, v.t. (obs.) to tear, to lacerate. [Fr. arracher, to uproot.]

RASKOLNIK, ras-kol'nik, n. in Russia, a schismatic, a dissenter from the orthodox or Greek Church.

RASORIAL, ra-s[=o]'ri-al, adj. belonging to an order of birds which scrape the ground for their food, as the hen.--n.pl. RAS[=O]'RES, the Gallinæ. [Rase.]

RASP, rasp, v.t. to rub with a coarse file: to utter in a grating manner.--v.i. to have a grating effect.--n. a coarse file.--ns. RASP'ATORY, a surgeon's rasp; RASP'ER, that which rasps: (coll.) a difficult fence; RASP'-HOUSE, a place where wood is reduced to powder for dyeing; RASP'ING, a filing.--adj. exasperating.--adv. RASP'INGLY.--ns. RASP'ING-MACHINE', a bark-cutting machine; RASP'ING-MILL; RASP'-PUNCH, a tool for cutting the teeth of rasps.--adj. RASP'Y, rough. [O. Fr. rasper (Fr. râper)--Old High Ger. rasp[=o]n, whence Ger. raspeln, to rasp.]

RASPBERRY, raz'ber-i, n. the fruit of several plants of genus Rubus, the plant producing it--also RASP.--n. RASP'BERRY-BUSH, the shrub which yields the raspberry.--RASPBERRY BORER, the larvæ of one of the clear-winged sphinxes; RASPBERRY VINEGAR, a drink of raspberry juice, vinegar, and sugar.

RASTRUM, ras'trum, n. a music-pen. [Rase.]

RAT, rat, n. an animal of the genus Mus, larger and more destructive than the mouse: a renegade, turncoat: a workman who accepts lower than the authorised wages, who declines to join in a strike, or who takes a striker's work: a roll of anything used to puff out the hair which is turned over it.--v.i. (coll.) to desert one's party and join their opponents for gain or power: to take lower than current wages, to refuse to join in a strike, to take a striker's place:--pr.p. rat'ting; pa.p. and pa.t. rat'ted.--ns. RAT'-CATCH'ER, one whose business it is to catch rats; RAT'-CATCH'ING; RAT'-HOLE (print.), a pigeon-hole; RAT'-PIT, an enclosure where rats are killed; RAT'-POI'SON, a preparation of arsenic; RAT'S'-BANE, poison for rats: arsenious acid; RAT'-TAIL, an excrescence growing on a horse's leg.--adj. RAT'-TAILED, having a tail like a rat.--ns. RAT'TER, a terrier which catches rats; RAT'TERY, apostasy; RAT'TING, deserting one's principles: working for less than the usual prices: setting a dog to kill rats in a pit; RAT'-TRAP, a trap for catching rats.--RAT-TAILED LARVA, the larva of certain syrphid flies.--SMELL A RAT, to have a suspicion. [A.S. ræt; Ger. ratte.]

RATA, rä'ta, n. a New Zealand tree related to various species of Ironwood, its wood once much used for making clubs, and valuable for shipbuilding.

RATABLE, RATEABLE, r[=a]'ta-bl, adj. See RATE.

RATAFIA, rat-a-f[=e]'a, n. a flavouring essence made with the essential oil of almonds: a fancy cake. [Fr.,--Malay araqtáfía, from Ar. `araq, Malay táfía, rum.]

RATAN, ra-tan', n. Same as RATTAN.

RATANY, rat'a-ni, n. a perennial procumbent shrub, yielding the medicinal ratany root. [Peruv.]

RATAPLAN, rat-a-plong', n. the sound or rattle of the military drum, a tattoo. [Fr.; imit.]

RAT-A-TAT, rat'-a-tat', n. sound of repeated knocks, as of a drumstick.--Also RAT'-TAT. [Imit.]

RATCH, rach, n. a rack or bar with teeth into which a click drops: the wheel which makes a clock strike: a white mark on the face of a horse.--v.t. to stretch: to streak.--v.i. to sail by tacks.--ns. RATCH'ET, a bar acting on the teeth of a ratchet-wheel: a click or pall; RATCH'ET-COUP'LING, a device for uncoupling machinery in the event of a sudden stoppage; RATCH'ET-DRILL, a tool for drilling holes, the bit mounted in a stock and rotated by a ratchet-wheel and lever; RATCH'ET-JACK, a form of screw-jack; RATCH'ET-L[=E]'VER, a lever fitted round a ratchet-wheel; RATCH'ET-PUNCH, a punch worked by means of a ratchet-lever; RATCH'ET-WHEEL, a wheel having teeth against which a ratchet abuts, for changing a reciprocating into a rotatory motion, &c.; RATCH'ET-WRENCH, a ratchet bed-key wrench.--adj. RATCH'ETY, jerky.--n. RATCH'MENT (archit.), a flying buttress springing from corner principals. [Rack.]

RATCHEL, rach'el, n. (prov.) broken-stone, hard-pan.--Also RATCH'IL.

RATE, r[=a]t, n. a ratio or proportion: allowance: standard: value: price: the class of a ship and of seamen: movement, as fast or slow: a tax.--v.t. to calculate: to estimate: to settle the relative rank, scale, or position of.--v.i. to make an estimate: to be placed in a certain class: to ratify.--ns. R[=A]TABIL'ITY, R[=A]'TABLENESS, quality of being ratable.--adj. R[=A]'TABLE, R[=A]'TEABLE, that may be rated or set at a certain value: subject to taxation.--adv. R[=A]'TABLY.--ns. R[=A]TE'-BOOK, a book of valuations; R[=A]TE'PAYER, one who pays a local tax.--adj. R[=A]TE'PAYING, paying, or relating to, an assessed local tax.--ns. R[=A]'TER, one who makes an estimate; R[=A]TE'-TITHE, a tithe paid for sheep and cattle; R[=A]'TING, a fixing of rates: classification according to rank or grade.--AT ANY RATE, by any means; BY NO RATE, by no means. [O. Fr.,--Low L. rata, rate--L. r[=e]ri, ratus, to think.]

RATE, r[=a]t, v.t. to tax: to scold: to chide: to reprove. [M. E. raten, acc. to Skeat, from O. Fr. aretter, to impute--L. ad, to, reput[=a]re, to count. Others explain as Scand., Sw. rata, to reject.]

RATEL, r[=a]'tel, n. a genus of quadrupeds of the bear family, nearly allied to the gluttons, and very like the badgers. [Fr., dim. of rat.]

RAT-GOOSE, rat'-g[=oo]s, n. the brent or brant goose.

RATH, räth, adj. early, soon--also RATHE.--adv. RATH (arch.), early, soon.--adj. RATH'EREST (Shak.), superl. of RATH.--adv. RATH'LY, suddenly.--adj. RATH'RIPE, early ripe. [A.S. hræth, quickly; Ice. hradhr, swift, Mid. High Ger. hrad, quick.]

RATH, rath, n. a prehistoric hill-fort. [Ir.]

RATH, rät, n. a name given to some Indian rock-cut Buddhist temples.

RATH, rät, n. a Burmese state-carriage.

RATHER, räth'[.e]r, adv. more willingly: in preference: especially: more so than otherwise: on the contrary: somewhat, in some degree: more properly: (coll.) considerably, very much.--adj. RATH'ERISH, to a slight degree, somewhat.--RATHER BETTER THAN, somewhat in excess of.--THE RATHER, by so much the more. [A.S. hrathor, comp. of hrathe, early.]

RATIFY, rat'i-f[=i], v.t. to approve and sanction: to settle:--pa.t. and pa.p. rat'ified.--ns. RATIFIC[=A]'TION, act of ratifying or confirming: confirmation; RAT'IFIER, one who, or that which, ratifies or sanctions. [Fr. ratifier--L. ratus, fixed by calculation--r[=e]ri, ratus, to think, fac[)e]re, to make.]

RATIO, r[=a]'shi-o, n. the relation or the proportion of one thing to another: reason, cause: (mus.) the relation between the vibration-numbers of two tones. [L. ratio, reason--r[=e]ri, ratus, to think.]

RATIOCINATE, rash-i-os'i-n[=a]t, v.i. to reason:--pr.p. ratioc'inating; pa.p. ratioc'inated.--n. RATIOCIN[=A]'TION, the process of reasoning: deduction from premises.--adjs. RATIOC'IN[=A]TIVE, RATIOC'IN[=A]TORY. [L. ratiocin[=a]ri, -[=a]tus--ratio, reason.]

RATION, r[=a]'shon, n. the quantity of provisions distributed to a soldier or sailor daily: an allowance.--n. R[=A]'TION-MON'EY, money paid as commutation for rations. [Fr.,--L. ratio.]

RATIONAL, rash'on-al, adj. pertaining to the reason: endowed with reason: agreeable to reason: sane: intelligent: judicious: (arith., alg.) noting a quantity which can be exactly expressed by numbers.--n. RATIONABIL'ITY, the possession of reason.--adj. RAT'IONABLE, reasonable.--ns. RATION[=A]'LE, a rational account of anything, with reasons for its existence: a theoretical explanation or solution; RATIONALIS[=A]'TION, subjection to rational principles.--v.t. RAT'IONALISE, to interpret like a rationalist: to think for one's self.--v.i. to rely entirely or unduly on reason.--ns. RAT'IONALISM, the religious system or doctrines of a rationalist; RAT'IONALIST, one who believes himself guided in his opinions solely by reason, independently of authority, esp. in regard to religion--denying supernatural revelation.--adjs. RATIONALIST'IC, -AL, pertaining to, or in accordance with, the principles of rationalism.--adv. RATIONALIST'ICALLY, in a rationalistic manner.--n. RATIONAL'ITY, quality of being rational: the possession or due exercise of reason: reasonableness.--adv. RAT'IONALLY, reasonably.--n. RAT'IONALNESS.--n.pl. RAT'IONALS, dress for women convenient for bicycling, &c.--breeches instead of skirts.

RATIONAL, rash'on-al, n. the breast-plate of the Jewish high-priest: a pectoral worn by a bishop. [L. rationale, a mistaken rendering in the Vulgate of the Gr. logion, oracle.]

RATITÆ, r[=a]-t[=i]'t[=e], n. a division of birds, including the ostriches, cassowaries, emus, and kiwis.--n. R[=A]'TITE, RAT'ITATE, raft-breasted, as a bird.

RATIUNCULE, r[=a]-shi-ung'k[=u]l, n. a ratio very near unity. [Dim. of L. ratio.]

RATLINE, RATLIN, rat'lin, n. one of the small lines or ropes traversing the shrouds and forming the steps of the rigging of ships--also RAT'LING, RATT'LING.--n. RAT'LINE-STUFF (naut.), a tarred rope from which ratlines are made. [Prob. rat-lines.]

RATOON, ra-t[=oo]n', n. a new shoot from the root of a sugar-cane.--v.i. to send up new shoots from the root after cropping. [Hind. ratun.]

RATTAN, rat-an', n. a genus of palms having a smooth, reed-like stem several hundreds of feet in length: a walking-stick made of rattan: stems of rattan palm used as a raft. [Malay rótan.]

RATTAN, ra-tan', n. the continuous beat of a drum.

RATTEEN, rat-t[=e]n', n. a thick woollen stuff. [Fr.]

RATTEN, rat'n, v.t. to break or take away a workman's tools, &c., for disobeying the trades-union--the loss being ironically attributed to rats.

RATTINET, rat-ti-net', n. a thin variety of ratteen.

RATTING. See RAT.

RATTLE, rat'l, v.i. to clatter: to move along rapidly, with a clattering noise: to speak eagerly and noisily.--v.t. to cause to make a clatter: to stun with noise: to speak rapidly: to scold loudly.--n. a sharp noise rapidly repeated, as the death-rattle: a clatter: loud empty talk: loud scolding: a toy or instrument for rattling: a brisk jabberer: an annual meadow herb: a lousewort.--adjs. RATT'LE-BRAINED, -HEAD'ED, -PAT'ED, noisy: giddy: unsteady.--ns. RATT'LE-MOUSE, a bat; RATT'LEPATE, a noisy chatterer; RATT'LER, a loud, inconsiderate talker: (coll.) a stunning blow: (coll.) an impudent lie; RATT'LESNAKE, a poisonous snake having a number of hard, bony rings loosely jointed at the end of the tail, which make a rattling noise; RATT'LESNAKE-GRASS, an American grass; RATT'LESNAKE-MAS'TER, -ROOT, an American plant reputed to cure the bite of a rattlesnake; RATT'LESNAKE-WEED, a hawk-weed of the United States; RATT'LE-TRAP, a rickety vehicle; RATT'LEWORT, a plant of genus Crotalaria; RATT'LING, a clattering: railing.--adj. making a rattle: smart, lively: (coll.) strikingly great. [A.S. hrætele, hratele, a plant--from the rattling of the seeds in the capsules; Ger. rasseln, Dut. ratelen, to rattle.]

RATTLING, rat'ling, n. Same as RATLINE.

RAUCITY, raws'i-ti, n. hoarseness: harshness of sound.--adjs. RAUC'ID, RAUCOUS (raw'kus), hoarse.--adv. RAUC'OUSLY. [L. raucus, hoarse.]

RAUCLE, rawk'l, adj. (Scot.) rough: fearless.

RAUGHT, rawt (Spens.)--(obs.) pa.t. of reach.

RAVAGE, rav'[=a]j, v.t. to lay waste: to destroy: to pillage.--n. devastation: ruin.--n. RAV'AGER. [Fr.,--ravir, to carry off by force--L. rap[)e]re.]

RAVE, r[=a]v, v.i. to be mad: to be wild or raging, like a madman: to talk irrationally.--v.t. to utter wildly.--ns. R[=A]'VER, one who raves or is furious; R[=A]'VING, furious talk.--adj. delirious: distracted.--adv. R[=A]'VINGLY, in a raving manner: with frenzy: with distraction. [O. Fr. râver (Fr. rêver), to be delirious--L. rabies, madness.]

RAVE, r[=a]v, n. one of the side pieces of a wagon.

RAVE, r[=a]v, old pa.t. of rive.

RAVE-HOOK, r[=a]v'-hook, n. a ripping-iron.

RAVEL, rav'el, v.t. to confuse, entangle: to untwist or unweave: to unravel (in this sense usually with out).--v.i. to be untwisted or unwoven: to become entangled: to search (with into):--pr.p. rav'elling; pa.t. and pa.p. rav'elled.--n. a ravelled thread.--adj. RAV'ELLED, denoting bread made from flour and bran.--ns. RAV'ELLING, a ravelled thread; RAV'ELLING-EN'GINE, a machine for tearing rags.--adv. RAV'ELLY.--n. RAV'ELMENT, discord. [Dut. ravelen.]

RAVELIN, rav'lin, n. a detached work with two embankments raised before the counterscarp. [Fr.,--It. rivellino.]

RAVEN, r[=a]'vn, n. a kind of crow, noted for its croak and glossy black plumage.--adj. black, like a raven.--adj. R[=A]'VEN-COL'OURED (Shak.).--ns. R[=A]'VEN'S-DUCK, fine hempen sail-cloth; R[=A]'VENSTONE, a gallows. [A.S. hræfn; Ice. hrafn, Dut. raaf.]

RAVEN, RAVIN (B.), rav'n, v.t. to obtain by violence: to devour with great eagerness or voracity.--v.i. to prey rapaciously.--n. prey: plunder.--ns. RAV'ENER, a plunderer; RAV'ENING (B.), eagerness for plunder.--adjs. RAV'ENOUS, RAV'INED, voracious: devouring with rapacity: eager for prey or gratification.--adv. RAV'ENOUSLY.--n. RAV'ENOUSNESS. [O. Fr. ravine, plunder--L. rapina, plunder.]

RAVINE, ra-v[=e]n', n. a long, deep hollow, worn away by a torrent: a deep, narrow mountain-pass. [Fr.,--L. rapina, rapine, violence.]

RAVISH, rav'ish, v.t. to seize or carry away by violence: to rob: to have sexual intercourse with by force: to fill with ecstasy.--n. RAV'ISHER.--p.adj. RAV'ISHING, delighting to rapture: transporting: ecstatic.--adv. RAV'ISHINGLY, in a ravishing manner: with rapture.--n. RAV'ISHMENT, act of ravishing: abduction: rape: ecstatic delight: rapture. [Fr. ravir--L. rap[)e]re.]

RAW, raw, adj. not altered from its natural state: not cooked or dressed: unbaked: not prepared or manufactured: not mixed: having the skin abraded: sore, as from abrasion of the skin: unfinished: immature: inexperienced: chilly and damp.--n. a galled place: an inveterate sore: hence (fig.) a point on which one is particularly sensitive.--adjs. RAW'BONE (Spens.), RAW'BONED, with little flesh on the bones: gaunt; RAW'-COLD (Shak.), damp and cold.--ns. RAW'HEAD, a spectre mentioned to frighten children; RAW'HIDE, an untanned skin: a whip made of twisted, untanned leather.--adj. RAW'ISH, rather raw.--adv. RAW'LY.--ns. RAW'NESS; RAW'-PORT, a porthole through which an oar can be worked in a small vessel. [A.S. hreáw; Dut. raauw, Ice. hrár, Ger. roh.]

RAX, raks, v.t. (Scot.) to reach out, hand. [Rack.]

RAY, r[=a], n. array.--v.t. to array--hence, ironically, (Shak.) to bedaub. [Array.]

RAY, r[=a], n. a line of light or heat: a beam or gleam of intellectual light: a radiating part of any structure: (bot.) the outer part of a flower-cluster.--v.t. to radiate: to furnish with rays.--v.i. to shine out.--adjs. RAYED, having rays; RAY'LESS, without rays: destitute of light. [Fr. raie--L. radius, a rod.]

RAY, r[=a], n. a popular name for such flat, cartilaginous fishes as the skate, thornback, and torpedo.--n. RAY'-OIL, oil prepared from the livers of ray-fish. [Fr. raie--L. raia.]

RAY, r[=a], n. the scab--a disease of sheep.

RAY, r[=a], n. (mus.) the second note of the diatonic scale.

RAYAH, rä'ya, n. a non-Mohammedan subject of Turkey who pays the capitation tax. [Ar. raiya--ra`a, to pasture.]

