Chambers's Twentieth Century Dictionary (part 2 of 4: E-M) (part 2 of 5)

Chambers's Twentieth Century Dictionary (part 2 of 4: E-M) (part 2 of 5)

FORECHOSEN, f[=o]r-ch[=o]z'n, p.adj. chosen beforehand.

FORE-CITED, f[=o]r-s[=i]t'ed, p.adj. quoted before or above.

FORECLOSE, f[=o]r-kl[=o]z', v.t. to preclude: to prevent: to stop.--n. FORECLOS'URE, a foreclosing: (law) the process by which a mortgager, failing to repay the money lent on the security of an estate, is compelled to forfeit his right to redeem the estate. [O. Fr. forclos, pa.p. of forclore, to exclude--L. foris, outside, and claud[)e]re, clausum, to shut.]

FOREDAMNED, f[=o]r-damd', p.adj. (Spens.) utterly damned.

FOREDATE, f[=o]r-d[=a]t', v.t. to date before the true time.

FOREDAY, f[=o]r'd[=a], n. (Scot.) forenoon.

FOREDECK, f[=o]r'dek, n. the forepart of a deck or ship.

FOREDOOM, f[=o]r-d[=oo]m', v.t. to doom beforehand.

FORE-END, f[=o]r'-end, n. the early or fore part of anything.

FOREFATHER, f[=o]r'fä-th[.e]r, n. an ancestor.

FOREFEEL, f[=o]r-f[=e]l', v.t. to feel beforehand.--adv. FOREFEEL'INGLY.--adj. FOREFELT'.

FOREFINGER, f[=o]r'fing-g[.e]r, n. the finger next the thumb.

FOREFOOT, f[=o]r'foot, n. one of the anterior feet of a quadruped.

FOREFRONT, f[=o]r'frunt, n. the front or foremost part.

FOREGLEAM, f[=o]r'gl[=e]m, n. a glimpse into the future.

FOREGO, f[=o]r-g[=o]', v.t. to go before, precede: chiefly used in its pr.p. foreg[=o]'ing and pa.p. foregone'.--ns. FOREG[=O]'ER; FOREG[=O]'ING.--p.adj. FOREGONE'.--n. FOREGONE'NESS.--FOREGONE CONCLUSION, a conclusion come to before examination of the evidence.

FOREGO, f[=o]r-g[=o]', v.t. to give up: to forbear the use of.--Better FORG[=O]'.

FOREGROUND, f[=o]r'grownd, n. the part of a picture nearest the observer's eye, as opposed to the background or distance.

FOREHAMMER, f[=o]r'häm-[.e]r, n. a sledge-hammer.

FOREHAND, f[=o]r'hand, n. the part of a horse which is in front of its rider.--adj. done beforehand.--adj. FORE'HANDED, forehand, as of payment for goods before delivery, or for services before rendered: seasonable: (U.S.) well off: formed in the foreparts.

FOREHEAD, f[=o]r'hed, n. the forepart of the head above the eyes, the brow: confidence, audacity.

FORE-HORSE, f[=o]r'-hors, n. the foremost horse of a team.

FOREIGN, for'in, adj. belonging to another country: from abroad: alien: not belonging to, unconnected: not appropriate.--adj. FOR'EIGN-BUILT, built in a foreign country.--ns. FOR'EIGNER, a native of another country; FOR'EIGNNESS, the quality of being foreign: want of relation to something: remoteness. [O. Fr. forain--Low L. foraneus--L. foras, out of doors.]

FOREJUDGE, f[=o]r-juj', v.t. to judge before hearing the facts and proof.--n. FOREJUDG'MENT.

FOREKING, f[=o]r'king, n. (Tenn.) a preceding king.

FOREKNOW, f[=o]r-n[=o]', v.t. to know beforehand: to foresee.--adj. FOREKNOW'ING.--adv. FOREKNOW'INGLY.--n. FOREKNOWL'EDGE, knowledge of a thing before it happens.--adj. FOREKNOWN'.

FOREL, for'el, n. a kind of parchment for covering books. [O. Fr. forrel, a sheath, forre, fuerre.]

FORELAND, f[=o]r'land, n. a point of land running forward into the sea, a headland.

FORELAY, f[=o]r-l[=a]', v.t. to contrive antecedently: to lay wait for in ambush.

FORELEG, f[=o]r'leg, n. one of the front legs of a quadruped, chair, &c.

FORELIE, f[=o]r-l[=i], v.t. (Spens.) to lie before.

FORELIFT, f[=o]r-lift', v.t. (Spens.) to raise any anterior part.

FORELOCK, f[=o]r'lok, n. the lock of hair on the forehead.--TAKE TIME BY THE FORELOCK, to seize the occasion promptly, so as to anticipate opposition.

FOREMAN, f[=o]r'man, n. the first or chief man, one appointed to preside over, or act as spokesman for, others: an overseer:--pl. FORE'MEN.

FOREMAST, f[=o]r'mast, n. the mast that is forward, or next the bow of a ship.--n. FORE'MASTMAN, any sailor below the rank of petty officer.

FOREMEAN, f[=o]r-m[=e]n', v.t. to intend beforehand.--pa.p. FORE'MEANT.

FORE-MENTIONED, f[=o]r-men'shund, adj. mentioned before in a writing or discourse.

FOREMOST, f[=o]r'm[=o]st, adj. first in place: most advanced: first in rank or dignity. [A.S. forma, first, superl. of fore, and superl. suffix -st. It is therefore a double superl.; the old and correct form was formest, which was wrongly divided for-mest instead of form-est, and the final -mest was mistaken for -most.]

FORENAME, f[=o]r'n[=a]m, n. the first or Christian name.

FORE-NAMED, f[=o]r'-n[=a]md, adj. mentioned before.

FORENENST, f[=o]r-nenst', prep. (Scot.) opposite.

FORENIGHT, f[=o]r'n[=i]t, n. (Scot.) the early part of the night before bedtime, the evening.

FORENOON, f[=o]r'n[=oo]n, n. the part of the day before noon or midday.--adj. pertaining to this part of the day.

FORENOTICE, f[=o]r-n[=o]'tis, n. notice of anything before it happens.

FORENSIC, fo-ren'sik, adj. belonging to courts of law, held by the Romans in the forum: used in law pleading: appropriate to, or adapted to, argument.--FORENSIC MEDICINE, medical jurisprudence, the application of medical knowledge to the elucidation of doubtful questions in a court of justice. [L. forensis--forum, market-place, akin to fores.]

FORE-ORDAIN, f[=o]r-or-d[=a]n', v.t. to arrange beforehand: to predestinate.--n. FORE-ORDIN[=A]'TION.

FOREPART, f[=o]r'pärt, n. the part before the rest: the front: the beginning: (B.) the bow of a ship.

FOREPAST, f[=o]r'past, p.adj. (Shak.) former.

FOREPAYMENT, f[=o]r'p[=a]-ment, n. payment beforehand.

FOREPEAK, f[=o]r'p[=e]k, n. the contracted part of a ship's hold, close to the bow.

FOREPLAN, f[=o]r'plan, v.t. to plan beforehand.

FOREPOINT, f[=o]r'point, v.t. to foreshadow.

FORE-QUOTED, f[=o]r-kw[=o]t'ed, p.adj. quoted or cited before in the same writing.

FORERAN, f[=o]r-ran', pa.t. of forerun.

FORE-RANK, f[=o]r'-rangk, n. the rank which is before all the others: the front.

FOREREACH, f[=o]r'r[=e]ch, v.i. (naut.) to glide ahead, esp. when going in stays (with on).--v.t. to sail beyond.

FORE-READ, f[=o]r'-r[=e]d, v.t. (Spens.) to signify by tokens: to foretell:--pa.p. fore-read'.--n. FORE'-READ'ING.

FORE-RECITED, f[=o]r'-re-s[=i]t'ed, p.adj. (Shak.) recited or named before.

FORE-RENT, f[=o]r'-rent, n. (Scot.) rent due before the first crop is reaped.

FORERUN, f[=o]r-run', v.t. to run or come before: to precede.--n. FORERUN'NER, a runner or messenger sent before: a sign that something is to follow.

FORESAID, f[=o]r'sed, adj. described or spoken of before.

FORESAIL, f[=o]r's[=a]l, n. a sail attached to the foreyard on the foremast. See SHIP.

FORE-SAY, f[=o]r-s[=a]', v.t. to predict or foretell: (Shak.) to prognosticate.

FORESEE, f[=o]r-s[=e]', v.t. or v.i. to see or know beforehand.--p.adj. FORESEE'ING.--adv. FORESEE'INGLY.

FORESHADOW, f[=o]r-shad'[=o], v.t. to shadow or typify beforehand.--n. FORESHAD'OWING.

FORESHIP, f[=o]r'ship, n. (B.) the forepart of a ship.

FORESHORE, f[=o]r'sh[=o]r, n. the part immediately before the shore: the sloping part of a shore included between the high and low water marks.

FORESHORTENING, f[=o]r-short'n-ing, n. a term in drawing signifying that a figure or portion of a figure projecting towards the spectator is so represented as to truly give the idea of such projection.--v.t. FORESHORT'EN.

FORESHOW, f[=o]r-sh[=o]', v.t. to show or represent beforehand: to predict.--Also FORESHEW'.

FORESIDE, f[=o]r's[=i]d, n. the front side.

FORESIGHT, f[=o]r's[=i]t, n. act of foreseeing: wise forethought, prudence: the sight on the muzzle of a gun: a forward reading of a levelling staff.--adjs. FORE'SIGHTED, FORE'SIGHTFUL; FORE'SIGHTLESS.

FORESIGNIFY, f[=o]r-sig'ni-f[=i], v.t. to betoken beforehand: to foreshow: to typify.

FORESKIN, f[=o]r'skin, n. the skin that covers the glans penis: the prepuce.

FORESKIRT, f[=o]r'sk[.e]rt, n. (Shak.) the loose part of a coat before.

FORESLACK. See FORSLACK.

FORESLOW, f[=o]r-sl[=o]', v.i. (Shak.) to delay.--v.t. (Spens.) to hinder.--Better FORSLOW'.

FORESPEAK, f[=o]r-sp[=e]k', v.t. to predict: (Shak.) to gainsay: (Scot.) to engage beforehand.

FORESPEND. Same as FORSPEND.

FORESPURRER, f[=o]r-spur'[.e]r, n. (Shak.) one who rides before.

FOREST, for'est, n. a large uncultivated tract of land covered with trees and underwood: woody ground and rude pasture: a preserve for large game, as a deer forest: a royal preserve for hunting, governed by a special code called the FOREST LAW.--adj. pertaining to a forest: silvan: rustic.--v.t. to cover with trees.--n. FOR'ESTAGE, an ancient service paid by foresters to the king: the right of foresters.--adjs. FOR'ESTAL; FOR'EST-BORN (Shak.), born in a wild.--ns. FOR'ESTER, one who has charge of a forest: an inhabitant of a forest; FOR'EST-FLY, a dipterous insect sometimes called Horse-fly, from the annoyance it causes horses.--adj. FOR'ESTINE.--ns. FOR'EST-MAR'BLE, a fissile limestone belonging to the middle division of the Jurassic System, so called because the typical beds are found in Wychwood Forest, Oxfordshire; FOR'EST-OAK, the timber of the Australian beefwood trees; FOR'ESTRY, the art of cultivating forests; FOR'EST-TREE, a timber-tree. [O. Fr. forest (Fr. forêt)--Low L. forestis (silva), the outside wood, as opposed to the parcus (park) or walled-in wood--L. foris, out of doors.]

FORESTALL, f[=o]r-stawl', v.t. to buy up the whole stock of goods before they are brought to market, so as to sell again at higher prices: to anticipate.--ns. FORESTALL'ER, one who forestalls; FORESTALL'ING, the act of buying provisions before they come to the market, in order to raise the price: anticipation: prevention.

FORESTAY, f[=o]r'st[=a], n. a rope reaching from the foremast-head to the bowsprit end to support the mast.

FORETASTE, f[=o]r-t[=a]st', v.t. to taste before possession: to anticipate: to taste before another.--n. FORE'TASTE, a taste beforehand: anticipation.

FORETEACH, f[=o]r-t[=e]ch', v.t. to teach beforehand.

FORETELL, f[=o]r-tel', v.t. to tell before: to prophesy.--v.i. to utter prophecy.--n. FORETELL'ER.

FORETHINK, f[=o]r-thingk', v.t. to anticipate in the mind: to have prescience of.--n. FORE'THOUGHT, thought or care for the future: provident care.

FORETOKEN, f[=o]r't[=o]-kn, n. a token or sign beforehand.--v.t. FORET[=O]'KEN, to signify beforehand.

FORETOOTH, f[=o]r't[=oo]th, n. a tooth in the forepart of the mouth:--pl. FORE'TEETH.

FORETOP, f[=o]r'top, n. (naut.) the platform at the head of the foremast: a lock of natural hair or in a wig, lying on the forehead, or brushed up straight.--n. FORETOP'MAST, in a ship, the mast erected at the head of the foremast, at the top of which is the FORE'TOP-GALL'ANT-MAST.

FOREVER, for-ev'[.e]r, adv. for ever, for all time to come: to eternity.--adv. FOREV'ERMORE, for ever hereafter.

FOREVOUCHED, f[=o]r-vowcht', p.adj. (Shak.) affirmed or told before.

FOREWARD, f[=o]r'wawrd, n. advance-guard: (Shak.) the front.

FOREWARN, f[=o]r-wawrn', v.t. to warn beforehand: to give previous notice.--n. FOREWARN'ING, warning beforehand.

FOREWEIGH, f[=o]r-w[=a]', v.t. to estimate beforehand.

FOREWIND, f[=o]r'wind, n. (Shak.) a favourable wind.

FOREWOMAN, f[=o]r'woom-an, n. a woman who oversees the employees in any shop or factory, a head-woman:--pl. FORE'WOMEN.

FOREWORD, f[=o]r'wurd, n. a preface.

FORFAIRN, f[=o]r-f[=a]rn', adj. (Scot.) worn out: exhausted.

FORFEIT, for'fit, v.t. to lose the right to by some fault or crime:--pr.p. for'feiting; pa.p. for'feited.--n. that which is forfeited: a penalty for a crime, or breach of some condition: a fine: something deposited and redeemable by a sportive fine or penalty, esp. in pl., a game of this kind.--adj. forfeited.--adj. FOR'FEITABLE.--ns. FOR'FEITER (Shak.), one who incurs punishment by forfeiting his bond; FOR'FEITURE, act of forfeiting: state of being forfeited: the thing forfeited. [O. Fr. forfait--Low L. forisfactum--L. forisfac[)e]re, to transgress.]

FORFEND, for-fend', v.t. (arch.) to ward off, avert.

FORFEX, f[=o]r'feks, n. a pair of scissors.

FORFOUGHTEN, for'fäh-ten, adj. (Scot.) exhausted, as by fighting.

FORGAT, for-gat', old pa.t. of forget.

FORGATHER, for-ga_th_'er, v.i. (Scot.) to meet, to take up company with.

FORGAVE, for-g[=a]v', pa.t. of forgive.

FORGE, f[=o]rj, n. the workshop of a workman in iron, &c.: a furnace, esp. one in which iron is heated: a smithy: a place where anything is shaped or made.--v.t. to form by heating and hammering: to form: to make falsely: to fabricate: to counterfeit or imitate for purposes of fraud.--v.i. to commit forgery.--ns. FORGE'MAN; FORG'ER, one who forges or makes one guilty of forgery; FORG'ERY, fraudulently making or altering any writing: that which is forged or counterfeited.--adj. FORG'ETIVE (Shak.), that may forge or produce.--n. FORG'ING, a piece of metal shaped by hammering: act of one who forges: a form of overreaching in which the horse strikes the fore shoe with the toe of the hind one, clicking. [O. Fr. forge--L. fabrica--faber, a workman.]

FORGE, f[=o]rj, v.t. to move steadily on (with ahead).

FORGET, for-get', v.t. to lose or put away from the memory: to neglect:--pr.p. forget'ting; pa.t. forgot'; pa.p. forgot', forgot'ten.--adjs. FORGET'ABLE, FORGET'TABLE; FORGET'FUL, apt to forget: inattentive.--adv. FORGET'FULLY.--ns. FORGET'FULNESS; FORGET'-ME-NOT, a small herb (Myosotis palustris) with beautiful blue flowers, regarded as the emblem of friendship: a keepsake [a word adapted by Coleridge from the German Vergissmeinnicht]; FORGET'TER, one who fails to bear in mind: a heedless person.--adv. FORGET'TINGLY.--FORGET ONE'S SELF, to lose one's self-control or dignity, to descend to words and deeds unworthy of one's self. [A.S. forgietan--pfx. for-, away, gitan, to get.]

FORGIVE, for-giv', v.t. to pardon: to overlook an offence or debt: (Spens.) to give up.--v.i. to be merciful or forgiving.--adj. FORGIV'ABLE, capable of being forgiven.--n. FORGIVE'NESS, pardon: remission: disposition to pardon.--adj. FORGIV'ING, ready to pardon: merciful: compassionate. [A.S. forgiefan--pfx. for-, away, giefan, to give; cf. Ger. ver-geben.]

FORGO. See FOREGO.

FORGOT, FORGOTTEN. See FORGET.

FORHAIL, for-h[=a]l', v.t. (Spens.) to overtake.

FORHENT, for-hent', v.t. (Spens.) to overtake.

FORHOW, for-how', v.t. (Scot.) to desert or abandon. [A.S. forhogian, pfx. for-, away, hogian, to care.]

FORISFAMILIATE, f[=o]-ris-fa-mil'i-[=a]t, v.t. to put a son in possession of land which he accepts as his whole portion of his father's property, said of a father.--v.i. to renounce one's title to a further share of the paternal estate, said of a son:--pr.p. f[=o]risfamil'i[=a]ting; pa.p. f[=o]risfamil'i[=a]ted.--n. F[=O]RISFAMILI[=A]'TION. [Low L. forisfamili[=a]re, -[=a]tum--L. foris, out of doors, familia, a family.]

FORJESKIT, for-jes'kit, adj. (Scot.) tired out.

FORK, fork, n. an instrument with two or more prongs at the end: one of the points or divisions of anything fork-like: the bottom of a sump into which the water of a mine drains--also FORCQUE: (pl.) the branches into which a road or river divides, also the point of separation.--v.i. to divide into two branches: to shoot into blades, as corn.--v.t. to form as a fork: to pitch with a fork: to bale a shaft dry.--n. FORK'-CHUCK, a forked lathe-centre used in wood-turning.--adjs. FORKED, FORK'Y, shaped like a fork.--adv. FORK'EDLY.--ns. FORK'EDNESS, FORK'INESS; FORK'ER; FORK'HEAD, the forked end of a rod in a knuckle-joint or the like; FORK'-TAIL, a fish with forked tail: the kite.--FORK OUT, OVER (slang), to hand or pay over. [A.S. forca--L. furca.]

FORLORN, for-lorn', adj. quite lost: forsaken; wretched.--v.t. FORLORE' (Spens.).--adv. FORLORN'LY.--n. FORLORN'NESS. [A.S. forloren, pa.p. of forléòsan, to lose--pfx. for-, away, and léòsan, to lose; Ger. verloren, pa.p. of verlieren, to lose.]

FORLORN-HOPE, for-lorn'-h[=o]p, n. a body of soldiers selected for some service of uncommon danger. [From the Dut. verloren hoop, the lost troop.]

FORM, form, n. shape of a body: the boundary-line of an object: a model: a mould: mode of being: mode of arrangement: order: regularity: system, as of government: beauty or elegance: established practice: ceremony: fitness or efficiency for any undertaking: a blank schedule to be filled in with details: a specimen document to be copied or imitated: (phil.) the inherent nature of an object, that which the mind itself contributes as the condition of knowing, that in which the essence of a thing consists: (print.) the type from which an impression is to be taken arranged and secured in a chase--often FORME:--(in the fol. senses pron. f[=o]rm), a long seat, a bench: the pupils on a form, a class: the bed of a hare, which takes its shape from the animal's body.--v.t. to give form or shape to: to make: to contrive: to settle, as an opinion: to combine: to go to make up: to establish: (gram.) to make by derivation.--v.i. to assume a form.--adj. FORM'AL, according to form or established mode: ceremonious, punctilious, methodical: having the form only: (Shak.) embodied in a form: having the power of making a thing what it is: essential: proper.--v.t. and v.i. FORM'ALISE.--ns. FORM'ALISM, excessive observance of form or conventional usage, esp. in religion: stiffness of manner; FORM'ALIST, one having exaggerated regard to rules or established usages; FORMAL'ITY, the precise observance of forms or ceremonies: established order: sacrifice of substance to form.--adv. FORM'ALLY.--n. FORM[=A]'TION, a making or producing: structure: (geol.) a group of strata of one period.--adj. FORM'ATIVE, giving form, determining, moulding: (gram.) inflectional, serving to form, not radical.--n. a derivative.--p.adj. FORMED, trained, mature.--n. FORM'ER.--adj. FORM'LESS, shapeless.--FORMAL LOGIC (see LOGIC).--GOOD, or BAD, FORM, according to good social usage, or the opposite; TAKE FORM, to assume a definite appearance. [O. Fr. forme--L. forma, shape.]

FORMALIN, for'ma-lin, n. a formic aldehyde used as an antiseptic, germicide, or preservative in foods.

FORMAT, for'ma, n. of books, &c., the size, form, shape in which they are issued. [Fr.]

FORMATE, form'[=a]t, n. a salt composed of formic acid and a base.--Also FOR'MIATE.

FORMER, form'[.e]r, adj. (comp. of fore) before in time or order: past: first mentioned.--adv. FORM'ERLY, in former times: heretofore. [Formed late on analogy of M. E. formest by adding comp. suff. -er to base of A.S. forma, first, itself a superlative form.]

FORMIC, for'mik, adj. pertaining to ants, as formic acid, originally obtained from ants.--adj. FOR'MICANT, crawling like an ant: very small and unequal, of a pulse.--n. FOR'MICARY, an ant-hill.--adj. FOR'MICATE, resembling an ant.--n. FORMIC[=A]'TION, a sensation like that of ants creeping on the skin. [L. formic[=a]re, -[=a]tum, to creep like an ant--formica.]

FORMIDABLE, for'mi-da-bl, adj. causing fear: adapted to excite fear.--ns. FORMIDABIL'ITY; FOR'MIDABLENESS.--adv. FOR'MIDABLY. [Fr.,--L. formidabilis--formido, fear.]

FORMULA, form'[=u]-la, n. a prescribed form: a formal statement of doctrines: (math.) a general expression for solving problems: (chem.) a set of symbols expressing the components of a body:--pl. FORMULÆ (form'[=u]-l[=e]), FORM'ULAS.--adjs. FORM'ULAR, FORMULARIS'TIC.--ns. FORMULARIS[=A]'TION, FORMUL[=A]'TION; FORM'ULARY, a formula: a book of formulæ or precedents.--adj. prescribed: ritual.--vs.t. FORM'UL[=A]TE, FORM'ULISE, to reduce to or express in a formula: to state or express in a clear or definite form. [L., dim. of forma.]

FORNENT, for-nent', adv. and prep. (Scot.) right opposite to.

FORNICATE, for'ni-k[=a]t, adj. arched: (bot.) arching over.--n. FORNIC[=A]'TION. [L. fornicatus--fornix, an arch.]

FORNICATE, for'ni-k[=a]t, v.i. to commit lewdness: to have unlawful sexual intercourse.--ns. FORNIC[=A]'TION, sexual intercourse between two unmarried persons, or an unmarried and married person: (B.) adultery, and applied frequently by a figure to idolatry; FOR'NICATOR, an unmarried person guilty of lewdness:--fem. FOR'NICATRESS. [L. fornix, an arch, brothel.]

FORNIX, for'niks, n. something resembling an arch: an arched formation of the brain. [L.]

FORPINE, for-p[=i]n', v.i. (Spens.) to waste away.

FORPIT, for'pit, n. (Scot.) the fourth part of some other measure, now of a peck.--Also FOR'PET.

FORRIT, for'it, adv. (Scot.) forward.

FORSAKE, for-s[=a]k', v.t. to desert: to abandon:--pr.p. fors[=a]k'ing; pa.t. forsook'; pa.p. fors[=a]k'en.--adj. FORS[=A]K'EN.--adv. FORS[=A]K'ENLY.--ns. FORS[=A]K'ENNESS; FORS[=A]K'ING, abandonment. [A.S. forsacan--for-, away, sacan, to strive.]

FORSAY, for-s[=a]', v.t. (Spens.) to forbid, to renounce. [A.S. forsecgan--for, against, secgan, to say.]

FORSLACK, for-slak', v.t. (Spens.) to relax, delay.

FORSLOW, for-sl[=o]', v.t. See FORESLOW.

FORSOOTH, for-s[=oo]th', adv. in truth: certainly.

FORSPEAK, for-sp[=e]k', v.t. (Shak.) to forbid, to prohibit: (Scot.) to bewitch.

FORSPEND, for-spend', v.t. to spend completely:--pa.t. and pa.p. forspent'.

FORSTALL, for-stawl', v.t. Same as FORESTALL.

FORSWAT, for-swat', adj. (Spens.) exhausted with heat. [Pfx. for-, inten., and swat, old pa.t. of sweat.]

FORSWEAR, for-sw[=a]r', v.t. to deny upon oath:--pa.t. forswore'; pa.p. forsworn'.--n. FORSWORN'NESS.--FORSWEAR ONE'S SELF, to swear falsely.

FORSWINK, for-swingk', v.t. to exhaust by labour.--p.adj. FORSWONK' (Spens.), over-laboured. [Pfx. for-, inten., and obs. swink, labour.]

FORT, f[=o]rt, n. a small fortress: an outlying trading-station, as in British North America.--adj. FORT'ED (Shak.), guarded by forts. [Fr.,--L. fortis, strong.]

FORTALICE, fort'al-is, n. a small outwork of a fortification. [Low L. fortalitia--L. fortis.]

FORTE, f[=o]rt, n. that in which one excels.

FORTE, f[=o]r'te, adj. (mus.) strongly, loud:--superl. FORTIS'SIMO.--n. a loud passage in music. [It.]

FORTH, f[=o]rth, adv. before or forward in place or order: in advance: onward in time: (Shak.) completely, outright: abroad: (B.) out.--prep. (Shak.) out of, forth from.--v.i. FORTH'COME, to come forth.--adj. FORTH'COMING, just coming forth: about to appear.--ns. FORTH'GOING, a going forth: a proceeding out; FORTH'-ISS'UING, coming forth; FORTH'-PUT'TING, action of putting forth: (U.S.) forwardness.--adj. forward.--adv. FORTH'RIGHT, straightforward.--n. (Shak.) a straight path.--adj. straightforward: honest.--adv. FORTHWITH', immediately.--AND SO FORTH, and so on, and more besides. [A.S. forth--fore, before; Dut. voort, Ger. fort.]

FORTHINK, for-thingk', v.t. (Spens.) to be sorry for.

FORTHY, for'thi, adv. (Spens.) therefore. [A.S. forthý--for, and thý, instrumental case of thaet, that.]

FORTIETH. See FORTY.

FORTIFY, for'ti-f[=i], v.t. to strengthen against attack with forts, &c.: to invigorate: to confirm:--pa.p. for'tif[=i]ed.--adj. FORTIF[=I]'ABLE.--ns. FORTIFIC[=A]'TION, the art of strengthening a military position by means of defensive works: the work so constructed: that which fortifies; FOR'TIFIER. [Fr. fortifier--Low L. fortific[=a]re--fortis, strong, fac[)e]re, to make.]

FORTILAGE, f[=o]r'ti-l[=a]j, n. (Spens.) a fort. [Fortalice.]

FORTISSIMO. See FORTE.

FORTITION, for-tish'un, n. principle of trusting to chance. [L. fors, chance.]

FORTITUDE, for'ti-t[=u]d, n. mental power of endurance: firmness in meeting danger: (obs.) strength, power of resistance or attack.--adj. FORTIT[=U]'DINOUS. [L. fortitudo--fortis.]

FORTLET, f[=o]rt'let, n. a little fort.

FORTNIGHT, fort'n[=i]t, n. two weeks or fourteen days.--adj. and adv. FORT'NIGHTLY, once a fortnight. [Contr. of A.S. féowertýne niht, fourteen nights.]

FORTRESS, for'tres, n. a fortified place: a defence.--v.t. (Shak.) to guard. [O. Fr. forteresse, another form of fortelesce (q.v. under FORTALICE).]

FORTUITOUS, for-t[=u]'i-tus, adj. happening by chance.--ns. FORT[=U]'ITISM; FORT[=U]'ITIST.--adv. FORT[=U]'ITOUSLY.--ns. FORT[=U]'ITOUSNESS, FORT[=U]'ITY. [L. fortuitus.]

FORTUNE, for't[=u]n, n. whatever comes by lot or chance: luck: the arbitrary ordering of events: the lot that falls to one in life: success: wealth.--v.i. to befall.--v.t. to determine.--adj. FOR'TUN[=A]TE, happening by good fortune: lucky: auspicious: felicitous.--adv. FOR'TUN[=A]TELY.--ns. FOR'TUN[=A]TENESS; FOR'TUNE-BOOK, a book helpful in telling fortunes.--adj. FOR'TUNED, supplied by fortune.--n. FOR'TUNE-HUNT'ER, a man who hunts for marriage with a woman of fortune.--adj. FOR'TUNELESS, without a fortune: luckless.--v.i. FOR'TUNE-TELL, to reveal futurity: to tell one his fortune.--ns. FOR'TUNE-TELL'ER, one who pretends to foretell one's fortune; FOR'TUNE-TELL'ING.--v.t. FOR'TUN[=I]SE (Spens.), to make fortunate or happy. [Fr.,--L. fortuna.]

FORTY, for'ti, adj. and n. four times ten.--adj. FOR'TIETH.--n. a fortieth part.--FORTY WINKS, a short nap, esp. after dinner.--THE FORTY, the French Academy. [A.S. féowertig--feower, four, tig, ten.]

FORUM, f[=o]'rum, n. a market-place, esp. the market-place in Rome, where public business was transacted and justice dispensed: the courts of law as opposed to the Parliament. [L., akin to foras, out of doors.]

FORWANDER, for-won'd[.e]r, v.i. and v.t. (Spens.) to wander till wearied, to weary with wandering.

FORWARD, for'ward, adj. near or at the forepart: in advance of something else: ready: too ready: presumptuous: officious: earnest: early ripe.--v.t. to help on, to quicken: to send on.--advs. FOR'WARD, FOR'WARDS, towards what is before or in front: onward: progressively.--ns. FOR'WARDER; FOR'WARDING, the act of sending forward merchandise, &c., for others.--adv. FOR'WARDLY.--n. FOR'WARDNESS. [A.S. foreweard--fore, and -weard, sig. direction. Forwards--M. E. forwardes--was orig. the gen. form (cf. Ger. vorwärts).]

FORWASTE, for-w[=a]st', v.t. (Spens.) to lay waste utterly.

FORWEARY, for-w[=e]'ri, v.t. (Spens.) to weary out.

FORWENT, for-went' (Spens.), pa.t of forego.

FORWORN, for-w[=o]rn', adj. (Spens.) much worn.

FORZANDO. Same as SFORZANDO (q.v.).

FOSS, FOSSE, fos, n. (fort.) a ditch or moat, either with or without water, the excavation of which has contributed material for the walls of the fort it protects: an abyss.--adj. FOSSED.--n. FOSS'WAY, an ancient Roman road having a ditch on either side. [Fr. fosse--L. fossa--fod[)e]re, fossum, to dig.]

FOSSA, fos'a, n. (anat.) a pit or depression in a body, esp. that in an animal integument forming a point of attachment for an organ.--n. FOSSETTE', a dimple or small depression. [L., a ditch.]

FOSSET-SELLER, fos'et-sel'[.e]r, n. (Shak.) one who sells faucets. [Fosset, obs. form of faucet.]

FOSSICK, fos'ik, v.i. to be troublesome: to undermine another's diggings, or work over waste-heaps for gold: to search about for any kind of profit.--ns. FOSS'ICKER, a mining gleaner who works over old diggings, and scratches about in the beds of creeks; FOSS'ICKING. [Ety. dub.]

FOSSIL, fos'il, n. the petrified remains of an animal or vegetable found embedded in the strata of the earth's crust: anything antiquated.--adj. dug out of the earth: in the condition of a fossil: antiquated.--adj. FOSSILIF'EROUS, bearing or containing fossils.--n. FOSSILIFIC[=A]'TION, the act of becoming fossil.--vs.t. FOSSIL'IFY, FOSS'IL[=I]SE, to convert into a fossil.--v.i. to be changed into a stony or fossil state.--ns. FOSSILIS[=A]'TION, a changing into a fossil; FOSS'ILISM, the science of fossils; FOSS'ILIST, one skilled in fossils; FOSSILOL'OGY, FOSSIL'OGY, paleontology. [Fr. fossile--L. fossilis--fod[)e]re, to dig.]

FOSSORIAL, fo-s[=o]'ri-al, adj. digging, burrowing.--n. FOSS'OR, a grave-digger. [L. fossor--fod[)e]re, to dig.]

FOSSULATE, fos'[=u]-l[=a]t, adj. (anat.) having one or more long narrow grooves or depressions.

FOSTER, fos't[.e]r, v.t. to bring up or nurse: to encourage.--ns. FOS'TER[=A]GE, the act of fostering or nursing; FOS'TER-BROTH'ER, a male child, fostered or brought up with another of different parents; FOS'TER-CHILD, a child nursed or brought up by one who is not its parent; FOS'TER-DAUGH'TER; FOS'TERER; FOS'TER-FA'THER, one who brings up a child in place of its father; FOS'TERLING, a foster-child; FOS'TER-MOTH'ER, one who suckles a child not her own; FOS'TER-NURSE (Shak.), a nurse; FOS'TER-PAR'ENT, one who rears a child in the place of its parent; FOS'TER-SIS'TER, one brought up as a sister by the same parents, but not a sister by birth; FOS'TER-SON, one brought up as a son, though not a son by birth. [A.S. fóstrian, to nourish, fóstor, food.]

FOSTER, fos't[.e]r, n. (Spens.) a forester.

FOTHER, fo_th_'[.e]r, v.t. to stop or lessen a leak in a ship's bottom whilst afloat by means of a heavy sail closely thrummed with yarn and oakum. [Perh. from Dut. voederen (mod. voeren) or Low Ger. fodern, to line.]

FOTHER, fo_th_'[.e]r, n. a load, quantity: a definite weight--of lead, 19½ cwt. [A.S. fóðer; Ger. fuder.]

FOU, f[=oo], adj. (Scot.) full: drunk.

FOU, f[=oo], n. (Scot.) a bushel.

FOUD, fowd, n. a bailiff or magistrate in Orkney and Shetland.--n. FOUD'RIE, his jurisdiction. [Ice. fógeti; Ger. vogt; from L. vocatus--voc[=a]re, to call.]

FOUDROYANT, f[=oo]-droi'ant, adj. quick like lightning. [Fr. foudroyer--foudre, lightning.]

FOUET, f[=oo]'et, n. (Scot.) the house-leek.--Also FOU'AT.

FOUGADE, foo-gäd', n. (mil.) a small mine from six to twelve feet under ground, charged either with powder or loaded shells, and sometimes loaded with stones.--Also FOUGASSE'. [Fr.]

FOUGHT, fawt, pa.t. and pa.p.--FOUGHTEN (fawt'n), old pa.p. of fight.

FOUL, fowl, adj. filthy: loathsome: obscene: impure: stormy: unfair: running against: distressing, pernicious: choked up, entangled: (Shak.) homely, ugly.--v.t. to make foul: to soil: to effect a collision.--v.i. to come into collision:--pr.p. foul'ing; pa.p. fouled.--n. act of fouling: any breach of the rules in games or contests.--adj. FOUL'-FACED (Shak.), having a hatefully ugly face.--n. FOUL'-FISH, fish during the spawning season.--adv. FOUL'LY.--adjs. FOUL'-MOUTHED, FOUL'-SPOK'EN, addicted to the use of foul or profane language.--ns. FOUL-MOUTHED'NESS; FOUL'NESS; FOUL'-PLAY, unfair action in any game or contest, dishonest dealing generally.--CLAIM A FOUL, to assert that the recognised rules have been broken, and that a victory is therefore invalid; FALL FOUL OF, to come against: to assault; MAKE FOUL WATER, used of a ship, to come into such shallow water that the keel raises the mud. [A.S. fúl; Ger. faul, Goth. fûls.]

FOULARD, f[=oo]l'ard, n. a soft untwilled silk fabric: a silk handkerchief. [Fr.]

FOULDER, fowl'd[.e]r, v.i. (Spens.) to flame, to gleam. [O. Fr. fouldre--L. fulgur, lightning.]

FOULÉ, f[=oo]-l[=a]', n. a light woollen dress material with a glossy surface. [Fr.]

FOUMART, f[=oo]'märt, n. an old name for the polecat, from its offensive smell. [M. E. fulmard--A.S. fúl, foul, mearð, a marten.]

FOUND, pa.t. and pa.p. of find.--n. FOUND'LING, a little child found deserted.--FOUNDLING HOSPITAL, an institution where such are brought up.

FOUND, fownd, v.t. to lay the bottom or foundation of: to establish on a basis: to originate: to endow.--v.i. to rely.--ns. FOUND[=A]'TION, the act of founding: the base of a building: the groundwork or basis: a permanent fund for a benevolent purpose or for some special object; FOUND[=A]'TIONER, one supported from the funds or foundation of an institution; FOUND[=A]'TION-MUS'LIN, -NET, gummed fabrics used for stiffening dresses and bonnets; FOUND[=A]TION-STONE, one of the stones forming the foundation of a building, esp. a stone laid with public ceremony; FOUND'ER, one who founds, establishes, or originates: an endower:--fem. FOUND'RESS. [Fr. fonder--L. fund[=a]re, -[=a]tum, to found--fundus, the bottom.]

FOUND, fownd, v.t. to form by melting and pouring into a mould: to cast.--ns. FOUND'ER, one who melts and casts metal, as a brassfounder; FOUND'ING, metal-casting; FOUND'RY, FOUND'ERY, the art of founding or casting: the house where founding is carried on. [Fr. fondre--L. fund[)e]re, fusum, to pour.]

FOUNDER, fownd'[.e]r, v.i. to go to the bottom: to fill with water and sink.--v.t. to cause to sink: to disable by injuring the feet (of a horse).--adj. FOUND'EROUS, causing to founder. [O. Fr. fondrer, to fall in, fond, bottom--L. fundus, bottom.]

FOUNT. See FONT (2).

FOUNTAIN, fownt'[=a]n, n. a spring of water, natural or artificial: the structure for a jet of water: the source of anything: a reservoir for holding oil, &c., in a lamp.--ns. FOUNT, a spring of water: a source; FOUNT'AIN-HEAD, the head or source of a fountain: the beginning.--adj. FOUNT'AINLESS, wanting fountains or springs of water.--n. FOUNT'AIN-PEN, a pen having a reservoir for holding ink.--adj. FOUNT'FUL, full of springs. [Fr. fontaine--Low L. font[=a]na--L. fons, fontis, a spring---fund[)e]re, to pour.]

FOUR, f[=o]r, adj. and n. two and two, a cardinal number.--adjs. FOUR'FOLD, folded four times: multiplied four times; FOUR'-FOOT'ED, having four feet; FOUR'-HAND'ED, having four hands: of a game, played by four people; FOUR'-INCHED (Shak.), four inches broad.--ns. FOUR'-IN-HAND, a vehicle drawn by four horses, driven by one person: a team of four horses drawing a carriage--also adj.; FOUR'PENNY, a small silver coin worth fourpence formerly coined in England.--adj. worth fourpence.--n. FOUR'-POST'ER, a large bed with four posts on which to hang curtains.--adjs. FOUR'SCORE, four times a score--80; FOUR'SOME, by fours: anything in which four act together--also n.; FOUR'SQUARE, having four equal sides and angles: square.--adjs. and ns. FOUR'TEEN, four and ten; FOUR'TEENTH, four or the fourth after the tenth.--adj. FOURTH, next after the third.--n. one of four equal parts.--adv. FOURTH'LY.--adj. FOURTH'-RATE, of the fourth class or order.--n. FOUR'-WHEEL'ER, a carriage or cab with four wheels.--GO ON ALL FOURS, to go on hands and knees. [A.S. féower; Ger. vier, L. quatuor, Gr. tessares.]

FOURCHETTE, f[=oo]r-shet', n. a small forked instrument used for supporting the tongue in the operation of cutting the frenum: a forked piece between glove fingers, uniting the front and back parts. [Fr.]

FOURCROYA, f[=oo]r-kr[=o]'ya, n. a neotropical genus of Amaryllidaceæ, nearly allied to Agave (q.v.), and yielding a similar fibre. [Named from A. F. de Fourcroy, a French chemist (1755-1809).]

FOURGON, f[=oo]r-gong', n. a baggage-wagon. [Fr.]

FOURIERISM, f[=oo]'ri-[.e]r-izm, n. the socialistic system of F. M. Charles Fourier (1772-1837), based on the harmony educed by the free-play of his twelve radical passions.

FOUTRE, f[=oo]'t[.e]r, n. (Shak.) a gross term of contempt, used interjectionally.--Also FOU'TER. [O. Fr. foutre--L. futuere, to lecher.]

FOUTH, footh, n. (Scot.) abundance.--Also FOWTH.

FOVEA, f[=o]'v[=e]-a, n. (anat.) a depression or pit.--adjs. F[=O]'VEAL; F[=O]'VEATE, pitted.--n. FOV[=E]'OLA, a small depression--also FOV[=E]'OLE. [L.]

FOVILLA, f[=o]-vil'a, n. (bot.) the contents of a pollen-grain.

FOWL, fowl, n. a bird: a bird of the barn-door or poultry kind, a cock or hen: the flesh of fowl:--pl. FOWLS, FOWL.--v.i. to kill fowls by shooting or snaring.--ns. FOWL'ER, a sportsman who takes wild-fowl; FOWL'ING; FOWL'ING-NET, a net for catching birds; FOWL'ING-PIECE, a light gun for small-shot, used in fowling. [A.S. fugol; Ger. vogel.]

FOX, foks, n. an animal of the family Canidæ, genus Vulpes, of proverbial cunning:--fem. VIX'EN: any one notorious for cunning.--ns. FOX'-BAT, a flying-fox, a fruit-bat; FOX'-BRUSH, the tail of a fox; FOX'-EARTH, a fox's burrow.--adj. FOXED, discoloured, spotted.--ns. FOX'-[=E]'VIL, alopecia; FOX'GLOVE, a plant with glove-like flowers, whose leaves are used as a soothing medicine; FOX'HOUND, a hound used for chasing foxes; FOX'-HUNT; FOX'-HUNT'ER; FOX'-HUNT'ING; FOX'INESS, decay: having a harsh, sour taste: state of being spotted, as books; FOX'-SHARK, a large shark of over 12 feet, occasionally seen off British coasts; FOX'SHIP (Shak.), the character of a fox, craftiness; FOX'-TAIL, a genus of grasses, generally characterised by a bushy head; FOX'-TERR'IER, a kind of terrier trained to unearth foxes; FOX'-TRAP, a trap for catching foxes; FOX'-TROT, a pace with short steps, as in changing from trotting to walking.--adj. FOX'Y, of foxes: cunning, suspicious, causing suspicion: (paint.) having too much of the reddish-brown or fox-colour.--FOX AND GEESE, a game played with pieces on a board, where the object is for certain pieces called the geese to surround or corner one called the fox. [A.S. fox; Ger. fuchs.]

FOY, foi, n. (Spens.) allegiance. [Fr. foi, faith.]

FOY, foi, n. (prov.) a parting entertainment.

FOYER, fwo-y[=a]', n. in theatres, a public room opening on the lobby. [Fr.,--L. focus, hearth.]

FOZY, f[=o]z'i, adj. (Scot.) spongy.--n. FOZ'INESS, softness, want of spirit. [Cf. Dut. voos, spongy.]

FRAB, frab, v.t. to worry.--adj. FRAB'BIT, peevish.

FRACAS, fra-kä', n. uproar: a noisy quarrel. [Fr.,--It. fracasso--fracassare, to make an uproar.]

FRACTION, frak'shun, n. a fragment or very small piece: (arith.) any part of a unit: a technical term to indicate the breaking of the bread in the sacrifice of the Eucharist.--v.t. FRACT (Shak.), to break, to violate.--adjs. FRACT'ED (her.), having a part displaced, as if broken; FRAC'TIONAL, belonging to or containing a fraction or fractions; FRAC'TIONARY, fractional: unimportant.--v.t. FRAC'TIONATE, to separate the elements of a mixture by distillation or otherwise.--n. FRACTION[=A]'TION.--v.t. FRAC'TIONISE, to break up into fractions.--n. FRAC'TIONLET, a small fraction.--adj. FRAC'TIOUS, ready to quarrel: cross.--adv. FRAC'TIOUSLY.--ns. FRAC'TIOUSNESS; FRAC'TURE, the breaking of any hard body: the breach or part broken: the breaking of a bone.--v.t. to break through.--COMPOUND, COMMINUTED, COMPLICATED FRACTURE (see the respective adjectives); GREENSTICK FRACTURE, a fracture where the bone is partly broken, partly bent, occurring in the limbs of children; SIMPLE FRACTURE, a fracture when the bone only is divided. [O. Fr. fraccion--L. fraction-em--frang[)e]re, fractum, to break.]

FRAGARIA, fr[=a]-g[=a]'ri-a, n. a genus of perennial plants with creeping stolons, the fruit the strawberry. [L. fragum, the strawberry.]

FRAGILE, fraj'il, adj. easily broken: frail: delicate.--n. FRAGIL'ITY, the state of being fragile. [Fr.,--L. fragilis, frang[)e]re, to break.]

FRAGMENT, frag'ment, n. a piece broken off: an unfinished portion.--adj. FRAG'MENTAL (also -ment').--adv. FRAG'MENTARILY.--n. FRAG'MENTARINESS.--adjs. FRAG'MENTARY, FRAG'MENTED, consisting of fragments or pieces: broken. [Fr.,--L. fragmentum, frang[)e]re, to break.]

FRAGOR, fr[=a]'gor, n. a crash. [L.]

FRAGRANT, fr[=a]'grant, adj. sweet-scented.--ns. FR[=A]'GRANCE, FR[=A]'GRANCY, pleasantness of smell or perfume: sweet or grateful influence.--adv. FR[=A]'GRANTLY.--n. FR[=A]'GRANTNESS. [Fr.,--L. fragrans, -antis, pr.p. of fragr[=a]re, to smell.]

FRAIL, fr[=a]l, adj. wanting in strength or firmness: weak: unchaste.--adj. FRAIL'ISH, somewhat frail.--adv. FRAIL'LY.--ns. FRAIL'NESS, FRAIL'TY, weakness: infirmity. [O. Fr. fraile--L. fragilis, fragile.]

FRAIL, fr[=a]l, n. a rush: a basket made of rushes. [O. Fr. frayel; of dubious origin.]

FRAISE, fr[=a]z, n. (fort.) a palisade of pointed stakes planted in the rampart horizontally or in an inclined position: a tool used for enlarging a drill-hole: a 16th-cent. ruff.--v.t. to fence with a fraise. [Fr.]

FRAISE, fr[=a]z, n. (prov.) commotion.

FRAMBOESIA, fram-b[=e]'zi-a, n. the yaws (q.v.). [Fr. framboise, a raspberry.]

FRAME, fr[=a]m, v.t. to form: to shape: to construct by fitting the parts to each other: to plan, adjust, or adapt to an end: to contrive or devise: to constitute: to put a frame or border round, as a picture: to put into a frame: (Spens.) to support.--v.i. (dial.) to move: (B.) to contrive.--n. the form: a putting together of parts: a case made to enclose or support anything: the skeleton of anything: state of mind: in gardening, a movable structure used for the cultivation or the sheltering of plants, as a 'forcing-frame,' 'cucumber-frame,' &c.: (Shak.) the act of devising.--ns. FRAME'-BRIDGE, a bridge constructed of pieces of timber framed together; FRAME'-HOUSE, a house consisting of a skeleton of timber, with boards or shingles laid on; FRAME'-MAK'ER, a maker of frames for pictures; FRAM'ER, he who forms or constructs: one who makes frames for pictures, &c.; FRAME'-SAW, a thin saw stretched in a frame for greater rigidity; FRAME'WORK, the work that forms the frame: the skeleton or outline of anything; FRAM'ING, the act of constructing: a frame or setting. [A.S. framian, to be helpful, fram, forward.]

FRAMPOLD, fram'p[=o]ld, adj. (Shak.) peevish, cross-grained: quarrelsome.--Also FRAM'PEL. [Prob. fram, from, poll, head.]

FRANC, frangk, n. a French silver coin, forming since 1795 the unit of the French monetary system, and now also used in Belgium, Switzerland, equal to fully 9½d. sterling, the equivalent of the Italian lira, the Greek drachma. [O. Fr. franc, from the legend Francorum rex on the first coins.]

FRANCHISE, fran'chiz, or -ch[=i]z, n. liberty: a privilege or exemption belonging to a subject by prescription or conferred by grant: the right of voting for a member of Parliament.--v.t. to enfranchise: to give one the franchise.--ns. FRAN'CHISEMENT (Spens.), freedom, release; FRAN'CHISER, one who has the franchise. [O. Fr., from franc, free.]

FRANCISCAN, fran-sis'kan, adj. belonging to the order of mendicant friars in the R.C. Church founded by St Francis of Assisi (1182-1226).--n. a monk of this order. [L. Franciscus, Francis.]

FRANCO-, frangk'[=o], French, in combinations as Franco-German, Franco-Russian, &c.

FRANCOLIN, frang'k[=o]-lin, n. a genus of birds of the grouse family, closely allied to partridges. [Fr.]

FRANC-TIREUR, frang-t[=e]-r[.e]r', n. a French sharp-shooter, one of an armed band of French peasants and others prominent in the later stages of the Franco-Prussian war. [Fr. franc, free, tireur, a shooter.]

FRANGIBLE, fran'ji-bl, adj. easily broken.--n. FRANGIBIL'ITY. [See FRACTION.]

FRANGIPANE, fran'ji-p[=a]n, n. a kind of pastry-cake, filled with cream, almonds, and sugar: a perfume from the flower of the red jasmine, or in imitation of it.--Also FRAN'GIPANI. [Fr., from a personal name.]

FRANION, fran'yun, n. (Spens.) a paramour: a boon-companion. [Origin uncertain.]

FRANK, frangk, adj. free, open: (obs.) liberal: open or candid in expression: (Spens.) unrestrained.--v.t. to send free of expense, as a letter.--n. the signature of a person who had the right to frank a letter.--n. FRANK'-FEE, a species of tenure in fee-simple, the opposite of copyhold.--adv. FRANK'LY, candidly: (obs.) gratuitously.--ns. FRANK'NESS; FRANK'-PLEDGE, a system of mutual suretyship by which the members of a tithing were made responsible for one another; FRANK'-TEN'EMENT, freehold. [O. Fr. franc--Low L. francus--Old High Ger. Franko, one of the tribe called Franks, a free man.]

FRANK, frangk, n. one of the German tribes from Franconia who conquered Gaul in the 5th century, and founded France: the name given in the East to a native of Western Europe.--adj. FRANK'ISH.

FRANK, frangk, n. (Shak.) a pig-sty.--v.t. (Shak.) to shut up in a sty, to cram, to fatten. [O. Fr. franc.]

FRANKALMOIGN, frangk'al-moin, n. (Eng. law) a form of land-tenure in which no obligations were enforced except religious ones, as praying, &c. [O. Fr. franc, free, almoigne, alms.]

FRANKENSTEIN, frangk'en-st[=i]n, n. any creation which brings anxiety or disaster to its author--from the Frankenstein in Mrs Shelley's romance so named, who by his skill forms an animate creature like a man, only to his own torment.

FRANKINCENSE, frangk'in-sens, n. a sweet-smelling vegetable resin from Arabia, used in sacrifices. [O. Fr. franc encens, pure incense.]

FRANKLIN, frangk'lin, n. an old English freeholder, free from feudal servitude to a subject-superior. [Low L. francus, frank.]

FRANTIC, fran'tik, adj. mad, furious: wild.--advs. FRAN'TICALLY, FRAN'TICLY (Shak.).--adj. FRAN'TIC-MAD, raving mad.--n. FRAN'TICNESS, the state of being frantic. [O. Fr. frenetique--L. phreneticus--Gr. phren[=e]tikos, mad, phren[=i]tis, inflammation of the brain--phr[=e]n, the mind; see FRENZY.]

FRANZY, fran'zi, adj. (prov.) cross: particular.

FRAP, frap, v.t. to strike: (naut.) to secure by many turns of a lashing. [Fr. frapper, to strike.]

FRAPPÉ, fra-p[=a], adj. iced, cooled. [Fr.]

FRATCH, frach, n. (prov.) a quarrel or brawl.--adjs. FRATCH'ETY, FRATCH'Y; FRATCH'ING. [Imit.]

FRATER, fr[=a]'ter, n. the refectory of a monastery. [O. Fr. fraitur for refreitor.--Low L. refect[=o]rium.]

FRATERNAL, fra-t[.e]r'nal, adj. belonging to a brother or brethren: becoming brothers.--ns. FRATE (frä'te), a friar:--pl. FRÄ'TI; FR[=A]'TER, a friar: comrade; FRATER'CULA, a genus of marine diving-birds, the puffins or masked auks.--adv. FRATER'NALLY.--n. FRATERNIS[=A]'TION, the associating as brethren.--v.i. FRAT'ERNISE, to associate as brothers: to seek brotherly fellowship.--ns. FRAT'ERNISER; FRATER'NITY, the state of being brethren: a society formed on a principle of brotherhood; FRAT'RY, the common-room of a monastic establishment, the chapter-house--also FRAT'ERY: a fraternity: a convent of friars. [Fr.,--Low L. fraternalis--frater, a brother, Eng. brother, Gr. phrat[=e]r, a clansman, Sans. bhr[=a]ta.]

FRATRICIDE, frat'ri-s[=i]d, n. one who kills his brother: the murder of a brother.--adj. FRAT'RICIDAL. [Fr.,--L. frater, fratris, cæd[)e]re, to kill.]

FRAU, frow, n. a married woman, a wife.--n. FRÄU'LEIN, a young lady, miss--often in England for a German governess. [Ger.]

FRAUD, frawd, n. deceit: imposture: (Milt.) a snare: a deceptive trick: (coll.) a cheat: a fraudulent production.--adj. FRAUD'FUL, deceptive.--adv. FRAUD'FULLY.--ns. FRAUD'ULENCE, FRAUD'ULENCY.--adj. FRAUD'ULENT, using fraud: dishonest.--adv. FRAUD'ULENTLY.--FRAUDULENT BANKRUPTCY, a bankruptcy in which the insolvent is accessory, by concealment or otherwise, to the diminution of the funds divisible among his creditors.--PIOUS FRAUD, a deception practised with a good end in view: (coll.) a religious humbug. [O. Fr.,--L. fraus, fraudis, fraud.]

FRAUGHT, frawt, n. a load, cargo: the freight of a ship.--v.t. to fill, store.--v.i. (Shak.) to form the freight of a vessel.--p.adj. freighted, laden: filled.--n. FRAUGHT'AGE (Shak.), loading, cargo. [Prob. Old Dut. vracht. Cf. FREIGHT.]

FRAXINELLA, frak-si-nel'a, n. a common name for cultivated species of dittany.--n. FRAX'INUS, the genus of Oleaceæ containing the common ash.

FRAY, fr[=a], n. an affray, a brawl.--v.t. (B.) to frighten. [Abbrev. of affray.]

FRAY, fr[=a], v.t. to wear off by rubbing: to ravel out the edge of a stuff.--v.i. to become frayed.--n. FRAY'ING, the action of the verb fray: ravellings. [Fr. frayer--L. fric[=a]re, to rub.]

FRAZIL, fräz'il, n. anchor-ice. [Canadian Fr.; prob. Fr. fraisil, cinders.]

FRAZZLE, fraz'l, v.t. (U.S.) to fray, wear out.--n. state of being worn out.

FREAK, fr[=e]k, n. a sudden caprice or fancy: sport: an abnormal production of nature, a monstrosity.--ns. FREAK'INESS, FREAK'ISHNESS.--adjs. FREAK'ISH, FREAK'FUL, apt to change the mind suddenly: capricious.--adv. FREAK'ISHLY. [A late word; cf. A.S. frícian, to dance.]

FREAK, fr[=e]k, v.t. to spot or streak: to variegate.--n. a streak of colour.

FRECK, frek, adj. (Scot.) prompt, eager.--Also FRACK.

FRECKLE, frek'l, v.t. to spot: to colour with spots.--n. a yellowish or brownish-yellow spot on the skin, esp. of fair-haired persons: any small spot.--n. FRECK'LING, a little spot.--adjs. FRECK'LY, FRECK'LED, full of freckles. [Ice. freknur (pl.), Dan. fregne.]