RAYLE, r[=a]l, v.i. (Spens.). Same as RAIL.

RAYNE, r[=a]n, v.i. and n. (Spens.). Same as RAIN.

RAYON, r[=a]'on, n. (Spens.) a ray. [Fr.]

RAYONNANT, r[=a]'o-nant, adj. (her.) sending forth rays. [Fr., pr.p. of rayonner, to emit rays--rayon, a ray.]

RAZE, r[=a]z, n. (Shak.). Same as RACE (3).

RAZE, r[=a]z, v.t. to lay level with the ground: to overthrow: to destroy. [Rase.]

RAZE, r[=a]z, n. a swinging fence in a water-course to prevent the passage of cattle.

RAZEE, ra-z[=e]', n. a ship-of-war cut down by reducing the number of decks. [Fr. rasé, cut down.]

RAZOR, r[=a]'zor, n. a keen-edged implement for shaving: a tusk, as the razors of a boar.--adj R[=A]'ZORABLE (Shak.), fit to be shaved.--ns. R[=A]'ZOR-BACK, a kind of baleen whale, also called Rorqual, Fin-back, or Finner: a hog whose back has the form of a ridge; R[=A]'ZOR-BILL, a species of auk, common on the coasts of the northern Atlantic; R[=A]'ZOR-BLADE, -CLAM, -FISH, -SHELL, a bivalve mollusc with an elongated, narrow shell; R[=A]'ZOR-HONE, a hone for sharpening razors; R[=A]'ZOR-PASTE, a paste for spreading on a razor-strop; R[=A]'ZOR-STROP, a strop for razors. [Fr. rasoir--L. rad[)e]re, rasum, to scrape.]

RAZURE, r[=a]'zh[=oo]r, n. Same as ERASURE.

RAZZIA, rat'si-a, n. a pillaging incursion--Algerian.

RE, r[=a], n. (mus.). Same as RAY.

RE, r[=e], n. a word used in the legal phrase IN RE, in the case (of). [L., abl. of res, thing, case.]

REABSORB, r[=e]-ab-sorb', v.t. to absorb, suck in, or swallow up again.--n. REABSORP'TION.

REACCOMMODATE, r[=e]-a-kom'o-d[=a]t, v.t. to readjust.

REACCUSE, r[=e]-a-k[=u]z', v.t. to accuse again.

REACH, r[=e]ch, v.t. to stretch or extend: to attain or obtain by stretching out the hand: to hand over: to extend to: to arrive at: to get at: to gain.--v.i. to be extended: to mount up in quantity or number: to stretch out the hand: to try to obtain: to arrive.--n. act or power of reaching: extent of stretch: extent of force: penetration: artifice: contrivance: a straight portion of a stream between bends: (naut.) the distance traversed between tacks.--adj REACH'ABLE, within reach.--ns. REACH'ER, one who reaches; REACH'ING-POST, in rope-making, a post fixed at the lower end of a rope-walk.--adjs REACH'LESS, unattainable; REACH'-ME-DOWN, ready-made.--HEAD REACH, the distance to windward traversed by a vessel while tacking. [A.S. r['æ]can; Ger. reichen, to reach.]

REACQUITE, r[=e]-a-kw[=i]t', v.t. to pay back: to requite.

REACT, r[=e]-akt', v.t. to act anew.--v.i. to return an impulse in the opposite direction: to act mutually on each other.--n. REAC'TION, action resisting other action: mutual action: backward tendency from revolution, reform, or progress.--adj REAC'TIONARY, for or implying reaction.--n. one who attempts to reverse political action.--n. REAC'TIONIST.--adj REAC'TIVE.--adv. REAC'TIVELY.--ns. REAC'TIVENESS, REACTIV'ITY.

READ, r[=e]d, v.t. to utter aloud written or printed words: to peruse: to comprehend: to study, as to read law, science: to teach: to make out, from signs: to solve, as to read a dream: to interpret: to understand, as reading the stars: to note the indication of, as to read a barometer: impute by inference, as to read a meaning into a book.--v.i. to perform the act of reading: to practise much reading: to appear on reading: to advise: to speak: to acquire information: to utter the words of a book: (mus.) to render music at first sight: to put a certain expression upon it: to be suitable for perusal:--pa.t. and pa.p. read (red).--n. READ, a reading, perusal: (Spens.) counsel, a saying, an interpretation.--adj READ (red), versed in books: learned.--ns. READABIL'ITY, READ'ABLENESS.--adj READABLE (r[=e]d'a-bl), that may be read: worth reading: interesting: enabling to read.--adv. READ'ABLY.--ns. READ'ER, one who reads: one whose office it is to read prayers in a church, or lectures in a university, &c.: one who reads or corrects proofs: one who reads much: a reading-book; READ'ERSHIP, the office of a reader.--adj. READ'ING, addicted to reading.--n. act of reading: perusal: study of books: public or formal recital: the way in which a passage reads: an interpretation of a passage or work: a version: noting an instrument, as the reading of a barometer.--ns. READ'ING-BOOK, a book of exercises in reading; READ'ING-BOY (print.), a reader's assistant; READ'ING-DESK, a desk for holding a book or paper while it is read: a church-lectern; READ'ING-LAMP, a form of lamp for use in reading; READ'ING-ROOM, a room with papers, periodicals, &c., resorted to for reading.--READ BETWEEN THE LINES, to detect a meaning not expressed; READ ONE'S SELF IN, in the Church of England, to read the Thirty-nine Articles and repeat the declaration of assent prescribed by law to a new incumbent.--PENNY READING, an entertainment consisting of readings, &c., to which the admission is a penny. [A.S. r['æ]dan, to discern, read--r['æ]d, counsel; Ger. rathen, to advise.]

READDRESS, r[=e]-ad-dres', v.t. to address again.

READEPTION, r[=e]-a-dep'shun, n. (Bacon) the act of regaining, recovery.--v.t. READEPT'. [L. re-, again, adipisci, adeptus, to obtain.]

READJOURN, r[=e]-ad-jurn', v.t. to adjourn again.--n. READJOURN'MENT.

READJUST, r[=e]-ad-just', v.t. to adjust or put in order again, or in a new way.--n. READJUST'MENT.

READMIT, r[=e]-ad-mit', v.t. to admit again.--ns. READMIS'SION, act of readmitting: state of being readmitted; READMIT'TANCE, admittance or allowance to enter again.

READORN, r[=e]-a-dorn', v.t. to decorate again.

READY, red'i, adj. prepared at the moment: in proper time: prepared in mind: willing: not slow or awkward: dexterous: prompt: quick: present in hand: at hand: near: easy: on the point of: opportune: off-hand, as a ready retort.--n. a waiter's answer to a call: the position of a soldier's weapon after the order 'Make ready!' (slang) ready-money.--v.t. to dispose: to arrange.--adv. in a state of readiness or preparation.--adv. READ'ILY.--n. READ'INESS.--adj. READ'Y-MADE, made and ready for use: not made to order.--ns. READ'Y-MON'EY, cash payment; READ'Y-POLE, a bar across the chimney to support the pot-hook; READ'Y-RECK'ONER, a book of tables giving the value of any number of things from the lowest monetary unit upwards: also the interest on any sum of money from a day upwards.--adj. READ'Y-WIT'TED, having ready wit: clever: sharp.--MAKE READY, to prepare. [A.S. r['æ]de--rídan, to ride; Scot. red, to put in order, Ger. be-reit, ready.]

REAFFIRM, re-af-f[.e]rm', v.t. to affirm again.--n. REAFFIRM[=A]'TION.

REAFFOREST, r[=e]-af-for'est, v.t. to convert anew into a forest.--n. REAFFOREST[=A]'TION.

REAGENT, r[=e]-[=a]'jent, n. a substance that reacts on and detects the presence of other bodies: a test: one who exerts reflex influence.--n. RE[=A]'GENCY.

REAGGRAVATION, r[=e]-ag-rav-[=a]'shun, n. the last monitory before the excommunication.

REAGREE, r[=e]-a-gr[=e]', v.i. to become reconciled.

REAK, r[=e]k, n. (obs.) a freak: a prank.

REAL, r[=e]'al, adj. actually existing: not counterfeit or assumed: true: genuine: sincere: authentic: (law) pertaining to things fixed, as lands or houses.--adj. R[=E]'ALISABLE, that may be realised.--n. REALIS[=A]'TION, act of realising or state of being realised: a realising sense or feeling.--v.t. R[=E]'ALISE, to make real: to bring into being or act: to accomplish: to convert into real property or money: to obtain, as a possession: to feel strongly: to comprehend completely: to bring home to one's own experience.--n. R[=E]'ALISER, one who realises.--p.adj. R[=E]'ALISING, serving to make real or bring home to one as a reality: conversion of property into money.--ns. R[=E]'ALISM, the medieval doctrine that general terms stand for real existences--opp. to Nominalism: the doctrine that in external perception the objects immediately known are real existences: the tendency in art to accept and to represent things as they really are--opp. to Idealism--a method of representation without idealisation, raised by modern French writers into a system, claiming a monopoly of truth in its artistic treatment of the facts of nature and life; R[=E]'ALIST, one who holds the doctrine of realism: one who believes in the existence of the external world.--adj. R[=E]ALIST'IC, pertaining to the realists or to realism: life-like.--adv. R[=E]ALIST'ICALLY.--n. R[=E]AL'ITY, that which is real and not imaginary: truth: verity: (law) the fixed, permanent nature of real property.--adv. R[=E]'ALLY, in reality: actually: in truth.--ns. R[=E]'ALNESS, the condition of being real; R[=E]'ALTY, land, with houses, trees, minerals, &c. thereon: the ownership of, or property in, lands--also REAL ESTATE.--REAL PRESENCE (see PRESENCE); REAL SCHOOL, a modern German preparatory, scientific, or technical school--the highest grade being the REAL GYMNASIUM, or first-class modern school, as opp. to the gymnasium proper, or classical school. [Low L. realis--L. res, a thing.]

REAL, r[=e]-al', n. a Spanish coin, 100 of which=£1 sterling. [Sp.,--L. regalis, royal.]

REALGAR, r[=e]-al'gar, n. a native sulphuret of arsenic, a mineral consisting of about 70 parts of arsenic and 30 of sulphur, and of a brilliant red colour. [Fr.,--Ar. rahj-al-ghar, 'powder of the mine.']

REALLEGE, r[=e]-al-lej', v.t. to allege again.

REALLY, r[=e]-a-l[=i]', v.t. (Spens.) to bring together again: to reform.--v.t. to arrange again.--n. REALL[=I]'ANCE, a renewed alliance.

REALM, relm, n. a regal or royal jurisdiction: kingdom: province: country: dominion. [O. Fr. realme--Low L. regalimen--L. regalis, royal.]

REALTY, r[=e]'al-ti, n. fealty: royalty (see also REAL, 1).

REAM, r[=e]m, n. a quantity of paper consisting of 20 quires of 24 sheets. [O. Fr. raime (Fr. rame)--Sp. resma--Ar. rizma (pl. rizam), a bundle.]

REAM, r[=e]m, v.i. (prov.) to cream: to froth.--n. REAM'INESS.--adj. REAM'Y.

REAM, r[=e]m, v.t. to stretch: to enlarge by a rotatory cutter.--ns. REAM'ER; REAM'ING-BIT.

REAME, r[=e]m, n. (Spens.) a realm.

REAN, r[=e]n, n. a gutter. [Run.]

REANIMATE, r[=e]-an'i-m[=a]t, v.t. to restore to life: to infuse new life or spirit into: to revive.--n. REANIM[=A]'TION.

REANNEX, r[=e]-an-neks', v.t. to annex again, to reunite.--n. REANNEX[=A]'TION.

REANOINT, r[=e]-an-oint', v.t. to anoint anew.

REANSWER, r[=e]-an's[.e]r, v.t. and v.i. (Shak.) to answer back, to react.

REAP, r[=e]p, v.t. to cut down, as grain: to clear off a crop: to gather by effort: to receive as a reward: to obtain a harvest.--ns. REAP'ER, REAP'MAN; REAP'ING-HOOK, a hook-shaped instrument, with a handle, for cutting grain: a sickle; REAP'ING-MACHINE', a machine for cutting grain, drawn by horses, &c.; REAP'-SIL'VER, money paid by feudal tenants as a commutation for their services in reaping the crops. [A.S. rípan, to pluck; Goth. raupjan, Ger. raufen.]

REAPPAREL, r[=e]-ap-par'el, v.t. to clothe again.

REAPPEAR, r[=e]-ap-p[=e]r', v.i. to appear again or a second time.--n. REAPPEAR'ANCE, a second appearance.

REAPPLY, r[=e]-ap-pl[=i]', v.t. and v.i. to apply again.--n. REAPPLIC[=A]'TION.

REAPPOINT, r[=e]-ap-point', v.t. to appoint again.--n. REAPPOINT'MENT.

REAPPORTION, r[=e]-ap-p[=o]r'shun, v.t. to apportion again.--n. REAPPOR'TIONMENT.

REAPPROACH, r[=e]-ap-pr[=o]ch', v.t. and v.i. to approach again.

REAR, r[=e]r, n. the back or hindmost part: the last part of an army or fleet.--ns. REAR'-AD'MIRAL, an officer of the third rank, who commands the rear division of a fleet; REAR'DORSE, an open fireplace, without a chimney, against the rear wall of a room; REAR'-FRONT, the rear-rank of a body of troops when faced about; REAR'-GUARD, troops which protect the rear of an army; REAR'HORSE, an insect of the family Mantidæ; REAR'ING-BIT, a bit to prevent a horse from lifting his head when rearing; REAR'ING-BOX, in fish-culture, a fish-breeder; REAR'-LINE, the last rank of a battalion, &c., drawn up in open order; REAR'MOST, last of all; REAR'-RANK, the hindermost rank of a body of troops; REAR'WARD, RERE'WARD, (B.), the rear-guard, the part which comes last. [O. Fr. riere--L. retro, behind.]

REAR, r[=e]r, v.t. to bring up to maturity: to educate: to erect: (Milt.) to lift upward, as steps: (Spens.) to carry off by force: to stir up.--v.i. to rise on the hind-legs, as a horse.--n. REAR'ER, one who rears or raises: in coal-mines, a seam having an inclination of more than 30°. [A.S. r['æ]ran, to raise, the causal of rísan, to rise.]

REAR, r[=e]r, adj. early: underdone.--adjs. REAR'-BOILED; REAR'-ROAST'ED. [Rare.]

REARGUE, r[=e]-ar'g[=u], v.t. to argue over again.--n. REAR'GUMENT.

REARMOUSE. Same as REREMOUSE.

REARRANGE, r[=e]-ar-r[=a]nj', v.t. to arrange anew.--n. REARRANGE'MENT.

REASCEND, r[=e]-as-send', v.t. and v.i. to ascend, mount, or climb again.--ns. REASCEN'SION, REASCENT'.

REASON, r[=e]'zn, n. an idea which supports or justifies an act or belief: a motive: proof: excuse: cause: an explanation: the faculty of the mind by which man draws conclusions, and determines right and truth: the exercise of reason: just view of things: right conduct: propriety: justice: that which is conformable to reason: (logic) a premise placed after its conclusion.--v.i. to exercise the faculty of reason: to deduce inferences from premises: to argue: to debate: (B.) to converse.--v.t. to examine or discuss: to debate: to persuade by reasoning.--adj. REA'SONABLE, endowed with reason: rational: acting according to reason: agreeable to reason: just: not excessive: moderate.--n. REA'SONABLENESS.--adv. REA'SONABLY.--ns. REA'SONER; REA'SONING, act of reasoning: that which is offered in argument: course of argument.--adj. REA'SONLESS.--n. REA'SON-PIECE, a wall plate.--BY REASON OF, on account of: in consequence of; PRINCIPLE OF SUFFICIENT REASON, the proposition that nothing happens without a sufficient reason why it should be as it is and not otherwise; PURE REASON, reason absolutely independent of experience. [Fr. raison--L. ratio, rationis--r[=e]ri, ratus, to think.]

REASSEMBLE, r[=e]-as-sem'bl, v.t. and v.i. to assemble or collect again.--n. REASSEM'BLAGE.

REASSERT, r[=e]-as-sert', v.t. to assert again.--n. REASSER'TION.

REASSESS, r[=e]-as-ses', v.t. to assess again.--n. REASSESS'MENT.

REASSIGN, r[=e]-as-s[=i]n', v.t. to assign again: to transfer back what has been assigned.--n. REASSIGN'MENT.

REASSUME, r[=e]-as-s[=u]m', v.t. to assume or take again.--n. REASSUMP'TION.

REASSURE, r[=e]-a-sh[=oo]r', v.t. to assure anew: to give confidence to: to confirm: to insure an insurer.--ns. REASSUR'ANCE, repeated assurance: a second assurance against loss; REASSUR'ER.--adj. REASSUR'ING.--adv. REASSUR'INGLY.

REAST, r[=e]st, v.t. to dry or smoke (as meat). [Roast.]

REATA, RIATA, r[=e]-ä'ta, n. a rope of raw hide, used in America for catching animals. [Sp.,--L. re-, back, aptare, to fit on.]

REATTACH, r[=e]-at-tach', v.t. to attach again.--n. REATTACH'MENT.

REATTAIN, r[=e]-at-t[=a]n', v.t. to attain again.

REATTEMPT, r[=e]-at-temt', v.t. to attempt again.

RÉAUMUR'S SCALE. See THERMOMETER.

REAVE, r[=e]v, v.t. to take away by violence:--pa.t. and pa.p. reft.--n. REAV'ER. [A.S. reáfian, to rob--reáf, clothing, spoil; Ger. rauben, to rob.]

REAWAKE, r[=e]-a-w[=a]k', v.i. to awake again.

REBALLING, r[=e]-bawl'ing, n. the catching of eels with earthworms fastened to a ball of lead.

REBAPTISE, r[=e]-bap-t[=i]z', v.t. to baptise again.--ns. REBAP'TISER; REBAP'TISM, REBAPTIS[=A]'TION; REBAP'TIST, one who baptises again: an anabaptist.