FREE, fr[=e], adj. not bound: at liberty: not under arbitrary government: unimpeded: set at liberty: guiltless: frank: lavish: not attached: exempt (with from): having a franchise (with of): gratuitous: bold, indecent: idiomatic, as a translation.--v.t. to set at liberty: to deliver from what confines: to rid (with from, of):--pr.p. free'ing; pa.p. freed.--ns. FREE'-AG'ENCY, state or power of acting freely, or without necessity or constraint upon the will; FREE'-AG'ENT; FREE'-AND-EAS'Y, a kind of public-house club where good fellows gather to smoke and sing; FREE'-BENCH, a widow's right to dower out of her husband's lands, so long as unmarried and chaste; FREE'-BOARD, the space between a vessel's line of flotation and the upper side of the deck; FREE'BOOTER (Dut. vrijbuiter), one who roves about freely in search of booty: a plunderer; FREE'BOOTERY.--adj. FREE'BOOTING, acting the part of a freebooter: robbing.--n. the practice of a freebooter: robbery, pillage.--n. FREE'BOOTY.--adj. FREE'BORN, born of free parents.--ns. FREE'-CIT'Y, a city having independent government; FREE'-COST, freedom from charges; FREED'MAN, a man who has been a slave, and has been freed or set free; FREE'DOM, liberty: frankness: separation: privileges connected with a city: improper familiarity: license; FREE'-FISH'ER, one who has a right to take fish in certain waters.--adjs. FREE-FOOT'ED (Shak.) not restrained in movement; FREE'-HAND, applied to drawing by the unguided hand; FREE'-HAND'ED, open-handed: liberal; FREE'-HEART'ED, open-hearted: liberal.--ns. FREE'-HEART'EDNESS, liberality: frankness; FREE'HOLD, a property held free of duty except to the king; FREE'HOLDER, one who possesses a freehold; FREE'-L[=A]'BOUR, voluntary, not slave, labour; FREE'-LANCE, one of certain roving companies of knights and men-at-arms, who after the Crusades wandered about Europe, selling their services to any one; FREE'-LIV'ER, one who freely indulges his appetite for eating and drinking: a glutton; FREE'-LOVE, the claim to freedom in sexual relations, unshackled by marriage or obligation to aliment.--adv. FREE'LY.--ns. FREE'MAN, a man who is free or enjoys liberty: one who holds a particular franchise or privilege:--pl. FREE'MEN; FREE'M[=A]SON, one of a secret society of so-called speculative masons, united in lodges for social enjoyment and mutual assistance, and laying dubious claim to a connection with the medieval organisations of free operative masons.--adj. FREEMASON'IC.--n. FREEM[=A]'SONRY, the institutions, practices, &c. of Freemasons.--adj. FREE'-MIND'ED, with a mind free or unperplexed: without a load of care.--ns. FREE'NESS; FREE'-PORT, a port where no duties are levied on articles of commerce; FREE'-SCHOOL, a school where no tuition fees are exacted; FREE'-SHOT (Ger. Freischütz), the name given to a legendary hunter and marksman who gets a number of bullets (Freikugeln) from the devil, six of which always hit the mark, while the seventh is at the disposal of the devil himself.--adjs. FREE'-SOIL, in favour of free territory, opposed to slavery; FREE'-SP[=O]K'EN, accustomed to speak without reserve.--ns. FREE'-SP[=O]K'ENNESS; FREE'STONE, an easily quarried stone composed of sand or grit.--adj. having a stone from which the pulp easily separates, as a peach--opp. to Clingstone.--adj. FREE'-SWIM'MING, swimming freely, as an aquatic animal.--ns. FREE'THINKER, one who professes to be free from conventional authority in religion: a rationalist; FREE'THINKING, FREE'-THOUGHT, the habit of mind of a freethinker.--adj. FREE'-TONGUED, free-spoken.--ns. FREE'-TRADE, free or unrestricted trade: free interchange of commodities without protective duties; FREE'-TRAD'ER, one who practises or advocates this; FREE'-WILL, freedom of the will from restraint: liberty of choice: power of self-determination.--adj. spontaneous.--FREE-CELL FORMATION, the formation of several cells from and in the protoplasm of the mother-cell; FREE CHURCH, that branch of the Presbyterians in Scotland which left the Established Church in the Disruption of 1843, finding spiritual independence impossible within it: a church whose sittings are open to all: (pl.) a term often applied to the Nonconformist churches generally; FREE LIST, the list of persons admitted without payment to a theatre, &c., or of those to whom a book, &c., is sent; FREE ON BOARD (F.O.B.), a phrase meaning that goods are to be delivered on the vessel or other conveyance without charge.--FREE STATES, in America, before the Civil War of 1861-65, those of the United States in which slavery did not exist, as opposed to Slave States.--MAKE FREE WITH, to take undue liberties with. [A.S. freo; Ger. frei, Ice. frí.]

FREEMARTIN, fr[=e]'mar-tin, n. a cow-calf born as a twin with a bull-calf, usually barren.

FREEZE, fr[=e]z, v.i. to become ice or like a solid body.--v.t. to harden into ice: to cause to shiver, as with terror:--pr.p. freez'ing; pa.t. fr[=o]ze; pa.p. froz'en.--adj. FREEZ'ABLE.--ns. FREEZ'ING-MIX'TURE, a mixture, as of pounded ice and salt, producing cold sufficient to freeze a liquid by the rapid absorption of heat; FREEZ'ING-POINT, the temperature at which water freezes, marked 32° on the Fahrenheit thermometer, and 0° on the centigrade. [A.S. fréosan, pa.p. froren; Dut. vreizen, Ger. frieren, to freeze.]

FREIGHT, fr[=a]t, n. the lading or cargo, esp. of a ship; the charge for transporting goods by water.--v.t. to load a ship.--ns. FREIGHT'AGE, money paid for freight; FREIGHT'ER, one who freights a vessel. [Prob. Old Dut. vrecht, a form of vracht.]

FREISCHÜTZ. See FREE-SHOT.

FREIT, fr[=e]t, n. (Scot.) any superstitious belief in things as good or bad omens--also FREET.--adj. FREIT'Y, FREET'Y, superstitious. [Scand.; Ice. frétt, news.]

FREMD, fremd, adj. and n. (Scot.) strange, a stranger--Spenser has FRENNE, a stranger.--THE FREMD, the world of strangers. [M. E. fremd, fremed--A.S. fremde; cf. Dut. vreemd, Ger. fremd.]

FREMESCENT, frem-es'ent, adj. raging, riotous.--n. FREMES'CENCE. [L. frem[)e]re, to roar.]

FREMITUS, frem'i-tus, n. a palpable vibration, as of the walls of the chest. [L.]

FRENCH, frensh, adj. belonging to France or its people.--n. the people or language of France.--ns. FRENCH'-BEAN, the common kidney bean, eaten, pods and all, as a table vegetable; FRENCH'-BERR'Y, a small berry, the fruit of certain species of buckthorn, used in dyeing yellow; FRENCH'-CHALK, an indurated clay, extremely dense, and of a smooth glossy surface and white colour; FRENCH'ERY, French fashions collectively; FRENCH'-HORN, a musical wind-instrument somewhat resembling a bugle; FRENCHIFIC[=A]'TION.--v.t. FRENCH'IFY, to make French or Frenchlike: to infect with the manner of the French.--ns. FRENCH'INESS; FRENCH'MAN, a native or naturalised inhabitant of France:--fem. FRENCH'WOMAN; FRENCH'-POL'ISH, a varnish for furniture, consisting chiefly of shellac dissolved in some spirit; FRENCH'-POL'ISHER; FRENCH'-POL'ISHING, the method of coating furniture with French-polish.--adj. FRENCH'Y, with an exaggerated French manner.--FRENCH MERINO, a fine twilled cloth of merino wool; FRENCH POX (obs.), syphilis; FRENCH ROOF, a modified mansard-roof--really American; FRENCH WHITE, finely pulverised talc; FRENCH WINDOW, a long window opening like a folding-door, and serving for exit and entrance.--TAKE FRENCH LEAVE, to depart without notice or permission, to disappear suspiciously.

FRENETIC, -AL, fre-net'ik, -al, adj. frenzied: mad: distracted.--Also PHRENET'IC, -AL. [See FRANTIC.]

FRENUM, fr[=e]'num, n. a ligament restraining the motion of a part.--Also FRÆ'NUM. [L., a bridle.]

FRENZY, fren'zi, n. a violent excitement: mania.--v.t. to render frenzied.--adjs. FREN'ZIED, FREN'ZICAL, partaking of frenzy. [Through O. Fr. and L.,--from Late Gr. phren[=e]sis=Gr. phrenitis, inflammation of the brain--phr[=e]n, the mind.]

FREQUENT, fr[=e]'kwent, adj. coming or occurring often.--ns. FR[=E]'QUENCE (Milt.), a crowd, an assembly; FR[=E]'QUENCY, repeated occurrence of anything.--v.t. FREQUENT', to visit often.--ns. FR[=E]'QUENTAGE, habit of frequenting; FREQUENT[=A]'TION, the act of visiting often.--adj. FREQUENT'ATIVE (gram.), denoting the frequent repetition of an action.--n. (gram.) a verb expressing this repetition.--n. FREQUENT'ER.--adv. FR[=E]'QUENTLY.--n. FR[=E]'QUENTNESS. [L. frequens, frequentis; cog. with farc[=i]re, to stuff.]

FRESCADE, fres-k[=a]d', n. a cool walk. [Fr.,--It. frescata.]

FRESCO, fres'k[=o], n. a painting executed with colours, consisting chiefly of natural earths, upon walls covered with damp freshly-laid plaster.--v.t. to paint in fresco:--pr.p. fres'c[=o]ing; pa.p. fres'c[=o]ed.--adj. FRES'COED.--ns. FRES'COER; FRES'COING; FRES'COIST. [It. fresco, fresh.]

FRESH, fresh, adj. in a state of activity and health: new and strong, not stale or faded: recently produced or obtained: untried: having renewed vigour: healthy, refreshing, invigorating: brisk: (slang) tipsy: not salt.--n. (Shak.) a small stream of fresh water: (Scot.) a thaw, open weather.--adj. FRESH'-BLOWN, newly blown, as a flower.--v.t. FRESH'EN, to make fresh: to take the saltness from.--v.i. to grow fresh: to grow brisk or strong.--ns. FRESH'ENER; FRESH'ET, a pool or stream of fresh water: the sudden overflow of a river from rain or melted snow.--adj. FRESH'ISH.--adv. FRESH'LY.--ns. FRESH'MAN, one in the rudiments of knowledge, esp. a university student in his first year--also FRESH'ER; FRESH'MANSHIP, FRESH'ERDOM.--adj. FRESH'-NEW (Shak.), unpractised, wholly unacquainted; FRESH'WA'TER, of or pertaining to water not salt: accustomed to sail only on fresh water--hence unskilled, raw. [A.S. fersc; cf. Dut. versch, Ger. frisch.]

FRET, fret, v.t. to wear away by rubbing, to rub, chafe, ripple, disturb: to eat into: to vex, to irritate.--v.i. to wear away: to vex one's self: to be peevish:--pr.p. fret'ting; pa.p. fret'ted, (B.) fret.--n. agitation of the surface of a liquid: irritation: the worn side of the banks of a river.--adj. FRET'FUL, peevish.--adv. FRET'FULLY.--n. FRET'FULNESS.--p.adj. FRET'TING, vexing.--n. peevishness. [A.S. fretan, to gnaw--pfx. for-, inten., and etan, to eat; Ger. fressen.]

FRET, fret, v.t. to ornament with raised work: to variegate:--pr.p. fret'ting; pa.p. fret'ted. [O. Fr. freter.]

FRET, fret, n. a piece of interlaced ornamental work: (archit.) an ornament consisting of small fillets intersecting each other at right angles: (her.) bars crossed and interlaced.--ns. FRET'-SAW, a saw with a narrow blade and fine teeth, used for fret-work, scroll-work, &c.; FRETTE, a hoop for strengthening a cannon shrunk on its breach.--adjs. FRET'TED, FRET'TY, ornamented with frets.--n. FRET'-WORK, ornamental work consisting of a combination of frets, perforated work. [O. Fr. frete, trellis-work.]

FRET, fret, n. a short wire on the finger-board of a guitar or other instrument.--v.t. to furnish with frets. [Prob. same as the above.]

FRIABLE, fr[=i]'a-bl, adj. apt to crumble: easily reduced to powder.--ns. FR[=I]'ABLENESS, FRIABIL'ITY. [Fr.,--L. friabilis--fri[=a]re, fri[=a]tum, to crumble.]

FRIAR, fr[=i]'ar, n. a member of one of the mendicant monastic orders in the R.C. Church--the Franciscans (Friars Minor or Gray Friars), Dominicans (Friars Major, Friars Preachers, or Black Friars), Carmelites (White Friars), and Augustinians (Austin Friars).--adj. FR[=I]'ARLY, like a friar.--n. FR[=I]'ARY, a monastery.--FRIARS' BALSAM (see BENZOIN); FRIAR'S CAP, the wolf's-bane; FRIAR'S COWL, the wake-robin; FRIAR'S LANTERN, the ignis-fatuus or Will-o'-the-wisp. [O. Fr. frere--L. frater, a brother.]

FRIBBLE, frib'l, v.i. to trifle.--n. a trifler.--ns. FRIBB'LEDOM; FRIBB'LEISM; FRIBB'LER.--adj. FRIBB'LISH, trifling. [Onomatopoeic; prob. influenced by frivol.]

FRICANDEAU, frik-an-d[=o]', n. a thick slice of veal, &c., larded. [Fr., perh. from friand, dainty, nice, and perh. ult. conn. with fricassee.]

FRICASSEE, frik-as-s[=e]', n. a dish made of fowl, rabbit, &c. cut into pieces and cooked in sauce.--v.t. to dress as a fricassee:--pr.p. fricassee'ing; pa.p. fricasseed'. [Fr. fricassée; origin unknown.]

FRICTION, frik'shun, n. the act of rubbing: (statics) a force acting in the tangent plane of two bodies, when one slides or rolls upon another, and always in a direction opposite to that in which the moving body tends: difficulty, unpleasantness.--adjs. FRIC'ATIVE, produced by friction, used of those consonants which are produced by the breath being forced through a narrow opening; FRIC'TIONAL, relating to, moved by, or produced by friction.--n. FRIC'TION-GEAR'ING, a method of imparting the motion of one wheel or pulley to another by mere contact.--adj. FRIC'TIONLESS, having no friction.--n.pl. FRIC'TION-WHEELS, wheels that lessen friction. [Fr.,--L. frictionem--fric[=a]re, frictum, to rub.]

FRIDAY, fr[=i]'d[=a], n. the sixth day of the week.--BLACK FRIDAY, Good Friday, from the black vestments of the clergy and altar in the Western Church: any Friday marked by a great calamity; GOOD FRIDAY, the Friday before Easter, kept in commemoration of the Crucifixion; HOLY FRIDAY, Friday in an ember-week--also GOLDEN FRIDAY, sometimes put for Good Friday itself. [A.S. Frígedæg, day of (the goddess) Fríg--Latinised Frigga--wife of Odin.]

FRIDGE, frij, v.t. (Sterne) to rub or fray.

FRIED, fr[=i]d, pa.t. and pa.p. of fry.

FRIEND, frend, n. one loving or attached to another: an intimate acquaintance: a favourer: one of a society so called: (Scot.) a relative.--v.t. (obs.) to befriend.--adj. FRIEND'ED, supplied with friends.--n. FRIEND'ING (Shak.), friendliness.--adj. FRIEND'LESS, without friends: destitute.--n. FRIEND'LESSNESS.--adv. FRIEND'LILY.--n. FRIEND'LINESS.--adj. FRIEND'LY, like a friend: having the disposition of a friend: favourable: pertaining to the Friends or Quakers.--n. FRIEND'SHIP, attachment from mutual esteem: friendly assistance.--FRIENDLY SOCIETIES, or Benefit societies, associations, chiefly among mechanics, &c., for relief during sickness, old age, widowhood, by provident insurance.--BE FRIENDS WITH, to be on intimate or friendly relations with; HAVE A FRIEND AT COURT, to have a friend in a position where his influence is likely to prove useful; SOCIETY OF FRIENDS, the designation proper of a sect of Christians better known as Quakers. [A.S. fréond, pr.p. of fréon, to love; Ger. freund.]

FRIER, fr[=i]'[.e]r, n. (Milt.) a friar.

FRIEZE, fr[=e]z, n. a coarse woollen cloth with a nap on one side.--adj. FRIEZED, napped. [Fr. frise.]

FRIEZE, fr[=e]z, n. (archit.) the part of the entablature between the architrave and cornice, often ornamented with figures.--v.t. to put a frieze on. [O. Fr. frize; It. fregio; perh. L. Phrygium, Phrygian.]

FRIGATE, frig'[=a]t, n. in the Royal Navy, formerly a vessel in the class next to ships of the line, carrying 28 to 60 guns on the maindeck and a raised quarter-deck and forecastle--not now denoting a distinct class of vessels.--ns. FRIG'ATE-BIRD, a large tropical sea-bird, with very long wings; FRIGATOON', a small Venetian vessel with square stern and two masts. [O. Fr. fregate--It. fregata; ety. dub.]

FRIGHT, fr[=i]t, n. sudden fear: terror: anything inspiring terror or alarm, a figure of grotesque or ridiculous appearance.--vs.t. FRIGHT, FRIGHT'EN, to make afraid: to alarm.--adjs. FRIGHT'ABLE, FRIGHT'ENABLE, timid; FRIGHT'FUL, terrible: shocking.--adv. FRIGHT'FULLY.--n. FRIGHT'FULNESS.--adj. FRIGHT'SOME, frightful: feeling fright. [A.S. fyrhto; cf. Ger. furcht, fear.]

FRIGID, frij'id, adj. frozen or stiffened with cold: cold: without spirit or feeling: unanimated.--n. FRIGID'ITY, coldness: coldness of affection: want of animation.--adv. FRIG'IDLY.--n. FRIG'IDNESS.--adj. FRIGORIF'IC, causing cold.--FRIGID ZONES, the parts of the earth's surface within the circle drawn with the poles as centre, and a radius of 23½ degrees. [L. frigidus--frig[=e]re, to be cold--frigus, cold.]

FRIGOT, frig'ot, n. (Spens.). Same as FRIGATE.

FRIJOLE, fr[=e]-h[=o]l', n. the common Mexican bean. [Sp.]

FRILL, fril, v.i. to ruffle, as a hawk its feathers, when shivering.--v.t. to furnish with a frill.--n. a ruffle: a ruffled or crimped edging of linen.--ns. FRILLED'-LIZ'ARD, a lizard with an extraordinary frilled membrane attached to the hinder part of the head, neck, and chest, and covering its shoulders; FRILL'ING, frilled edging. [Usually conn. with O. Fr. friller, to shiver; but prob. related to furl.]

FRIMAIRE, fr[=e]-m[=a]r', n. the third month of the French revolutionary calendar, Nov. 21-Dec. 20. [Fr. frimas, frost.]

FRINGE, frinj, n. loose threads forming an ornamental border: anything like a fringe, even a girl's hair cut in front and falling over the brow: the extremity.--v.t. to adorn with fringe: to border.--adjs. FRINGED; FRINGE'LESS; FRING'ENT, fringing.--n. FRINGE'-TREE, in the United States, a large shrub with very numerous snow-white flowers in panicled racemes.--adj. FRING'Y, ornamented with fringes. [O. Fr. frenge--L. fimbria, threads, fibres, akin to fibra, a fibre.]

FRINGILLACEOUS, frin-ji-l[=a]'shi-us, adj. pertaining to the finches or Fringillidæ.--Also FRINGIL'LIFORM, FRINGIL'LINE. [L. fringilla.]

FRIPPERY, frip'[.e]r-i, n. worn-out clothes: the place where old clothes are sold: useless trifles.--adj. useless: trifling.--n. FRIPP'ER, one who deals in old clothes. [O. Fr. freperie, frepe, a rag.]

FRISETTE. See FRIZZLE.

FRISEUR, fris-[.e]r', n. a hair-dresser.--n. FRIS'URE, mode of curling the hair. [Fr. friser, to curl.]

FRISIAN, friz'i-an, adj. and n. pertaining to the people of Friesland, or to their language.--Also FRIES'IAN, FRIES'IC, FRIES'ISH.

FRISK, frisk, v.i. to gambol: to leap playfully.--n. a frolic.--n. FRISK'ER.--adj. FRISK'FUL, brisk, lively.--adv. FRISK'ILY.--n. FRISK'INESS.--adj. FRISK'ING.--adv. FRISK'INGLY.--adj. FRISK'Y, lively: jumping with gaiety: frolicsome. [O. Fr. frisque; acc. to Skeat, from Ice. frískr, Sw. and Dan. frisk.]

FRISKET, frisk'[.e]t, n. (print.) the light frame between the tympan and the form, to hold in place the sheet to be printed. [Fr. frisquette.]

FRIT, frit, n. the mixed materials of which glass is made, after being heated until they fuse partially without melting.--v.t. to fuse partially without melting:--pr.p. frit'ting; pa.p. frit'ted. [Fr. fritte--It. fritta.--L. frig[)e]re, frictum, to roast.]

FRIT, frit, n. a small fly destructive to wheat.

FRITH, frith, FIRTH, f[.e]rth, n. a narrow inlet of the sea, esp. at a river-mouth. [Ice. fiörðr; Norw. fiord.]

FRITH, frith, n. peace.--ns. FRITH'BORG (A.S. law), one of the tithings or groups of ten men into which the hundred was divided, the members of each being accountable for a fellow-member's misdeeds; FRITH'GILD, a union of neighbours pledged to one another for the preservation of peace; FRITH'SOKEN, the jurisdiction to punish for breaches of the peace; FRITH'STOOL, a chair of sanctuary, placed near the altar in a church--as at Hexham and Beverley. [A.S. frith, peace; Ger. friede.]

FRITH, frith, n. forest. [A.S. (ge)fyrhðe.]

FRITILLARY, frit'il-lar-i, n. a genus of plants of the order Liliaceæ, with drooping purple flowers: a species of butterfly. [L. fritillus, a dice-box.]

FRITTER, frit'[.e]r, n. a piece of meat fried: a kind of pancake, a slice of some fruit sweetened, fried, and served hot: a fragment.--v.t. to break into fragments.--n. FRITT'ERER, one who wastes time. [O. Fr. friture--L. frig[)e]re, frictum, to fry.]

FRIVOLOUS, friv'ol-us, adj. trifling: silly.--n. FRIVOL'ITY, act or habit of trifling: levity.--adv. FRIV'OLOUSLY.--n. FRIV'OLOUSNESS. [Fr. frivole--L. frivolus.]

FRIZZ, FRIZ, friz, v.t. to curl: to render rough and tangled.--n. a curl, a wig.--adjs. FRIZZED, having the hair curled or crisped into frizzes; FRIZZ'Y. [O. Fr. friser, to curl; perh. conn. with frieze, cloth.]

FRIZZLE, friz'l, v.t. to form in small short curls.--v.i. to go into curls.--n. a curl.--ns. FRIZETTE', FRISETTE', a cluster of small curls worn over the forehead.--adj. FRIZZ'LY. [Related to frizz and frieze.]

FRO, fr[=o], adv. from: back or backward.--prep. (obs.) from. [A shortened form of from; but perh. directly derived from Ice. frá, from.]

FROCK, frok, n. a wide-sleeved garment worn by monks: a loose upper garment worn by men: a sailor's jersey: a gown worn by females: an undress regimental coat.--v.t. to furnish with a frock: to invest with priestly office.--n. FROCK'-COAT, a double-breasted full-skirted coat for men.--adj. FROCKED, clothed in a frock.--n. FROCK'ING, cloth suitable for frocks, coarse jean.--adj. FROCK'LESS, wanting a frock. [O. Fr. froc, a monk's frock--Low L. frocus--L. floccus, a flock of wool; or more prob. (acc. to Brachet and Littré) from Low L. hrocus--Old High Ger. hroch (Ger. rock), a coat.]

FROG, frog, n. a genus of tailless amphibians, with webbed feet, remarkable for its rapid swimming and leaping: a soft, horny substance in the middle of the sole of a horse's foot, forking towards the heel: a section of a rail or rails at a point where two lines cross, or of a switch from one line to another.--ns. FROG'-BIT, a small aquatic plant, allied to the water-soldier, but with floating leaves; FROG'-EAT'ER, one who eats frogs, a Frenchman; FROG'-FISH, a name for various fishes, esp. the angler; FROG'GERY, frogs collectively: a place where frogs abound.--adj. FROG'GY, having or abounding in frogs.--ns. FROG'-HOP'PER, FROG'-SPIT (see FROTH-FLY); FROG'LING, a little frog.--FROG MARCH, a method of carrying a refractory or drunken prisoner face downwards between four men, each holding a limb. [A.S. frogga, frox; cog. with Ice. froskr; Ger. frosch.]

FROG, frog, n. an ornamental fastening or tasselled button for a frock or cloak.--adj. FROGGED, in uniforms, of ornamental stripes or workings of braid or lace, mostly on the breast of a coat.

FROISE, froiz, n. a kind of pancake or omelette, often with slices of bacon.--Also Fraise. [Fr.]

FROLIC, frol'ik, adj. merry: pranky.--n. gaiety: a wild prank: a merry-making.--v.i. to play wild pranks or merry tricks: to gambol:--pr.p. frol'icking; pa.p. frol'icked.--adj. FROL'ICSOME, gay: sportive.--adv. FROL'ICSOMELY.--n. FROL'ICSOMENESS. [Dut. vrolijk, merry; cf. Ger. fröhlich, joyful, gay.]

FROM, from, prep. forth: out of, as from a source: away: at a distance: springing out of: by reason of. [A.S. fram, from; akin to Goth. fram, Ice. frá.]

FROND, frond, n. (bot.) a leaf-like expansion in many cryptogamous plants, organs in which the functions of stem and leaf are combined.--adjs. FROND'ED, having fronds; FROND'ENT, leafy.--n. FRONDES'CENCE, act of putting forth leaves: the season for putting forth leaves.--adjs. FRONDES'CENT, springing into leaf; FRONDIF'EROUS, bearing or producing fronds; FRONDOSE', covered with fronds. [L. frons, frondis, a leaf.]

FRONDE, frond, n. the name given to certain factions in France during the minority of Louis XIV., hostile to the court and the minister Mazarin.--n. FROND'EUR, a member of the Fronde: an irreconcilable. [Fr., a sling--L. funda.]

FRONT, frunt, n. the forehead: the whole face: the forepart of anything: a kind of wig worn by ladies: the most conspicuous part: boldness: impudence.--adj. of, relating to, or in the front.--v.t. to stand in front of or opposite: to oppose face to face.--v.i. to stand in front or foremost: to turn the front or face in any direction.--n. FRONT'AGE, the front part of a building.--adj. FRONT'AL, of or belonging to the front or forehead.--n. a front-piece: something worn on the forehead or face: (archit.) a pediment over a door or window: a hanging of silk, satin, &c., embroidered for an altar--now usually covering only the top, the superfrontal--formerly covering the whole of the front, corresponding to the antependium.--adjs. FRONT'ATE, -D (bot.), growing broader and broader: (zool.) having a prominent frons or forehead; FRONT'ED, formed with a front; FRONT'LESS, void of shame or modesty.--adv. FRONT'LESSLY.--n. FRONT'LET, a band worn on the forehead.--advs. FRONT'WARD, -S, towards the front.--COME TO THE FRONT, to become conspicuous: to attain an important position; IN FRONT OF, before. [O. Fr.,--L. frons, frontis, the forehead.]

FRONTIER, front'[=e]r, n. the boundary of a territory: (Shak.) an outwork.--adj. lying on the frontier: bordering.--v.t. (Spens.) to place on the frontier.--n. FRONT'IERSMAN, one settled on the borders of a country. [O. Fr. frontier--L. frons.]

FRONTISPIECE, front'i-sp[=e]s, n. (archit.) the principal face of a building: a figure or engraving in front of a book.--v.t. to put as a frontispiece, to furnish with such. [Fr.,--Low L. frontispicium--frons, forehead, spec[)e]re, to see; not conn. with piece.]

FRONTON, fron'ton, n. (archit.) a pediment.--Also FRON'TOON. [Fr.]

FRORE, fr[=o]r, FROREN, fr[=o]'ren, adj. frozen, frosty.--adj. FR[=O]'RY (Spens.), frozen. [A.S. froren, pa.p. of fréosan, to freeze.]

FROST, frost, n. the state of the atmosphere in which water freezes: state of being frozen: frozen dew, also called hoar-frost: (slang) a disappointment, a cheat.--v.t. to cover with hoar-frost or with anything resembling hoar-frost: to sharpen (the points of a horse's shoe) that it may not slip on ice.--n. FROST'-BITE, the freezing or depression of vitality in a part of the body by exposure to cold.--v.t. to affect with frost.--adjs. FROST'-BIT'TEN, bitten or affected by frost; FROST'-BOUND, bound or confined by frost; FROST'ED, covered by frost or any fine powder: injured by frost.--adv. FROST'ILY.--ns. FROST'INESS; FROST'ING, the composition, resembling hoar-frost, used to cover cake, &c.--adj. FROST'LESS, free from frost.--n. FROST'-NAIL, a projecting nail in a horse-shoe serving as an ice-calk.--v.t. to put in such nails.--ns. FROST'-SMOKE, vapour frozen in the atmosphere, and having a smoke-like appearance; FROST'-WORK, work resembling hoar-frost on shrubs, &c.--adj. FROST'Y, producing or containing frost: chill in affection: frost-like. [A.S. frost, forst--fréosan; cf. Ger. frost.]

FROTH, froth, n. the foam on liquids caused by boiling, or any agitation: (fig.) an empty show in speech: any light matter.--v.t. to cause froth on.--v.i. to throw up froth.--ns. FROTH'ERY, mere froth; FROTH'-FLY, also FROTH'-HOP'PER, FROG'-HOP'PER, FROG'-SPIT, common names for numerous insects parasitic on plants, on which the larvæ and pupæ are found surrounded by a frothy spittle.--adv. FROTH'ILY.--n. FROTH'INESS.--adjs. FROTH'LESS, free from froth; FROTH'Y, full of froth or foam: empty: unsubstantial. [Scand., as in Ice. froða, Dan. fraade.]

FROUNCE, frowns, v.t. to plait: to curl: to wrinkle up: to frown.--n. a plait or curl.--v.i. (obs.) to frown or wrinkle the brow. [O. Fr. froncier. See FLOUNCE (2), of which it is an older form.]

FROW, frow, n. a Dutchwoman. [Dut. vrouw.]

FROWARD, fr[=o]'ward, adj. (Spens.) turned from: self-willed: perverse: unreasonable--opp. to Toward.--adv. FR[=O]'WARDLY.--n. FR[=O]'WARDNESS. [A.S. fra, away, with affix -ward.]

FROWN, frown, v.i. to wrinkle the brow as in anger: to look angry.--v.t. to repel by a frown.--n. a wrinkling or contraction of the brow in displeasure, &c.: a stern look.--adj. FROWN'ING, gloomy.--adv. FROWN'INGLY. [From O. Fr. froignier (mod. refrogner), to knit the brow; origin unknown.]

FROWY, frow'i, adj. (Spens.) musty, rancid.

FROWZY, frow'zi, adj. rough and tangled.--Also FROW'SY. [Perh. conn. with frounce.]

FROZEN, fr[=o]z'n, pa.p. of freeze.

FRUCTIDOR, fruk-ti-d[=o]r', n. the twelfth month in the French revolutionary calendar, Aug. 18-Sept. 16. [Fr.,--L. fructus, fruit; Gr. d[=o]ron, a gift.]

FRUCTIFY, fruk'ti-f[=i], v.t. to make fruitful: to fertilise.--v.i. to bear fruit.--adj. FRUCT'ED (her.), bearing fruit.--n. FRUCTES'CENCE, the time for the ripening of fruit.--adj. FRUCTIF'EROUS, bearing fruit.--ns. FRUCTIFIC[=A]'TION, act of fructifying, or producing fruit: (bot.) a term denoting sometimes the whole reproductive system, sometimes the 'fruit' itself; FRUC'TOSE, fruit sugar or levulose; FRUC'TUARY, one enjoying the fruits of anything.--adj. FRUC'TUOUS, full of fruit. [Fr.,--L.,--fructus, fruit.]

FRUGAL, fr[=oo]'gal, adj. economical in the use of means: thrifty.--ns. FRU'GALIST, one who is frugal; FRUGAL'ITY, economy: thrift.--adv. FRU'GALLY. [L. frugalis--frugi, fit for food--frux, frugis, fruit.]

FRUGIFEROUS, fr[=oo]-jif'[.e]r-us, adj. fruit-bearing.--adj. FRUGIV'OROUS, feeding on fruits or seeds. [L. frux, frugis--ferre, to carry, vor[=a]re, to eat.]

FRUIT, fr[=oo]t, n. the produce of the earth, which supplies the wants of men and animals: the part of a plant which contains the seed: the offspring of animals: product, consequence, effect, advantage--(Spens.) FRUICT.--v.i. to produce fruit.--ns. FRUIT'AGE, fruit collectively: fruits; FRUIT'-BUD, a bud that produces fruit; FRUIT'-CAKE, a cake containing raisins, &c.; FRUIT'ERER, one who deals in fruit:--fem. FRUIT'ERESS; FRUIT'ERY, a place for storing fruit: fruitage.--adj. FRUIT'FUL, producing fruit abundantly: productive.--adv. FRUIT'FULLY.--ns. FRUIT'FULNESS; FRUIT'ING, process of bearing fruit; FRUIT'-KNIFE, a knife with a blade of silver, &c., for cutting fruit.--adj. FRUIT'LESS, barren: without profit: useless.--adv. FRUIT'LESSLY.--ns. FRUIT'LESSNESS; FRUIT'-TREE, a tree yielding edible fruit.--adj. FRUIT'Y, like, or tasting like, fruit.--SMALL FRUITS, strawberries, currants, &c. [O. Fr. fruit, fruict--L. fructus--frui, fructus, to enjoy.]

FRUITION, fr[=oo]-ish'un, n. enjoyment: use or possession of anything, esp. accompanied with pleasure.--adj. FRU'ITIVE, of or pertaining to fruition. [O. Fr. fruition--L. frui, to enjoy.]

FRUMENTATION, fr[=oo]-men-t[=a]'shun, n. a largess of grain bestowed on the starving or turbulent people in ancient Rome.--adjs. FRUMENT[=A]'CEOUS, made of or resembling wheat or other grain; FRUMENT[=A]'RIOUS, pertaining to corn. [L. frumentation-em--frument[=a]ri, to provide with corn--frumentum, corn.]

FRUMENTY, fr[=oo]'men-ti, n. food made of hulled wheat boiled in milk.--Also FUR'METY. [O. Fr. frumentee, wheat boiled--frument--L. frumentum.]

FRUMP, frump, n. a dowdy and cross-grained woman: (obs.) a flout or snub.--v.t. (obs.) to snub.--adjs. FRUMP'ISH, FRUMP'Y, sour-tempered: ill-dressed.

FRUMPLE, frum'pl, v.t. (prov.) to wrinkle.

FRUSH, frush, v.t. (Shak.) to break, bruise, or crush.--adj. broken or crushed: brittle.--n. an onset, attack. [O. Fr. froissier, to bruise--L. frustum, fragment.]

FRUSH, frush, n. (prov.) the frog of a horse's foot: a disease in that part of a horse's foot.

FRUSTRATE, frus'tr[=a]t, v.t. to make vain or of no effect: to bring to nothing: to defeat.--p.adj. vain, ineffectual, defeated.--adj. FRUS'TRABLE, capable of being frustrated.--n. FRUSTR[=A]'TION, disappointment: defeat.--adjs. FRUS'TRATIVE, tending to frustrate; FRUS'TRATORY, disappointing. [L. frustr[=a]ri, frustr[=a]tus--frustra, in vain.]

FRUSTULE, frus't[=u]l, n. the siliceous two-valved shell of a diatom, with its contents.

FRUSTUM, frus'tum, n. a slice of a solid body: the part of a cone which remains when the top is cut off by a plane parallel to the base. [L. frustum, a bit.]

FRUTESCENT, fr[=oo]-tes'ent, adj. becoming shrubby; FRU'TEX, a shrub.--adjs. FRU'TICOSE, FRU'TICOUS, shrub-like: shrubby; FRUTIC'ULOSE, like a small shrub. [L. frutesc[)e]re--frutex, fruticis, a shrub.]

FRUTIFY, fr[=oo]'ti-f[=i], v.t. and v.i. (Shak.)=FRUCTIFY.

FRY, fr[=i], v.t. to dress food with oil or fat in a pan over the fire: to vex.--v.i. to undergo the action of heat in a frying-pan: to simmer: (Spens.) to boil:--pr.p. fry'ing; pa.p. fried.--n. a dish of anything fried.--n. FRY'ING-PAN, a flat iron vessel or pan for frying with.--OUT OF THE FRYING-PAN INTO THE FIRE, out of one evil or danger merely to fall into a greater. [Fr. frire--L. frig[)e]re; cf. Gr. phrygein.]

FRY, fr[=i], n. a swarm of fishes just spawned: a number of small things.--SMALL FRY, small things collectively, persons or things of little importance. [M. E. fri--Ice. frió; Dan. and Sw. frö.]

FUAR. Same as FEUAR.

FUB, fub, v.t. (Shak.) to put off, to cheat: to steal.--n. FUB'BERY (obs.), deception.--FUB OFF, to put off or evade by a trick or a lie. [See FOB.]

FUBBY, fub'i, FUBSY, fub'zi, adj. chubby. [Ety. dub.]

FUCHSIA, f[=u]'shi-a, a plant with long pendulous flowers, native to South America. [Named after Leonard Fuchs, a German botanist, 1501-66.]

FUCUS, f[=u]'kus, n. a genus of seaweed containing the wrack and other species: a dye: a disguise.--adj. FUCIV'OROUS, eating seaweed.--n. F[=U]'COID, fossil seaweed.--adj. containing fucoids.--adj. F[=U]'CUSED, painted. [L. fucus, seaweed.]

FUD, fud, n. (Scot.) a hare's tail: the buttocks.

FUDDLE, fud'l, v.t. to stupefy with drink.--v.i. to drink to excess or habitually:--pr.p. fudd'ling; pa.p. fudd'led.--n. intoxicating drink.--ns. FUDD'LE-CAP, a hard drinker; FUDD'LER, a drunkard.--adj. FUDD'LING, tippling. [Cf. Dut. vod, soft, Ger. prov. fuddeln, to swindle.]

FUDGE, fuj, n. stuff: nonsense: an exclamation of contempt.--v.i. and v.t. to botch or bungle anything.--adj. FUD'GY, irritable: awkward.

FUEL, f[=u]'el, n. anything that feeds a fire, supplies energy, &c.--v.t. (arch.) to furnish with fuel.--adj. F[=U]'ELLED, furnished with fuel.--n. F[=U]'ELLER, one who, or that which, supplies fuel for fires. [O. Fr. fowaille--L. focale--L. focus, a fireplace.]

FUERO, fw[=a]'r[=o], n. the constitution of certain practically autonomous states and communities in northern Spain and south-western France--the Basque provinces, Navarre, Bearn, &c.: modes and tenures of property, &c., nearly equivalent to the French customary law. [Sp.,--L. forum.]

FUFF, fuf, n. (Scot.) a puff: the spitting of a cat: a burst of anger.--v.t. and v.i. to puff.--adj. FUFF'Y, light and soft.

FUGACIOUS, f[=u]-g[=a]'shus, adj. apt to flee away: fleeting.--ns. FUG[=A]'CIOUSNESS, FUGAC'ITY. [L. fugax, fugacis, from fug[)e]re, to flee.]

FUGITIVE, f[=u]j'i-tiv, adj. apt to flee away: uncertain: volatile: perishable: temporary: occasional, written for some passing occasion.--n. one who flees or has fled from his station or country: one hard to be caught.--ns. F[=U]'GIE (Scot.), a cock that will not fight, a runaway; F[=U]'GIE-WARR'ANT, a warrant to apprehend a debtor about to abscond, prob. from the phrase in meditatione fugæ; FUGIT[=A]'TION (Scots law), absconding from justice: outlawry.--adv. FUG'ITIVELY.--n. FUG'ITIVENESS. [Fr.,--L. fugitivus, fug[)e]re, to flee.]

FUGLEMAN, f[=u]'gl-man, n. a soldier who stands before a company at drill as an example: a ringleader, mouthpiece of others.--v.i. F[=U]'GLE (Carlyle), to act like a fugleman. [Ger. flügelmann, the leader of a file--flügel, a wing, mann, man.]

FUGUE, f[=u]g, n. (mus.) a form of composition in which the subject is given out by one part and immediately taken up by a second, its answer, during which the first part supplies an accompaniment or counter-subject, and so on.--n. FUG'UIST, one who writes or plays fugues. [Fr.,--It. fuga--L. fuga, flight.]

FULCRUM, ful'krum, n. (mech.) the prop or fixed point on which a lever moves: a prop:--pl. FUL'CRUMS, FUL'CRA.--adj. FUL'CRATE, supported with fulcrums. [L. fulcrum, a prop, fulc[=i]re, to prop.]

FULFIL, fool-fil', v.t. to complete: to accomplish: to carry into effect:--pr.p. fulfil'ling; pa.p. fulfilled'.--ns. FULFIL'LER; FULFIL'LING, FULFIL'MENT, full performance: completion: accomplishment. [A.S. fullfyllan--full, full, fyllan, to fill.]

FULGENT, ful'jent, adj. shining: bright.--n. FUL'GENCY.--adv. FUL'GENTLY.--adj. FUL'GID, flashing.--ns. FUL'GOR, FUL'GOUR, splendour.--adj. FUL'GOROUS, flashing. [L. fulgent, pr.p. of fulg[=e]re, to shine.]

FULGURATE, ful'g[=u]-r[=a]t, v.i. to flash as lightning.--adjs. FUL'GURAL, pertaining to lightning; FUL'GURANT, flashing like lightning.--ns. FULGUR[=A]'TION, in assaying, the sudden and final brightening of the fused globule; FUL'GUR[=I]TE, a tube of vitrified sand frequent in loose sandhills--prob. due to lightning--adj. FUL'GUROUS, resembling lightning.

FULHAM, ful'am, n. a die loaded at the corner.--Also FULL'AM, FULL'AN. [Prob. the place-name Fulham.]

FULIGINOUS, f[=u]-lij'i-nus, adj. sooty: smoky.--n. FULIGINOS'ITY.--adv. FULIG'INOUSLY. [L., fuligo, soot.]

FULL, fool, adj. having all it can contain: having no empty space: abundantly supplied or furnished: abounding: containing the whole matter: complete: perfect: strong: clear: (coll.) drunk: at poker, consisting of three of a kind and a pair.--n. completest extent, as of the moon: highest degree: the whole: time of full-moon.--v.t. to draw up or pucker the cloth on one side more than on the other.--adv. quite: to the same degree: with the whole effect: completely.--adjs. FULL'-[=A]'CORNED (Shak.), full-fed with acorns; FULL'-AGED, having reached one's majority.--n. FULL'-BLOOD, an individual of pure blood.--adjs. FULL'-BLOOD'ED; FULL'-BLOOMED, in perfect bloom; FULL'-BLOWN, blown or fully expanded, as a flower; FULL'-BOTT'OMED, having a full or large bottom, as a wig.--n. FULL'-DRESS, the dress worn on occasions of state or ceremony.--adjs. FULL'-EYED, with large prominent eyes; FULL'-FACED, having a full or broad face; FULL'-FED, fed to plumpness; FULL'-FRAUGHT (Shak.), full-stored; FULL'-GROWN, grown to maturity; FULL'-HAND'ED, bearing something valuable, as a gift; FULL'-HEART'ED, full of heart or courage: elated; FULL'-HOT (Shak.), heated to the utmost; FULL'-LENGTH, extending the whole length (n. a portrait showing such); FULL-MANNED (Shak.), having a full crew.--ns. FULL'-MOON, the moon with its whole disc illuminated, when opposite the sun; FULL'NESS, FUL'NESS, the state of being filled so as to have no part vacant: the state of abounding in anything: completeness: satiety: largeness: force and volume, as of sound: (Shak.) plenty, wealth.--adjs. FULL'-ORBED, having the orb or disc fully illuminated, as the full-moon: round; FULL'-SAILED, unbounded, absolute: moving onwards under full sail; FULL-SPLIT (slang), with all one's might or speed; FULL'-SUMMED, complete in all its parts.--n. FULL'-SWING, the full extent or utmost limit.--adj. FULL'-WINGED (Shak.), having perfect or strong wings.--adv. FULL'Y, completely: entirely.--FULL BACK (football), see BACK.--AT THE FULL, at the height, as of one's good fortune, &c.; IN FULL, without reduction; IN THE FULLNESS OF TIME, at the proper or destined time.--TO THE FULL, in full measure, completely. [A.S. full; Goth. fulls, Ice. fullr, Ger. voll.]

FULL, fool, v.t. to press or pound cloth in a mill: to scour and thicken in a mill.--ns. FULL'AGE, the charge for fulling cloth; FULL'ER, a bleacher or cleanser of cloth; FULLER'S-EARTH, a soft earth or clay, capable of absorbing grease, used in fulling or bleaching cloth; FULLER'S-THISTLE, -WEED, the teasel; FULL'ERY, the place or works where fulling of cloth is carried on; FULL'ING-MILL, a mill in which woollen cloth is fulled. [O. Fr. fuler--Low L. full[=a]re--L. fullo, a cloth-fuller.]

FULLER, fool'er, n. a half-round set-hammer.

FULMAR, ful'mar, n. a species of petrel inhabiting the Shetland Isles, &c., valuable for its down, feathers, and oil. [Perh. Norse fúll, foul.]

FULMINATE, ful'min-[=a]t, v.i. to thunder or make a loud noise: to issue decrees with violence, or with menaces of grave censure.--v.t. to cause to explode: to send forth, as a denunciation--(Milt.) FUL'MINE.--n. a compound of fulminic acid with mercury, &c.--adj. FUL'MINANT, fulminating: (path.) developing suddenly.--n. a thunderbolt, explosive.--adj. FUL'MINATING, crackling, exploding, detonating.--n. FULMIN[=A]'TION, act of fulminating, thundering, or issuing forth: a chemical explosion: a denunciation.--adjs. FUL'MINATORY; FULMIN'EOUS, FUL'MINOUS, pertaining to thunder and lightning; FULMIN'IC, pertaining to an acid used in preparing explosive compounds. [L. fulmin[=a]re, -[=a]tum--fulmen (for fulgimen), lightning--fulg[=e]re, to shine.]

FULSOME, fool'sum, adj. cloying or causing surfeit: nauseous: offensive: gross: disgustingly fawning.--adj. FUL'SOMELY.--n. FUL'SOMENESS. [A.S. full, full, and affix -some.]

FULVOUS, ful'vus, adj. deep or dull yellow: tawny.--Also FUL'VID. [L. fulvus, tawny.]

FUM, fum, n. a fabulous Chinese bird, one of the symbols of imperial dignity.--Also FUNG.

FUMACIOUS, f[=u]-m[=a]'shi-us, adj. smoky: fond of smoking.

FUMADO, f[=u]-m[=a]'do, n. a smoked fish, esp. a pilchard. [Sp.,--L. fum[=a]re, to smoke.]

FUMAGE, f[=u]m'[=a]j, n. hearth-money.

FUMAROLE, f[=u]m'a-r[=o]l, n. a smoke-hole in a volcano or sulphur-mine. [Fr. fumerole--L. fumus, smoke.]

FUMBLE, fum'bl, v.i. to grope about awkwardly: to handle awkwardly: to stammer in speech: to find by groping.--v.t. to manage awkwardly.--n. FUM'BLER.--adv. FUM'BLINGLY. [Dut. fommelen, to fumble; cf. Dan. famle, Ice. fâlma, to grope about.]

FUME, f[=u]m, n. smoke or vapour: any volatile matter: heat of mind, rage, a passionate person: anything unsubstantial, vain conceit.--v.i. to smoke: to throw off vapour: to be in a rage: to offer incense to.--n. FUM'ATORY, a place for smoking or fumigation.--adjs. F[=U]'MID, smoky; FUMIF'EROUS, producing fumes.--n. FUMOS'ITY, quality of being fumous: (pl.) the fumes arising from over eating or drinking.--adjs. FUM'OUS, FUMOSE', FUM'Y, producing fumes. [O. Fr. fum--L. fumus, smoke.]

FUMET, f[=u]'met, n. the dung of deer, hares, &c. [O. Fr. fumets, fumer--L. fim[=a]re, to dung.]

FUMETTE, f[=u]-met', n. the scent of game when high.--Also FUMET'. [Fr.]

FUMIGATE, f[=u]m'i-g[=a]t, v.t. to expose to smoke or gas, to expose to fumes, as of sulphur, for purposes of disinfecting: to perfume.--ns. FUMIG[=A]'TION, act of fumigating or of applying purifying smoke, &c., to; FUM'IGATOR, a brazier for burning disinfectants, &c.--adj. FUM'IGATORY. [L. fumig[=a]re, -[=a]tum.]

FUMITORY, f[=u]m'i-to-ri, n. a plant of a disagreeable smell.--n. FUM'ITER (Shak.). [O. Fr. fume-terre, earth-smoke--L. fumus, smoke, terra, earth.]

FUMMEL. Same as FUNNEL.

FUN, fun, n. merriment: sport.--BE GREAT FUN, to be very amusing; IN FUN, in joke, not seriously; LIKE FUN (coll.), in a rapid manner; NOT TO SEE THE FUN OF, not to take as a joke. [Prob. a form of obs. fon, to befool. Skeat refers to Ir. fonn, delight.]

FUNAMBULATE, f[=u]-nam'b[=u]-l[=a]t, v.i. to walk on a rope.--ns. FUNAMBUL[=A]'TION; FUNAM'BULATOR, FUNAM'BULUS, FUNAM'BULIST, a rope-walker.--adj. FUNAM'BULATORY. [L. funis, a rope, ambul[=a]re, to walk.]

FUNCTION, fungk'shun, n. the doing of a thing: duty peculiar to any office: faculty, exercise of faculty: the peculiar office of any part of the body or mind: power: a solemn service: (math.) a quantity so connected with another that any change in the one produces a corresponding change in the other: the technical term in physiology for the vital activity of organ, tissue, or cell.--adj. FUNC'TIONAL, pertaining to or performed by functions--opp. to Organic or Structural.--vs.t. FUNC'TIONALISE, FUNC'TIONATE.--adv. FUNC'TIONALLY.--n. FUNC'TIONARY, one who discharges any duty: one who holds an office.--adj. FUNC'TIONLESS, having no function. [O. Fr.,--L. function-em--fungi, functus, to perform.]

FUND, fund, n. a sum of money on which some enterprise is founded or expense supported: a supply or source of money: a store laid up: supply: (pl.) permanent debts due by a government and paying interest.--v.t. to form a debt into a stock charged with interest: to place money in a fund.--adj. FUND'ABLE, capable of being converted into a fund or into bonds.--p.adj. FUND'ED, invested in public funds: existing in the form of bonds.--n. FUND'HOLD'ER, one who has money in the public funds.--adj. FUND'LESS, destitute of supplies or money. [Fr. fond--L. fundus, the bottom.]

FUNDAMENTAL, fun-da-ment'al, adj. essential, basal, primary: important.--n. that which serves as a groundwork: an essential.--ns. FUND'AMENT, the lower part or seat of the body; FUNDAMENTAL'ITY.--adv. FUNDAMENT'ALLY. [Fr.,--L. fundamentum, fund[=a]re, to found.]

FUNDUS, fun'dus, n. the bottom of anything: (anat.) the rounded base of a hollow organ. [L.]

FUNERAL, f[=u]'n[.e]r-al, n. burial: the ceremony, &c., connected with burial.--adj. pertaining to or used at a burial.--adjs. FUN[=E]B'RIAL, FUN[=E]B'RAL, FUN[=E]B'RIOUS; F[=U]'NERARY, FUN[=E]R'EAL, pertaining to or suiting a funeral: dismal: mournful. [O. Fr.,--Low L. funeralis--L. funus, fun[)e]ris, a funeral procession.]

FUNEST, f[=u]-nest', adj. causing or portending death, lamentable. [Fr.,--L. funestus, destructive.]

FUNGIBLES, fun'ji-blz, n.pl. (law) movable effects which perish by being used, and which are estimated by weight, number, and measure. [Low L. fungibilis--L. fungi, to perform. See FUNCTION.]

FUNGUS, fung'gus, n. one of the lowest of the great groups of cellular cryptogams, including mushrooms, toadstools, mould, &c.: proud-flesh formed on wounds:--pl. FUNGI (fun'j[=i]), or FUNGUSES (fung'gus-ez).--adjs. FUNG'AL, FUNG[=A]'CEOUS, like a fungus; FUN'GIC ('jik), FUN'GIFORM, having the form of a fungus; FUNGIV'OROUS, feeding on mushrooms; FUNG'OID, resembling a mushroom.--ns. FUNGOL'OGIST, a student of fungi; FUNGOL'OGY, the science of fungi; FUNGOS'ITY, quality of being fungous.--adj. FUNG'OUS, of or like fungus: soft: spongy: growing suddenly: ephemeral. [L. fungus, a mushroom--Gr. sphonggos, sponggos, a sponge.]

FUNICLE, f[=u]'ni-kl, n. a small cord or ligature: a fibre.--adj. F[=U]NIC'[=U]LAR.--n. F[=U]NIC'[=U]LUS, the umbilical cord.--FUNICULAR RAILWAY, a cable-railway, esp. one ascending a hill. [L. funiculus, dim. of funis, a cord.]

FUNK, fungk, n. (coll.) abject terror or fright.--v.i. and v.t. to shrink through fear: to shirk.--adj. FUNK'Y.

FUNK, fungk, n. touchwood: a spark. [Cf. Dut. vonk.]

FUNK, fungk, v.t. to stifle with smoke. [Ety. dub.]

FUNKIA, funk'i-a, n. a genus of Liliaceæ allied to the day lilies, native to China. [From the German botanist, H. C. Funck, 1771-1839.]

FUNNEL, fun'el, n. a tube or passage for the escape of smoke, &c.: an instrument (smaller at one end than the other) for pouring fluids into bottles, &c.--adj. FUNN'ELLED, provided with a funnel.--n. FUNN'EL-NET, a net shaped like a funnel. [Prob. through Fr. from L. infundibulum--fund[)e]re, to pour.]

FUNNEL, fun'el, n. (prov.) the offspring of a stallion and a she-ass.--Also FUMM'EL.

FUNNY, fun'i, adj. full of fun: droll: perplexing, odd.--adv. FUNN'ILY.--ns. FUNN'INESS, FUNN'IMENT.--FUNNY BONE, a popular name given to what is really the comparatively unprotected ulnar nerve, which, when struck by a blow, shoots a singular tingling sensation down the forearm to the fingers; FUNNY MAN, the clown in a circus.

FUNNY, fun'i, n. a light clinker-built pleasure-boat, with a pair of sculls.

FUR, fur, n. the short, fine hair of certain animals: their skins with the fur prepared for garments: rabbits, hares, as opposed to partridges, pheasants (feathers): (Milt.) kind or class, from the idea of particular furs being worn by way of distinction: a fur-like coating on the tongue, the interior of boilers, &c.--v.t. to line with fur: to cover with morbid fur-like matter:--pr.p. fur'ring; pa.p. furred.--adj. FURRED, made of fur, provided with fur.--ns. FUR'RIER, a dealer in furs and fur goods; FUR'RIERY, furs in general: trade in furs; FUR'RING, fur trimmings: a coating on the tongue: strips of wood fastened on joists, &c., to make a level surface or provide an air-space: strips of wood nailed on a wall to carry lath.--adj. FUR'RY, consisting of, covered with, or dressed in fur. [O. Fr. forre, fuerre, sheath.]

FURACIOUS, f[=u]-r[=a]'shus, adj. thievish.--ns. FUR[=A]'CIOUSNESS, FURAC'ITY.

FURBELOW, fur'be-l[=o], n. the plaited border of a gown or petticoat, a flounce. [Fr., It., and Sp. falbala; of unknown origin. The word simulates an English form--fur-below.]

FURBISH, fur'bish, v.t. to purify or polish: to rub up until bright: to renovate. [O. Fr. fourbiss-, fourbir, from Old High Ger. furban, to purify.]

FURCATE, fur'k[=a]t, adj. forked: branching like the prongs of a fork--also FUR'CATED.--ns. FURC[=A]'TION, a forking or branching out; FUR'CIFER, a genus of South American deer with furcate antlers.--adjs. FURCIF'EROUS, of insects bearing a forked appendage; FUR'CIFORM, fork-shaped.--n. FUR'C[=U]LA, the united pair of clavicles of a bird, forming a single forked bone--the merry-thought.--adj. FUR'CULAR, furcate: shaped like a fork. [L., from furca, a fork.]

FURFUR, fur'fur, n. dandruff, scurf--also FUR'FAIR.--adj. FURF[=U]R[=A]'CEOUS, branny: scaly--also FUR'F[=U]ROUS.--n. FURF[=U]R[=A]'TION, the falling of scurf. [L.]

FURFUROL, fur'fur-ol, n. a volatile oil obtained when wheat-bran, sugar, or starch is acted on by dilute sulphuric acid. [L. furfur, bran.]

FURIOUS, f[=u]'ri-us, adj. full of fury: violent.--adj. F[=U]'RIBUND, raging.--ns. FURIOS'ITY, madness; FURI[=O]'SO, a furious person.--adv. F[=U]'RIOUSLY.--n. F[=U]'RIOUSNESS. [O. Fr. furieus--L. furi[=o]sus--furia, rage.]