REBATE, r[=e]-b[=a]t', v.t. (Shak.) to beat to obtuseness, to blunt: to beat back: to allow as discount.--n. R[=E]B[=A]TE'MENT, deduction: diminution: narrowing: (her.) a shortening, as of one arm of a cross. [Fr. rebattre, to beat back--L. re-, back, battu[)e]re, to beat.]

REBATE, r[=e]-b[=a]t', n. same as RABATE--also a hard freestone used in pavements: wood fastened to a handle in beating mortar.

REBEC, REBECK, r[=e]'bek, n. a musical instrument of the violin kind, with three strings played with a bow, introduced by the Moors into Spain. [O. Fr. rebec (Sp. rabel)--Ar. rab[=a]ba.]

REBECCAITE, r[=e]-bek'a-[=i]t, n. one of a set of rioters in South Wales, in 1843-44, who scoured the country by night, the leaders disguised in women's clothes, and threw down the toll-bars on the public roads; they were called 'Rebecca and her daughters,' from Gen. xxiv. 60.--n. REBECC'AISM.

REBEL, reb'el, n. one who rebels.--adj. rebellious.--v.i. (re-bel') to renounce the authority of the laws and government to which one owes allegiance, or to take up arms and openly oppose them: to oppose any lawful authority:--pr.p. rebel'ling; pa.t. and pa.p. rebelled'.--n. REBEL'LER, one who rebels: a rebel.--adj. REB'EL-LIKE (Shak.), like a rebel.--n. REBELL'ION, act of rebelling: open opposition to lawful authority: revolt: the Great Rebellion in England from 1642 to 1660: the American civil war of 1861-65.--adj. REBELL'IOUS, engaged in rebellion: characteristic of a rebel or rebellion: (of things) refractory.--adv. REBELL'IOUSLY, in a rebellious manner: in opposition to lawful authority.--n. REBELL'IOUSNESS.--adj. REB'ELLY, rebellious. [Fr. rebelle--L. rebellis, insurgent--re-, again, bellum, war.]

REBELLOW, r[=e]-bel'[=o], v.i. (Spens.) to bellow in return: to echo back a loud noise.

REBIND, r[=e]-b[=i]nd', v.t. to bind anew.

REBIRTH, r[=e]-b[.e]rth', n. a new entrance into a living form, according to the doctrine of metempsychosis.

REBITE, r[=e]-b[=i]t', v.t. to freshen worn lines in a plate.

REBOANT, reb'[=o]-ant, adj. rebellowing: loudly resounding.--n. REBO[=A]'TION. [L. reboans, -antis, pr.p. of rebo[=a]re--re-, again, bo[=a]re, to cry aloud.]

REBOIL, r[=e]-boil', v.t. and v.i. to cause to boil again.

REBORN, r[=e]-bawrn', adj. endowed with fresh life.

REBOUND, r[=e]-bownd', v.i. to bound or start back: to bound repeatedly: to recoil: to reverberate: to re-echo.--v.t. to repeat as an echo.--n. act of rebounding: recoil.

REBRACE, r[=e]-br[=a]s', v.t. to renew the strength of.

REBUFF, r[=e]-buf', n. a. beating back: sudden check: defeat: unexpected refusal.--v.t. to beat back: to check: to repel violently: to refuse. [O. Fr. rebuffe--It. rebuffo, a reproof--It. ri (--L. re-), back, buffare, to puff.]

REBUILD, r[=e]-bild', v.t. to build again: to renew.--n. REBUILD'ER.

REBUKE, r[=e]-b[=u]k', v.t. to check with reproof: to chide or reprove: (B.) to chasten.--n. direct reproof: reprimand: reprobation: (B.) chastisement: a severe check.--adjs. REB[=U]K'ABLE; REBUKE'FUL.--adv. REBUKE'FULLY.--n. REB[=U]K'ER.--adv. REB[=U]K'INGLY. [O. Fr. rebouquer (Fr. reboucher), from re-, back, bouque (Fr. bouche), the mouth--L. bucca, the cheek.]

REBULLITION, r[=e]-bul-ish'un, n. a renewed effervescence. [L. rebull[=i]re, to bubble up.]

REBURSE, r[=e]-b[.e]rs', v.t. to pay over again. [L. re-, again, bursa, purse.]

REBUS, r[=e]'bus, n. an enigmatical representation of a name or thing by using pictorial devices for letters, syllables, or parts of words: a riddle: (her.) a coat of arms bearing an allusion to the name of the bearer:--pl. R[=E]'BUSES. [L., res, a thing--prob. from the device speaking to the beholder non verbis sed rebus.]

REBUT, r[=e]-but', v.t. to butt or drive back: to repel: to reject: (law) to oppose by argument or proof.--v.i. (law) to return an answer:--pr.p. rebut'ting; pa.t. and pa.p. rebut'ted.--adj. R[=E]BUT'TABLE.--ns. R[=E]BUT'TAL; R[=E]BUT'TER, that which rebuts: a plaintiff's answer to a defendant's rejoinder. [O. Fr. rebuter, to repulse--L. re-, back, Mid. High Ger. b[=o]zen, to beat.]

RECALCITRANT, r[=e]-kal'si-trant, adj. showing repugnance or opposition: refractory.--v.i. or (rarely) v.t. RECAL'CITRATE, to show repugnance.--n. RECALCITR[=A]'TION. [L. recalcitrans, -antis--re-, back, calcitr[=a]re, -[=a]tum, to kick--calx, calcis, the heel.]

RECALESCE, r[=e]-kal-es', v.t. to show anew a state of glowing heat.--n. RECALES'CENCE (phys.), a peculiar behaviour of iron when cooling from a white-heat. At 1000°, e.g., it glows more brilliantly for a short time. [L. re-, again, calesc[)e]re, to grow hot.]

RECALL, r[=e]-kawl', v.t. to call back: to command to return: to revoke: to call back to mind.--n. act of recalling or revoking: a signal to soldiers to return.--adj. RECALL'ABLE, capable of being recalled.--n. RECAL'MENT, revocation.

RECANT, r[=e]-kant', v.t. to withdraw (a former declaration): to retract.--v.i. to revoke a former declaration: to unsay what has been said, esp. to declare one's renunciation of a religious belief which one formerly maintained.--ns. R[=E]CANT[=A]'TION, act of recanting: a declaration contradicting a former one; R[=E]CANT'ER.

RECAPITULATE, r[=e]-ka-pit'[=u]-l[=a]t, v.t. to go over again the chief points of anything.--n. RECAPIT[=U]L[=A]'TION, act of recapitulating: a summary of the main points of a preceding speech, treatise, &c.--adjs. RECAPIT'[=U]L[=A]TIVE; RECAPIT'[=U]L[=A]TORY, repeating again: containing a recapitulation. [L. recapitul[=a]re, -[=a]tum--re-, again, capitulum--caput, head.]

RECAPTION, r[=e]-kap'shun, n. reprisal: (law) taking back goods, wife, or children from one who has no right to detain them.

RECAPTURE, r[=e]-kap't[=u]r, v.t. to capture back or retake, esp. a prize from a captor.--n. act of retaking: a prize recaptured.--n. RECAP'TOR.

RECARBURISE, r[=e]-kär'b[=u]-r[=i]z, v.t. to restore the carbon to metal from which it has been removed.--n. RECARBONIS[=A]'TION.

RECARNIFY, r[=e]-kär'ni-f[=i], v.t. to convert again into flesh. [L. re-, again, carnify, to change into flesh.]

RECARRY, r[=e]-kar'i, v.t. to carry back or anew.--n. RECARR'IAGE.

RECAST, r[=e]-kast', v.t. to cast or throw again: to cast or mould anew: to compute a second time.--n. a moulding or shaping anew, as of a book.

RECEDE, r[=e]-s[=e]d', v.i. to go or fall back: to retreat: to bend or tend in a backward direction: to withdraw: to give up a claim.--v.t. to cede back, as to a former possessor.--adj. RECED'ING, sloping backward. [L. reced[)e]re, recessum--re-, back, ced[)e]re, to go.]

RECEIPT, r[=e]-s[=e]t', n. act of receiving: place of receiving: power of holding: a written acknowledgment of anything received, a legal acknowledgment of money received in discharge of a debt or demand: that which is received: a recipe in cookery.--v.t. to give a receipt for: to sign: to discharge.--adj. RECEIPT'ABLE, that may be receipted.--ns. RECEIPT'-BOOK, a book containing receipts; RECEIPT'OR, one who gives a receipt. [O. Fr. recete (Fr. recette)--L. recipere, receptum.]

RECEIVE, r[=e]-s[=e]v', v.t. to take what is offered: to accept: to embrace with the mind: to assent to: to allow: to give acceptance to: to give admittance to: to welcome or entertain: to hold or contain: (law) to take goods knowing them to be stolen: (B.) to bear with, to believe in.--v.i. to be a recipient: to hold a reception of visitors.--n. RECEIVABIL'ITY, RECEIV'ABLENESS, the quality of being receivable.--adj. RECEIV'ABLE, that may be received: a waiting payment, as bills receivable.--ns. RECEIV'EDNESS, the state or quality of being received or current; RECEIV'ER, one who receives: an officer who receives taxes: a person appointed by a court to hold and manage property which is under litigation, or receive the rents of land, &c.: one who receives stolen goods: (chem.) a vessel for receiving and holding the products of distillation, or for containing gases: the glass vessel of an air-pump in which the vacuum is formed: the receiving part of a telegraph, telephone, &c.; RECEIV'ER-GEN'ERAL, an officer who receives the public revenue; RECEIV'ERSHIP, the office of a receiver; RECEIV'ING, the act of receiving; RECEIV'ING-HOUSE, a depôt: a house where letters and parcels are left for transmission; RECEIV'ING-IN'STRUMENT, an appliance by which operators at two telegraph stations can communicate; RECEIV'ING-OFF'ICE, a branch post-office for receipt of letters, &c.; RECEIV'ING-SHIP, a stationary ship for recruits for the navy. [O. Fr. recever (Fr. recevoir)--L. recip[)e]re, receptum--re-, back, cap[)e]re, to take.]

RECELEBRATE, r[=e]-sel'[=e]-br[=a]t, v.t. to celebrate again.

RECENCY, r[=e]'sen-si, n. newness. [Recent.]

RECENSION, r[=e]-sen'shun, n. a critical revisal of a text: a text established by critical revision: a review.--n. RECEN'SIONIST. [L. recensio--recens[=e]re--re-, again, cens[=e]re, to value.]

RECENT, r[=e]'sent, adj. of late origin or occurrence: fresh: modern: (geol.) belonging to the present geological period.--adv. R[=E]'CENTLY.--n. R[=E]'CENTNESS. [Fr.,--L. recens, recentis.]

RECEPTACLE, r[=e]-sep'ta-kl, n. that into which anything is received or in which it is contained: (bot.) the basis of a flower: (zool.) an organ that receives and holds a secretion.--n. R[=E]'CEPT, an idea taken into the mind from without.--adj. RECEPTAC'ULAR (bot.), pertaining to or serving as a receptacle.--n. RECEPTIBIL'ITY, receivability.--adj. RECEPT'IBLE, receivable.--ns. RECEP'TION, the act of receiving: admission: state of being received: acceptance: a receiving officially: (Milt.) capacity for receiving: a receiving of guests for entertainment: welcome: treatment at first coming; RECEP'TION-ROOM.--adj. RECEPT'IVE, having the quality of receiving or containing: (phil.) capable of receiving, or quick to receive, impressions.--ns. RECEPT'IVENESS; RECEPTIV'ITY, quality of being receptive. [L. recip[)e]re, receptum, to receive.]

RECESS, r[=e]-ses', n. a going back or withdrawing: retirement: seclusion: a period of remission of business: part of a room formed by a receding of the wall: a retired spot: a nook: a sinus or depressed par.--v.t. to make a recess in: to put into a recess.--adj. RECESSED', having a recess.--RECESSED ARCH, one arch within another. [Recede.]

RECESSION, r[=e]-sesh'un, n. act of receding: withdrawal: the state of being set back.--adjs. RECES'SIONAL; RECESS'IVE.--adv. RECESS'IVELY.--n. RECESS'US, a recess.

RECESSION, r[=e]-sesh'un, n. a ceding or giving back.

RECHABITE, rek'a-b[=i]t, n. one of the descendants of Jonadab, the son of Rechab, who abstained from drinking wine, in obedience to the injunction of their ancestor (Jer. xxxv. 6): a total abstainer from intoxicating drinks: a member of the Rechabite order of total abstainers.--n. RECH'ABITISM.

RÉCHAUFFÉ, r[=a]-sh[=o]-f[=a]', n. a warmed-up dish: a fresh concoction of old literary material. [Fr.]

RECHEAT, r[=e]-ch[=e]t', n. (Shak.) a recall on the horn when the hounds have lost the scent, or at the end of the chase. [O. Fr. recet.]

RECHERCHÉ, r[=e]-sher'sh[=a], adj. extremely nice: peculiar and refined: rare. [Fr.]

RECHLESSE, rek'les, adj. Same as RECKLESS.

RECHRISTEN, r[=e]-kris'n, v.t. to name again.

RECIDIVATE, r[=e]-sid'i-v[=a]t, v.i. to fall again: to backslide.--ns. RECIDIV[=A]'TION; RECID'IVIST (Fr. law), a relapsed criminal.--adj. RECID'IVOUS, liable to backslide. [Fr.,--L. recid[=i]vus, falling back.]

RECIPE, res'i-p[=e], n. a medical prescription: any formula for the preparation of a compound: a receipt:--pl. RECIPES (res'i-p[=e]z). [L., lit. 'take,' the first word of a medical prescription, imper. of recip[)e]re.]

RECIPIENT, r[=e]-sip'i-ent, adj. receiving.--n. one who receives, that which receives.--ns. RECIP'IENCE, RECIP'IENCY, a receiving: receptiveness. [L. recipiens, -entis, pr.p. of recip[)e]re, to receive.]

RECIPROCAL, r[=e]-sip'r[=o]-kal, adj. acting in return: mutual: alternating: interchangeable: giving and receiving.--n. that which is reciprocal: (math.) the quotient resulting from the division of unity by any given quantity.--n. RECIPROCAL'ITY, the state or quality of being reciprocal: mutual return.--adv. RECIP'ROCALLY, mutually: interchangeably: inversely.--ns. RECIP'ROCALNESS; RECIP'ROCANT (math.), a contravariant expressing a certain condition of tangency: a differential invariant.--adj. RECIP'ROCANTIVE, relating to a reciprocant.--v.t. RECIP'ROC[=A]TE, to give and receive mutually: to requite: to interchange: to alternate.--v.i. to move backward and forward: (coll.) to make a return or response.--ns. RECIP'ROCATING-EN'GINE, an engine in which the piston moves forward and backward in a straight line; RECIPROC[=A]'TION, interchange of acts: alternation.--adj. RECIP'ROC[=A]TIVE, acting reciprocally.--n. RECIPROC'ITY, mutual obligations: action and reaction: equality of commercial privileges.--adjs. REC'IPROCK, REC'IPROQUE (Bacon), reciprocal; RECIP'ROCOUS (rare), turning back: reciprocal.--RECIPROCAL PROPORTION is when, of four terms taken in order, the first has to the second the same ratio which the fourth has to the third; RECIPROCAL RATIO, the ratio of the reciprocals of two quantities; RECIPROCAL TERMS, those that have the same signification and consequently are convertible; RECIPROCATING MOTION, by this the power is transmitted from one part of a machine to another. [L. reciprocus.]

RECIPROCORNOUS, r[=e]-sip'r[=o]-kor-nus, adj. having horns like a ram.

RECISION, r[=e]-sizh'un, n. the act of cutting off. [Fr.,--L.,--recid[)e]re, recisum, to cut off.]

RECITE, r[=e]-s[=i]t', v.t. to read aloud from paper, or repeat from memory: to narrate: to give the particulars of.--v.i. to rehearse in public.--ns. REC[=I]'TAL, act of reciting: rehearsal: that which is recited: a narration: a vocal or instrumental performance, as a piano recital: (law) that part of a deed which recites the circumstances; RECITATION (res-i-t[=a]'shun), act of reciting: a public reading: rehearsal; RECIT[=A]'TIONIST, a public reciter; RECITATIVE (-t[=e]v'), (mus.) a style of song resembling declamation, a kind of union of song and speech.--adj. in the style of recitative.--adv. RECITATIVE'LY, in the manner of recitative.--ns. RECITATI'VO (mus.), recitative; RECIT'ER; RECIT'ING-NOTE, a note in chanting on which several syllables are sung. [Fr. réciter--L. recit[=a]re--L. re-, again, cit[=a]re, -[=a]tum, to call.]

RECK, rek, v.t. to care for: to regard.--v.i. (usually with not, and fol. by of) care: heed.--adj. RECK'LESS, careless: heedless of consequences: rash.--adv. RECK'LESSLY.--ns. RECK'LESSNESS; RECK'LING, a reckless person: the weakest in a litter: a helpless babe.--adj. stunted.--IT RECKS (Milt.), it concerns. [A.S. récan, from a root seen in Old High Ger. ruoh, care, Ger. ruchlos, regardless.]

RECKON, rek'n, v.t. to count: to place in the number or rank of: to esteem: to think, believe.--v.i. to calculate: to charge to account: to make up accounts: to settle accounts (fol. by with): to count or rely (with on or upon): to have an impression: to think: to suppose.--ns. RECK'ONER; RECK'ONING, an account of time: settlement of accounts, &c.: charges for entertainment: standing as to rank: (naut.) a calculation of the ship's position: (B.) estimation: value.--RECKON FOR, to be answerable for; RECKON ON, or UPON, to count or depend upon; RECKON WITHOUT HIS HOST (see HOST).--DAY OF RECKONING, the day when an account must be given and a settlement made: the judgment-day. [A.S. ge-recenian, to explain; Ger. rechnen.]

RECLAIM, r[=e]-kl[=a]m', v.t. to demand the return of: to regain: to bring back from a wild or barbarous state, or from error or vice: to bring into a state of cultivation: to bring into the desired condition: to make tame or gentle: to reform.--v.i. to cry out or exclaim: (Scots law) to appeal from the Lord Ordinary to the inner house of the Court of Session.--adj. RECLAIM'ABLE, that may be reclaimed or reformed.--adv. RECLAIM'ABLY.--ns. RECLAIM'ANT, one who reclaims; RECLAM[=A]'TION, act of reclaiming: state of being reclaimed, as of waste land: demand: recovery. [Fr.,--L. re-, again, clam[=a]re, to cry out.]

RECLASP, r[=e]-klasp', v.t. to clasp again.

RECLINATE, rek'li-n[=a]t, adj. reclined: (bot.) bent downward, so as to have the point lower than the base, as a leaf.--n. RECLIN[=A]'TION, the act of reclining or leaning: the angle which the plane of a dial makes with a vertical plane, the intersection being a horizontal line: an operation in surgery for the cure of cataract. [L. reclin[=a]re, -[=a]tum, to recline.]

RECLINE, r[=e]-kl[=i]n', v.t. to lean or bend backwards: to lean to or on one side.--v.i. to lean: to rest or repose.--adjs. RECLINE' (Milt.), leaning; RECLINED' (bot.), same as RECLINATE.--n. RECL[=I]'NER.--adj. RECL[=I]'NING (bot.), bending away from the perpendicular: recumbent.--ns. RECL[=I]'NING-BOARD, a board on which persons recline to gain erectness to the figure; RECL[=I]'NING-CHAIR, an invalid's chair. [Fr.,--L. reclin[=a]re--re-, back, clin[=a]re, to bend.]

RECLOSE, r[=e]-kl[=o]z', v.t. to close again.

RECLOTHE, r[=e]-kl[=o]th, v.t. to clothe again.

RECLUSE, r[=e]-kl[=oo]s', adj. secluded: retired: solitary.--n. one shut up or secluded: one who lives retired from the world: a religious devotee living in a single cell, generally attached to a monastery.--adv. RECLUSE'LY, in retirement or seclusion from society.--ns. RECLUSE'NESS, seclusion from society: retirement; RECLU'SION, religious retirement or seclusion: the life of a recluse.--adj. RECLU'SIVE (Shak.), affording retirement or seclusion.--n. RECLU'SORY, a recluse's cell. [Fr.,--L. reclusus, pa.p. of reclud[)e]re, to open, shut away--re-, away, claud[)e]re, to shut.]

RECOCT, r[=e]-kokt', v.t. to cook anew, to vamp up.--n. RECOC'TION.

RECOGNISE, rek'og-n[=i]z, v.t. to know again: to recollect: to acknowledge: to see the truth of.--adj. REC'OGNISABLE, that may be recognised or acknowledged.--adv. REC'OGNISABLY, in a recognisable manner.--ns. RECOG'NISANCE, a recognition: an avowal: a profession: a legal obligation entered into before a magistrate to do, or not do, some particular act: to enter into recognisances; REC'OGNISER, one who recognises; RECOGNI'TION, act of recognising: state of being recognised: recollection: avowal: (Scots law) a return of the feu to the superior.--adjs. RECOG'NITIVE, RECOG'NITORY. [L. recognosc[)e]re--re-, again, cognosc[)e]re, to know.]

RECOIL, r[=e]-koil', v.t. to start back: to rebound: to return: to shrink from.--n. a starting or springing back: rebound: an escapement in which after each beat the escape-wheel recoils slightly.--n. RECOIL'ER, one who recoils.--adj. RECOIL'ING.--adv. RECOIL'INGLY.--n. RECOIL'MENT. [Fr. reculer--L. re-, back, Fr. cul, the hinder part--L. culus.]

RECOIN, r[=e]-koin', v.t. to coin over again.--ns. RECOIN'AGE; RECOIN'ER.

RECOLLECT, r[=e]-kol-ekt', v.t. to collect again.

RECOLLECT, rek-ol-ekt', v.t. to remember: to recover composure or resolution (with reflex. pron.).--n. RECOLLEC'TION, act of recollecting or remembering: the power of recollecting: memory: that which is recollected: reminiscence.--adj. RECOLLEC'TIVE, having the power of recollecting.

RECOLLECT, rek'ol-ekt, n. a member of a congregation of a monastic order following a very strict rule--mostly of the Franciscan order forming a branch of the Observantines.--Also REC'OLLET.

RECOMBINE, r[=e]-kom-b[=i]n', v.t. to combine again.--n. RECOMBIN[=A]'TION.

RECOMFORT, r[=e]-kum'furt, v.t. to comfort or console again: (Bacon) to give new strength.--adj. RECOM'FORTLESS (Spens.), comfortless.--n. RECOM'FORTURE (Shak.), restoration of comfort.

RECOMMENCE, r[=e]-kom-ens', v.t. to commence again.--n. RECOMMENCE'MENT.

RECOMMEND, rek-o-mend', v.t. to commend to another: to bestow praise on: to introduce favourably: to give in charge: to commit, as in prayer: to advise.--adj. RECOMMEND'ABLE, that may be recommended: worthy of praise.--n. RECOMMEND'ABLENESS, the quality of being recommendable.--adv. RECOMMEND'ABLY, so as to deserve recommendation.--n. RECOMMEND[=A]'TION, act of recommending: act of introducing with commendation: repute: letter of recommendation.--adj. RECOMMEND'[=A]TORY, that recommends: commendatory.--n. RECOMMEND'ER, one who, or that which, recommends.

RECOMMIT, r[=e]-kom-it', v.t. to commit again: particularly, to send back to a committee.--ns. RECOMMIT'MENT, RECOMMIT'TAL.

RECOMMUNICATE, r[=e]-kom-[=u]n'i-k[=a]t, v.t. and v.i. to communicate again.

RECOMPACT, r[=e]-kom-pakt', v.t. to join anew.

RECOMPENSE, rek'om-pens, v.t. to return an equivalent for anything: to repay or requite: to reward: to compensate: to remunerate.--n. that which is returned as an equivalent: repayment: reward: compensation: remuneration.--n. REC'OMPENSER. [Fr. récompenser--L. re-, again, compens[=a]re, to compensate.]

RECOMPILE, r[=e]-kom-p[=i]l', v.t. to compile anew.--ns. RECOMPIL[=A]'TION, RECOMPILE'MENT, a new compilation.

RECOMPLETE, r[=e]-kom-pl[=e]t', v.t. to complete anew.--n. RECOMPL[=E]'TION.

RECOMPOSE, r[=e]-kom-p[=o]z', v.t. to compose again or anew: to form anew: to soothe or quiet.--ns. RECOMPOS'ER; RECOMPOSI'TION.

RECONCILE, rek'on-s[=i]l, v.t. to restore to friendship or union: to bring to agreement: to bring to contentment: to pacify: to make consistent: to adjust or compose.--adj. REC'ONCILABLE, that may be reconciled: that may be made to agree: consistent.--n. REC'ONCILABLENESS, possibility of being reconciled: consistency: harmony.--adv. REC'ONCILABLY, in a reconcilable manner.--ns. REC'ONCILER; RECONCILI[=A]'TION, REC'ONCILEMENT, act of reconciling: state of being reconciled: renewal of friendship: propitiation: atonement: the bringing to agreement things at variance.--adj. RECONCIL'IATORY, serving or tending to reconcile. [Fr. réconcilier--L. re-, again, concili[=a]re, -[=a]tum, to call together.]

RECONDENSE, r[=e]-kon-dens', v.t. to condense again.--n. RECONDENS[=A]'TION.

RECONDITE, r[=e]-kon'dit, or rek'on-d[=i]t, adj. secret: abstruse: profound.--ns. RECONDITE'NESS; RECON'DITORY, a storehouse. [L. recond[)e]re, -itum, to put away--re-, again, cond[)e]re, to put together.]

RECONDUCT, r[=e]-kon-dukt', v.t. to conduct back or anew.

RECONFIRM, r[=e]-kon-f[.e]rm', v.t. to confirm again.

RECONJOIN, r[=e]-kon-join', v.t. to join anew.

RECONNAISSANCE, re-kon'i-sans, n. the act of reconnoitring: a survey or examination: the examination of a tract of country with a view to military or engineering operations.--RECONNAISSANCE IN FORCE, an attack by a body of troops to discover the strength of the enemy. [Fr.]

RECONNOITRE, rek-o-noi't[.e]r, v.t. to survey or examine: to survey with a view to military operations.--v.i. to make preliminary examination:--pa.t. and pa.p. reconnoi'tred.--n. a preliminary survey. [O. Fr. reconoistre (Fr. reconnaître)--L. recognosc[)e]re, to recognise.]

RECONQUER, r[=e]-kong'k[.e]r, v.t. to conquer again: to recover: to regain.--n. RECON'QUEST.

RECONSECRATE, r[=e]-kon's[=e]-kr[=a]t, v.t. to consecrate anew.--n. RECONSECR[=A]'TION.

RECONSIDER, r[=e]-kon-sid'[.e]r, v.t. to consider again, as to reconsider a motion or vote: to review.--n. RECONSIDER[=A]'TION.

RECONSOLATE, r[=e]-kon's[=o]-l[=a]t, v.t. (obs.) to comfort again.

RECONSOLIDATE, r[=e]-kon-sol'i-d[=a]t, v.t. to consolidate anew.--n. RECONSOLID[=A]'TION.

RECONSTITUTE, r[=e]-kon'sti-t[=u]t, v.t. to construct anew.--adj. RECONSTIT'[=U]ENT.--n. RECONSTIT[=U]'TION.

RECONSTRUCT, r[=e]-kon-strukt', v.t. to construct again: to rebuild.--n. RECONSTRUC'TION.--adj. RECONSTRUC'TIONARY.--n. RECONSTRUC'TIONIST.--adj. RECONSTRUC'TIVE, able or tending to reconstruct.

RECONTINUE, r[=e]-kon-tin'[=u], v.t. and v.i. to continue anew.--n. RECONTIN'[=U]ANCE.

RECONVALESCENCE, r[=e]-kon-val-es'ens, n. restoration to health.

RECONVENE, r[=e]-kon-v[=e]n', v.t. to convene or call together again.--v.i. to come together again.

RECONVENT, r[=e]-kon-vent', v.t. to assemble together again.--n. RECONVEN'TION, a counter-action by a defendant against a plaintiff.

RECONVERT, r[=e]-kon-v[.e]rt', v.t. to convert again.--n. RECONVER'SION.

RECONVEY, r[=e]-kon-v[=a]', v.t. to transfer back to a former owner, as an estate.--n. RECONVEY'ANCE.

RECORD, r[=e]-kord', v.t. to write anything formally, to preserve evidence of it: to bear witness to: to register or enrol: to celebrate.--adj. RECORD'ABLE, able to be recorded, worthy of record.--ns. RECORD[=A]'TION (Shak.), remembrance; RECORD'ER, one who records or registers, esp. the rolls, &c., of a city: a judge of a city or borough court of quarter-sessions: an old musical instrument somewhat like a flageolet, but with the lower part wider than the upper, and a mouthpiece resembling the beak of a bird: a registering apparatus in telegraphy; RECORD'ERSHIP, the office of recorder, or the time of holding it. [O. Fr. recorder--L. record[=a]re, to call to mind--re-, again, cor, cordis, the heart.]

RECORD, rek'ord, n. a register: a formal writing of any fact or proceeding: a book of such writings: a witness, a memorial: memory, remembrance: anything entered in the rolls of a court, esp. the formal statements or pleadings of parties in a litigation.--n. REC'ORD-OFF'ICE, a place where public records are kept.--BEAT, or BREAK, THE RECORD, to outdo the highest achievement yet done; CLOSE THE RECORD, an act of a Scottish judge after each party has said all he wishes to say by way of statement and answer; PUBLIC RECORDS, contemporary authenticated statements of the proceedings of the legislature, and the judgments of those higher courts of law known as Courts of Record; TRIAL BY RECORD, a common law mode of trial when a disputed former decision of the court is settled by producing the record.

RECOUNT, r[=e]-kownt', v.t. to count again: to tell over again: to narrate the particulars of: to detail.--n. a second or repeated count.--ns. RECOUNT'AL, RECOUNT'MENT, relation in detail, recital. [O. Fr. reconter--re-, again, conter, to tell.]

RECOUP, r[=e]-k[=oo]p', v.t. to make good: to indemnify.--adj. RECOUPÉ (her.), divided a second time.--n. RECOUP'MENT, reimbursement: (law) reduction of the plaintiff's damages by keeping out a part. [Fr. recouper, to cut again--re-, again, couper, to cut, coup, a stroke--Low L. colpus--L. colaphus.]

RECOURE, r[=e]-k[=oo]r', v.t. (Spens.) to recover.

RECOURSE, r[=e]-k[=o]rs', n. a going to for aid or protection: access.--v.i. to return.--adj. RECOURSE'FUL, returning. [Fr. recours--L. recursus--re-, back, curr[)e]re, cursum, to run.]

RECOVER, r[=e]-kuv'[.e]r, v.t. to cover again.

RECOVER, r[=e]-kuv'[.e]r, v.t. to get possession of again: to make up for: to retrieve: to cure: to revive: to bring back to any former state: to rescue: to obtain as compensation: to obtain for injury or debt: to reconcile.--v.i. to regain health: to regain any former state: (law) to obtain a judgment.--n. recovery: the forward movement in rowing, after one stroke to take another.--n. RECOVERABIL'ITY, the state of being recoverable.--adj. RECOV'ERABLE, that may be recovered or regained: capable of being brought to a former condition.--ns. RECOV'ERABLENESS, the state of being recoverable: capability of being recovered; RECOVEREE', one against whom a judgment is obtained in common recovery; RECOV'ERER, one who recovers; RECOV'EROR, one who recovers a judgment in common recovery; RECOV'ERY, the act of recovering: the act of regaining anything lost: restoration to health or to any former state: the power of recovering anything: (law) a verdict giving right to the recovery of debts or costs. [O. Fr. recovrer--L. recuper[=a]re--re-, again, and Sabine cuprus, good; some suggest cup[)e]re, to desire.]

RECREANT, rek'r[=e]-ant, adj. cowardly: false: apostate: renegade.--n. a mean-spirited wretch: an apostate: a renegade.--n. REC'R[=E]ANCY, the quality of a recreant: a yielding, mean, cowardly spirit.--adv. REC'R[=E]ANTLY. [O. Fr., pr.p. of recroire, to change belief--Low L. (se) re-cred[)e]re, to own one's self beaten--L. re-, again, cred[)e]re, to believe.]

RECREATE, rek'r[=e]-[=a]t, v.t. to revive: to reanimate: to cheer or amuse: to refresh: to delight.--v.i. to take recreation.--n. RECRE[=A]'TION, the act of recreating or state of being recreated: refreshment after toil, sorrow, &c.: diversion: amusement: sport.--adjs. RECRE[=A]'TIONAL, REC'RE[=A]TIVE, serving to recreate or refresh: giving relief in weariness, &c.: amusing.--adv. REC'RE[=A]TIVELY, so as to afford recreation or diversion.--n. REC'RE[=A]TIVENESS, the quality of being refreshing or amusing.

RECREMENT, rek'r[=e]-ment, n. superfluous matter: dross.--adjs. RECREMENT'AL, RECREMENTI'TIAL, RECREMENTI'TIOUS. [L. recrementum, dross.]

RECRIMINATE, r[=e]-krim'in-[=a]t, v.t. to criminate or accuse in return.--v.i. to charge an accuser with a similar crime.--n. RECRIMIN[=A]'TION, the act of recriminating or returning one accusation by another: a countercharge or accusation.--adjs. RECRIM'IN[=A]TIVE, RECRIM'IN[=A]TORY, recriminating or retorting accusations or charges.--n. RECRIM'IN[=A]TOR, one who recriminates.

RECROSS, r[=e]-kros', v.t. to cross again.--adj. RECROSSED' (her.), having the ends crossed.

RECRUCIFY, r[=e]-kr[=oo]s'i-f[=i], v.t. to crucify anew.

RECRUDESCENT, r[=e]-kr[=oo]-des'ent, adj. growing sore or painful again.--v.i. RECRUDESCE', to become raw again: to be renewed.--ns. RECRUDES'CENCE, RECRU'DENCY, RECRUDES'CENCY, the state of becoming sore again: a state of relapse: (med.) increased activity after recovery: (bot.) the production of a fresh shoot from a ripened spike. [L. recrudescens, -entis, pr.p. of recrudesc[)e]re, to become raw again--re-, again, crudesc[)e]re, to become raw--crudis, crude.]

RECRUIT, r[=e]-kr[=oo]t', v.i. to obtain fresh supplies: to recover in health, &c.: to enlist new soldiers.--v.t. to repair: to supply: to supply with recruits.--n. the supply of any want: a substitute for something wanting: a newly enlisted soldier.--ns. RECRUIT'AL, renewed supply; RECRUIT'ER.--adj. RECRUIT'ING, obtaining new supplies: enlisting recruits.--n. the business of obtaining new supplies or enlisting new soldiers.--ns. RECRUIT'ING-GROUND, a place where recruits may be obtained; RECRUIT'ING-PAR'TY, a party of soldiers engaged in enlisting recruits; RECRUIT'ING-SER'GEANT, a sergeant who enlists recruits; RECRUIT'MENT, the act, business, or employment of raising new supplies of men for an army. [O. Fr. recruter--re-, croître--L. recresc[)e]re--re-, again, cresc[)e]re, to grow.]

RECRYSTALLISATION, r[=e]-kris-tal-[=i]z-[=a]'shun, n. the process of crystallising again.--v.t. and v.i. R[=E]CRYS'TALLISE.

RECTA, rek'ta, n.pl.--adj. REC'TAL. See RECTUM.

RECTANGLE, rek'tang-gl, n. a four-sided figure with all its angles right angles and its opposite sides equal.--adjs. REC'TANGLED, having right angles; RECTANG'[=U]LAR, right-angled.--n. RECTANG[=U]LAR'ITY, the state or quality of being right-angled.--adv. RECTANG'[=U]LARLY, with, or at, right angles.--n. RECTANG'[=U]LARNESS.--RECTANGULAR HYPERBOLA, a hyperbola whose asymptotes are at right angles to one another; RECTANGULAR SOLID, a solid whose axis is perpendicular to its base. [Fr.,--L. rectus, right, angulus, an angle.]