FURL, furl, v.t. to draw or roll up, as a sail. [Contr. of obs. furdle, from fardel.]

FURLONG, fur'long, n. 40 poles: one-eighth of a mile. [A.S. furlang--furh, furrow, lang, long.]

FURLOUGH, fur'l[=o], n. leave of absence.--v.t. to grant leave of absence. [Dut. verlof; cf. Ger. verlaub.]

FURMENTY. See FRUMENTY.

FURNACE, fur'n[=a]s, n. an oven or enclosed fireplace for melting ores and other purposes: a time or place of grievous affliction or torment.--v.t. to exhale like a furnace: to subject to the heat of a furnace. [O. Fr. fornais--L. fornax--fornus, an oven.]

FURNIMENT, fur'ni-ment, n. (Spens.). Same as FURNITURE.

FURNISH, fur'nish, v.t. to fit up or supply completely, or with what is necessary: to equip (with).--adj. FUR'NISHED, stocked with furniture.--n. FUR'NISHER.--n.pl. FUR'NISHINGS, fittings of any kind, esp. articles of furniture, &c., within a house: (Shak.) any incidental part.--n. FUR'NISHMENT. [O. Fr. furniss-, furnir--Old High Ger. frummjan, to do.]

FURNITURE, fur'ni-t[=u]r, n. movables, either for use or ornament, with which a house is equipped: equipage, the trappings of a horse, &c.: decorations: the necessary appendages in some arts, &c.: (print.) the pieces of wood or metal put round pages of type to make proper margins and fill the spaces between the pages and the chase. [Fr. fourniture.]

FUROR, f[=u]'ror, n. fury: excitement, enthusiasm.--Also FUR[=O]'RE. [L.]

FURROW, fur'[=o], n. the trench made by a plough: any groove: a wrinkle on the face.--v.t. to form furrows in: to groove: to wrinkle.--n. FURR'OW-WEED (Shak.), a weed on ploughed land.---adj. FURR'OWY. [A.S. furh; cf. Ger. furche, L. porca.]

FURTHER, fur'th[.e]r, adv. to a greater distance or degree: in addition.--adj. more distant: additional.--adv. FUR'THERMORE, in addition to what has been said, moreover, besides.--adjs. FUR'THERMOST, most remote; FUR'THERSOME, tending to further or promote.--adv. FUR'THEST, at the greatest distance.--adj. most distant.--WISH ONE FURTHER, to wish one somewhere else than here and now. [A.S. furðor, a comp. of fore, with comp. suff.]

FURTHER, fur'th[.e]r, v.t. to help forward, promote.--ns. FUR'THERANCE, a helping forward; FUR'THERER, a promoter, advancer.--adj. FUR'THERSOME, helpful. [A.S. fyrðran.]

FURTIVE, fur'tiv, adj. stealthy: secret.--adv. FUR'TIVELY. [Fr.,--L. furtivus--fur, a thief.]

FURUNCLE, f[=u]'rung-kl, n. an inflammatory tumour.--adjs. FURUN'CULAR, FURUN'CULOUS. [L. furunculus.]

FURY, f[=u]'ri, n. rage: violent passion: madness: (myth.) one of the three goddesses of fate and vengeance, the Erinyes, or euphemistically Eumenides--Tisiphone, Alecto, and Megæra--hence a passionate, violent woman. [Fr. furie--L. furia--fur[)e]re, to be angry.]

FURZE, furz, n. the whin or gorse, a prickly evergreen bush with beautiful yellow flowers.--adjs. FURZ'Y, FURZ'EN, overgrown with furze. [A.S. fyrs.]

FUSAROLE, f[=u]'sa-r[=o]l, n. (archit.) an astragal.--Also F[=U]'SAROL. [Fr.,--L. fusus, spindle.]

FUSCOUS, fus'kus, adj. brown: dingy--(Charles Lamb) FUSC. [L. fuscus, akin to furvus.]

FUSE, f[=u]z, v.t. to melt: to liquefy by heat.--v.i. to be melted: to be reduced to a liquid.--n. FUSIBIL'ITY.--adjs. F[=U]'SIBLE, that may be fused or melted--(Milt.) F[=U]'SILE, F[=U]'SIL.--ns. F[=U]'SING-POINT, the temperature at which any solid substance becomes liquid; F[=U]'SION, act of melting: the state of fluidity from heat: a close union of things, as if melted together.--AQUEOUS FUSION, the melting of certain crystals by heat in their own water of crystallisation; DRY FUSION, the liquefaction produced in salts by heat after the water of crystallisation has been expelled; IGNEOUS FUSION, the melting of anhydrous salts by heat without decomposition. [L. fund[)e]re, fusum, to melt.]

FUSE, f[=u]z, n. a tube filled with combustible matter for firing mines, discharging shells, &c. [It. fuso--L. fusus, a spindle.]

FUSEE, FUZEE, f[=u]-z[=e]', n. the spindle in a watch or clock on which the chain is wound: a match used for lighting a pipe or cigar in the open air: a fuse: a fusil.--adj. F[=U]'SIFORM, spindle-shaped: tapering at each end. [O. Fr. fusée, a spindleful--Low L. fusata--L. fusus, a spindle.]

FUSEL-OIL, f[=u]'zel-oil, n. a nauseous oil in spirits distilled from potatoes, barley, &c. [Ger. fusel, bad spirits.]

FUSIL, f[=u]'zil, n. a flint-lock musket. [O. Fr. fuisil, a flint-musket, same as It. focile--Low L. focile, steel (to strike fire with), dim. of L. focus, a fireplace.]

FUSIL, f[=u]'zil, n. (her.) an elongated rhomboidal figure. [O. Fr. fusel--L. fusus, a spindle.]

FUSILIER, FUSILEER, f[=u]-zil-[=e]r', n. formerly a soldier armed with a fusil, now simply a historical title borne by a few regiments of the British army (Northumberland, Royal Scots, &c.).

FUSILLADE, f[=u]z'il-[=a]d, n. a simultaneous or continuous discharge of firearms.--v.t. to shoot down by a simultaneous discharge of firearms.--n. FUSILL[=A]'TION, death by shooting. [Fr.,--fusil, a musket.]

FUSS, fus, n. a bustle or tumult: haste, flurry.--v.i. to be in a bustle.--adv. FUSS'ILY.--n. FUSS'INESS, a needless state of bustle.--adj. FUSS'Y. [Imit.]

FUST, fust, n. the shaft of a column. [O. Fr. fust (Fr. fût)--L. fustis, a stick.]

FUST, v.i. See FUSTY.

FUSTANELLE, fus-ta-nel', n. a white kilt worn by Greek men. [Mod. Gr. phoustani, Albanian fustan--It. fustagno, fustian.]

FUSTET, fus'tet, n. the smoke-tree or Venetian sumach, or its wood. [Fr.,--L. fustis, a stick.]

FUSTIAN, fust'yan, n. a kind of coarse, twilled cotton fabric, including moleskin, velveteen, corduroy, &c.: a pompous and unnatural style of writing or speaking: bombast: a liquor made of white wine with yolk of eggs, lemon, spices, &c.--adj. made of fustian: bombastic.--v.i. FUST'IANISE (Holmes), to write bombastically.--n. FUST'IANIST, one who writes bombast. [O. Fr. fustaigne (Fr. futaine)--It. fustagno--Low L. fustaneum, from Ar. Fostat (a suburb of Cairo) in Egypt, where first made.]

FUSTIC, fus'tik, n. the wood of a West Indian tree, formerly much used as a dye.--Also FUS'TOC. [Fr. fustoc, yellow--Sp. fustoc--L. fustis.]

FUSTIGATION, fus-ti-g[=a]'shun, n. a beating with a stick.--v.t. FUS'TIGATE, to thrash with a stick. [L. fustig[=a]re, -[=a]tum, to beat with a stick--fustis, a stick.]

FUSTILARIAN, fus-ti-l[=a]'ri-an, n. (Shak.) a low fellow, a scoundrel.--n. FUS'TILUGS (prov.), a frowzy woman.

FUSTY, fust'i, adj. smelling of the wood of the cask, as wine: ill-smelling.--v.i. Fust (Shak.) to grow or smell mouldy.--adj. Fust'ed, mouldy.--n. Fust'iness. [O. Fr. fust, wood of a cask--L. fustis.]

FUSUS, f[=u]'sus, n. a genus of Gasteropods, usually referred to the Murex family. [L.]

FUTCHEL, fuch'el, n. a piece of timber lengthwise of a carriage, supporting the splinter-bar and the pole.

FUTHORC, f[=u]'thork, n. the Runic alphabet. [From the first six letters, f, u, þ, o or a, r, k.]

FUTILE, f[=u]'t[=i]l, adj. useless: unavailing: trifling.--adv. F[=U]'TILELY.--ns. FUTILIT[=A]'RIAN, one who gives himself to profitless pursuits; FUTIL'ITY, uselessness. [Fr.,--L. futilis--fund[)e]re, to pour.]

FUTTOCK, fut'uk, n. one of the separate pieces of timber composing the frame of a ship.--ns. pl. FUTT'OCK-PLATES, iron plates with dead-eyes, crossing the sides of the top-rim perpendicularly; FUTT'OCK-SHROUDS, short pieces of rope or chain which secure the lower dead-eyes and futtock-plates of topmast rigging to a band round a lower mast. [Perh. corrupted from foot-hooks.]

FUTURE, f[=u]t'[=u]r, adj. about to be: that is to come: (gram.) expressing what will be.--n. time to come.--n. FUT'URE-PER'FECT (gram.), a tense expressing action viewed as past in reference to an assumed future time (L. amavero=I shall have loved).--v.i. FUT'URISE, to form the future tense.--ns. FUT'URIST, one whose chief interests are in what is to come; FUTURITION (-ish'un), future existence: accomplishment; FUTUR'ITY, time to come: an event or state of being yet to come. [Fr.,--L. futurus, fut.p. of esse, to be.]

FUZE, f[=u]z, n. Same as FUSE.

FUZZ, fuz, v.i. to fly off in minute particles with a fizzing sound like water from hot iron.--n. fine light particles, as dust, down, &c.--n. FUZZ'BALL, a kind of fungus, whose head is full of a fine dust. [Ety. dub.]

FUZZLE, fuz'l, v.t. (prov.) to intoxicate.

FUZZY, fuz'i, adj. covered with fuzz, fluffy.--adv. FUZZ'ILY.--n. FUZZ'INESS.

FY, f[=i], interj. Same as FIE.

FYKE, f[=i]k, n. a bag-net for catching fish. [Dut. fuik.]

FYLFOT, FILFOT, fil'fot, n. an ancient symbol in the form of a Greek cross, with each arm continued at right angles, called also Gammadion, Gammation, and Svastika. [Prob. fill-foot, meaning a device for filling the foot of a painted window.]

FYRD, fird, n. the military force of the whole nation, all males capable of bearing arms, in Anglo-Saxon times. [A.S. fyrd, army.]

FYTTE. See FIT (3).

* * * * *

G the seventh letter of our alphabet, and in the Roman not originally differentiated from C, but substituted there for the disused Z: (mus.) the fifth note of the diatonic scale of C minor--also sol, the scale or key having that note for its tonic: (nat. phil.) a symbol for acceleration of gravity, which is about 32 feet per second: in the medieval system of Roman numerals=400, or [=G]=400,000.

GAB, gab, v.i. (coll.) to chatter, prate.--n. idle talk, prattling: a jest, a witticism: (Scot.) the mouth.--n. GAB'BER, jabber.--adj. GAB'BY, garrulous.--GIFT OF THE GAB, a talent for talking.

GAB, gab, v.i. to brag. [O. Fr. gabber, to mock.]

GABBART, gab'ärt, n. a flat river vessel with a long hatchway.--Also GABB'ARD. [Fr. gabare--Prov. and It. gabarra.]

GABBATHA, gab'a-thä, n. the place where Pilate sat at the trial of Jesus, a tessellated pavement outside the prætorium. [Heb., 'platform.']

GABBLE, gab'l, v.i. to talk inarticulately: to chatter: to cackle like geese.--ns. GABB'LE; GABB'LER; GABB'LING, GABB'LEMENT. [Freq. of gab.]

GABBRO, gab'ro, n. a rock composed of feldspar and diallage--also Euphotide.--n. GABB'RONITE, a compact variety of scapolite, resembling gabbro. [It.]

GABELLE, gab-el', n. a tax, impost duty, formerly in France, esp. the tax on salt.--n. G[=A]'BELER. [Fr. gabelle--Low L. gabella, gablum--Teut.]

GABERDINE, gab-er-d[=e]n', n. a loose upper garment, formerly worn by Jews. [O. Fr. gauvardine; per. Mid. High Ger. wallevart, pilgrimage, whence also Sp. gabardina, &c.]

GABERLUNZIE, gab-er-lun'zi, -yi, n. (Scot.) a pouch carried by Scottish beggars: a strolling beggar.

GABION, g[=a]'bi-un, n. (fort.) a bottomless basket of wicker-work filled with earth, used for shelter from the enemy's fire while digging trenches, or in forming the foundation of a jetty.--ns. G[=A]'BIONADE, a work formed of gabions; G[=A]'BIONAGE, gabions collectively.--adj. G[=A]'BIONED, furnished with gabions. [Fr.,--It. gabbione, a large cage--gabbia--L. cavea, a cage.]

GABLE, g[=a]'bl, n. (archit.) the triangular part of an exterior wall of a building between the top of the side-walls and the slopes on the roof--(Scot.) G[=A]'VEL.--adj. G[=A]'BLED.--ns. G[=A]'BLE-END, the end-wall of a building on the side where there is a gable; G[=A]'BLET (dim.), a small gable, as an ornament on buttresses, &c.; G[=A]'BLE-WIN'DOW, a window in the gable-end of a building, or a window with its upper part shaped like a gable. [The northern form gavel is prob. Ice. gafl; Sw. gafvel, Dan. gavl. The southern form gable is prob. through O. Fr. gable, jable from Ice. gafl.]

GABRIEL'S HOUNDS. See HOUND.

GABY, g[=a]'bi, n. a simpleton. [Hardly related to gape.]

GAD, gad, n. a pointed bar of steel: a tool used in mining: a graver: a rod or stick, a goad: the bar across a Scotch condemned cell, on which the iron ring ran which fastened the shackles--also GADE, GAID.--n. GAD'LING, one of the spikes on the knuckles of a gauntlet.--UPON THE GAD (Shak.), upon the spur of the moment. [Ice. gadd-r, a spike.]

GAD, gad, interj. a minced form of God.--interjs. GAD'SO, an exclamation of surprise; GAD'ZOOKS, an obsolete minced oath.

GAD, gad, v.i. to rove about restlessly: to wander or ramble in speech, &c., to straggle in growth:--pr.p. gad'ding; pa.p. gad'ded.--ns. GAD, GAD'ABOUT, one who walks idly about; GAD'DER.--adv. GAD'DINGLY--n. GAD'DISHNESS. [Prob. conn. with gad in gadfly; or obsolete gadling, vagabond.]

GADFLY, gad'fl[=i], n. a fly which pierces the skin of cattle in order to deposit its eggs: a mischievous gadabout. [From gad, n., fly.]

GADGE, gaj, n. an instrument of torture (Browning).

GADHELIC, gad-el'ik, adj. of or belonging to that branch of the Celtic race which comprises the Erse of Ireland, the Gaels of Scotland, and the Manx of the Isle of Man, as distinguished from the Cymric. [Ir. Gaedheal (pl. Gaedhil), a Gael.]

GADOID, g[=a]'doid, adj. pertaining to the Gadidæ, or cod-fishes.--n. a fish of this family.--n. G[=A]'DEAN, a fish of this family.--adj. G[=A]'DINE.--n. G[=A]'DUS, the typical genus of the same. [Gr. gados.]

GADOLINITE, gad'[=o]-lin-[=i]t, n. a silicate of the yttrium and cerium metals, containing also beryllium and iron. [From the Finnish chemist Gadolin (1760-1852).]

GADROON, gad-r[=oo]n', n. one of a set of convex curves or arcs joined at their extremities to form a decorative pattern--in plate, &c.--adj. GADROONED'.--n. GADROON'ING. [Fr. godron.]

GADSMAN, gadz'man, n. (Scot.) one who drives horses at the plough. [Gad and man.]

GADWALL, gad'wawl, n. a northern fresh-water duck.

GAE, g[=a], a Scotch form of go.

GAEL, g[=a]l, n. a Scotch Highlander.--adj. GAELIC (g[=a]l'ik), pertaining to the Gaels.--n. the Scottish-Highland dialect.--v.t. GAEL'ICISE.--n. GAEL'ICISM. [Gael. Gaidheal.]

GAFF, gaf, n. a hook used esp. for landing large fish after they have been hooked on the line and spent by the skill of the angler: (naut.) the spar to which the head of a fore-and-aft sail is bent.--v.t. to hook or bind by means of a gaff.--n. GAFF'-TOP-SAIL, a small sail, the head of which is extended on a small gaff which hoists on the top-mast, and the foot on the lower gaff. [Fr. gaffe.]

GAFF, gaf, n. (slang) a low theatre: a fair.

GAFF, gaf, v.i. (slang) to gamble.--ns. GAFF'ER; GAFF'ING.

GAFFER, gaf'[.e]r, n. originally a word of respect applied to an old man, now familiar: the foreman of a squad of workmen. [Corr. of godfather, as gammer of godmother.]

GAG, gag, v.t. to forcibly stop the mouth: to silence: to choke up: to introduce gag into a piece:--pr.p. gag'ging; pa.p. gagged.--n. something thrust into the mouth or put over it to enforce silence, or distend the jaws during an operation: the closure applied in a debate: a mouthful which produces nausea, the fat of fresh beef boiled: (slang) an actor's interpolation: a joke or hoax.--n. GAG'GER, one who gags. [Prob. imitative of sound made in choking.]

GAG, gag, v.t. (slang) to deceive.--v.i. to practise imposture.--n. a made-up story, lie: (U.S.) a laughing-stock.

GAGE, g[=a]j, n. a pledge: something thrown down as a challenge, as a glove.--v.t. to bind by pledge or security: offer as a guarantee: to stake, wager. [O. Fr. guage, from Teut. See WED.]

GAGE. See GAUGE.

GAGE, g[=a]j, n. name applied to several varieties of plum. [See GREENGAGE.]

GAGGLE, gag'l, n. a flock of geese, or of women.--v.i. to cackle.--n. GAGG'LING, cackling.--adj. garrulous.

GAG-TOOTH, gag'-t[=oo]th, n. a projecting tooth.--adj. GAG'-TOOTHED.

GAIETY, GAILY. See GAY.

GAIKWAR, g[=i]k'war, n. name of the ruler of Baroda in India. [Marathi g[=a]e--Sans. go, a cow, bull.]

GAIN, g[=a]n, v.t. to obtain by effort: to earn: to be successful in: to draw to one's own party, bribe: to reach: to make advance: (N. T.) to escape.--n. that which is gained: profit.--adj. GAIN'ABLE.--n. GAIN'ER.--adj. GAIN'FUL.--adv. GAIN'FULLY.--n. GAIN'FULNESS.--n.pl. GAIN'INGS.--adj. GAIN'LESS.--n. GAIN'LESSNESS.--GAIN GROUND (see GROUND); GAIN UPON, to overtake by degrees. [O. Fr. gain, gaain, gaigner, gaaignier, from Teut., as in weidenen, to graze, to seek forage, weida, pasture.]

GAIN, g[=a]n, adj. (prov.) near, straight. [Ice. gegn.]

GAINGIVING, g[=a]n'giv-ing, n. (Shak.) misgiving.

GAINLY, g[=a]n'li, adj. agile, handsome. See UNGAINLY.

GAINSAY, g[=a]n's[=a], v.t. to contradict: to deny: to dispute.--ns. GAIN'SAYER (B.), an opposer; GAIN'SAYING.--v.t. GAIN'STRIVE (Spens.), to strive against. [A.S. gegn, against, and say.]

GAINST, a poetic abbreviation of against.

GAIR, g[=a]r, n. (Scot.) gore.

GAIRFOWL. See GAREFOWL.

GAIRISH. See GARISH.

GAIT, g[=a]t, n. way or manner of walking, step, pace.--adj. GAIT'ED, having a particular gait. [A special use of gate.]

GAIT, g[=a]t, n. (prov.) a sheaf of corn: charge for pasturage.

GAITER, g[=a]t'[.e]r, n. a covering of cloth, &c., for the ankle, fitting down upon the shoe. [Fr. guêtre, guietre.]

GAL, gal, n. (prov.) a girl.

GALA, g[=a]'la, n. festivity.--n. G[=A]'LA-DRESS, gay costume for a gala-day. [Fr. gala, show--It. gala, finery.]

GALACTIC, ga-lak'tik, adj. pertaining to or obtained from milk: (astron.) pertaining to the Milky-Way.--ns. GALAC'TAGOGUE, a medicine which promotes the secretion of milk; GALAC'TIA, a morbid flow or deficiency of milk; GALAC'TIN, lactose; GALACTOM'ETER, an instrument for finding the quality of milk by indicating its specific gravity; GALACTOPH'AGIST, one who lives on milk.--adjs. GALACTOPH'AGOUS, living on milk; GALACTOPH'OROUS, milk-carrying; GALACTOPOIET'IC, milk-producing.--n. GALACTORRHOE'A, a too abundant flow of milk. [Gr. gala, galaktos, milk.]

GALAGE, an obs. form of galosh.

GALAGO, ga-l[=a]'go, n. a genus of large-eared, long-tailed African lemurs, arboreal and nocturnal in habit, living on fruit and insects.

GALANGAL. See GALINGALE.

GALANTINE, gal'an-t[=i]n, n. a dish of poultry or veal, boned, tied up tight, cooked, and served cold. [Fr.,--Low L. galatina for gelatina, jelly. See GELATINE.]

GALANTY SHOW, gal-an'ti sh[=o], n. a shadow pantomime produced by throwing shadows of miniature figures on a wall or screen. [Prob. It. galanti, pl. of galante. See GALLANT.]

GALATIAN, ga-l[=a]'shi-an, adj. pertaining to Galatia in Asia Minor--colonised by Gauls in the 3d century B.C.--n. a native of Galatia.

GALAXY, gal'ak-si, n. the Milky-Way, or the luminous band of stars stretching across the heavens: any splendid assemblage. [Through Fr. and L., from Gr. galaxias--gala, milk.]

GALBANUM, gal'ban-um, n. a resinous juice obtained from an Eastern plant, used in medicine and in the arts, and by the Jews in the preparation of the sacred incense.--Also GAL'BAN. [L.,--Gr. chalban[=e], prob. an Eastern word.]

GALE, g[=a]l, n. a strong wind between a stiff breeze and a hurricane: (coll.) a state of noisy excitement. [Prob. elliptical for gale (or gall) wind. Mr Bradley disfavours the Scand. ety., which connects with Dan. gal, mad, Norw. galen, raging.]

GALE, g[=a]l, n. a shrub growing in marshy spots, usually called SWEET-GALE. [Prob. A.S. gagel; cf. Ger. gagel, a myrtle-bush.]

GALE, g[=a]l, n. a periodic payment of rent. [Gavel.]

GALEATE, -D, g[=a]'le-[=a]t, -ed, adj. (bot., ornith., and anat.) helmeted. [L. gale[=a]tus--galea, a helmet.]

GALENA, g[=a]-l[=e]'na, n. a mineral which is essentially a sulphide of lead--also GAL[=E]'NITE.--adjs. GAL[=E]'NIC, -AL, GAL[=E]'NOID. [L. galena, lead-ore.]

GALENIC, -AL, g[=a]-len'ik, -al, adj. pertaining to Galen, the 2d-cent. Greek physician, or to his methods and theories.--ns. G[=A]'LENISM; G[=A]'LENIST.

GALEOPITHECUS, g[=a]-li-o-pi-th[=e]'kus, n. a flying lemur.--adjs. GALEOPITH[=E]'CINE, GALEOPITH[=E]'COID.

GALILEAN, gal-i-l[=e]'an, adj. of or pertaining to Galileo, a great Italian mathematician (1564-1642).--GALILEAN LAW, the law of the uniform acceleration of falling bodies; GALILEAN TELESCOPE, a telescope with a concave lens for its eye-piece.

GALILEAN, gal-i-l[=e]'an, adj. of or pertaining to Galilee, one of the Roman divisions of Palestine.--n. a native of Galilee: a Christian.

GALILEE, gal'i-l[=e], n. (archit.) a porch or chapel at the west end of some abbey churches, in which penitents were placed, and where ecclesiastics met women who had business with them.--GALILEE PORCH, a galilee which has direct communication with the exterior. [Prob. suggested from Mark, xvi. 7, 'He goeth before you into Galilee.']

GALIMATIAS, gal-i-m[=a]'shi-as, n. nonsense, gibberish: any confused mixture of unlike things. [Fr.]

GALINGALE, gal'in-g[=a]l, n. the aromatic root of certain E. Indian plants of genera Alpinia and Kæmpferia, formerly much used in medicine and cookery: the tuber of Cyperus longus, of ancient medicinal repute: also the whole plant.--Also GALAN'GAL. [O. Fr. galingal--Ar. khalanj[=a]n--Chin. ko-liang-kiang--Ko, a Chinese province, liang, mild, and kiang, ginger.]

GALIONGEE, gal-yon-j[=e]', n. a Turkish sailor. [Turk. q[=a]ly[=u]nj[=i], deriv. of q[=a]ly[=u]n--It. galeone, galleon.]

GALIPOT, gal'i-pot, n. the white resin which exudes from pine, yielding, when refined, white, yellow, or Burgundy pitch. [Fr.]

GALL, gawl, n. the greenish-yellow fluid secreted from the liver, called bile: bitterness: malignity.--ns. GALL-BLADD'ER, a pear-shaped bag lying on the under side of the liver, a reservoir for the bile; GALL'-STONE, a hard concretion in the gall-bladder or biliary ducts.--GALL AND WORMWOOD, anything extremely disagreeable and annoying.--IN THE GALL OF BITTERNESS, in a state of extreme hostility to God (Acts, viii. 23). [A.S. gealla, gall; cf. Ger. galle, Gr. chol[=e], L. fel.]

GALL, gawl, n. a light nut-like ball which certain insects produce on the oak-tree, used in dyeing--also GALL'-NUT.--v.t. to fret or hurt the skin by rubbing: to annoy: to enrage.--v.i. (Shak.) to act in a galling manner.--ns. GALL'ATE, a salt of gallic acid; GALL'FLY, an insect which occasions gall on plants by puncturing.--adj. GALL'ING, irritating.--adv. GALL'INGLY.--GALLIC ACID, a crystalline substance obtained from gall-nuts, and used in making ink. [Fr. galle--L. galla, oak-apple.]

GALLANT, gal'ant, adj. brave: noble: (rare) gay, splendid, magnificent: courteous or attentive to ladies: amorous, erotic (sometimes gal-ant').--n. a gay, dashing person: a man of fashion: suitor, seducer.--adv. GALL'ANTLY.--ns. GALL'ANTNESS; GALL'ANTRY, bravery: intrepidity: attention or devotion to ladies, often in a bad sense, amorous intrigue: (Shak.) gallants collectively. [Fr. galant--O. Fr. gale, a merrymaking; prob. Teut.]

GALLEASS, gal'e-as, n. (Shak.) a vessel of the same construction as a galley, but larger and heavier.--Also GALL'IASS. [O. Fr. galeace--It. galeaza, augmented from, galea, galley.]

GALLEON, gal'i-un, n. a large Spanish vessel with lofty stem and stern, mostly used formerly for carrying treasure. [Sp. galeon. Cf. GALLEY.]

GALLERY, gal'[.e]r-i, n. a balcony surrounded by rails: a long passage: the upper floor of seats in a church or theatre: the persons occupying the gallery at a theatre: a room for the exhibition of works of art: (fort.) a covered passage cut through the earth or masonry: a level or drive in a mine.--adj. GALL'ERIED, furnished with, or arranged like, a gallery.--PLAY TO THE GALLERY, to play so as to win the applause of the least intelligent amongst the spectators. [O. Fr. galerie (It. galleria).]

GALLEY, gal'i, n. a long, low-built ship with one deck, propelled by oars: a state barge: the captain's boat on a war-ship: the place where the cooking is done on board ship: a kind of boat attached to a ship-of-war: (print.) a flat oblong tray in which the compositor places the type he has set up.--ns. GALL'EY-PROOF, an impression taken from type on a galley; GALL'EY-SLAVE, one condemned for crime to work like a slave at the oar of a galley. [O. Fr. galie--Low L. galea.]

GALLIAMBIC, gal-i-am'bik, adj. constituting a galliambus, a verse consisting of four Ionics a minore ([uu--]), with variations and substitutions. [Used by the Galli, priests of the Phrygian goddess Cybele.]