RECTIFY, rek'ti-f[=i], v.t. to make straight or right: to adjust: to correct or redress: to purify by repeated crystallisation or sublimation, or by distillations: (math.) to determine the length of a curve included between two limits: to prepare a sun-dial for an observation:--pa.t. and pa.p. rec'tified.--adj. RECTIF[=I]'ABLE, that may be rectified or set right.--ns. RECTIFIC[=A]'TION, the act of rectifying or setting right: the process of refining any substance by repeated distillation: rectification of a globe, its adjustment preparatory to the solution of a proposed problem; REC'TIFIER, one who corrects: one who refines a substance by repeated distillation.--RECTIFY THE COURSE OF A VESSEL, to determine its true course from indications of the ship's compass, and allowing for magnetic variations, &c.; RECTIFY THE GLOBE, to bring the sun's place in the ecliptic on a globe to the brass meridian. [Fr.,--L. rectus, straight, fac[)e]re, to make.]

RECTIGRADE, rek'ti-gr[=a]d, adj. walking straight forward. [L. rectus, straight, gradi, to step.]

RECTILINEAL, rek-ti-lin'[=e]-al, adj. bounded by straight lines: straight--also RECTILIN'EAR.--adv. RECTILIN'EALLY.--n. RECTILINEAR'ITY, the state or quality of being right-lined.--adv. RECTILIN'EARLY, in a right line.--n. RECTILIN'EARNESS. [L. rectus, straight, linea, a line.]

RECTINERVED, rek'ti-nervd, adj. (bot.) straight or parallel nerved.

RECTION, rek'shun, n. (gram.) the influence of a word in regard to the number, case, &c. of another word in a sentence.

RECTIPETALITY, rek-ti-pe-tal'i-ti, n. (bot.) the natural tendency of stems to grow in a straight line.

RECTIROSTRAL, rek'ti-ros'tral, adj. having a straight bill. [L. rectus, straight, rostrum, a beak.]

RECTISERIAL, rek-ti-s[=e]'ri-al, adj. placed in a straight line: (bot.) arranged in one or more straight ranks.

RECTITIS, rek't[=i]-tis, n. inflammation of the rectum.--adj. RECTIT'IC.

RECTITUDE, rek'ti-t[=u]d, n. uprightness: correctness of principle or practice: integrity: correctness. [Fr.,--L. rectitudo--rectus, straight.]

RECTO, rek't[=o], n. (print.) the right-hand page--opp. to Reverso or Verso: (law) a writ of right.

RECTOR, rek'tor, n. a ruler: in the Church of England, a clergyman who has the charge and cure of a parish where the tithes are not impropriate, and who accordingly has the whole right to the ecclesiastical dues therein: a common name for all incumbents in the Episcopal churches of the United States and (since 1890) Scotland: the head-master of a superior public school in Scotland, Germany, &c.: the chief elective officer of certain Scotch and French universities: the head of Lincoln and of Exeter Colleges, Oxford, &c.: (R.C.) an ecclesiastic in charge of a congregation, a college, or religious house, esp. the head of a Jesuit seminary.--adjs. REC'TORAL, RECT[=O]'RIAL, pertaining to a rector or to a rectory--ns. REC'TORATE, REC'TORSHIP; REC'TORESS, a female rector: a governess; REC'TORY, the province or mansion of a rector.--RECTOR MAGNIFICUS, the head of a German university.--LAY RECTOR, a layman who enjoys the great tithes of a parish; MISSIONARY RECTOR (R.C.), a priest appointed to the charge of some important mission in England. [L.,--reg[)e]re, rectum, to rule.]

RECTRIX, rek'triks, n. one of the long tail-feathers of a bird, so called because used in steering the bird in its flight:--pl. RECTRICES (rek'tri-s[=e]z).

RECTUM, rek'tum, n. the lowest part of the large intestine:--pl. REC'TA.--adj. REC'TAL.--ns. REC'TOSCOPE, a speculum for rectal examination; RECTOT'OMY, the operation for dividing a rectal stricture.--adjs. REC'TO-UR[=E]'THRAL, pertaining to the rectum and to the urethra; REC'TO-[=U]'TERINE, to the rectum and the uterus; REC'TO-VAG'INAL, to the rectum and the vagina; REC'TO-VES'ICAL, to the rectum and the bladder. [L. rectus, straight.]

RECTUS, rek'tus, n. a muscle so called from the straightness of its course:--pl. REC'TI.

RECUBANT, rek'[=u]-bant, adj. reclining, recumbent--n. RECUB[=A]'TION. [L. recub[=a]re, -[=a]tum, to lie back.]

RECUIL, RECULE, r[=e]-k[=u]l' (Spens.). Same as RECOIL.

RECULTIVATE, r[=e]-kul'ti-v[=a]t, v.t. to cultivate again.--n. RECULTIV[=A]'TION.

RECUMBENT, r[=e]-kum'bent, adj. lying back: reclining: idle.--ns. RECUM'BENCE, RECUM'BENCY.--adv. RECUM'BENTLY. [L. recumb[)e]re--re-, back, cub[=a]re, to lie down.]

RECUPERATIVE, r[=e]-k[=u]'p[.e]r-a-tiv, adj. tending to recovery--also REC[=U]'PERATORY.--adj. R[=E]C[=U]'PERABLE, recoverable.--v.t. REC[=U]'PER[=A]TE, to recover, to regain strength.--ns. RECUPER[=A]'TION, recovery, as of something lost; REC[=U]'PER[=A]TOR, one who, or that which, recuperates. [L. recuperativus--recuper[=a]re, to recover.]

RECUR, r[=e]-kur', v.i. to return, resort: to happen at a stated interval:--pr.p. recur'ring; pa.t. and pa.p. recurred'.--ns. RECUR'RENCE, RECUR'RENCY, return.--adj. RECUR'RENT, returning at intervals: (anat.) running back in the opposite to a former direction: (entom.) turned back toward the base.--adv. RECUR'RENTLY.--RECURRING DECIMAL, a decimal in which after a certain point the digits are continually repeated--repeating, if but one recurring figure; circulating, if more than one. [Fr.,--L. recurr[)e]re--re-, back, curr[)e]re, to run.]

RECURE, r[=e]-k[=u]r', v.t. to cure again: to recover--also n.--adjs. RECURE'FUL; RECURE'LESS, incurable.

RECURSANT, r[=e]-kur'sant, adj. (her.) turned backwards, of an animal with its back toward the spectator. [L. re-, back, cursans, -antis, pr.p. of curs[=a]re, to run.]

RECURVE, r[=e]-kurv', v.t. to curve or bend back--also RECUR'VATE.--ns. RECURV[=A]'TION, RECUR'VITY, RECUR'VATURE, the act of recurving: the state of being recurved: a bending backwards.--adjs. RECURVED'; RECURVIROS'TRAL, having a recurved bill; R[=E]CUR'VOUS, bent backward.

RECUSANT, rek'[=u]-zant, or r[=e]-k[=u]'zant, adj. obstinate in refusal, esp. to comply with the Anglican ritual.--n. a nonconformist: one who refuses to acknowledge the supremacy of the sovereign in religious matters.--ns. REC'[=U]SANCE, REC'[=U]SANCY, state of being a recusant: nonconformity, or its tenets; RECUS[=A]'TION.--adj. REC[=U]'SATIVE. [Fr.,--L. recusans, pr.p. of recus[=a]re--re-, against, causa, a cause.]

RECUSE, r[=e]-k[=u]z', v.t. (law) to reject.--adj. REC[=U]'SATIVE.

RECUSSION, r[=e]-kush'un, n. the act of beating or striking back. [L. recut[)e]re, recussum, to beat back--re-, back, quat[)e]re, to shake.]

RED, red, adj. (comp. RED'DER; superl. RED'DEST) of a colour like blood: ultra-radical, revolutionary.--n. one of the primary colours, of several shades, as scarlet, pink, carmine, vermilion, &c.: a red cent, the smallest coin of the United States.--adjs. RED'-BACKED, having a red back; RED'-BEAKED, -BILLED, having a red beak or bill; RED'-BELL'IED, having the under parts red.--n. RED'-BELL'Y, the United States slider, a terrapin: the Welsh torgoch, a char.--adj. RED'-BELT'ED, having a red band or bands.--n. RED'-BIRD, the common European bullfinch: the United States grosbeak, also the tanager.--adj. RED'-BLOOD'ED, having reddish blood.--ns. RED'-BOOK, a book containing the names of all persons in the service of the state: the peerage; RED'BREAST, a favourite song-bird, so called from the red colour of its breast, the robin; RED'-BUD, the Judas-tree of America; RED'-CABB'AGE, a variety of cabbage, with purplish heads, used for pickling; RED'-CAP, a species of goldfinch, having a conical crest of red feathers on the top of the head: a ghost with long teeth who haunts some Scotch castles; RED'-CENT, a copper cent; RED'-CHALK, -CLAY (see REDDLE); RED'-COAT, a British soldier, so called from his red coat; RED'-COCK (slang), an incendiary fire; RED'-COR'AL, the most important kind of coral in commerce, found off the coasts of Algiers and Tunis and the Italian islands.--adj. RED'-CORPUS'CLED, having red blood-discs.--n. RED'-CRAG, a division of the Pliocene.--adjs. RED'-CREST'ED, having a red crest; RED'-CROSS, wearing or distinguished by a cross of a red colour.--n. the badge and flag adopted by every society, of whatever nation, formed for the aid of the sick and wounded in time of war, recognised by the military authorities of its own nation, and enjoying certain privileges and immunities under the Convention of Geneva (1864).--n. RED'-DEER, a species of deer which is reddish-brown in summer: the common stag.--v.t. RED'DEN, to make red.--v.i. to grow red: to blush.--adj. RED'DISH, somewhat red: moderately red.--ns. RED'DISHNESS; RED'-DOG, the lowest grade of flour in high milling; RED'-DRUM, the southern red-fish, or red-bass, of the southern Atlantic coast of the United States; RED'-EARTH, the reddish loam frequently found in regions composed of limestones; RED'-EYE, or RUDD, a fresh-water fish of the same genus as the roach, chub, and minnow.--adjs. RED'-FACED (Shak.), having a red face; RED'-FIG'URED, relating to an ancient Greek ceramic ware, in which a black glaze was painted over the surface so as to leave the design in the red of the body.--n. RED'-GUM, strophulus, a skin disease usually occurring in infants about the time of teething, and consisting of minute red pimples with occasional red patches.--adjs. RED'-HAIRED, RED'-HEAD'ED, having red hair.--n. RED'-HAND, a bloody hand: (her.) a sinister hand, erect, open, and 'couped,' the distinguishing badge of baronets.--adj. RED'-HAND'ED, in the very act, as if with bloody hands.--n. RED'-HEAD, a person with red hair: the pochard, a red-headed duck.--adj. RED'-HOT, heated to redness.--ns. RED'-LAC, the Japan wax-tree; RED'-LATT'ICE (Shak.), an alehouse window, then usually painted red; RED'-LEAD, a preparation of lead of a fine red colour, used in painting, &c.--adj. RED'-LEGGED, having red legs or feet, as a bird.--n. RED'-LEGS, the European red-legged partridge: the turnstone: the red-shank: (bot.) the bistort.--adj. RED'-LETT'ER, having red letters: auspicious or fortunate, as a day, the holidays or saints' days being indicated by red letters in the old calendars.--n. RED'-LIQ'UOR, a crude aluminium acetate, used as a mordant in calico-printing.--adjs. RED'-LITT'EN, showing a red light; RED'-LOOKED (Shak.), having a red look.--adv. RED'LY.--adj. RED'-MAD (prov.), quite mad.--n. RED'-MET'AL, one of several alloys of copper used in silver-ware: a Japanese alloy used in decorative metal-work.--adj. RED'-NECKED, having a red neck.--n. RED'NESS.--adjs. RED'-NOSE, -NOSED, having a red nose, like a habitual drunkard.--ns. RED'-OAK, an oak with heavy and durable reddish wood, rising to ninety feet high in eastern North America; RED'-PLAGUE, a form of the plague marked by a red spot or bubo; RED'-POLL, a small northern finch: the common European linnet: the North American palm-warbler.--adjs. RED'-POLLED; RED'-RIBBED (Tenn.), having red ribs.--ns. RED'-ROOT, a genus of plants of the natural order Rhamnaceæ--New Jersey Tea; REDS, or RED REPUBLICANS (see REPUBLIC); RED'-SAUN'DERS, the sliced or rasped heart-wood of Pterocarpus santalinus, used for giving colour to alcoholic liquors &c.--v.i. RED'SEAR, to break when too hot.--ns. RED'SEED, small crustaceans which float on the sea; RED'-SHANK, an aquatic bird of the snipe family, with legs of a bright-red colour: a name given in ridicule to the Scottish Highlanders, and to the Irish.--adj. RED'-SHORT, noting iron that is brittle at red-heat.--ns. RED'-SHORT'NESS; RED'SKIN, a Red Indian; RED'-STAFF, a miller's straight-edge, used in dressing millstones; RED'START, a bird belonging to the family of the warblers, appearing in Britain as a summer bird of passage; RED'STREAK, an apple, so called from the colour of its skin; RED'-TAIL, the red-tailed buzzard, one of the commonest hawks of North America.--adj. RED'-TAILED (Shak.), having a red tail.--ns. RED'-THRUSH, the red-wing; RED'-TOP, a kind of bent grass; RED'-WA'TER, a disease of cattle, named from the urine being reddened with the red globules of the blood.--adj. RED'-WAT'-SHOD (Scot.), walking in blood over the shoes.--ns. RED'-WEED, the common poppy; RED'-WING, a species of thrush well known in Britain as a winter bird of passage, having an exquisite, clear, flute-like song; RED'WOOD, a Californian timber-tree, growing to nearly three hundred feet high.--adj. RED'-WUD (Scot.), stark mad.--RED-CROSS KNIGHT, a knight having on his shield a red cross; RED ENSIGN, the British flag for all vessels not belonging to the navy, consisting of a plain red flag, having the canton filled by the Union-jack (before 1864 also the special flag of the Red Squadron); RED-GUM TREE, a species of Eucalyptus attaining the height of 200 feet; RED PHEASANT, a tragopan; RED SNOW, snow coloured by the minute alga Protococcus nivalis, found in large patches in arctic and alpine regions.--INDIAN RED, a permanent red pigment, orig. a natural earth rich in oxide of iron, now prepared artificially.--ROYAL RED CROSS, a decoration for nurses, instituted by Queen Victoria in 1883. [A.S. reád; Ger. roth, L. ruber, Gr. e-rythros, Gael. ruath.]

RED, red, v.t. to put in order, make tidy: to disentangle: (coll.) to separate two men in fighting.--ns. RED'DER (Scot.), one who endeavours to settle a quarrel; RED'DING, the process of putting in order; RED'DING-COMB, a large-toothed comb for dressing the hair; RED'DING-STRAIK (Scot.), a stroke received in trying to separate fighters.

RED, REDD, red (Spens.), pa.t. of read, declared.

REDACTION, r[=e]-dak'shun, n. the act of arranging in systematic order, esp. literary materials: the digest so made: an editorial staff.--v.t. REDACT', to edit, work up into literary form.--n. REDACT'OR, an editor.--adj. REDACT[=O]'RIAL. [Fr.,--L. redactus, pa.p. of redig[)e]re, to bring back.]

REDAN, r[=e]-dan', n. (fort.) the simplest form of fieldwork, consisting of two faces which form a salient angle towards the enemy, serving to cover a bridge or causeway--quite open at the gorge. [O. Fr. redan, redent--L. re-, back, dens, a tooth.]

REDARGUE, r[=e]-där'g[=u], v.t. to disprove.--n. REDARG[=U]'TION. [O. Fr. redarguer--L. redargu[)e]re--re-, back, argu[)e]re, to argue.]

REDDENDUM, re-den'dum, n. (law) the clause by which the rent is reserved in a lease:--pl. REDDEN'DA.--n. REDDEN'DO (Scots law), a clause in a charter specifying the services to be rendered by a vassal to his superior. [L., fut. part. pass. of redd[)e]re.]

REDDING. See RED (2).

REDDITION, re-dish'un, n. a giving back of anything: surrender: a rendering of the sense: explanation.--adj. REDD'ITIVE, returning an answer. [Fr.,--L. reddition-em--redd[)e]re, redditum, to restore.]

REDDLE, red'l, n. an impure peroxide of iron (ferric oxide) associated with very variable proportions of clay or chalk--also RED'-CLAY, RADD'LE, RED'-CHALK.--n. REDD'LEMAN, a dealer in red clay.

REDE, r[=e]d, v.t. to counsel or advise.--n. advice: a phrase: a motto.--n. REDE'CRAFT, logic.--adj. REDE'LESS, without counsel or wisdom. [Read.]

REDECORATE, r[=e]-dek'o-r[=a]t, v.t. to decorate again.

REDEDICATION, r[=e]-ded-i-k[=a]'shun, n. a second or renewed dedication.

REDEEM, r[=e]-d[=e]m', v.t. to ransom: to relieve from captivity by a price: to rescue, deliver: to pay the penalty of: to atone for: to perform, as a promise: to improve, put to the best advantage: to recover, as a pledge.--adj. REDEEM'ABLE, that may be redeemed.--ns. REDEEM'ABLENESS; REDEEM'ER, one who redeems or ransoms, esp. Jesus Christ, the Saviour of the world.--adjs. REDEEM'ING, saving: good, as exceptional to what is bad; REDEEM'LESS, incurable; REDEMP'TIVE, pertaining to redemption: serving or tending to redeem; REDEMP'TORY, serving to redeem: paid for ransom. [O. Fr. redimer--L. redim[)e]re--red-, back, em[)e]re, to buy.]

REDELIBERATE, r[=e]-de-lib'[.e]r-[=a]t, v.i. to deliberate again.

REDELIVER, r[=e]-de-liv'[.e]r, v.t. to deliver back or again: to liberate a second time.--ns. REDELIV'ERANCE; REDELIV'ERY, the act of delivering back: a second delivery or liberation.

REDEMAND, r[=e]-d[=e]-mand', v.t. to demand back or again.--n. the repetition of a demand: a demand for the return of a thing.

REDEMISE, r[=e]-d[=e]-m[=i]z', v.t. to convey back, as an estate.--n. such a transfer.

REDEMPTION, r[=e]-demp'shun, n. act of redeeming or buying back: ransom: release: the deliverance of mankind from sin and misery by Christ.--ns. REDEMP'TIONARY, one who is set at liberty, or released from a bond, by paying a compensation or fulfilling some stipulated conditions; REDEMP'TIONER, one who redeemed himself from debt, or the like, by service; REDEMP'TIONIST, one of an order of monks devoted to the redemption of Christian captives from slavery; REDEMP'TORIST, one of a congregation of R.C. missionary priests, founded by Alfonso Liguori in 1732, whose object is the religious instruction of the people and the reform of public morality, by periodically visiting, preaching, and hearing confessions. [Fr.,--L.,--redemptus, pa.p. of redim[)e]re, to redeem.]

REDENTED, r[=e]-den'ted, adj. formed like the teeth of a saw. [O. Fr. redent, a double notching--L. re-, again, dens, dentis, a tooth.]

REDESCEND, r[=e]-d[=e]-send', v.i. to descend again.--n. REDESCENT', a descending again.

REDESCRIBE, r[=e]-d[=e]-skr[=i]b', v.t. to describe again.

REDETERMINE, r[=e]-d[=e]-t[.e]r'min, v.t. to determine again.

REDEVELOP, r[=e]-d[=e]-vel'op, v.t. to intensify in photography by a second process.--n. REDEVEL'OPMENT.

REDHIBITION, red-hi-bish'un, n. (law) an action to oblige the seller to annul the sale because of a defect--also REHIBI'TION.--adjs. REDHIB'ITORY, REHIB'ITORY.

REDIA, r[=e]'di-a, n. a stage in some trematode worms immediately before cercaria:--pl. R[=E]'DIÆ. [From Redi, an Italian naturalist.]

REDIFFERENTIATE, r[=e]-dif-e-ren'shi-[=a]t, v.i. to differentiate a differential coefficient.--n. REDIFFERENTI[=A]'TION.

REDIGEST, r[=e]-di-jest', v.t. to reduce to form again.

REDINGOTE, red'ing-g[=o]t, n. a double-breasted outer coat with long full skirts, worn by men, also a similar outer garment for women.

REDINTEGRATE, r[=e]-din't[=e]-gr[=a]t, v.t. to restore to integrity again: to renew:--pr.p. redin'tegr[=a]ting; pa.p. redin'tegr[=a]ted.--n. REDINTEGR[=A]'TION, restoration to integrity or to a whole or sound state: renovation. [L. redintegr[=a]re, -[=a]tum--re-, again, integr[=a]re, to make whole--integer.]

REDIRECT, r[=e]-di-rekt', v.t. to direct anew.

REDISBURSE, r[=e]-dis-burs', v.t. to refund.

REDISCOVER, r[=e]-dis-kuv'[.e]r, v.t. to discover again.--n. REDISCOV'ERY.

REDISPOSE, r[=e]-dis-p[=o]z', v.t. to dispose or adjust again.--n. REDISPOSI'TION.

REDISSEIZE, r[=e]-dis-s[=e]z', v.t. to disseize anew.--ns. REDISSEIZ'IN (law), a writ to recover seizin of lands; REDISSEIZ'OR.

REDISSOLVE, r[=e]-di-zolv', v.t. to dissolve again.--n. REDISSOL[=U]'TION.

REDISTRIBUTE, r[=e]-dis-trib'[=u]t, v.t. to apportion anew.--n. REDISTRIB[=U]'TION, a second or renewed distribution.

REDISTRICT, r[=e]-dis'trikt, v.t. to divide again, as a state into districts.--n. REDIS'TRICTING (U.S.).

REDITION, r[=e]-dish'un, n. the act of going back.

REDIVIDE, r[=e]-di-v[=i]d', v.t. to divide again or anew.

REDIVIVUS, red-i-v[=i]'vus, adj. alive again: restored.

REDOLENT, red'[=o]-lent, adj. diffusing odour or fragrance: scented.--ns. RED'OLENCE, RED'OLENCY.--adv. RED'OLENTLY. [Fr.,--L. redolens, -entis--red-, re-, again, ol[=e]re, to emit an odour.]

REDONDILLA, red-on-d[=e]'lya, n. an early form of versification in which the 1st and 4th and the 2d and 3d lines of the stanza generally rhymed: in later Spanish use, a term applied to verses of 6 and 8 syllables in general, whether making perfect rhymes or assonances only. [Sp.,--L. rotundus, round.]

REDORSE, r[=e]-dors', n. the reverse side of a dorsal or dorse.

REDOUBLE, r[=e]-dub'l, v.t. to double again or repeatedly: to increase greatly: to multiply.--v.i. to become greatly increased: to become twice as much.

REDOUBT, REDOUT, r[=e]-dowt', n. (fort.) a field-work enclosed on all sides, its ditch not flanked from the parapet: a central or retired work within any other works, intended to afford the garrison a last retreat--also REDUIT'.--adj. (her.) bent in many angles. [Fr. redoute, réduit, a redoubt--It. ridotto--L. reduc[)e]re, reductum--to bring back.]

REDOUBT, r[=e]-dowt', v.t. (arch.) to fear.--adjs. REDOUBT'ABLE, valiant; REDOUBT'ED (Spens.).--n. REDOUBT'ING. [O. Fr. redouter, to fear greatly--L. re-, back, dubit[=a]re, to doubt.]

REDOUND, r[=e]-downd', v.i. to be sent back by reaction, to rebound: to result, turn out: (Spens., Milt.) to overflow, to be in excess.--n. the coming back, as an effect or consequence, return.--n. REDOUND'ING. [Fr. rédonder--L. redund[=a]re--re-, back, und[=a]re, to surge--unda, a wave.]

REDOWA, red'[=o]-a, n. a Bohemian round dance, one form resembling the waltz, the other the polka: the music for such a dance, usually in quick triple time. [Fr.,--Bohem. rejdowák.]

REDRAFT, r[=e]-draft', n. a second draft or copy: a new bill of exchange which the holder of a protested bill draws on the drawer or endorsers, for the amount of the bill, with costs and charges.

REDRAW, r[=e]-draw', v.t. to draw again: to draw a second copy: to draw a new bill: to meet another bill of the same amount.

REDRESS, r[=e]-dres', v.t. to set right: to relieve from: to make amends to: to compensate: to dress again.--n. relief: reparation.--n. REDRESS'ER, one who gives redress.--adjs. REDRESS'IBLE, that may be redressed; REDRESS'IVE, affording redress; REDRESS'LESS, without relief.--n. REDRESS'MENT, the act of redressing.

REDRIVE, r[=e]-dr[=i]v', v.t. to drive back.

RED-TAPE, red'-t[=a]p, n. the red tape used in public, and esp. government, offices for tying up documents, &c.: applied satirically to the intricate system of routine in vogue there: official formality.--adj. pertaining to official formality.--ns. RED'-T[=A]'PISM, the system of routine in government and other public offices; RED'-T[=A]'PIST, a great stickler for routine.

REDUB, r[=e]-dub', v.t. (obs.) to make amends for.--n. REDUB'BER, one who buys stolen cloth and so alters it as not to be recognised.

REDUCE, r[=e]-d[=u]s', v.t. to bring into a lower state, as to reduce the ores of silver: to lessen: to impoverish: to subdue: to arrange: (arith. and alg.) to change numbers or quantities from one denomination into another: to reduce to its proper form, as to reduce a fracture: to bring into a new form, as to reduce Latin to English: to weaken: to bring into a class: (Scots law) to annul by legal means: (mil.) to strike off the pay-roll.--ns. REDUC'ER, one who reduces: a joint-piece for connecting pipes of varying diameter; REDUCIBIL'ITY, REDUC'IBLENESS, the quality of being reducible.--adj. REDUC'IBLE, that may be reduced.--ns. REDUC'ING-SCALE, a scale used by surveyors for reducing chains and links to acres and roods; REDUC'TION, act of reducing or state of being reduced: diminution: subjugation: a rule for changing numbers or quantities from one denomination to another.--adj. REDUC'TIVE, having the power to reduce.--REDUCE TO THE RANKS, to degrade, for misconduct, to the condition of a private soldier; REDUCTIO AD ABSURDUM, the proof of a proposition by proving the falsity of its contradictory opposite; REDUCTION WORKS, smelting works. [L. reduc[)e]re, reductum--re-, back, duc[)e]re, to lead.]

REDUIT. See REDOUBT (1).

REDUNDANCE, r[=e]-dun'dans, n. quality of being superfluous: superabundance--also REDUN'DANCY.--adj. REDUN'DANT, superfluous, as in words or images: (Milt.) flowing back, as a wave.--adv. REDUN'DANTLY. [Fr.,--L. redund-ans, -antis, pr.p. of redund[=a]re, to redound.]

REDUPLICATE, r[=e]-d[=u]'pli-k[=a]t, v.t. to double again: to multiply: to repeat.--adj. doubled.--n. REDUPLIC[=A]'TION, the act of redoubling: the repetition of a syllable, or of the initial part, in inflection and word-formation, as in L. fefelli, perf. of fallo, Gr. tetupha, perf. of tupt[=o]: (anat.) a folding or doubling of a part or organ.--adj. RED[=U]'PLIC[=A]TIVE.

REDUVIIDÆ, red-[=u]-v[=i]'i-d[=e], n.pl. a family of predacious bugs.--adj. RED[=U]'VIOID.--n. RED[=U]'VIUS, a genus embracing about fifty species, mostly African--the Fly-bug is European.

REDUX, r[=e]'duks, adj. led back, as from captivity, &c., as in Dryden's poem on the Restoration entitled Astræa Redux: (med.) noting the reappearance of certain physical signs after interruption in consequence of disease.

REE, r[=e], (prov.) v.t. to riddle.

REE, r[=e], adj. (prov.) wild, tipsy.

REEBOK, r[=e]'bok, n. a South African antelope.

RE-ECHO, r[=e]-ek'[=o], v.t. to echo back.--v.i. to give back echoes: to resound.--n. an echo repeated.

REECHY, r[=e]ch'i, adj. (Shak.) smoky, sooty, tanned.--n. REECH, smoke--the Scotch reek (q.v.).

REED, r[=e]d, v.t. and v.i. (Spens.) to deem.

REED, r[=e]d, n. the common English name of certain tall grasses, growing in moist or marshy places, and having a very hard or almost woody culm: a musical pipe anciently made of a reed: the sounding part of several musical instruments, as the clarinet, bassoon, oboe, and bagpipe: the speaking part of the organ, though made of metal: the appliance in weaving for separating the threads of the warp, and for beating the weft up to the web: a tube containing the powder-train leading to the blast-hole: a piece of whalebone, &c., for stiffening the skirt or waist of a woman's dress: (poet.) a missile weapon: reeds or straw for thatch: a measuring reed.--v.t. to thatch.--ns. REED'-BAND, a musical band including clarinets and other reed-instruments; REED'-BIRD, the bobolink; REED'-BUNT'ING, the black-headed bunting of Europe.--adjs. REED'ED, covered with reeds: formed with reed-like ridges or channels; REED'EN, consisting of a reed or reeds.--ns. REED'ER, a thatcher; REED'-GRASS, any one of the grasses called reeds; REED'INESS, the state of being reedy; REED'ING, the milling on the edge of a coin: (archit.) ornamental beaded mouldings, &c.; REED'-IN'STRUMENT, a musical instrument, the tone of which is produced by the vibration of a reed; REED'-KNIFE, a metal implement for adjusting the tuning wires in a pipe-organ; REED'LING, the European bearded titmouse; REED'-MACE, any plant of the genus Typha, esp. either of two species, also called Cat's tail, the most common of which grows to a height of five or six feet, and is sometimes called Bulrush; REED'-M[=O]'TION, the mechanism which in power-looms moves the batten; REED'-OR'GAN, a key-board musical instrument of which the harmonium and the American organ are the principal types; REED'-PHEAS'ANT, the bearded titmouse or reedling; REED'-PIPE, in organ-building, a pipe whose tone is produced by the vibration of a reed: REED'-PLANE, a concave-soled plane used in making beads; REED'-STOP, a set of reed-pipes in organs, the use of which is controlled by a single stop-knob; REED'-WAR'BLER, a species of the warblers, frequenting marshy places, and building its nest on the reeds which grow there--also REED'-THRUSH; REED'-WREN, the greater reed-warbler: an American wren.--adj. REED'Y, abounding with reeds: resembling or sounding as a reed--n. masses of rods of iron imperfectly welded together. [A.S. hreód; Dut. riet, Ger. ried.]

RE-EDIFY, r[=e]-ed'i-f[=i], v.t. to rebuild.--n. RE-EDIFIC[=A]'TION, the act of rebuilding: the state of being rebuilt.

REEF, r[=e]f, n. a chain of rocks lying at or near the surface of the water: a shoal or elevated bank: a lode, vein, or ledge, in Australian mining phraseology. [Dut. rif; Ice. rif.]

REEF, r[=e]f, n. a portion of a sail rolled or folded up.--v.t. to reduce the exposed surface of, as a sail: to gather up any material in a similar way.--ns. REEF'-BAND, a strong strip of canvas extending across a sail to strengthen it; REEF'ER, a reef-oyster: one who reefs: a short jacket worn by sailors: a midshipman; REEF'-GOOSE, the common wild goose of North America; REEF'ING, the gathering up of a curtain in short festoons; REEF'ING-JACK'ET, a pea-jacket; REEF'-KNOT, a square knot; REEF'-LINE, a temporary means of spilling a sail; REEF'-PEND'ANT, in fore and aft sails, a rope through a sheave-hole in the boom; REEF'-SQUID, a lashing used aboard the luggers on the south coast of England; REEF'-TACK'LE, a tackle used to facilitate reefing.--adjs. REEF'Y, full of reefs; CLOSE'-REEFED, the condition of a sail when all its reefs have been taken in. [Dut. reef, reef; Ice. rif, Dan. reb.]

REEF, r[=e]f, adj. (Scot.) scabby.--n. the itch. [A.S. hreóf, scabby.]

REEK, r[=e]k, n. smoke: vapour.--v.i. to emit smoke or vapour: to steam.--adj. REEK'Y, full of reek: smoky: soiled with steam or smoke: foul. [A.S. réc; Ice. reykr, Ger. rauch, Dut. rook, smoke.]

REEL, r[=e]l, n. a lively Scottish dance for two couples or more, its music generally written in common time of four crotchets in a measure, but sometimes in jig time of six quavers: music for such a dance.--v.i. to dance a reel. [Gael. righil.]

REEL, r[=e]l, n. a rolling or turning frame for winding yarn, &c.--v.t. to wind on a reel.--adj. REEL'ABLE, capable of being reeled.--ns. REEL'-CLICK, an attachment to an angler's reel, which checks the line from running out too freely; REEL'-COTT'ON, sewing cotton thread wound on reels or spools; REEL'ER, one who reels: the grasshopper-warbler; REEL'-HOLD'ER, a rotatory frame to hold spools or reels of thread used in sewing: one of the watch in a man-of-war who hauls in the line when the log is heaved to ascertain the ship's speed; REEL'ING-MACHINE', a machine for winding thread on spools or reels: a machine which winds into hanks the cotton yarn received from the bobbins of the spinning-frames; REEL'-LINE, a fishing-line used on a reel by anglers, esp. the part reeled, as distinguished from that cast; REEL'-PLATE, the metal plate of a fishing-reel that fits into the reel-seat; REEL'-SEAT, the groove on an angler's rod which receives the reel.--REEL OFF, to give out with rapidity or fluency. [A.S. reól, hreól.]

REEL, r[=e]l, v.i. to stagger: to vacillate.--n. giddiness.--adv. REEL'-RALL (Scot.), topsy-turvy. [Conn. with preceding word.]

RE-ELECT, r[=e]-[=e]-lekt', v.t. to elect again.--n. RE-ELEC'TION.

RE-ELEVATE, r[=e]-el'e-v[=a]t, v.t. to elevate again or anew.

RE-ELIGIBLE, r[=e]-el'i-ji-bl, adj. capable of re-election.--n. RE-ELIGIBIL'ITY.

REEM, r[=e]m, n. an animal mentioned in Job, xxxix. 9--unicorn, wild ox, or ox-antelope.

RE-EMBARK, r[=e]-em-bärk', v.t. to embark or put on board again.--n. RE-EMBARK[=A]'TION.

RE-EMBATTLE, r[=e]-em-bat'l, v.t. (Milt.) to range again in order of battle.

RE-EMBODY, r[=e]-em-bod'i, v.t. to embody again.

RE-EMBRACE, r[=e]-em-br[=a]s', v.t. or v.i. to embrace again.

RE-EMERGE, r[=e]-[=e]-m[.e]rj', v.i. to emerge again.--n. RE-EMERG'ENCE, the act of emerging again.

REEMING, r[=e]m'ing, n. the act of opening the seams between the planks of a vessel with a caulking-iron, in order to admit the oakum.

RE-ENACT, r[=e]-en-akt', v.t. to enact again.--n. RE-ENACT'MENT.

RE-ENCOURAGEMENT, r[=e]-en-kur'[=a]j-ment, n. renewed or repeated encouragement.

RE-ENDOW, r[=e]-en-dow', v.t. to endow again or anew.

RE-ENFORCE, RE-ENFORCEMENT. Same as REINFORCE, REINFORCEMENT.

RE-ENGAGE, r[=e]-en-g[=a]j', v.t. and v.i. to engage again or a second time.--n. RE-ENGAGE'MENT, a renewed or repeated engagement.

RE-ENGENDER, r[=e]-en-jen'd[.e]r, v.t. to regenerate.

RE-ENGRAVE, r[=e]-en-gr[=a]v', v.t. to engrave again or anew.

RE-ENJOY, r[=e]-en-joi', v.t. to enjoy anew or a second time.

RE-ENLIST, r[=e]-en-list, v.t. or v.i. to enlist again.