GALLIARD, gal'yard, adj. (arch.) brisk, lively.--n. a spirited dance for two, common in the 16th and 17th centuries: a gay fellow.--n. GALL'IARDISE, gaiety: a merry trick. [O. Fr. gaillard; cf. Sp. gallardo.]

GALLIC, gal'ik, adj. pertaining to Gaul or France.--adj. GALL'ICAN, of or pertaining to France: esp. pertaining to the Roman Catholic Church in France.--n. one holding Gallican doctrines.--n. GALL'ICANISM, the spirit of nationalism within the French Church--as opposed to Ultramontanism, or the absolute subjection of everything to the personal authority of the pope.--adv. GALLICE (gal'i-s[=e]), in French.--n. GALL'ICISM, the use in English or any other language of a word or idiom peculiar to the French.--vs.t. GALL'IC[=I]ZE, GALL'IC[=I]SE, to make French in opinions, habits, &c. [L. Gallicus--Gallia, Gaul.]

GALLIGASKINS, gal-i-gas'kinz, n.pl. large open hose or trousers: leggings worn by sportsmen. [A corr. of O. Fr. garguesque--It. Grechesco, Greekish--L. Græcus, Greek.]

GALLIMAUFRY, gal-i-maw'fri, n. (Shak.) any inconsistent or absurd medley: a medley of persons. [O. Fr. galimafrée, a ragout, hash.]

GALLINACEOUS, gal-in-[=a]'shus, adj. pertaining to the order of birds to which the domestic fowl, pheasant, &c. belong. [L. gallina, a hen--gallus, a cock.]

GALLINULE, gal'i-n[=u]l, n. a genus of aquatic birds closely allied to the coots, of which the common water-hen is a species. [L. gallinula, dim. of gallina, a hen.]

GALLIO, gal'i-o, n. a careless, easy-going man who keeps himself free from trouble and responsibility. [From the proconsul of Achaia in 53 A.D., Junius Annæus Gallio, who refused to listen to the Jewish clamour against Paul (Acts, xviii. 12-17).]

GALLIOT, GALIOT, gal'i-ot, n. a small galley: an old Dutch cargo-boat, also a bomb-ketch. [Fr. galiote--Low L. galea, galley.]

GALLIPOT, gal'i-pot, n. a small glazed pot for containing medicine. [Prob. pottery such as was brought in galleys; not likely to be the Old Dut. gleipot, a glazed pot.]

GALLIUM, gal'i-um, n. a rare malleable metal, grayish-white, brilliant in lustre.

GALLIVANT, gal-i-vant', v.i. to spend time frivolously, esp. in flirting. [Perh. a variation of gallant.]

GALLIVAT, gal'i-vat, n. a large two-masted Malay boat.

GALLIWASP, gal'i-wasp, n. a West Indian lizard.

GALLIZE, gal'[=i]z, v.t. to treat unfermented grape-juice with water and sugar, so as to increase the quantity of wine produced. [From Dr L. Gall of Treves.]

GALLOGLASS, gal'lo-glas, n. a soldier or armed retainer of a chief in ancient Ireland and other Celtic countries.--Also GAL'LOWGLASS. [Ir. gallóglách--Ir. gall, foreign, óglách, youth.]

GALLOMANIA, gal-o-m[=a]'ni-a, n. a mania for French ways.

GALLON, gal'un, n. the standard measure of capacity=4 quarts. [O. Fr. galun, galon, jalon; app. cog. with Fr. jale, a bowl.]

GALLOON, ga-l[=oo]n', n. a kind of lace: a narrow ribbon made of silk or worsted, or of both.--adj. GALLOONED', adorned with galloon. [Fr. galon, galonner; prob. cog. with gallant.]

GALLOP, gal'up, v.i. to move by leaps, as a horse: to ride a galloping horse: to move very fast.--v.t. to cause to gallop.--n. the pace at which a horse runs when the forefeet are lifted together and the hindfeet together: a ride at a gallop.--n. GALL'OPER, one who, or that which, gallops.--part. and adj. GALL'OPING, proceeding at a gallop: (fig.) advancing rapidly, as in the phrase, 'a galloping consumption.'--CANTERBURY GALLOP, a moderate gallop of a horse (see CANTER). [O. Fr. galop, galoper; prob. Teut., related to leap. There is a Flemish and a Middle High Ger. walop (n.). The root is seen in Old Fries. walla, to boil; cf. WELL (1).]

GALLOPADE, gal-up-[=a]d', n. a quick kind of dance--then, the music appropriate to it: a sidewise gallop.--v.i. to move briskly: to perform a gallopade. [Fr.]

GALLOVIDIAN, gal-o-vid'yan, adj. belonging to Galloway.--n. a native thereof.

GALLOW, gal'l[=o], v.t. (Shak.) to frighten or terrify. [A.S. a-g['æ]lwian, to astonish.]

GALLOWAY, gal'o-w[=a], n. a small strong horse, 13-15 hands high, originally from Galloway in Scotland: a breed of large black hornless cattle.

GALLOWS, gal'us, n. a wooden frame on which criminals are executed by hanging--a pl. used as a sing., and having (Shak.) the double pl. 'gallowses' (used also coll. originally for a pair of braces for supporting the trousers): (Shak.) a wretch who deserves the gallows: any contrivance with posts and cross-beam for suspending objects: a rest for the tympan of a hand printing-press: the main frame of a beam-engine.--ns. GALL'OWS-BIRD, a person who deserves hanging; GALL'OWS-BITTS, a frame fixed in a ship's deck to support spare spars.--adj. GALL'OWS-FREE, free from danger of hanging.--n. GALL'OWSNESS (slang), recklessness.--adj. GALL'OWS-RIPE, ready for the gallows.--n. GALL'OWS-TREE, a tree used as a gallows.--CHEAT THE GALLOWS, to escape hanging though deserving it. [M. E. galwes (pl.)--A.S. galga; Ger. galgen.]

GALLY, gal'i, v.i. (prov.) to scare, daze.--ns. GALL'Y-BEG'GAR, GALL'ICROW, GALL'YCROW, a scarecrow.

GALOOT, ga-l[=oo]t', n. (U.S.) a recruit, a clumsy fellow.

GALOP, gal'op, n. a lively round dance of German origin: music for such a dance. [Fr.; cf. GALLOP.]

GALOPIN, gal'o-pin, n. (Scot.) a kitchen boy. [O. Fr.,--galoper, to gallop.]

GALORE, ga-l[=o]r', adv. in abundance, plentifully.--n. abundance. [Ir. go leór, sufficiently--go, an adverbialising particle, leór, sufficient.]

GALOSH, ga-losh', n. a shoe or slipper worn over another in wet weather--also GALOCHE', GOLOSH'. [Fr. galoche--Gr. kalopodion, dim. of kalopous, a shoemaker's last--k[=a]lon, wood, pous, the foot.]

GALRAVAGE. See GILRAVAGE.

GALT. See GAULT.

GALUMPH, gal-umf', v.i. to march along boundingly and exultingly. [A coinage of Lewis Carroll.]

GALVANISM, gal'van-izm, n. a branch of the science of electricity which treats of electric currents produced by chemical agents.--adj. GALVAN'IC, belonging to or exhibiting galvanism.--n. GALVANIS[=A]'TION.--v.t. GAL'VAN[=I]SE, to subject to the action of a galvanic current: to confer a false vitality upon.--ns. GAL'VANIST, GAL'VAN[=I]SER; GALVAN'OGRAPH, a printing-surface resembling an engraved copper-plate, produced by an electrotype process from a drawing made with viscid ink on a silvered plate: an impression taken from such a plate; GALVANOG'RAPHY; GALVANOL'OGIST, a student of galvanology; GALVANOL'OGY, the science of galvanic phenomena; GALVANOM'ETER, an instrument for measuring the strength of galvanic currents; GALVANOM'ETRY.--adj. GALVANOPLAS'TIC.--ns. GALVANOPLAS'TY, electrotypy; GALVAN'OSCOPE, an instrument for detecting the existence and direction of an electric current.--GALVANIC BATTERY, a series of zinc or copper plates susceptible of galvanic action; GALVANISED IRON, the name given to iron coated with zinc to prevent rusting. [From Luigi Galvani, of Bologna, the discoverer (1737-98).]

GALWEGIAN, gal-w[=e]'ji-an, adj. belonging to Galloway.--n. a native thereof.--Also GALLOW[=E]'GIAN.

GAM, gam, v.t. and v.i. to make a call on, to exchange courtesies with: to gather in a flock, as whales.--n. a school or herd of whales. [Prob. a corr. of jam.]

GAM, gam, n. (Scot.) the mouth:--pl. tusks.

GAM, gam, n. (slang) a leg.

GAMA-GRASS, gä'ma-gräs, n. a grass with very large culms, 4 to 7 feet high, grown in Mexico.

GAMASH, gam-ash', n. a kind of leggings or gaiters.

GAMB, gamb, n. a leg or shank: (her.) a beast's whole foreleg=GAMB'A (anat.), the metacarpus or metatarsus of ruminants, &c.: short for viol da gamba. [Low L. gamba, a leg. See GAMBOL.]

GAMBADO, gam-b[=a]'do, n. a leather covering for the legs to defend them from mud in riding: boots affixed to the saddle in place of stirrups. [It. gamba, the leg.]

GAMBADO, gam-b[=a]'do, n. a bound or spring of a horse: a fantastic movement, a caper. [Sp. gambada; cf. GAMBOL.]

GAMBESON, gam'be-son, n. an ancient coat for defence, worn under the habergeon, of leather, or of cloth stuffed and quilted.--Also GAM'BISON. [O. Fr.--Low L. gambes[=o]n-em; prob. Teut., as in wambâ, the belly.]

GAMBET, gam'bet, n. the redshank.

GAMBIER, gam'b[=e]r, n. an astringent substance prepared from the leaves of a shrub of the East Indies, and largely used in tanning and dyeing.--Also GAM'BIR. [Malayan.]

GAMBIST, gam'bist, n. a player on the gamba or viol da gamba.

GAMBIT, gam'bit, n. a mode of opening a game of chess by sacrificing a pawn early in the game for the purpose of making a powerful attack. [It. gambetto, a tripping up--gamba, leg.]

GAMBLE, gam'bl, v.i. to play for money in games of chance or skill: to engage in wild financial speculations.--v.t. to squander away.--n. a gambling transaction.--ns. GAM'BLER, one who gambles, esp. who makes it his business; GAM'BLING-HOUSE, a house kept for the accommodation of people who play at games of hazard for money. [For gamm-le or gam-le, a freq. which has ousted M. E. gamenen--A.S. gamenian, to play at games--gamen, a game.]

GAMBOGE, gam-b[=o]j', or gam-b[=oo]j', n. a yellow gum-resin used as a pigment and in medicine.--adjs. GAMBOG'IAN, GAMBOG'IC. [From Cambodia, in Asia, whence brought about 1600.]

GAMBOL, gam'bol, v.i. to leap, skip: to frisk in sport:--pr.p. gam'bolling; pa.p. gam'bolled.--n. a skipping: playfulness. [Formerly gambold--O. Fr. gambade--It. gambata, a kick--Low L. gamba, leg.]

GAMBREL, gam'brel, n. the hock of a horse: a crooked stick used by butchers for suspending a carcass while dressing it.--GAMBREL ROOF, a curved or hipped roof. [O. Fr. gamberel; cf. Fr. gambier, a hooked stick; prob. Celt. cam, crooked.]

GAMBROON, gam-br[=oo]n', n. a twilled cloth of worsted and cotton, or linen. [Prob. Gambroon in Persia.]

GAME, g[=a]m, n. sport of any kind: an exercise or contest for recreation or amusement, esp. athletic contests: the stake in a game: the manner of playing a game: the requisite number of points to be gained to win a game: jest, sport, trick, artifice: any object of pursuit or desire: (Shak.) gallantry: the spoil of the chase: wild animals protected by law and hunted by sportsmen, the flesh of such--hares, pheasants, partridges, grouse, blackcock.--adj. of or belonging to such animals as are hunted as game: plucky, courageous: (slang) having the spirit to do something.--v.i. to gamble.--ns. GAME'-BAG, a bag for holding a sportsman's game, also the whole amount of game taken at one time; GAME'COCK, a cock trained to fight; GAME'KEEPER, one who has the care of game.--n.pl. GAME'-LAWS, laws relating to the protection of certain animals called game.--adv. GAMELY.--ns. GAME'NESS; GAME'-PRESERV'ER, one who preserves game on his property for his own sport or profit.--adj. GAME'SOME, playful.--ns. GAME'SOMENESS, sportiveness: merriment; GAME'STER, one viciously addicted to gambling: a gambler; GAME'-TEN'ANT, one who rents the privilege of shooting or fishing over a particular estate or district; GAM'ING, gambling; GAM'ING-HOUSE, a gambling-house, a hell; GAM'ING-T[=A]'BLE, a table used for gambling.--adj. GAM'Y, having the flavour of dead game kept till tainted: (coll.) spirited, plucky.--BIG GAME, the larger animals hunted; DIE GAME, to keep up courage to the last; MAKE A GAME OF, to play with real energy or skill; MAKE GAME OF, to make sport of, to ridicule; RED GAME, the Scotch ptarmigan; ROUND GAME, a game, as at cards, in which the number of players is not fixed; THE GAME IS NOT WORTH THE CANDLE (see CANDLE); THE GAME IS UP, the game is started: the scheme has failed. [A.S. gamen, play; Ice. gaman, Dan. gammen.]

GAME, g[=a]m, adj. (slang) crooked, lame. [Most prob. not the Celt. cam, crooked.]

GAMIC, gam'ik, adj. having a sexual character, of an ovum--opp. to Agamic.--ns. GAMETE (gam-[=e]t'), a sexual protoplasmic body; GAMOGEN'ESIS, sexual reproduction.--adjs. GAMOPET'ALOUS (bot.), having the petals united at the base; GAMOPHYL'LOUS, having cohering perianth leaves; GAMOSEP'ALOUS, having the sepals united. [Gr. gamos, marriage.]

GAMIN, gam'in, n. a street Arab, a precocious and mischievous imp of the pavement. [Fr.]

GAMMA, gam'a, n. the third letter of the Greek alphabet.--ns. GAMM[=A]D'ION, GAMM[=A]'TION (see FYLFOT).

GAMMER, gam'[.e]r, n. an old woman--the correlative of gaffer (q.v.).

GAMMERSTANG, gam'er-stang, n. (prov.) a tall, awkward person, esp. a woman: a wanton girl.

GAMMOCK, gam'ok, n. (prov.) a frolic, fun.--v.i. to frolic, to lark.

GAMMON, gam'un, n. (mostly coll.) a hoax: nonsense, humbug.--v.t. to hoax, impose upon.--ns. GAMM'ONER; GAMM'ONING. [A.S. gamen, a game.]

GAMMON, gam'un, n. the preserved thigh of a hog. [O. Fr. gambon--gambe, a leg.]

GAMMON, gam'un, n. (naut.) the lashing of the bowsprit.--v.t. to lash the bowsprit with ropes.

GAMP, gamp, n. (slang) a large, clumsy, or untidily tied up umbrella.--adj. GAMP'ISH, bulging. [So called from Mrs Sarah Gamp, a tippling monthly nurse in Dickens's Martin Chuzzlewit.]

GAMUT, gam'ut, n. the musical scale: the whole extent of a thing. [So called from the Gr. gamma, which marked the last of the series of notes in the musical notation of Guido Aretinus, and L. ut, the beginning of an old hymn to St John ('Ut queant laxis') used in singing the scale.]

GANCH, ganch, v.t. to impale.--Also GAUNCH. [O. Fr. gancher--It. gancio, a hook.]

GANDER, gan'd[.e]r, n. the male of the goose: a simpleton: (U.S.) a man living apart from his wife.--ns. GAN'DERCLEUGH, the place of abode of the hypothetical Jedediah Cleishbotham, editor of the Tales of my Landlord; GAN'DERISM; GAN'DER-PAR'TY, a social gathering of men only. [A.S. gandra, from ganra, with inserted d; Dut. and Low Ger. gander.]

GANESA, ga-n[=e]'sa, n. the elephant-headed Hindu god of foresight and prudence.

GANG, gang, n. a number of persons or animals associated for a certain purpose, usually in a bad sense: a number of labourers working together during the same hours: the range of pasture allowed to cattle: a set of tools, &c., used together for any kind of work.--ns. GANG'ER, GANGS'MAN, the foreman of a squad, as of plate-layers. [A.S. gang (Dan. gang, Ger. gang, a going), gangan, to go.]

GANG, gang, v.i. (Scot.) to go.--n.pl. GANG'-DAYS, the three days preceding Ascension Day or Holy Thursday.--n. GANG'ER, a walker: a fast-going horse. [A.S. gangan, to go.]

GANGLION, gang'gli-on, n. a tumour in the sheath of a tendon: an enlargement in the course of a nerve: any special centre of nervous action:--pl. GANG'LIA, GANG'LIONS.--adjs. GANG'LIAC, GANG'LIAL, GANGLION'IC, pertaining to a ganglion; GANG'LIATE, -D, provided with a ganglion or ganglia; GANG'LIFORM, GANG'LIOFORM, having the form of a ganglion; GANG'LIONARY, composed of ganglia.--n. GANG'LION-CELL (anat.), a nerve-cell with nucleus and nucleones.--BASAL GANGLIA, ganglia situated at the bottom of the cerebrum. [Gr.]

GANGREL, gang'rel, n. and adj. a vagrant. [From gang--A.S. gangan, to go, walk.]

GANGRENE, gang'gr[=e]n, n. loss of vitality in some part of the body: the first stage in mortification.--v.t. to mortify.--v.i. to become putrid.--v.i. GANG'RENATE, to become mortified.--adjs. GANGRENES'CENT, becoming mortified; GANG'RENOUS, mortified. [L. gangræna--Gr. gangraina, grainein, to gnaw.]

GANG-SAW, gang-saw, n. an arrangement of saws set in one frame.

GANGUE, GANG, gang, n. in mining, the stony matrix in which metallic ores occur. [Fr.,--Ger. gang, a vein.]

GANGWAY, gang'w[=a], n. a passage or way by which to go into or out of any place, esp. a ship: a way between rows of seats, esp. the cross-passage in the House of Commons, about half-way down the House, giving access to the rear-benches. The members 'above the gangway' are the ministers and ex-ministers, with their more immediate supporters. [A.S. gangweg; cf. gang and way.]

GANISTER, GANNISTER, gan'is-ter, n. a hard, close-grained siliceous stone, which often forms the stratum that underlies a coal-seam.

GANJA, gan'ja, n. an intoxicating preparation of Indian hemp.

GANNET, gan'et, n. a web-footed fowl found in the northern seas, the best-known of which is the solan goose. [A.S. ganot, a sea-fowl; Dut. gent.]

GANOID, gän'oid, adj. belonging to an order of fishes once very large, but now decadent, including only seven genera (sturgeons, &c.).--adj. GANOI'DIAN. [Gr. ganos, brightness, eidos, appearance.]

GANT, gänt, v.i. (Scot.) to yawn--also GAUNT.--n. a yawn.

GANTLET, gant'let, n. a glove. [Same as GAUNTLET.]

GANTLET, gant'let, GANTLOPE, gant'l[=o]p, n. a punishment consisting of driving a criminal through a lane formed by two files of men, who each strike him as he passes.--RUN THE GANTLET, to undergo the punishment of the gantlet: to be exposed to unpleasant remarks or treatment. [Confused with gauntlet, but from Sw. gatlopp--gata (Eng. gate), a street, line of soldiers, lopp (Eng. leap), course.]

GANTRY, gan'tri, n. a stand for barrels: a platform for a travelling-crane, &c.--Also GAUN'TRY.

GANYMEDE, gan'i-m[=e]d, n. a cup-bearer, pot-boy, from the beautiful youth who succeeded Hebe as cup-bearer to Zeus, being carried off to Olympus by the eagle of Zeus: a catamite.

GAOL, GAOLER, old spellings of JAIL, JAILER.

GAP, gap, n. an opening made by rupture or parting: a cleft: a passage: a deep ravine in a mountain-ridge: any breach of continuity.--v.t. to notch: to make a gap in.--adjs. GAP'PY, full of gaps; GAP-TOOTHED, lacking some of the teeth.--STAND IN THE GAP, to stand forward in active defence of something; STOP A GAP, to repair a defect, close a breach. [M. E. gappe--Ice. gap, an opening.]

GAPE, g[=a]p, v.i. to open the mouth wide: to yawn: to stare with open mouth: to be open, like a gap.--n. act of gaping: width of the mouth when opened.--ns. GAP'ER; GAPES, a disease of birds, owing to the presence of trematode worms in the windpipe, shown by their uneasy gaping.--adj. GAP'ING, with mouth open in admiration.--adv. GAP'INGLY. [Ice. gapa, to open the mouth; Ger. gaffen, to stare.]

GAR, gär, GARFISH, gär'fish, n. a long slender fish of the pike family, with a pointed head. [A.S. gár, a dart.]

GAR, gär, v.t. (Scot.) to cause, to compel. [Norse ger(v)a, to make (A.S. gierwan, giarwian), Sw. göra, Dan. gjöre; cf. YARE.]

GARANCINE, gar'an-sin, n. a manufactured product of madder, used as a dye. [Fr.,--garance, madder.]

GARB, gärb, n. fashion of dress: external appearance.--v.t. to clothe, array. [O. Fr. garbe--It. garbo, grace; of Teut. origin.]

GARB, gärb, n. a sheaf of grain, frequently used in heraldry. [O. Fr. garbe--Teut., as in Old High Ger. garba, a handful (Ger. garbe, Dut. garf).]

GARBAGE, gär'b[=a]j, n. refuse, as the bowels of an animal: any worthless matter. [Of doubtful origin; prob. O. Fr. garbe, a sheaf; not conn. with garble.]

GARBLE, gär'bl, v.t. to select what may serve our own purpose, in a bad sense: to mutilate, corrupt, or falsify.--n. GAR'BLER, one who selects. [Most prob. It. garbellare--Ar. ghirbál, a sieve.]

GARBOARD-STRAKE, gär'b[=o]rd-str[=a]k, n. the first range of planks laid on a ship's bottom next the keel. [Dut. gaarboord.]

GARBOIL, gär'boil, n. (Shak.) disorder, uproar. [O. Fr. garbouil--It. garbuglio, conn. with L. bull[=i]re, to boil.]

GARÇON, gär-song', n. a boy: a waiter. [Fr.]

GARDANT, gärd'ant, adj. (her.) said of an animal represented as full-faced and looking forward. [Fr., pr.p. of garder, to look.]

GARDEN, gär'dn, n. a piece of ground on which flowers, &c., are cultivated: a pleasant spot.--ns. GAR'DENER; GAR'DEN-GLASS, a bell-glass for covering plants; GAR'DENING, the act of laying out and cultivating gardens; GAR'DEN-PAR'TY, a party held on the lawn or in the garden of a private house.--GARDEN OF EDEN (see EDEN); HANGING GARDEN, a garden formed in terraces rising one above another--e.g. those of Nebuchadnezzar at Babylon; MARKET GARDENER, a gardener who raises vegetables, fruits, &c. for sale; PHILOSOPHERS OF THE GARDEN, followers of Epicurus who taught in a garden. [O. Fr. gardin (Fr. jardin); from Teut.]

GARDENIA, gär-d[=e]'ni-a, n. a genus of Cinchonaceæ, tropical and subtropical trees and shrubs, with beautiful and fragrant flowers. [Named from the American botanist, Dr Alex. Garden (died 1791).]

GARDYLOO, gär'di-l[=oo], n. the old warning cry of housewives in Edinburgh before throwing their slops out of the window into the street. [Pseudo-Fr. gare de l'eau--should be gare l'eau, 'beware of the water.']

GARE, g[=a]r, adj. (Scot.) greedy, miserly.

GAREFOWL, g[=a]r'fowl, n. the great auk, razor-billed auk. [Ice. geir-fugl.]

GARFISH. See GAR (1).

GARGANTUAN, gär-gan't[=u]-an, adj. like Gargantua--i.e. enormous, prodigious.--ns. GARGAN'TUISM; GARGAN'TUIST. [From Gargantua, the hero of Rabelais, described as a giant of vast appetite.]

GARGARISM, gär'ga-rizm, n. a gargle.--v.t. GAR'GARISE.

GARGET, gar'get, n. a swelling in the throat of cattle and pigs: inflammation of a cow's udder.--Also GAR'GIL.

GARGLE, gär'gl, v.t. to wash the throat, preventing the liquid from going down by expelling air against it.--n. a preparation for washing the throat. [O. Fr. gargouiller--gargouille, the throat.]

GARGOYLE, gär'goil, n. a projecting spout, conveying the water from the roof-gutters of buildings, often representing human or other figures. [O. Fr. gargouille--L. gurgulio, throat.]

GARIBALDI, gar-i-bal'di, n. a woman's loose blouse, an imitation of the red shirts worn by the followers of the Italian patriot Garibaldi (1807-1882).

GARISH, GAIRISH, g[=a]r'ish, adj. showy: gaudy.--adv. GAR'ISHLY.--n. GAR'ISHNESS. [Earlier gaurish, gawrish--gaure, to stare, perh. a freq. of gaw, to stare, cf. Ice. gá, to heed.]

GARLAND, gär'land, n. a wreath of flowers or leaves: a name for a book of extracts in prose or poetry: (Shak.) the thing most prized.--v.t. to deck with a garland.--n. GAR'LAND[=A]GE, a decoration of garlands.--adj. GAR'LANDLESS.--n. GAR'LANDRY, garlands collectively.--CIVIC GARLAND, a crown of oak-leaves bestowed on a Roman soldier who saved a fellow-citizen's life in battle. [O. Fr. garlande; prob. Old High Ger. wiara, fine ornament.]

GARLICK, gär'lik, n. a bulbous-rooted plant of genus Allium, having a pungent taste and very strong smell.--adj. GAR'LICKY, like garlick. [A.S. gárléac--gár, a spear, léac, a leek.]

GARMENT, gär'ment, n. any article of clothing, as a coat or gown.--v.t. to clothe with a garment.--adjs. GAR'MENTED; GAR'MENTLESS.--n. GAR'MENTURE, clothing. [O. Fr. garniment--garnir, to furnish.]

GARNER, gär'n[.e]r, n. a granary or place where grain is stored up: a store of anything--e.g. experience.--v.t. to store as in a garner.--v.i. (rare) to accumulate.--n. GAR'NERAGE, a storehouse. [O. Fr. gernier (Fr. grenier)--L. granarium, -ia, a granary.]

GARNET, gär'net, n. a precious stone belonging to a group of minerals crystallising in the cubical system. [O. Fr. grenat--Low L. granatum, pomegranate; or Low L. granum, grain, cochineal, red dye.]

GARNISH, gär'nish, v.t. to adorn: to furnish: to surround with ornaments, as a dish.--n. entrance-money: something placed round a principal dish at table, whether for embellishment or relish: a gift of money, esp. that formerly paid by a prisoner to his fellow-prisoners on his first admission.--ns. GAR'NISHEE, a person warned not to pay money owed to another, because the latter is indebted to the garnisher who gives the warning (v.t. to attach a debtor's money in this way); GARNISHEE'MENT; GAR'NISHER, one who garnishes; GAR'NISHING, GAR'NISHMENT, GAR'NITURE, that which garnishes or embellishes: ornament: apparel: trimming; GAR'NISHRY, adornment. [O. Fr. garniss-, stem of garnir, to furnish, old form warnir, from a Teut. root seen in A.S. warnian, Ger. warnen, Eng. warn.]

GARRET, gar'et, n. (Shak.) a watch-tower: a room next the roof of a house.--p.adj. GARR'ETED, provided with garrets: lodged in a garret.--ns. GARRETEER', one who lives in a garret: a poor author; GARR'ET-MAS'TER, a cabinet-maker, locksmith, &c., working on his own account for the dealers. [O. Fr. garite, a place of safety, guarir, warir, to preserve (Fr. guérir)--Teut., Old High Ger. warjan, to defend.]

GARRISON, gar'i-sn, n. a supply of soldiers for guarding a fortress: a fortified place.--v.t. to furnish a fortress with troops: to defend by fortresses manned with troops.--GARRISON TOWN, a town in which a garrison is stationed. [O. Fr. garison--garir, guerir, to furnish--Teut., Old High Ger. warjan, to defend.]

GARRON, gar'on, n. a small horse.--Also GARR'AN. [Ir.]

GARROT, gar'ot, n. a name applied to various ducks. [Fr.]

GARROT, gar'ot, n. (surg.) a tourniquet. [Fr.]