RE-ENTER, r[=e]-en't[.e]r, v.t. and v.i. to enter again or anew: in engraving, to cut deeper where the aqua fortis has not bitten sufficiently.--p.adj. RE-EN'TERING, entering again: turning inwards.--n. RE-EN'TRANCE, the act of entering again.--adj. RE-EN'TRANT (same as RE-ENTERING).--n. RE-EN'TRY, an entering again: the resuming a possession lately lost.--RE-ENTERING ANGLE, an angle pointing inwards.

RE-ENTHRONE, r[=e]-en-thr[=o]n', v.t. to restore to the throne.--n. RE-ENTHRONE'MENT.

RE-ERECT, r[=e]-e-rekt', v.t. to erect again.

REERMOUSE. Same as REREMOUSE.

REESK, r[=e]sk, n. (Scot.) rank grass, or waste land growing such.

REEST, REIST, r[=e]st, v.i. (Scot.) of a horse, suddenly to refuse to move, to baulk.--v.t. to arrest, stop.

RE-ESTABLISH, r[=e]-es-tab'lish, v.t. to establish again: to restore.--ns. RE-ESTAB'LISHER, one who re-establishes; RE-ESTAB'LISHMENT.

RE-ESTATE, r[=e]-es-t[=a]t', v.t. to re-establish.

REEVE, r[=e]v, n. a steward or other officer (now used only in composition, as in sheriff)--a title applied to several classes of old English magistrates over various territorial areas, as borough-reeves, over boroughs; port-reeves, in trading towns, in ports; high-reeves, &c. [M. E. reve--A.S. geréfa--róf, excellent. Cf. Ger. graf.]

REEVE, r[=e]v, v.t. to pass the end of a rope through any hole, as the channel of a block:--pa.t. and pa.p. reeved, also rove (naut.). [Reef (2).]

RE-EXAMINE, r[=e]-eg-zam'in, v.t. to examine again or anew.--n. RE-EXAMIN[=A]'TION, a renewed or repeated examination.

RE-EXCHANGE, r[=e]-eks-ch[=a]nj', v.t. to exchange again or anew.--n. a renewed exchange.

RE-EXHIBIT, r[=e]-eg-zib'it, v.t. to exhibit again.

RE-EXPEL, r[=e]-eks-pel', v.t. to expel again.

RE-EXPORT, r[=e]-eks-p[=o]rt', v.t. to export again, as what has been imported.--n. RE-EXPORT[=A]'TION, the act of exporting what has first been imported.

REFACTION, r[=e]-fak'shun, n. (obs.) retribution.

REFAIT, re-f[=a]', n. a drawn game, esp. in rouge-et-noir.

REFASHION, r[=e]-fash'un, v.t. to fashion or mould again.--n. REFASH'IONMENT.

REFASTEN, r[=e]-fas'n, v.t. to fasten again.

REFECTION, r[=e]-fek'shun, n. refreshment: a meal or repast.--n. REFEC'TIONER.--adj. REFEC'TIVE, refreshing.--n. REFEC'TORY, the place where refections or meals are taken, esp. in convents or monasteries. [Fr.,--L. refectio--refic[)e]re, refectum--re-, again, fac[)e]re, to make.]

REFEL, r[=e]-fel', v.t. (Shak.) to refute, to disprove. [O. Fr.,--L. refell[)e]re--re-, again, fall[)e]re, to deceive.]

REFEOFF, r[=e]-fef', v.t. to reinvest.

REFER, r[=e]-f[.e]r, v.t. to submit to another person or authority: to assign: to reduce: to carry back: to trace back: to hand over for consideration: to deliver over, as to refer a matter: to appeal: to direct for information.--v.i. to direct the attention: to give a reference: to have reference or recourse: to relate: to allude:--pr.p. refer'ring; pa.t. and pa.p. referred'.--adjs. REF'ERABLE, REFER'RIBLE, that may be referred or assigned to.--ns. REFER[=EE]', one to whom anything is referred: an arbitrator, umpire, or judge; REF'ERENCE, the act of referring: a submitting for information or decision: relation: allusion: one who, or that which, is referred to: (law) the act of submitting a dispute for investigation or decision: a testimonial: a direction in a book, a quotation; REF'ERENCE-B[=I]'BLE, a Bible having references to parallel passages; REF'ERENCE-BOOK, a book to be referred to or consulted, as an encyclopædia; REF'ERENCE-L[=I]'BRARY, a library containing books to be consulted only in the premises.--n.pl. REF'ERENCE-MARKS (print.), the characters *, +, &c., used to refer to notes, &c.--ns. REFERENDAR', in Germany, a legal probationer who has passed the first of the two examinations for the judicial service; REFEREN'DARY, one to whose decision a cause is referred, a referee: formerly a public official whose duty was to procure, execute, and despatch diplomas and charters, or who served as the medium of communication with a sovereign: the official through whom the patriarch of Constantinople communicates with the civil authorities; REFEREN'DUM, in Switzerland, the right of the people to have all legislative acts passed in the Federal or Cantonal Assemblies referred to them en masse.--adj. REFEREN'TIAL, containing a reference: pointing or referring to something else.--adv. REFEREN'TIALLY, in the way of reference.--ns. REFER'MENT; REFER'RER. [O. Fr. referer (référer)--L. referre, to carry back--re-, back, ferre, to carry.]

REFERRIBLE. Same as REFERABLE.

REFIGURE, r[=e]-fig'[=u]r, v.t. to represent anew: (astrol.) to restore the parabolic figure of, as of a parabolic mirror.

REFILL, r[=e]-fil', v.t. to fill again.

REFIND, r[=e]-f[=i]nd', v.t. to find or experience again.

REFINE, r[=e]-f[=i]n', v.t. to separate from extraneous matter: to reduce to a fine or pure state: to purify: to clarify: to polish: to make elegant: to purify the manners, morals, language, &c.--v.i. to become fine or pure: to affect nicety: to improve in any kind of excellence.--p.adj. REFINED', made fine: polished: highly cultivated.--adv. REFIN'EDLY, in a refined manner: with affected elegance.--ns. REFIN'EDNESS, REFINE'MENT, act of refining or state of being refined: purification: separation from what is impure, &c.: cultivation: elegance: polish: purity: an excessive nicety; REFIN'ER, one who refuses anything: a piece of mechanism for refining, as a gas purifier; REFIN'ERY, a place for refining; REFIN'ING, the act or process of refining or purifying, particularly metals. [L. re-, denoting change of state, and fine; cf. Fr. raffiner.]

REFIT, r[=e]-fit', v.t. to fit or prepare again.--v.i. to repair damages.--ns. REFIT', REFIT'MENT.

REFLAME, r[=e]-fl[=a]m', v.i. to burst again into flame.

REFLECT, r[=e]-flekt', v.t. to bend back: to throw back after striking upon any surface, as light, &c.--v.i. to be thrown back, as light, heat, &c.: to revolve in the mind: to consider attentively or deeply: to ponder: to cast reproach or censure (with on, upon).--p.adj. REFLECT'ED, cast or thrown back: turned upward: reflexed.--adjs. REFLECT'IBLE, capable of being reflected; REFLECT'ING, throwing back light, heat, &c.: given to reflection: thoughtful.--adv. REFLECT'INGLY, with reflection: with censure.--REFLECTING TELESCOPE, a form of telescope in which the image of the object to be viewed is produced by a concave reflector instead of a lens, as in the refracting telescope. [Fr.,--L. reflect[)e]re, reflexum--re-, again, flect[)e]re, to bend.]

REFLECTION, REFLEXION, r[=e]-flek'shun, n. the act of reflecting: the change of direction when a ray of light, &c., strikes upon a surface and is thrown back: the state of being reflected: that which is reflected: the action of the mind by which it is conscious of its own operations: attentive consideration: contemplation: censure or reproach: (anat.) the folding of a part, a fold.--adj. REFLECT'IVE, reflecting: considering the operations of the mind: exercising thought or reflection: (gram.) reciprocal.--adv. REFLECT'IVELY.--ns. REFLECT'IVENESS; REFLECT'OR, one who, or that which, reflects: a mirror or polished reflecting surface: a censurer.--adj. REFLECT'ORY.

REFLET, re-fl[=a]', n. iridescent glaze, as on pottery: ware possessing this property.

REFLEX, r[=e]'fleks, adj. bent or turned back: reflected: reciprocal: acting and reacting, as reflex influence: (physiol.) said of certain movements which take place independent of the will, being sent back from a nerve-centre in answer to a stimulus from the surface: (paint.) illuminated by light reflected from another part of the same picture.--n. reflection: light reflected from an illuminated surface: a copy.--v.t. REFLEX', to bend back.--p.adj. REFLEXED' (bot.), bent backward or downward.--n. REFLEXIBIL'ITY.--adjs. REFLEX'IBLE, REFLECT'IBLE, that may be reflected or thrown back.--n. REFLEX'ITY.--adj. REFLEX'IVE, turning backward: reflective: respecting the past: relating to a verb in which the action turns back upon the subject, as I bethought myself.--adv. REFLEX'IVELY.--n. REFLEX'IVENESS, the state or quality of being reflexive.--adv. R[=E]'FLEXLY (also REFLEX'LY).--adj. REFLEXOGEN'IC, tending to increase reflex motions.

REFLOAT, r[=e]-fl[=o]t', n. ebb.

REFLORESCENCE, r[=e]-flor-es'ens, n. a blossoming anew.--v.i. REFLOUR'ISH.

REFLOW, r[=e]-fl[=o]', v.i. to flow back.--ns. REFLOW', REFLOW'ING.

REFLOWER, r[=e]-flow'[.e]r, v.i. to bloom again.

REFLUENT, ref'l[=oo]-ent, adj. flowing back: ebbing.--ns. REF'LUENCE, REF'LUENCY.--adj. R[=E]'FLUX, flowing or returning back: reflex.--n. a flowing back: ebb.--n. REFLUX'ING. [L. refluens, -entis, pr.p. of reflu[)e]re--re-, back, flu[)e]re, fluxum, to flow.]

REFOCILLATE, r[=e]-fos'il-[=a]t, v.t. (obs.) to revive.--n. REFOCILL[=A]'TION. [L. re-, again, focill[=a]re, to cherish--focus, a hearth.]

REFOLD, r[=e]-f[=o]ld', v.t. to fold again.--adj. REFOLD'ED.

REFOOT, r[=e]-f[=oo]t', v.t. to supply with a new foot.

REFOREST, r[=e]-for'est, v.t. to plant again with trees.--n. REFOREST[=A]'TION.

REFORGE, r[=e]-f[=o]rj', v.t. to forge again or anew: to make over again.--n. REFORG'ER.

REFORM, r[=e]-form', v.t. to form again or anew: to transform: to make better: to remove that which is objectionable from: to repair or improve: to reclaim.--v.i. to become better: to abandon evil: to be corrected or improved.--n. a forming anew: change, amendment, improvement: an extension or better distribution of parliamentary representation, as in the Reform Bill.--adj. REFOR'MABLE.--n. REFORM[=A]'TION, the act of forming again: the act of reforming: amendment: improvement: the great religious revolution of the 16th century, which gave rise to the various evangelical or Protestant organisations of Christendom.--adjs. REFOR'M[=A]TIVE, forming again or anew: tending to produce reform; REFOR'M[=A]TORY, reforming: tending to produce reform.--n. an institution for reclaiming youths and children who have been convicted of crime.--adj. REFORMED', formed again or anew: changed: amended: improved: denoting the churches formed after the Reformation, esp. those in which the Calvinistic doctrines, and still more the Calvinistic polity, prevail, in contradistinction to the Lutheran.--ns. REFOR'MER, one who reforms: one who advocates political reform: one of those who took part in the Reformation of the 16th century; REFOR'MIST, a reformer.--REFORMED PRESBYTERIANS, a Presbyterian denomination originating in Scotland (see CAMERONIAN); REFORM SCHOOL, a reformatory. [L. re-, again, form[=a]re, to shape--forma, form.]

REFORMADE, ref-or-m[=a]d', n. (Bunyan) a reduced or dismissed soldier.--n. REFORM[=A]'DO, an officer without a command.--adj. degraded: penitent.

REFORTIFY, r[=e]-for'ti-f[=i], v.t. to fortify again or anew.

REFOUND, r[=e]-fownd', v.t. to establish on a new basis: to cast anew.--n. REFOUND'ER.

REFRACT, r[=e]-frakt', v.t. to break back or open: to break the natural course, or bend from a direct line, as rays of light, &c.--adj. R[=E]FRAC'TABLE.--p.adjs. R[=E]FRAC'TED, turned out of its straight course, as a ray of light: (bot., &c.) bent back at an acute angle; R[=E]FRAC'TING, serving or tending to refract: refractive.--n. R[=E]FRAC'TION, the act of refracting: the change in the direction of a ray of light, heat, &c., when it enters a different medium.--adj. R[=E]FRAC'TIVE, refracting: pertaining to refraction.--ns. R[=E]FRAC'TIVENESS; R[=E]FRACTIV'ITY; R[=E]FRACTOM'ETER, an instrument for measuring the refractive power of different substances; R[=E]FRAC'TOR, a refracting telescope.--ANGLE OF REFRACTION, the angle between a perpendicular and a ray of light after its change of direction, bearing a constant ratio to the sine of the angle of incidence--the index of refraction; ASTRONOMICAL, or ATMOSPHERIC, REFRACTION, the apparent angular elevation of the heavenly bodies above their true places, caused by the refraction of the rays of light in their passage through the earth's atmosphere; DOUBLE REFRACTION, the separation of an incident ray of light into two refracted rays, polarised in perpendicular planes. [L. refring[)e]re, refractum--re-, back, frang[)e]re, to break.]

REFRACTORY, r[=e]-frak'to-ri, adj. breaking through rules: unruly: unmanageable: obstinate: perverse: difficult of fusion, as metals, &c.: not susceptible, as to disease.--adv. REFRAC'TORILY.--n. REFRAC'TORINESS.

REFRACTURE, r[=e]-frak't[=u]r, n. a breaking again.

REFRAGABLE, ref'ra-ga-bl, adj. that may be resisted: capable of refutation.--ns. REFRAGABIL'ITY, REF'RAGABLENESS.--v.i. REF'RAG[=A]TE (obs.), to be contrary in effect. [L. refrag[=a]ri, to resist--re-, again, frang[)e]re, to break.]

REFRAIN, r[=e]-fr[=a]n', n. a burden or chorus recurring at the end of each division of a poem: the musical form to which the burden of a song is set: an after-taste or other sense impression. [O. Fr. refrain--refraindre--L. refring[)e]re (refrang[)e]re).]

REFRAIN, r[=e]-fr[=a]n', v.t. to curb: to restrain.--v.i. to keep from action: to forbear.--ns. REFRAIN'ER; REFRAIN'MENT. [O. Fr. refraindre (Fr. refréner)--Low L. refren[=a]re--re-, back, frenum, a bridle.]

REFRAME, r[=e]-fr[=a]m', v.t. to frame again.

REFRANATION, r[=e]f-ra-n[=a]'shun, n. (astrol.) the failure of a planetary aspect to occur.

REFRANGIBLE, r[=e]-fran'ji-bl, adj. that may be refracted, or turned out of a direct course, as rays of light, heat, &c.--ns. REFRANGIBIL'ITY, REFRAN'GIBLENESS.

REFREEZE, r[=e]-fr[=e]z', v.t. to freeze a second time.

REFRENATION, ref-r[=e]-n[=a]'shun, n. (obs.) the act of restraining.

REFRESH, r[=e]-fresh', v.t. to give new strength, spirit, &c. to: to revive after exhaustion: to enliven: to restore a fresh appearance to.--v.i. to become fresh again: (coll.) to take refreshment, as food and drink.--v.t. R[=E]FRESH'EN, to make fresh again.--n. R[=E]FRESH'ER, one who, or that which, refreshes: a fee paid to counsel for continuing his attention to a case, esp. when adjourned.--adj. R[=E]FRESH'FUL, full of power to refresh: refreshing.--adv. R[=E]FRESH'FULLY.--p.adj. R[=E]FRESH'ING, reviving, invigorating.--adv. R[=E]FRESH'INGLY, in a refreshing manner: so as to revive.--ns. R[=E]FRESH'INGNESS; REFRESH'MENT, the act of refreshing: new strength or spirit after exhaustion: that which refreshes, as food or rest--(pl.) usually food and drink.--REFRESHMENT, or REFECTION, SUNDAY, the fourth Sunday in Lent.

REFRIGERANT, r[=e]-frij'[.e]-rant, adj. making cold: cooling: refreshing.--n. that which cools.--v.t. R[=E]FRIG'ER[=A]TE, to make cold: to cool: to refresh.--n. R[=E]FRIGER[=A]'TION.--adjs. R[=E]FRIG'ER[=A]TIVE, R[=E]FRIG'ER[=A]TORY, cooling: refreshing.--ns. R[=E]FRIG'ER[=A]TOR, an apparatus for preserving food by keeping it at a low temperature: an ice-safe; R[=E]FRIG'ER[=A]TOR-CAR, a freight-car fitted for preserving meat, &c., during transmission, by means of cold; R[=E]FRIG'ER[=A]TORY, a cooler: a vessel or apparatus for cooling, used in brewing, &c.; R[=E]FRIG[=E]'RIUM (obs.), cooling refreshment. [Fr.,--L. re-, denoting change of state, friger[=a]re, -[=a]tum, to cool, frigus, cold.]

REFRINGE, r[=e]-frinj', v.t. to infringe.--n. R[=E]FRING'ENCY, refractive power.--adj. R[=E]FRIN'GENT.

REFT, reft, pa.t. and pa.p. of reave.

REFUGE, ref'[=u]j, n. that which affords shelter or protection: an asylum or retreat: a resource or expedient.--v.t. to find shelter for.--v.i. to take shelter.--ns. REFUG[=EE]', one who flees for refuge to another country, esp. from religious persecution or political commotion; REFUG[=EE]'ISM.--CITY OF REFUGE (see City); HOUSE OF REFUGE, an institution for the shelter of the destitute. [Fr.,--L. refugium--re-, back, frug[)e]re, to flee.]

REFULGENCE, r[=e]-ful'jens, n. state of being refulgent: brightness: brilliance--also R[=E]FUL'GENCY.--adj. R[=E]FUL'GENT, casting a flood of light: shining: brilliant.--adv. R[=E]FUL'GENTLY. [Fr.,--L. refulgens, -entis, pr.p. of refulg[=e]re--re-, inten., fulg[=e]re, to shine.]

REFUND, r[=e]-fund', v.t. to repay: to restore: to return what has been taken.--ns. REFUND'; REFUND'ER; REFUND'MENT. [Fr.,--L. refund[)e]re, refusum--re-, back, fund[)e]re, to pour.]

REFURBISH, r[=e]-fur'bish, v.t. to furbish again: to polish.

REFURNISH, r[=e]-fur'nish, v.t. to furnish again: to supply or provide anew.

REFUSE, r[=e]-f[=u]z', v.t. to reject: to deny, as a request, &c.: to disown: to fail to receive, to repel: (mil.) to hold troops back from the regular alignment.--v.i. to decline acceptance: not to comply.--adj. REF[=U]'SABLE, capable of being refused.--ns. REF[=U]'SAL, denial of anything requested: rejection: the right of taking in preference to others; R[=E]F[=U]'SER. [Fr. refuser, prob. due to confusion of L. refut[=a]re, to drive back, recus[=a]re, to make an objection against.]

REFUSE, ref'[=u]s, adj. refused: worthless.--n. that which is rejected or left as worthless: dross.

REFUSE, r[=e]-f[=u]z', v.t. to melt again.--n. R[=E]F[=U]'SION, repeated fusion or melting, as of metals: restoration.

REFUTE, r[=e]-f[=u]t', v.t. to repel: to oppose: to disprove.--n. R[=E]FUTABIL'ITY.--adj. R[=E]F[=U]'TABLE, that may be refuted or disproved.--adv. R[=E]F[=U]'TABLY.--n. REFUT[=A]'TION, the act of refuting or disproving.--adj. R[=E]F[=U]'T[=A]TORY, tending to refute: refuting.--n. R[=E]F[=U]'TER, one who, or that which, refutes. [Fr. réfuter--L. refut[=a]re--re-, back, root of fund[)e]re, futilis.]

REGAIN, r[=e]-g[=a]n, v.t. to gain back or again: to recover.

REGAL, r[=e]'gal, adj. belonging to a king: kingly: royal.--adv. R[=E]'GALLY. [Fr.,--L. regalis--rex, a king--reg[)e]re, to rule.]

REGAL, r[=e]'gal, n. a small portable organ used to support treble voices.--Also RIG'OLE. [Fr.,--It.,--L. regalis, royal.]

REGALE, r[=e]-g[=a]l', v.t. to entertain in a sumptuous manner: to refresh: to gratify.--v.i. to feast.--n. a regal or magnificent feast.--ns. REGALE'MENT, the act of regaling: entertainment: refreshment; REG[=A]'LER. [Fr. régaler, derived by Diez, like Sp. regalar, from L. regel[=a]re, to thaw. Scheler prefers to connect with O. Fr. galer, to rejoice (cf. Gala), and Skeat follows him.]

REGALIA, r[=e]-g[=a]'li-a, n.pl. the ensigns of royalty: the crown, sceptre, &c., esp. those used at a coronation: the rights and privileges of kings: the distinctive symbols of a particular order.--n. R[=E]G[=A]'L[=E], the power of the sovereign in ecclesiastical affairs.--adj. R[=E]G[=A]'LIAN, regal, sovereign.--ns. R[=E]'GALISM, R[=E]GAL'ITY, state of being regal: royalty: sovereignty: (Scot.) a territorial jurisdiction formerly conferred by the king.--adv. R[=E]'GALLY. [Neut. pl. of L. regalis, royal.]

REGALIA, r[=e]-g[=a]'lya, n. a superior Cuban cigar.

REGARD, r[=e]-gärd', v.t. to observe particularly: to hold in respect or affection: to pay attention to: to care for: to keep or observe: to esteem: to consider as important or valuable: to have respect or relation to.--n. (orig.) look, gaze: attention with interest: observation: respect: affection: repute: relation: reference: (pl.) good wishes.--adjs. REGAR'DABLE; REGAR'DANT, looking to: (her.) looking behind or backward.--n. REGAR'DER.--adj. REGARD'FUL, full of regard: taking notice: heedful: attentive.--adv. REGARD'FULLY.--n. REGARD'FULNESS.--prep. REGAR'DING, respecting, concerning.--adj. REGARD'LESS, without regard: not attending: negligent: heedless.--adv. REGARD'LESSLY.--ns. REGARD'LESSNESS; REGARD'-RING, a ring set with stones whose initial letters make the word regard, as _r_uby, _e_merald, _g_arnet, _a_methyst, _r_uby, _d_iamond.--AS REGARDS, with regard to; IN REGARD OF, in view of; IN THIS REGARD, in this respect. [Fr. regarder--re-, again, garder, to keep.]

REGATHER, r[=e]-gath'[.e]r, v.t. to gather again.

REGATTA, r[=e]-gat'a, n. a race of yachts: any rowing or sailing match. [It. regatta, rigatta--Old It. regattare, to haggle, prob. a form of It. recatare, to retail--L. re-, again, capt[=a]re, to catch.]

REGELATION, r[=e]-j[=e]-l[=a]'shun, n. the act of freezing anew.--v.i. R[=E]'GEL[=A]TE, to freeze together. [L. re-, again, gel[=a]re, to freeze.]

REGENCY, r[=e]'jen-si, n. the office, jurisdiction, or dominion of a regent: a body entrusted with vicarious government.--n. R[=E]'GENCE (obs.), government.

REGENERATE, r[=e]-jen'[.e]r-[=a]t, v.t. to produce anew: (theol.) to renew the heart and turn it to the love of God.--adj. regenerated, renewed: changed from a natural to a spiritual state.--ns. REGEN'ER[=A]CY, REGEN'ER[=A]TENESS, state of being regenerate.--n. REGENER[=A]'TION, act of regenerating: state of being regenerated: (theol.) new birth, the change from a carnal to a Christian life: the renewal of the world at the second coming of Christ.--adj. REGEN'ER[=A]TIVE, pertaining to regeneration: renewal.--adv. REGEN'ER[=A]TIVELY.--n. REGEN'ER[=A]TOR, a chamber filled with a checker-work of fire-bricks, in which the waste heat is, by reversal of the draught, alternately stored up and given out to the gas and air entering the furnace.--adj. REGEN'ER[=A]TORY.--n. REGEN'ESIS, the state of being renewed.--BAPTISMAL REGENERATION (see BAPTISE). [L. regener[=a]re, -[=a]tum, to bring forth again--re-, again, gener[=a]re, to generate.]

REGENT, r[=e]'jent, adj. invested with interim or vicarious sovereign authority.--n. one invested with interim authority: one who rules for the sovereign: a college professor, as formerly in Scotland and elsewhere: a master or doctor who takes part in the regular duties of instruction and government in some universities.--ns. R[=E]'GENT-BIRD, an Australian bird related to the bower-birds; R[=E]'GENTESS; R[=E]'GENTSHIP, office of a regent: deputed authority. [Fr.,--L. regens, -entis, pr.p. of reg[)e]re, to rule.]

REGERMINATE, r[=e]-j[.e]r'min-[=a]t, v.i. to germinate or bud again.--n. REGERMIN[=A]'TION.

REGEST, r[=e]-jest', v.t. (obs.) to throw back.--n. a register.

REGET, r[=e]-get', v.t. to get or obtain again.

REGIAN, r[=e]'ji-an, n. (obs.) a royalist.--R[=E]'GIAM MAJEST[=A]'TEM, a collection of ancient laws bearing to have been compiled by order of David I. of Scotland, now generally believed to be a compilation from Glanville's Tractatus de legibus.

REGIBLE, rej'i-bl, adj. governable.

REGICIDE, rej'i-s[=i]d, n. the murderer of a king--applied esp. to the members of the High Court of Justice who sentenced Charles I. to death.--adj. REGIC[=I]'DAL. [Fr.,--L. rex, regis, a king, cæd[)e]re, to kill.]

REGIFUGIUM, r[=e]-ji-f[=u]'ji-um, n. an ancient Roman festival commemorating the expulsion of the Tarquins.

REGILD, r[=e]-gild', v.t. to gild again or anew.

RÉGIME, r[=a]-zh[=e]m', n. mode of ruling one's diet: form of government: administration.--ANCIEN RÉGIME, the political system that prevailed in France before the Revolution of 1789. [Fr.,--L. regimen--reg[)e]re, to rule.]

REGIMEN, rej'i-men, n. rule prescribed: orderly government: any regulation for gradual improvement: (med.) rule of diet, habit with regard to food: (gram.) the government of one word by another: words governed:--pl. REGIM'INA.--adj. REGIM'INAL. [L.]

REGIMENT, rej'i-ment, n. a body of soldiers constituting the largest permanent unit, commanded by a colonel: rule.--v.t. to form into a regiment: to organise.--adj. REGIMENT'AL, relating to a regiment.--n.pl. the uniform of a regiment.--n. REGIMENT[=A]'TION, classification.--REGIMENTAL DISTRICT, the territory allotted to each regiment for recruiting purposes.

REGINA, r[=e]-j[=i]'na, n. (U.S.) the striped water-snake.

REGION, r[=e]'jun, n. a portion of land: country: any area or district, with respect to fauna, flora, &c.: (Shak.) rank, dignity: (Shak.) the elemental space between the earth and the moon's orbit.--adj. R[=E]'GIONAL, topical: local: topographical.--n. R[=E]'GIONALISM, sectionalism.--adv. R[=E]'GIONALLY.--n. REGION[=A]'RIUS, a title given to R.C. ecclesiastics who have jurisdiction over certain districts of Rome.--adjs. R[=E]'GIONARY; R[=E]GION'IC. [O. Fr.,--L. regio, regionis--reg[)e]re, to rule.]

REGISTER, rej'is-t[.e]r, n. a written record, regularly kept: the book containing the register: that which registers or records: one who registers, as the Scotch 'Lord Clerk Register:' that which regulates, as the damper of a furnace or stove: a stop or range of pipes on the organ, &c.: the compass of a voice or of a musical instrument: (print.) exact adjustment of position in the presswork of books printed on both sides.--v.t. to enter in a register: to record.--adjs. REG'ISTERABLE, REG'ISTRABLE, capable of being registered; REG'ISTERED, enrolled, as a registered voter.--ns. REG'ISTER-GRATE, a grate with a shutter behind; REG'ISTER-OFF'ICE, a record-office: an employment office; REG'ISTER-PLATE, in rope-making, a disc having holes so arranged as to give the yarns passing through them their proper position for entering into the general twist; REG'ISTRANT, one who registers, esp. a trade-mark or patent; REG'ISTRAR, one who keeps a register or official record; REG'ISTRAR-GEN'ERAL, an officer having the superintendence of the registration of all births, deaths, and marriages; REG'ISTRARSHIP, office of a registrar.--v.t. REG'ISTR[=A]TE.--ns. REGISTR[=A]'TION, act of registering: in organ-playing, the act of combining stops for the playing of given pieces of music; REG'ISTRY, act of registering: place where a register is kept: facts recorded.--REGISTRATION ACT, a statute of 1885 extending the borough system of registration to county towns; REGISTRATION OF BRITISH SHIPS, a duty imposed on ship-owners in order to secure to their vessels the privileges of British ships; REGISTRATION OF COPYRIGHT, the recording of the title of a book for the purpose of securing the copyright; REGISTRATION OF TRADE-MARKS, the public system of registering such, with a view to secure their exclusive use.--PARISH REGISTER, a book in which the births, deaths, and marriages are inscribed; SHIP'S REGISTER, a document showing the ownership of a vessel. [O. Fr. registre--Low L. registrum, for L. regestum, pl. regesta--re-, back, ger[)e]re, to carry.]

REGIUS, r[=e]'ji-us, adj. appointed by the Crown, as R[=E]'GIUS PROFESS'OR, one whose chair was founded by Henry VIII.; in Scotland, any professor whose chair was founded by the Crown.--R[=E]'GIUM D[=O]'NUM, an annual grant of public money to Presbyterian and other nonconformist ministers in England, Scotland, and esp. Ireland, where it only ceased in 1871.

REGIVE, r[=e]-giv', v.t. to restore.

REGLEMENT, reg'l-ment, n. (Bacon) regulation.--adj. REGLEMEN'TARY. [Fr.]

REGLET, reg'let, n. a flat, narrow moulding, used to separate panels, &c.: a fillet: (print.) a ledge of wood thicker than a lead, and used for a like purpose.--n. REG'LET-PLANE, a plane for making printers' reglets. [Fr., dim. of règle--L. regula, a rule.]

REGLOW, r[=e]-gl[=o]', v.i. to recalesce.--n. recalescence.

REGMA, reg'ma, n. (bot.) a capsule with two or more lobes, each of which dehisces at maturity:--pl. REG'MATA. [Gr. rh[=e]gma, a fracture.]

REGMACARP, reg'ma-kärp, n. any dehiscent fruit.

REGNAL, reg'nal, adj. pertaining to the reign of a monarch.--n. REG'NANCY, condition of being regnant: reign: predominance.--adj. REG'NANT, reigning or ruling: predominant: exercising regal authority.--ns. REG'NICIDE, the destroyer of a kingdom; REG'NUM, a badge of royalty, esp. the early form of the pope's tiara.--REGNAL YEAR, the year of a sovereign's reign. [L. regnans, regnantis, pr.p. of regn[=a]re, reg[)e]re, to rule.]

REGORGE, r[=e]-gorj', v.t. to swallow again: (Milt.) to swallow eagerly: to vomit, to throw back.

REGRADE, r[=e]-gr[=a]d, v.i. (obs.) to retire.

REGRAFT, r[=e]-graft', v.t. to graft again.

REGRANT, r[=e]-grant', v.t. to grant back.--n. a fresh grant.

REGRATE, r[=e]-gr[=a]t', v.t. in masonry, to remove the outer surface so as to give a fresh appearance.

REGRATE, r[=e]-gr[=a]t', v.t. to buy and sell again in the same market, thus raising the price--once a criminal offence in England.--ns. REGR[=A]'TER, -TOR, a huckster who buys and sells provisions in the same fair; REGR[=A]'TING. [O. Fr. regrater--Low L. recatare, to retail--L. re-, back, capt[=a]re, to catch.]

REGREDE, r[=e]-gr[=e]d', v.i. to retrograde.--n. REGR[=E]'DIENCE.

REGREET, r[=e]-gr[=e]t', v.t. (Shak.) to greet or salute again.--n. (Shak.) exchange of salutation.

REGRESS, r[=e]-gres', n. passage back: return: power of returning: re-entry.--v.i. to go back: to return to a former place or state: (astron.) to move from east to west.--n. REGRES'SION, act of going back or returning.--adj. REGRESS'IVE, going back: returning.--adv. REGRESS'IVELY, in a regressive manner: by return. [L. regressus, perf. p. of regredi--re-, back, gradi, gressus, to step, go.]

REGRET, r[=e]-gret', v.t. to grieve at: to remember with sorrow:--pr.p. regret'ting; pa.t. and pa.p. regret'ted.--n. sorrow for anything: concern: remorse: a written expression of regret.--adj. REGRET'FUL, full of regret.--adv. REGRET'FULLY.--adj. REGRET'TABLE.--adv. REGRET'TABLY. [O. Fr. regrater, to desire, prob. from L. re-, again, and an Old Low Ger. form, appearing in A.S. gr['æ]tan, Goth. gretan, to weep, Scot. greet. Others explain as from L. re-, in neg. sense, and gratus, pleasing.]

REGROWTH, r[=e]-gr[=o]th', n. a new growth.

REGUERDON, r[=e]-g[.e]r'dun, v.t. (Shak.) to reward.--n. (Shak.) a reward.--n. REGUER'DONMENT.

REGULA, reg'[=u]-la, n. a book of rules for a religious house: (archit.) one of the bands under a Doric triglyph or between the canals of the triglyphs:--pl. REG'ULÆ (-l[=e]). [L. regula, a rule.]

REGULAR, reg'[=u]-lar, adj. according to rule, or to law, order, custom, established practice, or mode prescribed: in accordance with nature or art, or the ordinary form or course of things: governed by rule: uniform: periodical: unbroken: methodical, orderly, systematic: strict: pursued with steadiness: straight: level: instituted according to established forms: normal, natural: consistent: usual, customary: (gram.) according to ordinary rule, as 'regular verbs:' (bot.) symmetrical in form: (geom.) having all the sides and angles equal: belonging to the permanent or standing army--opp. to Militia and Volunteer: (coll.) thorough, out and out, as 'a regular deception:' as opp. to Secular in the R.C. Church, denoting monks, friars, &c. under a monastic rule.--n. a soldier belonging to the permanent army: a member of a religious order who has taken the three ordinary vows: (chron.) a number for each year, giving, added to the concurrents, the number of the day of the week on which the paschal full moon falls: a fixed number for each month serving to ascertain the day of the week, or the age of the moon, on the first day of any month.--n.pl. REGUL[=A]'RIA, the regular sea-urchins.--n. REGULARIS[=A]'TION.--v.t. REG'ULARISE, to make regular.--n. REGULAR'ITY, conformity to rule: method: uniformity.--adv. REG'ULARLY.--n. REG'ULARNESS.--v.t. REG'UL[=A]TE, to make regular: to adjust by rule: to subject to rules or restrictions: to put in good order.--ns. REG'ULATING-SCREW, in organ-building, a screw by which the dip of the digitals of the keyboard of an organ may be adjusted; REGUL[=A]'TION, act of regulating: state of being regulated: a rule or order prescribed: precept: law.--adj. REG'UL[=A]TIVE, tending to regulate.--n. REG'UL[=A]TOR, one who, or that which, regulates: a lever which regulates the motion of a watch, &c.: anything that regulates motion.--adj. REG'UL[=A]TORY.--n.fem. REG'UL[=A]TRESS. [L. regularis--regula, a rule--reg[)e]re, to rule.]