GARROTTE, GAROTTE, gar-rot', n. a Spanish mode of strangling criminals.--v.t. to strangle by a brass collar tightened by a screw, whose point enters the spinal marrow: to suddenly render insensible by semi-strangulation, and then to rob:--pr.p. garrott'ing, garott'ing; pa.p. garrott'ed, garott'ed.--ns. GARROTT'ER, GAROTT'ER, one who garrottes; GARROTT'ING, GAROTT'ING. [Sp. garrote; cf. Fr. garrot, a stick.]

GARRULOUS, gar'[=u]-lus, adj. talkative.--ns. GARRUL'ITY, GARR'ULOUSNESS, talkativeness: loquacity.--adv. GARR'ULOUSLY. [L. garrulus--garr[=i]re, to chatter.]

GARTER, gär't[.e]r, n. a band used to tie the stocking to the leg: the badge of the highest order of knighthood in Great Britain, called the Order of the Garter.--v.t. to bind with a garter.--GARTER KING-OF-ARMS, the chief herald of the Order of the Garter. [O. Fr. gartier (Fr. jarretière)--O. Fr. garet (Fr. jarret), the ham of the leg, prob. Celt. as Bret. gar, the shank of the leg.]

GARTH, gärth, n. an enclosure or yard: a garden: a weir in a river for catching fish. [Ice. garðr, a court; cf. A.S. geard; Ger. garten, yard.]

GARUDA, gär'[=oo]-da, n. a Hindu demigod, with the body and legs of a man, the head and wings of a bird, emblem of strength and speed. [Sans.]

GARVIE, gär'vi, n. (Scot.) a sprat.--Also GAR'VOCK. [Gael. garbhag.]

GAS, gas, n. a vaporous substance not condensed into a liquid at ordinary terrestrial temperatures and pressures--esp. that obtained from coal, used in lighting houses: (coll.) frothy talk:--pl. GAS'ES.--v.t. to supply with gas: (U.S.) to impose on by talking gas.--v.i. to vapour, talk boastfully.--ns. GASALIER', GASELIER', a hanging frame with branches for gas-jets, formed on false analogy from chandelier; GAS'-BAG, a bag for holding gas: a boastful, talkative person; GAS'-BRACK'ET, a pipe, mostly curved, projecting from the wall of a room, used for illuminating purposes; GAS'-BURN'ER, a piece of metal fitted to the end of a gas-pipe, with one or more small holes so arranged as to spread out the flame; GAS'-COAL, any coal suitable for making illuminating gas; GAS'-CONDENS'ER, an apparatus for freeing coal-gas from tar; GAS[=E]'ITY, G[=A]'SEOUSNESS.--adj. GASEOUS (g[=a]'se-us).--ns. GAS'-EN'GINE, an engine in which motion is communicated to the piston by the alternate admission and condensation of gas in a closed cylinder; GAS'-FIT'TER, one who fits up the pipes and brackets for gas-lighting; GAS'-FIX'TURE, a bracket or chandelier for gas; GAS'-FUR'NACE, a furnace of which the fuel is gas; GAS'HOLDER, a large vessel for storing gas; GASIFIC[=A]'TION, the process of converting into gas.--v.t. GAS'IFY, to convert into gas.--ns. GAS'-JET, a gas-burner; GAS'-LAMP, a lamp lighted by gas; GAS'-MAIN, one of the principal underground pipes conveying gas from the works to the places where it is consumed; GAS'-MAN, a man employed in the manufacture of gas: the man who controls the lights of the stage; GAS'-M[=E]'TER, an instrument for measuring the quantity of gas consumed at a particular place in a given time; GAS'OGENE (same as GAZOGENE); GAS'OLENE, rectified petroleum; GASOM'ETER, an instrument for measuring gas: a place for holding gas.--adjs. GASOMET'RIC, -AL.--ns. GAS'-PIPE, a pipe for conveying gas; GAS'SING, idle talking; GAS'-STOVE, an apparatus in which coal-gas is used for heating and cooking purposes.--adj. GAS'SY, full of gas, gaseous: (slang) given to vain and boastful talk.--ns. GAS'-TANK, a reservoir for coal-gas; GAS'-TAR, coal-tar.--adj. GAS'-TIGHT, sufficiently close to prevent the escape of gas.--ns. GAS'-WA'TER, water through which coal-gas has been passed; GAS'-WORKS, an establishment where illuminating gas is manufactured. [A word invented by the Dutch chemist J. B. Van Helmont (1577-1644)--the form suggested by Gr. chaos.]

GASCONADE, gas-ko-n[=a]d', n. boasting talk.--ns. GAS'CON, a native of Gascony; GAS'CONISM. [Fr.,--Gascon, from their proverbial boastfulness.]

GASH, gash, v.t. to make a deep cut into anything, esp. into flesh.--n. a deep, open wound. [Formerly garse--O. Fr. garser, pierce with a lancet--Low L. garsa. Perh. corrupted from Gr. charassein, to cut.]

GASH, gash, adj. (Scot.) shrewd: talkative: trim.--v.i. to tattle. [Prob. a corr. of sagacious.]

GASH, gash, adj. (Scot.) ghastly, hideous--also GASH'FUL, GASH'LY.--n. GASH'LINESS.--adv. GASH'LY. [From ghastful, through association with gash.]

GASKET, gas'ket, n. (naut.) a canvas band used to bind the sails to the yards when furled: a strip of tow, &c., for packing a piston, &c.--Also GAS'KIN. [Cf. Fr. garcette, It. gaschetta; ety. dub.]

GASKINS, gas'kinz, n. (Shak.). See GALLIGASKINS.

GASP, gasp, v.i. to gape in order to catch breath: to desire eagerly.--n. the act of opening the mouth to catch the breath.--pr.p. and adj. GASP'ING, convulsive, spasmodic.--adv. GASP'INGLY.--THE LAST GASP, the utmost extremity. [Ice. geispa, to yawn, by metathesis from geipsa, cf. geip, idle talk.]

GAST, gast, v.t. (Shak.) to make aghast, to frighten or terrify. [A.S. g['æ]stan; cf. AGHAST.]

GASTEROPOD, gas'ter-o-pod, n. one of a class of molluscs, embracing whelks, limpets, snails, &c., having in general a muscular disc under the belly, which serves them as feet--also GAS'TROPOD:--pl. GASTEROP'ODA.--adj. GASTEROP'ODOUS. [Formed from Gr. gast[=e]r, the stomach, pous, podos, a foot.]

GASTRÆA, gas-tr[=e]'a, n. (biol.) a hypothetic animal form assumed by Hæckel as the ancestor of all metazoic animals:--pl. GASTRÆ'Æ.--n. GAS'TRULA, that embryonic form of metazoic animals which consists of a two-layered sac enclosing a central cavity and having an opening at one end:--pl. GRAS'TRULÆ.--adj. GAS'TRULAR.

GASTRALGIA, gas-tral'ji-a, n. pain in the stomach or bowels. [Gr. gast[=e]r, the stomach, algos, pain.]

GASTRIC, gas'trik, adj. belonging to the stomach--also GAS'TRAL.--ns. GASTR[=I]'TIS, inflammation of the stomach; GASTROL'OGER.--adj. GASTROLOG'ICAL.--n. GASTROL'OGY, cookery, good eating.--GASTRIC FEVER, a bilious remittent fever; GASTRIC JUICE, the digestive liquid secreted by the glands of the stomach. [Gr. gast[=e]r, the belly.]

GASTROCNEMIUS, gas-trok-n[=e]'mi-us, n. a superficial muscle of the posterior tibial region helping to extend the foot. [Gr. gast[=e]r, stomach, kn[=e]m[=e], the leg.]

GASTROMANCY, gas'tro-man-si, n. a means of divination by ventriloquism: divination by large-bellied glasses. [Gr. gast[=e]r, belly, manteia, soothsaying.]

GASTRONOME, gas'tro-n[=o]m, n. one who pays great attention to his diet, an epicure--also GASTRON'OMER, GASTRON'OMIST.--adjs. GASTRONOM'IC, -AL, pertaining to gastronomy.--ns. GASTRON'OMY, the art or science of good eating; GAS'TROPHILE, GAS'TROPHILIST, GAS'TROPHILITE; GAS'TROPHILISM, love of good eating; GAS'TROSOPH, one skilled in matters of eating; GASTROS'OPHER; GASTROS'OPHY. [Gr. gast[=e]r, belly, nomos, law--nemein, to distribute.]

GASTROSTOMY, gas-tros'to-mi, n. an operation performed in a case of stricture of the gullet, to introduce food into the stomach through an external opening. [Gr. gast[=e]r, belly, stoma, mouth.]

GASTROTOMY, gas-trot'o-mi, n. the operation of cutting open the belly. [Gr. gast[=e]r, belly, tom[=e], a cutting--temnein, to cut.]

GASTRO-VASCULAR, gas-tr[=o]-vas'k[=u]-lar, adj. common to the functions of digestion and circulation.

GAT, gat (B.) pa.t. of get.

GAT, gat, n. an opening between sandbanks, a strait. [Ice.]

GATE, g[=a]t, n. a passage into a city, enclosure, or any large building: a narrow opening or defile: a frame in the entrance into any enclosure: an entrance.--v.t. to supply with a gate: at Oxford and Cambridge, to punish by requiring the offender to be within the college gates by a certain hour.--adj. G[=A]'TED, punished with such restriction.--ns. GATE'-FINE, the fine imposed for disobedience to such orders; GATE'-HOUSE (archit.), a building over or near the gate giving entrance to a city, abbey, college, &c.; GATE'-KEEP'ER, GATE'MAN, one who watches over the opening and shutting of a gate.--adj. GATE'LESS, not having a gate.--ns. GATE'-MON'EY, the money taken for entrance to an athletic or other exhibition, sometimes simply 'gate;' GATE'-TOW'ER, a tower built beside or over a gate; GATE'-VEIN, the great abdominal vein; GATE'WAY, the way through a gate: the gate itself: any entrance.--GATE OF JUSTICE, a gate as of a city, temple, &c., where a sovereign or judge sat to dispense justice; GATES OF DEATH, a phrase expressing the near approach of death.--BREAK GATES, at Oxford and Cambridge, to enter college after the prescribed hour; IVORY GATE, in poetical imagery, the semi-transparent gate of the house of sleep, through which dreams appear distorted into pleasant and delusive shapes; STAND IN THE GATE (B.), to occupy a position of defence. [A.S. geat, a way; Dut. gat, Ice. gat; not in Goth. and High Ger.; prob. related to get or gate.]

GATE, g[=a]t, n. (Scot.) a way, path: manner of doing, esp. in adverbial phrases like 'this gate,' 'any gate,' 'some gate.' [Ice. gata; Da. gade, Ger. gasse.]

GATE, g[=a]t, n. (Spens.) a goat. [A.S. gat.]

GÂTEAU, gat-[=o]', n. cake.--VEAL GATEAU, minced veal made up like a pudding, and boiled in a shape or mould. [Fr.]

GATHER, ga_th_'[.e]r, v.t. to collect: to acquire: in sewing, to plait: to learn by inference.--v.i. to assemble or muster: to increase: to suppurate.--n. a plait or fold in cloth, made by drawing the thread through (pl. that part of the dress which is gathered or drawn in).--ns. GATH'ERER, one who collects: a gleaner: in glass manufacturing, a workman who collects molten glass on the end of a rod preparatory to blowing; GATH'ERING, a crowd or assembly: a tumour or collection of matter; GATH'ERING-COAL, -PEAT, a coal, peat, put into a fire at night, with the hot embers gathered about it, to keep the fire alive till morning; GATH'ERING-CRY, a summons to assemble for war.--GATHER BREATH, to recover wind; GATHER GROUND, to gain ground; GATHER ONE'S SELF TOGETHER, to collect all one's powers, like one about to leap; GATHER TO A HEAD, to ripen: to come into a state of preparation for action or effect; GATHER WAY, to get headway by sail or steam so as to answer the helm. [A.S. gaderian, gæderian, (tó)gædere, together; cf. geador, together, g['æ]d, company.]

GATLING-GUN. See GUN.

GAUCHE, g[=o]sh, adj. left-handed: clumsy.--n. GAUCHE'RIE (-r[=e]), clumsiness: awkwardness. [Fr.]

GAUCHO, gow'ch[=o], n. a native of the La Plata pampas of Spanish descent, noted for marvellous horsemanship.--Less correctly GUA'CHO.

GAUCIE, GAUCY, GAWCY, GAWSY, gä'si, adj. (Scot.) portly, jolly.

GAUD, gawd, n. an ornament: a piece of finery:--pl. showy ceremonies, gaieties.--v.i. (Shak.) make merry.--v.t. (Shak.) to adorn with gauds: to paint, as the cheeks.--ns. GAUDE[=A]'MUS, a rejoicing, students' merrymaking; GAUD'ERY, finery.--adv. GAUD'ILY.--ns. GAUD'INESS, showiness; GAUD'Y, an English university feast or festival.--adj. showy: gay.--n. GAUD'Y-DAY. [L. gaudium, delight--gaud[=e]re, to rejoice.]

GAUGE, GAGE, g[=a]j, n. a measuring-rod: a standard of measure: estimate.--v.t. to measure the contents of any vessel: to estimate ability.--adj. GAUGE'ABLE, capable of being gauged.--ns. GAUG'ER, an excise officer whose business is to gauge or measure the contents of casks; GAUG'ING, the art of measuring casks containing excisable liquors; GAUG'ING-ROD, an instrument for measuring the contents of casks; BROAD'-, NARR'OW-GAUGE, in railroad construction, a distance between the rails greater or less than 56½ inches, called standard gauge. [O. Fr. gauge (Fr. jauge), gauger; prob. related to jale, bowl, to galon, gallon, or to jalon, measuring stake.]

GAUL, gawl, n. a name of ancient France: an inhabitant of Gaul.--adj. GAUL'ISH. [Fr.,--L. Gallus; perh. conn. with A.S. wealh, foreign.]

GAULT, gawlt, n. a series of beds of clay and marl, between the Upper and the Lower Greensand: brick earth--also GALT.--n. GAULT'ER, one who digs gault.

GAULTHERIA, gal-t[=e]'ri-a, n. a genus of evergreen aromatic plants--one species, the U.S. winter-green, yielding a valued volatile oil. [From the Canadian botanist M. Gaultier.]

GAUM, gawm, v.t. to smear: (obs.) to handle clumsily.--adj. GAUM'Y, dauby.

GAUN, gän, Scotch for going.

GAUNT, gänt, adj. thin: of a pinched appearance: causing emaciation.--adv. GAUNT'LY.--n. GAUNT'NESS. [Skeat compares Norw. gand, pointed stick, and Sw. prov. gank, a lean horse.]

GAUNTLET, gänt'let, n. the iron glove of armour, formerly thrown down in challenge: a long glove covering the wrist.--p.adj. GAUNT'LETED, wearing a gauntlet or gauntlets.--n. GAUNT'LET-GUARD, a guard of a sword or dagger, protecting the hand very thoroughly.--RUN THE GAUNTLET (see GANTLET).--THROW DOWN, TAKE UP, THE GAUNTLET, to give, to accept a challenge. [Fr. gantelet, double dim. of gant, a glove, of Scand. origin; cf. Old Sw. vante, a glove, Ice. vöttr, a glove, Dan. vante.]

GAUNTRY. See GANTRY.

GAUP, GAWP, gawp, v.i. (prov.) to gape in astonishment.--ns. GAUP'US, GAWP'US, a silly person.

GAUR, gowr, n. a species of ox inhabiting some of the mountain jungles of India. [Hindustani.]

GAUZE, gawz, n. a thin, transparent fabric, originally of silk, now of any fine hard-spun fibre: material slight and open like gauze.--adj. GAUZE'-WINGED, having gauzy wings.--n. GAUZ'INESS.--adj. GAUZ'Y.--n. WIRE'-GAUZE (see WIRE). [Fr. gaze, dubiously referred to Gaza in Palestine.]

GAVAGE, ga-väzh', n. a process of fattening poultry by forcing them to swallow food at fixed intervals: (med.) a similar method of forced feeding. [Fr. gaver--gave, the crop of a bird.]

GAVE, g[=a]v, pa.t. of give.

GAVEL, g[=a]'vel, a prov. form of gable.

GAVEL, gav'el, n. an old Saxon and Welsh form of tenure by which an estate passed, on the holder's death, to all the sons equally.--v.t. to divide or distribute in this way.--ns. GAV'ELKIND, a tenure now peculiar to Kent by which the tenant at fifteen can sell the estate or devise it by will, the estate cannot escheat, and on an intestacy the lands descend from the father to all sons in equal portions; GAV'ELMAN, a tenant holding land in gavelkind. [A.S. gafol, tribute; cog. with giefan, to give.]

GAVIAL, g[=a]'vi-al, n. the East Indian species of crocodile, with very long slender muzzle. [Adapted from Hindustani ghariy[=a]l, a crocodile.]

GAVOTTE, ga-vot', n. a lively kind of dance, somewhat like a country-dance, originally a dance of the Gavotes, the people of Gap, in the Upper Alps: the music for such a dance.

GAWD, gawd, n. (Shak.). Same as GAUD.

GAWK, gawk, adj. left, as in gawk-handed.--ns. GAWK'IHOOD, GAWK'INESS, quality of being gawky.--adj. GAWK'Y, awkward, stupid, ungainly.--n. a lout. [Prob. a contr. of gaulick-, galloc-, gallish-(handed); most prob. not related to Fr. gauche.]

GAY, g[=a], adj. lively: bright: sportive, merry: wanton, dissipated, of loose life: showy: (prov.) spotted.--adv. (Scot.) fairly, considerably.--ns. GAI'ETY, GAY'ETY, GAY'NESS.--advs. GAI'LY, GAY'LY; GAY'SOME, gladsome.--GAY SCIENCE, a rendering of gai saber, the Provençal name for the art of poetry. [O. Fr. gai--Old High Ger. wâhi, pretty, not gâhi, swift (Diez).]

GAYAL, GYAL, g[=i]'al, n. a kind of East Indian ox, long domesticated, dark brown in colour, with short curved horns. [Hindi.]

GAY-YOU, g[=i]'-[=u], n. a narrow, flat-bottomed fishing-boat, of two or three masts, used in Annam.

GAZE, g[=a]z, v.i, to look fixedly.--n. a fixed look: the object gazed at--(Spens.) GAZE'MENT.--adj. GAZE'FUL (Spens.), looking intently.--ns. GAZE'-HOUND, a hound that pursues by sight rather than scent; GAZ'ER, one who gazes; GAZ'ING-STOCK, a person exposed to public view, generally in a bad sense.--AT GAZE, in the attitude of gazing. [Prob. cog. with obs. gaw, to stare, Ice. gá, to heed. Some compare the Sw. gasa, to stare.]

GAZEBO, g[=a]-z[=e]'b[=o], n. a summer-house with a wide prospect. [Humorously formed from gaze.]

GAZEL, gaz'el, n. a form of GHAZAL (q.v.).

GAZELLE, GAZEL, ga-zel', n. a small species of antelope with beautiful dark eyes, found in Arabia and North Africa. [Fr.,--Ar. ghaz[=a]l, a wild-goat.]

GAZETTE, ga-zet', n. a newspaper: one of the three official newspapers of the United Kingdom, published in Edinburgh, London, and Dublin, with record of every appointment in the public service.--v.t. to publish in a gazette:--pr.p. gazett'ing; pa.p. gazett'ed.--n. GAZETTEER', a geographical dictionary: (orig.) a writer for a gazette, official journalist.--v.t. to describe in gazetteers.--adj. GAZETTEE'RISH, like a gazetteer in style.--APPEAR, HAVE ONE'S NAME, IN THE GAZETTE, to be mentioned in one of the three official newspapers, esp. of bankrupts. [Fr.,--It. gazzetta, a small coin; or from It. gazzetta, in the sense of a magpie=a chatterer.]

GAZOGENE, gaz'o-j[=e]n, n. an instrument for manufacturing aerated waters, usually for domestic use, by the action of an acid on an alkali carbonate. [Fr., gaz, gas, Gr. gen[=e]s--gignesthai, to become.]

GAZON, ga-zon', n. a sod or piece of turf, used in fortification.--n. GAZOON', used erroneously by Hogg for a compact body of men. [Fr., grass.]

GAZY, g[=a]'zi, adj. affording a wide prospect: given to gazing.

GEACH, g[=e]ch, n. (slang) a thief.--v.t. to steal.

GEAL, j[=e]'al, adj. pertaining to the earth regarded as a planet. [Gr. g[=e], earth.]

GEAL, j[=e]l, v.i. to congeal.

GEAN, g[=e]n, n. the European wild cherry. [O. Fr. guigne.]

GEAR, g[=e]r, n. a state of preparation: dress: harness: tackle: (mech.) connection by means of toothed wheels: (obs.) a matter, affair.--v.t. to put in gear, as machinery.--p.adj. GEARED, connected with the motor by gearing.--ns. GEAR'ING, harness: working implements: (mech.) a train of toothed wheels and pinions; GEAR'-WHEEL, a wheel with teeth or cogs which impart or transmit motion by acting on those of another wheel; DRIV'ING-GEAR, those parts in a machine most nearly concerned in imparting motion.--MULTIPLYING GEARING, a combination of cog-wheels for imparting motion from wheels of larger to wheels of smaller diameter, by which the rate of revolution is increased; OUT OF GEAR, out of running order, unprepared; STRAIGHT GEARING, the name given when the planes of motion are parallel--opposed to Bevelled gearing, when the direction is changed (see BEVEL). [M. E. gere, prob. Ice. gervi; cf. A.S. gearwe, Old High Ger. garawi, Eng. yare and gar, v.]

GEASON, g[=e]'zn, adj. (Spens.) rare: wonderful. [A.S. g['æ]sne, gésne, wanting, barren.]

GEAT, j[=e]t, n. the hole in a mould through which the metal is poured in casting.

GEBBIE, geb'i, n. (Scot.) the stomach.

GEBUR, ge-b[=oo]r', n. a tenant-farmer in the early English community.

GECK, gek, n. a dupe: scorn, object of scorn.--v.t. to mock.--v.i. to scoff at. [Prob. Low Ger. geck; Dut. gek, Ger. geck.]

GECKO, gek'[=o], n. one of a family of small dull-coloured lizards called Geckotidæ. [Malay g[=e]koq.]

GED, ged, n. (prov.) the pike or luce. [Ice. gedda.]

GEE, g[=e], n. (prov.) a fit of ill-temper, usually in phrase 'to take the gee.'

GEE, j[=e], v.i. of horses, to move to the offside--the right, the driver standing on the left.--v.t. to cause so to move.--v.i. to go, to suit, get on well.--n. GEE-GEE, a horse.--GEE UP, to proceed faster.

GEESE, pl. of goose.

GEËZ, g[=e]-ez', GIZ, g[=e]z, n. the ancient language of Ethiopia, a Semitic tongue closely related to Arabic.

GEGG, geg, n. (Scot.) a hoax, trick.--v.t. to hoax.--n. GEG'GERY, trickery.

GEHENNA, ge-hen'a, n. the valley of Hinnom, near Jerusalem, in which the Israelites sacrificed their children to Moloch, and to which, at a later time, the refuse of the city was conveyed to be slowly burned--hence (N.T.) hell. [L.,--Heb. Ge, valley of, and Hinnom.]

GEISHA, g[=a]'sha, n. a Japanese dancing-girl.

GEIST, g[=i]st, n. spirit, any inspiring or dominating principle. [Ger.]

GELASTIC, jel-as'tik, adj. risible.

GELATINE, GELATIN, jel'a-tin, n. an animal substance which dissolves in hot water and forms a jelly when cold.--adj. GELATIG'ENOUS, producing gelatine.--vs.t. GELAT'IN[=A]TE, GELAT'IN[=I]SE, to make into gelatine or jelly.--vs.i. to be converted into gelatine or jelly.--ns. GELATIN[=A]'TION, GELATINIS[=A]'TION.--adjs. GELATIN'IFORM, having the form of gelatine; GELA'TINOID, like gelatine; GELAT'INOUS, resembling or formed into jelly.--n. GEL[=A]'TION, solidification by cold.--EXPLOSIVE GELATINE, a powerful explosive made by gently heating nitro-glycerine in a water-bath, then dissolving gun-cotton in it. [Fr.,--It. gelatina, gelata, jelly.]

GELD, geld, n. a historical term meaning money: tribute. [A.S. geld, gyld, payment; Ice. giald, money.]

GELD, geld, v.t. to emasculate, castrate: to spay: to deprive of anything essential, to enfeeble: to deprive of anything objectionable.--ns. GELD'ER; GELD'ING, act of castrating: a castrated animal, esp. a horse. [Ice. gelda; Dan. gilde.]

GELDER(S)-ROSE. See GUELDER-ROSE.

GELID, jel'id, adj. icy cold: cold.--adv. GEL'IDLY.--ns. GEL'IDNESS, GELID'ITY. [L. gelidus--gelu, frost.]

GELOTOMETER, jel-ot-om'e-ter, n. (Landor) a gauge for measuring laughter.

GELSEMIUM, jel-s[=e]'mi-um, n. the yellow or Cardina jasmine, a climbing plant of the Atlantic Southern United States, having large fragrant blossoms and perennial dark-green leaves. [It. gelsomino, jasmine.]

GELT, gelt, pa.t. and pa.p. of geld.

GELT, gelt, n. (Spens.). Same as GILT.

GEM, jem, n. any precious stone, esp. when cut: anything extremely valuable or attractive, a treasure.--v.t. (obs.) to bud: to adorn with gems: to bespangle:--pr.p. gem'ming; pa.p. gemmed.--ns. GEM'-CUT'TING, the art of cutting and polishing precious stones; GEM'-ENGRAV'ING, the art of engraving figures on gems.--adj. GEM'MEOUS, pertaining to gems.--n. GEM'MERY, gems generally.--adj. GEM'MY, full of gems, brilliant. [A.S. gim; Old High Ger. gimma--L. gemma, a bud.]

GEMARA, ge-mär'a, n. the second part of the Talmud, consisting of commentary and complement to the first part, the Mishna. [Aramaic, 'completion.']

GEMATRIA, ge-m[=a]'tri-a, n. a cabbalistic method of interpreting the Hebrew Scriptures by interchanging words whose letters have the same numerical value when added. [Rabbinical Heb.,--Gr. ge[=o]metria, geometry.]

GEMEL-RING, jem'el-ring, n. a ring with two or more links.--n. GEM'EL, a twin.--adj. GEMELLIP'AROUS, producing twins. [O. Fr. gemel (Fr. jumeau)--L. gemellus, dim. of geminus, twin, and ring.]

GEMINATE, jem'in-[=a]t, adj. (bot.) in pairs.--v.t. (rare) to double.--n. GEMIN[=A]'TION, a doubling: repetition of a word to add emphasis: (philol.) the doubling of a consonant originally single. [L. gemin[=a]re, [=a]tum--geminus, twin.]

GEMINI, jem'i-n[=i], n.pl. the twins, a constellation containing the two bright stars Castor and Pollux.--adj. GEM'INOUS (bot.), double, in pairs.--n. GEM'INY (Shak.), twins, a pair: used as a mild oath or interjection, from the common Latin oath O Gemini, or simply Gemini--spelt also geminy, gemony, jiminy. [L., pl. of geminus, twin-born.]

GEMMAN, jem'an, n. gentleman.--Also GEM'MAN.

GEMMATION, jem-m[=a]'shun, n. (bot.) act or time of budding: arrangement of buds on the stalk.--n. GEM'MA, a bud:--pl. GEM'MÆ.--adjs. GEMM[=A]'CEOUS, pertaining to leaf-buds; GEM'M[=A]TE, having buds; GEM'MATIVE; GEMMIF'EROUS, producing buds.--n. GEMMIPAR'ITY.--adj. GEMMIP'AROUS (zool.), reproducing by buds growing on the body.--n. GEM'M[=U]LE, a little gem or leaf-bud.--adj. GEMMULIF'EROUS, bearing gemmules. [Fr.,--L. gemm[=a]re, -[=a]tum.]

GEMOT, GEMOTE, ge-m[=o]t', n. a meeting or assembly. [A.S. gemót. Cf. MOOT.]

GEMSBOK, jemz'bok, n. a species of antelope, found in South Africa, about the size of a stag, with long straight horns. [Dut.]

GENAPPE, je-nap', n. a smooth worsted yarn used with silk in fringes, braid, &c. [Genappe in Belgium.]

GENDARME, jang-darm', n. originally a mounted lancer, but since the Revolution one of a corps of military police, divided into legions and companies:--pl. GENDARMES', GENSDARMES'.--n. GENDAR'MERIE, the armed police of France. [Fr. gendarme, sing. from pl. gens d'armes, men-at-arms--gens, people, de, of, armes, arms.]

GENDER, jen'd[.e]r, v.t. to beget.--v.i. (B.) to copulate. [An abbrev. of engender.]

GENDER, jen'd[.e]r, n. kind, esp. with regard to sex: (gram.) the distinction of nouns according to sex. [Fr. genre--L. genus, generis, a kind, kin.]

GENEALOGY, jen-e-al'o-ji, n. history of the descent of families: the pedigree of a particular person or family.--adj. GENEALOG'ICAL.--adv. GENEALOG'ICALLY.--v.i. GENEAL'OGISE, to investigate or treat of genealogy.--n. GENEAL'OGIST, one who studies or traces genealogies or descents.--GENEALOGICAL TREE, the lineage of a family or person under the form of a tree with roots, branches, &c. [Fr.,--L.,--Gr. genealogia--genea, birth, legein, to speak of.]

GENERA. See GENUS.

GENERAL, jen'[.e]r-al, adj. relating to a genus or whole class: including many species: not special: not restricted: common: prevalent: public: loose: vague.--n. a class embracing many species: an officer who is head over a whole department: a military officer who commands a body of men not less than a brigade (often general officer): the chief commander of an army in service: (R.C. Church) the head of a religious order, responsible only to the Pope: (Shak.) the public, the vulgar.--n. GENERAL'[=E], esp. in pl. GENERALIA, general principles.--adj. GENERAL[=I]'SABLE.--n. GENERALIS[=A]'TION.--v.t. GENERAL[=I]SE', to include under a general term: to infer (the nature of a class) from one or a few instances.--v.i. to reason inductively.--n. GENERAL'ITY.--advs. GEN'ERALLY, GEN'ERAL (obs.), in a general or collective manner or sense: in most cases: upon the whole.--n. GEN'ERALSHIP, the position of a military commander: military tactics.--GENERAL ASSEMBLY (see ASSEMBLY); GENERAL EPISTLE, one addressed to the whole Church (same as CATHOLIC EPISTLE); GENERAL PRACTITIONER, a physician who devotes himself to general practice rather than to special diseases; GENERAL PRINCIPLE, a principle to which there are no exceptions within its range of application; GENERAL SERVANT, a servant whose duties are not special, but embrace domestic work of every kind.--IN GENERAL, mostly, as a general rule. [O. Fr.,--L. generalis--genus.]

GENERALISSIMO, jen-[.e]r-al-is'i-mo, n. the chief general or commander of an army of two or more divisions, or of separate armies. [It.]

GENERATE, jen'[.e]r-[=a]t, v.t. to produce: to bring into life: to originate.--adj. GEN'ERABLE, that may be generated or produced.--ns. GEN'ERANT (math.), a line, point, or figure that produces another figure by its motion; GENER[=A]'TION, a producing or originating: a single stage in natural descent: the people of the same age or period: offspring, progeny, race: (pl.) genealogy, history (B.); GENER[=A]'TIONISM, traducianism.--adj. GEN'ER[=A]TIVE, having the power of generating or producing.--ns. GEN'ER[=A]TOR, begetter or producer: the principal sound in music; GEN'ER[=A]TRIX (geom.), the point, line, or surface which, by its motion, generates another magnitude.--adjs. GENET'IC, -AL, pertaining to genesis or production.--adv. GENET'ICALLY.--ns. GEN'ETRIX, GEN'ITRIX, a female parent; GEN'ITOR, a progenitor; GEN'ITURE, birth.--ALTERNATION OF GENERATIONS, a complication in the life-history of plants, when the organism produces offspring unlike itself, but giving rise in turn to forms like the original parents; SPONTANEOUS GENERATION, the origination of living from non-living matter: abiogenesis. [L. gener[=a]re, -[=a]tum--genus, a kind.]

GENERIC, -AL, GENERICALLY. See GENUS.

GENEROUS, jen'[.e]r-us, adj. of a noble nature: courageous: liberal: bountiful: invigorating in its nature, as wine: (obs.) nobly born.--adv. GEN'EROUSLY.--ns. GEN'EROUSNESS, GENEROS'ITY, nobleness or liberality of nature: (arch.) nobility of birth. [Fr. généreux--L. generosus, of noble birth--genus, birth.]

GENESIS, jen'e-sis, n. generation, creation, or production: the first book of the Bible, so called from its containing an account of the Creation:--pl. GEN'ES[=E]S.--adjs. GENES'IAC, -AL, GENESIT'IC, pertaining to Genesis. [L.,--Gr.,--gignesthai, to beget.]

GENET, GENNET. Same as JENNET.

GENET, jen'et, n. a carnivorous animal, allied to the civet, of a gray colour, marked with black or brown, a native of Africa, Asia, and Southern Europe: its fur, made into muffs and tippets.--Also GEN'ETTE. [Fr. genette--Sp. gineta--Ar. jarnait, a genet.]

GENETHLIAC, -AL, j[=e]-neth'li-ak, -al, adj. pertaining to a birthday or nativity.--n. a birthday poem.--n. GENETHL[=I]'ACON, a birthday ode.--adjs. GENETHLIALOG'IC, -AL.--n. GENETHLIAL'OGY, the art of casting nativities.

GENEVA, je-n[=e]'va, n. a spirit distilled from grain and flavoured with juniper-berries, also called Hollands.--n. GENEVETTE', a wine made from wild fruits flavoured with juniper-berries. [Dut. genever, jenever, O. Fr. genevre (Fr. genièvre)--L. juniperus, the juniper; corrupted to Geneva by confusion with the town of that name. See GIN.]

GENEVAN, j[=e]-n[=e]'van, adj. pertaining to Geneva.--n. an inhabitant of Geneva: an adherent of Genevan or Calvinistic theology.--adjs. and ns. GEN[=E]'VAN, GENEV[=E]SE'.--n. GEN[=E]'VANISM, Calvinism.--GENEVA BIBLE, a version of the Bible with racy notes produced by English exiles at Geneva in 1560; GENEVA CONVENTION, an international agreement of 1865 providing for the neutrality of hospitals, and the security of sanitary officers, naval and military chaplains; GENEVA CROSS, a red cross on a white ground displayed for protection in war of persons serving in hospitals, &c.; GENEVA GOWN, the dark, loose preaching gown affected by the early Geneva reformers, and still the common form of pulpit-gown among Presbyterians; GENEVAN THEOLOGY, so called from Calvin's residence in Geneva and the establishment of his doctrines there.

GENIAL, j[=e]'ni-al, adj. pertaining to generation, producing: cheering: kindly: sympathetic: healthful.--v.t. G[=E]'NIALISE, to impart geniality to.--ns. GENIAL'ITY, G[=E]'NIALNESS.--adv. G[=E]'NIALLY. [Fr.--L. genialis, from genius, the spirit of social enjoyment.]

GENIAL, jen'i-al, adj. of or pertaining to the chin. [Gr. geneion--genys, the jaw.]

GENICULATE, -D, je-nik'[=u]-l[=a]t, -ed, adj. (bot.) bent abruptly like the knee: jointed: knotted.--v.t. GENIC'ULATE, to form joints in.--n. GENICUL[=A]'TION. [L. genicul[=a]re, -[=a]tum--geniculum, a little knee--genu, the knee.]

GENIE, j[=e]'ni, n. a jinnee. [Fr. génie--L. genius.]

GENIPAP, jen'i-pap, n. a large West Indian tree with excellent fruit. [Native.]

GENISTA, j[=e]-nis'ta, n. a large genus of shrubby, leguminous plants, with simple leaves and yellow flowers. [L. genista, broom.]

GENITAL, jen'i-tal, adj. belonging to generation or the act of producing.--n.pl. GEN'ITALS (also GENIT[=A]'LIA), the exterior organs of generation. [L. genitalis--gign[)e]re, genitum, to beget.]

GENITIVE, jen'i-tiv, adj. (gram.) applied to a case properly denoting the class or kind to which a thing belongs, represented in modern English by the possessive case.--adj. GENIT[=I]'VAL. [L. genitivus (gign[)e]re, genitum, to beget), as if indicating origin, a mistranslation of Gr. genikos--genos, a class.]

GENIUS, j[=e]n'yus, or j[=e]'ni-us, n. the special inborn faculty of any individual: special taste or disposition qualifying for a particular employment: a man having such power of mind: a good or evil spirit, supposed by the ancients to preside over every person, place, and thing, and esp. to preside over a man's destiny from his birth: prevailing spirit or tendency: type or generic exemplification--(obs.) G[=E]N'IO:--pl. GENIUSES (j[=e]n'yus-ez).--GENIUS LOCI (L.), the presiding divinity of a place:--pl. GENII (j[=e]'ni-[=i]). [L. genius--gign[)e]re, genitum, to beget.]

GENOESE, je-n[=o]-[=e]z', adj. relating to Genoa--also GENOVESE'.--n. an inhabitant of Genoa.

GENOUILLÈRE, zhe-n[=oo]-y[=a]r, n. the knee-piece in armour.

GENRE, zhangr, n. kind, style: a style of painting scenes from familiar or rustic life. [Fr. genre, kind--L. genus.]

GENS, jenz, n. in ancient Rome, a clan including several families descended from a common ancestor: a tribe:--pl. GEN'TES. [L.]

GENT, jent, adj. (Spens.) noble. [O. Fr.,--L. gentilis, gentle.]

GENT, jent, n. familiar abbrev. of gentleman: one who apes the gentleman.

GENTEEL, jen-t[=e]l', adj. well-bred: graceful in manners or in form: fashionable.--adj. GENTEEL'ISH, somewhat genteel.--adv. GENTEEL'LY.--n. GENTEEL'NESS (same as GENTILITY).--THE GENTEEL, the manners and usages of genteel or well-bred society. [Fr. gentil--L. gentilis, belonging to the same gens, or clan--later, well-bred.]

GENTIAN, jen'shan, n. a plant the root of which is used in medicine, said by Pliny to have been brought into use by Gentius, king of Illyria, conquered by the Romans in 167 B.C.--ns. GENTIANEL'LA, a name for several species of gentian, esp. Gentiana acaulis, with deep-blue flowers; GEN'TIANINE, a yellow crystalline bitter compound obtained from the yellow gentian.

GENTILE, jen't[=i]l, n. (B.) any one not a Jew: any one not a Christian.--adj. of or belonging to a gens or clan: belonging to any nation but the Jews: (gram.) denoting a race or country.--adjs. GENTIL'IC, tribal; GEN'TILISH, heathenish.--n. GEN'TILISM, paganism.--adjs. GENTILI'TIAL, GENTILI'TIAN, GENTILI'TIOUS, pertaining to a gens. [L. gentilis--gens, a nation.]

GENTLE, jen'tl, adj. well-born: mild and refined in manners: mild in disposition: amiable: soothing: moderate: gradual.--v.t. (Shak.) to make gentle.--n. (obs.) a person of good family: (Shak.) a trained falcon: the larva of the flesh-fly, used as a bait in angling.--n. GENTILESSE', the quality of being gentle, courtesy.--v.t. GEN'TILISE, to raise to the class of gentleman.--n. GENTIL'ITY, good birth or extraction: good breeding: politeness of manners: genteel people: marks of gentility.--n.pl. GEN'TLEFOLK, people of good family.--adj. GEN'TLE-HEART'ED, having a gentle or kind disposition.--n. GEN'TLEHOOD, position or character attaching to gentle birth.--n. GEN'TLENESS.--adv. GENT'LY.--n. GEN'TRICE, gentle birth, courtesy.--GENTLE READER, courteous reader, an old-fashioned phrase common in the prefaces of books.--THE GENTLE CRAFT, a phrase used to specify shoe-making, also angling; THE GENTLE (or GENTLER) SEX, women in general as opposed to the stern or sterner sex. [Fr.,--L. gentilis. See GENTEEL.]

GENTLEMAN, jen'tl-man, n. a man of good birth: one who without a title wears a coat of arms: more generally every man above the rank of yeoman, including the nobility: one above the trading classes: a man of refined manners: a polite term used for man in general: (Shak.) a body-servant:--pl. GEN'TLEMEN--also a word of address:--fem. GEN'TLEWOMAN.--ns. GEN'TLEMAN-AT-ARMS, a member of the royal bodyguard, instituted in 1509, and now composed of military officers of service and distinction only; GEN'TLEMAN-COMM'ONER, a member of the higher class of commoners at Oxford University; GEN'TLEMANHOOD, GEN'TLEMANSHIP, the condition or character of a gentleman.--adjs. GEN'TLEMANLIKE, GEN'TLEMANLY, well-bred, refined, generous; GEN'TLEMANLINESS.--adj. GEN'TLEWOMANLY, like a refined and well-bred woman.--n. GEN'TLEWOMANLINESS.--GENTLEMAN FARMER, a landowner who resides on his estate and superintends the cultivation of his own soil; GENTLEMAN OF THE CHAPEL-ROYAL, a lay-singer who assists the priests in the choral service of the royal chapel; GENTLEMAN'S GENTLEMAN, a valet, or gentleman's body-servant; GENTLEMAN USHER, a gentleman who serves as an usher at court, or as an attendant on a person of rank.

GENTOO, jen-t[=oo]', n. a Hindu. [Port. gentio, a Gentile.]

GENTRY, jen'tri, n. the class of people below the rank of nobility: (coll.) people of a particular, esp. an inferior, stamp: (Shak.) noble birth. [Apparently an altered form of gentrice, from O. Fr. genterise, gentelise, formed from adj. gentil, gentle.]

GENTY, jen'ti, adj. (Scot.) neat, pretty, graceful.

GENUFLECT, jen-[=u]-flekt', v.i. to bend the knee in worship or respect.--ns. GENUFLEC'TION, GENUFLEX'ION. [L. genu, the knee, flect[)e]re, to bend.]

GENUINE, jen'[=u]-in, adj. natural, not spurious or adulterated: real: pure: (zool.) conformable to type.--adv. GEN'UINELY.--n. GEN'UINENESS. [L. genuinus--gign[)e]re, to beget.]

GENUS, j[=e]'nus, n. (zool.) a group consisting of a number of species closely connected by common characters or natural affinity: (log.) a class of objects comprehending several subordinate species:--pl. GENERA (jen'[.e]ra).--adjs. GENER'IC, -AL, pertaining to a genus: relating to gender: of a general nature, not special: distinctly characteristic.--adv. GENER'ICALLY. [L. genus, generis, birth; cog. with Gr. genos--gignesthai.]

GEO, GIO, gy[=o], n. (prov.) a gully, creek. [Ice. gjá.]

GEOCENTRIC, -AL, j[=e]-o-sen'trik, -al, adj. having the earth for its centre: (astron.) as seen or measured from the earth.--adv. GEOCEN'TRICALLY.--n. GEOCEN'TRICISM. [Gr. g[=e], the earth, kentron, a centre.]

GEOCYCLIC, j[=e]-[=o]-sik'lik, adj. pertaining to the revolutions of the earth.

GEODE, j[=e]'[=o]d, n. (min.) a rounded nodule of stone with a hollow interior.--adj. GEODIF'EROUS, bearing or producing geodes. [Fr.,--Gr. ge[=o]d[=e]s, earth-like, earthen--g[=e], earth, eidos, form.]

GEODESY, je-od'e-si, n. a science whose object is to measure the earth and its parts on a large scale.--ns. GEOD[=E]'SIAN, GEOD'ESIST, one skilled in geodesy.--adjs. GEODES'IC, -AL, GEODET'IC, -AL, pertaining to or determined by geodesy. [Fr. géodésie--Gr. ge[=o]daisia--g[=e], the earth, daiein, to divide.]

GEOGNOSY, je-og'no-si, n. the study of the materials of the earth's substance, now frequently called Petrography--also GEOGN[=O]'SIS.--n. G[=E]'OGNOST.--adjs. GEOGNOST'IC, -AL.--adv. GEOGNOST'ICALLY. [Fr. géognosie--Gr. g[=e], the earth, gn[=o]sis, knowledge.]

GEOGONY, je-og'o-ni, n. the doctrine of the production or formation of the earth--also GEOG'ENY.--adj. GEOGON'IC. [Gr., g[=e], the earth, gon[=e], generation.]

GEOGRAPHY, je-og'ra-fi, n. the science which describes the surface of the earth and its inhabitants: a book containing a description of the earth.--n. GEOG'RAPHER.--adjs. GEOGRAPH'IC, -AL, relating to geography.--adv. GEOGRAPH'ICALLY.--GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION (see DISTRIBUTION).--DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY, that part of geography which consists in a statement of facts; HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY, that part of geography which investigates the changes which have occurred in the governmental control of territory; PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY (see PHYSICAL); POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY, geography that gives an account of the different communities of mankind. [Fr.,--L.,--Gr. ge[=o]graphia--g[=e], the earth, graph[=e], a description--graphein, to write.]

GEOLATRY, j[=e]-ol'a-tri, n. earth-worship. [Gr. g[=e], the earth, latreia, worship.]

GEOLOGY, je-ol'o-ji, n. the science relating to the history and development of the earth's crust, together with the several floras and faunas which have successively clothed and peopled its surface.--ns. GEOLO'GIAN, GEOL'OGIST.--adjs. GEOLOG'IC, -AL, pertaining to geology.--adv. GEOLOG'ICALLY.--v.i. GEOL'OGISE.--DYNAMICAL GEOLOGY, the study of natural operations based on the belief that the effects of Nature's agents in the present will further interpret the records of such actions in the past; STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY, that geology which treats of the mode in which rocks are built up in the earth's crust. [Fr. géologie--Gr. g[=e], the earth, logia, a discourse.]

GEOMANCY, j[=e]'o-man-si, n. divination by figures or lines drawn on the earth.--n. G[=E]'OMANCER.--adj. GE'OMANTIC, pertaining to geomancy. [Fr. géomancie--Gr. g[=e], the earth, manteia, divination.]

GEOMETRY, je-om'e-tri, n. that branch of mathematics which treats of magnitude and its relations: a text-book of geometry.--ns. GEOM'ETER, GEOMETRI'CIAN, one skilled in geometry.--adjs. GEOMET'RIC, -AL.--adv. GEOMET'RICALLY.--v.i. GEOM'ETRISE, to study geometry.--n. GEOM'ETRIST. [Fr. géométrie--L., Gr. geometria--g[=e], the earth, metron, a measure.]

GEOMYS, j[=e]'[=o]-mis, n. the typical genus of Geomyidæ, the pouched rats or pocket-gophers. [Gr. g[=e], the earth, mys, mouse.]

GEONOMY, j[=e]-on'o-mi, n. the science of the physical laws relating to the earth.--adj. GEONOM'IC. [Gr. g[=e], earth, nomos, law.]

GEOPHAGY, j[=e]-of'a-ji, n. the act or practice of eating earth--also GEOPH'AGISM.--n. GEOPH'AGIST.--adj. GEOPH'AGOUS. [Gr. g[=e], the earth, phagein, to eat.]

GEOPONIC, -AL, j[=e]-o-pon'ik, -al, adj. pertaining to tilling the earth or to agriculture.--n.pl. GEOPON'ICS, the science of agriculture. [Fr. géoponique--Gr. ge[=o]ponikos--g[=e], the earth, ponos, labour.]

GEORAMA, j[=e]-o-rä'ma, n. an apparatus for exhibiting the seas, lakes, rivers, and mountains on the earth's surface. [Gr. g[=e], the earth, horama, a view--horaein, to see.]

GEORDIE, j[=o]r'di, n. a guinea, from the figure of St George upon the back: a safety-lamp for miners invented by George Stephenson: a coal-pitman, a collier-boat.

GEORGE, jorj, n. a jewelled figure of St George slaying the dragon, worn by Knights of the Garter.

GEORGIAN, jorj'i-an, adj. relating to the reigns of the four Georges, kings of Great Britain: belonging to Georgia in the Caucasus, its people, language, &c.: pertaining to the American State of Georgia.--Also n.

GEORGIC, jorj'ik, adj. relating to agriculture or rustic affairs.--n. a poem on husbandry. [L. georgicus--Gr. ge[=o]rgikos--ge[=o]rgia, agriculture--g[=e], the earth, ergon, a work.]

GEOSCOPY, j[=e]-os'k[=o]-pi, n. knowledge of the earth or its soil gained from observation. [Gr. g[=e], the earth, skopein, to view.]

GEOSELENIC, j[=e]-o-se-len'ik, adj. relating to the earth and the moon in their mutual relations. [Gr. g[=e], the earth, sel[=e]n[=e], the moon.]

GEOSTATIC, j[=e]-o-stat'ik, adj. capable of sustaining the pressure of earth from all sides.--n.pl. GEOSTAT'ICS, the statics of rigid bodies. [Gr. g[=e], the earth, statikos, causing to stand.]

GEOTECTONIC, j[=e]-o-tek-ton'ik, adj. relating to the structure of the earth. [Gr. g[=e], the earth, tekt[=o]n, a builder.]

GEOTHERMIC, j[=e]-o-ther'mik, adj. pertaining to the internal heat of the earth.--n. GEOTHERMOM'ETER, an instrument for measuring subterranean temperatures. [Gr. g[=e], the earth, thermos, heat.]

GEOTROPISM, j[=e]-ot'ro-pizm, n. (bot.) tendency to growth downward.--adj. GEOTROP'IC. [Gr. g[=e], the earth, tropos, a turning.]

GERAH, g[=e]'ra, n. (B.) the smallest Hebrew weight and coin, 1/20th of a shekel, worth about 1½d. [Heb. g[=e]r[=a]h.]

GERANIUM, je-r[=a]'ni-um, n. a genus of plants with seed-vessels like a crane's bill. [L.,--Gr. geranion--geranos, a crane.]

GERATOLOGY, jer-at-ol'o-ji, n. the science of the phenomena of decadence. [Gr. g[=e]ras, old age, logia, discourse.]

GERBE, jerb, n. something resembling a sheaf of wheat: a kind of firework. [Fr.]

GERENT, j[=e]'rent, n. one who holds an office, a manager, ruler.--adj.

GERFALCON, GYRFALCON, j[.e]r'fawl-kon, -fawk'n, n. a large falcon, found in the northern regions of both the Old and New Worlds. [O. Fr. gerfaucon--Low L. gyrofalco, most prob. Old High Ger. gîr, a vulture (Ger. geier). See FALCON.]

GERM, j[.e]rm, n. a rudimentary form of a living thing, whether a plant or animal: (bot.) the seed-bud of a plant: a shoot: that from which anything springs, the origin: a first principle.--v.i. to put forth buds, sprout.--n. GERM'ICIDE, that which destroys germs. [Fr. germe--L. germen, a bud.]

GERMAN, j[.e]r'man, adj. of the first degree, as cousins german: closely allied.--n. one from the same stock or closely allied.--adj. GERMANE', nearly related: relevant, appropriate. [O. Fr. germain--L. germanus, prob. for germinanus--germen, -inis, origin.]

GERMAN, j[.e]r'man, n. a native of Germany; the German language:--pl. GER'MANS.--adj. of or from Germany.--adjs. GERMANESQUE', marked by German characteristics; GERMAN'IC, pertaining to Germany.--adv. GERMAN'ICALLY.--v.i. GER'MANISE, to show German qualities.--adj. GER'MANISH, somewhat German in qualities.--ns. GER'MANISM, an idiom of the German language; GER'MANIST.--adj. GERMANIS'TIC, pertaining to the study of German.--n. GER'MAN-SIL'VER, an alloy of copper, nickel, and zinc, white like silver, and first made in Germany.--HIGH GERMAN, the variety of Teutonic speech, originally confined to 'High' or Southern Germany, but now accepted as the literary language throughout the whole of Germany; LOW GERMAN, properly Plattdeutsch, the general name for the dialects of Germany which are not High German, but also applied by philologists to all the West Germanic dialects except High German (including English, Dutch, Frisian), and formerly in a still wider sense including also Gothic and Scandinavian. [L. Germani, 'shouters,' from Celt. gairm, a loud cry; or 'neighbours'--i.e. to the Gauls, from Celt. (Old Ir.) gair, a neighbour.]

GERMANDER, j[.e]r'man-d[.e]r, n. a large genus of labiate herbs with aromatic, bitter, and stomachic properties. [Low L. germandra--Gr. chamandrya, chamaidrys--chamai, on the ground, drys, oak.]

GERMANIUM, j[.e]r-m[=a]'ni-um, n. an element discovered in 1885 in argyrodite.

GERMEN, j[.e]rm'en, n. a disused botanical synonym for Ovary (q.v.)--(Shak.) GERM'IN.--adj. GERM'INAL, pertaining to a germ. [See GERM.]

GERMINAL, zh[=a]r-m[=e]-nal', n. the seventh month of the French revolutionary calendar, March 21-April 19.

GERMINATE, j[.e]rm'in-[=a]t, v.i. to spring from a germ: to begin to grow.--v.t. to produce.--adj. GERM'INANT, sprouting: sending forth germs or buds.--n. GERMIN[=A]'TION.--adj. GERM'INATIVE. [L. germin[=a]re, -[=a]tum--germen, a bud.]

GERN, j[.e]rn, v.i. (Spens.) to grind or yawn.

GERONTOCRACY, jer-on-tok'ra-si, n. government by old men. [Gr. ger[=o]n, an old man, kratos, power.]

GEROPIGIA, jer-o-pij'i-a, n. a mixture of grape-juice, brandy, &c., used to sophisticate port-wine. [Port.]

GERRYMANDER, jer-i-man'der, v.t. (Amer.) to rearrange the voting districts in the interests of a particular party or candidate: to manipulate facts, arguments, &c. so as to reach undue conclusions.--n. an arrangement of the above nature. [Formed from the name of Governor Elbridge Gerry (1744-1814) and Salamander, from the likeness to that animal of the gerrymandered map of Massachusetts in 1811.]

GERUND, jer'und, n. a part of the Latin verb which has the value of a verbal noun--e.g. amandum, loving.--ns. GER'UND-GRIND'ER, a teacher, tutor; GER'UND-GRIND'ING.--adj. GERUND'IAL.--n. GERUND'IVE, the future passive participle of a Latin verb. [L. gerundium--ger[)e]re, to bear.]

GERVAO, ger-vä'o n. a small medicinal verbenaceous shrub of the West Indies, &c. [Braz.]

GESSO, jes'[=o], n. a plaster surface, prepared as a ground for painting. [It.]

GEST, jest, n. (Shak.). Same as GIST.

GEST, jest, n. an exploit: demeanour, bearing: a tale of adventure, a romance.--GESTA ROMANORUM ('deeds of the Romans'), the title of a collection of short stories and legends in Latin, with moralisations appended, which probably took its present form in England about the beginning of the 14th century. [L. gesta, things done--ger[)e]re, gestum, to bear.]

GESTATION, jes-t[=a]'shun, n. the act of carrying the young in the womb, pregnancy.--adjs. GES'TANT, laden; GES'TATORY, pertaining to gestation. [Fr.,--L. gestation-em--gest[=a]re, -[=a]tum, to carry--ger[)e]re, to bear.]

GESTICULATE, jes-tik'[=u]-l[=a]t, v.i. to make gestures when speaking: to play antic tricks.--adj. GES'TIC, pertaining to motion, esp. dancing.--ns. GESTICUL[=A]'TION, act of making gestures in speaking: a gesture; GESTIC'UL[=A]TOR, one who makes gestures.--adj. GESTIC'UL[=A]TORY, representing or abounding in gesticulations. [L. gesticul[=a]ri, -[=a]tus--gesticulus, dim. of gestus, gesture--ger[)e]re, to carry.]

GESTURE, jes't[=u]r, n. a posture, or movement of the body: an action expressive of sentiment or passion: (Shak.) behaviour.--adj. GES'TURAL. [Low L. gestura--L. gestus, from L. ger[)e]re, to carry.]

GET, get, v.t. to obtain: to seize: to procure or cause to be: to beget offspring: to learn: to persuade: (B.) to betake, to carry.--v.i. to arrive or put one's self in any place, state, or condition: to become:--pr.p. get'ting; pa.t. got; pa.p. got, (obs.) got'ten.--ns. GET'TER, one who gets or obtains: one who begets; GET'TING, a gaining: anything gained: procreation; GET'-UP, equipment: general appearance.--GET AHEAD, ALONG, to make progress, advance; GET AT, to reach, attain; GET OFF, to escape; GET ON, to proceed, advance; GET OUT, to produce: to go away; GET OVER, to surmount; GET ROUND, to circumvent: to persuade, talk over; GET THROUGH, to finish; GET UP, to arise, to ascend: to arrange, prepare. [A.S. gitan, to get.]

GEUM, j[=e]'um, n. a genus of perennial herbs, of order Rosaceæ, contains the avens or herb-bennet, &c. [L.]

GEWGAW, g[=u]'gaw, n. a toy: a bauble.--adj. showy without value. [Acc. to Skeat, a reduplicated form of A.S. gifan, to give; preserved also in Northern Eng., as giff-gaff, interchange of intercourse.]

GEY (Scot.). See GAY.

GEYSER, g[=i]s[.e]r, n. a hot spring, as in Iceland, which spouts water into the air. [Ice., geysa, to gush.]

GHAST, gast, v.t. (Shak.) to strike aghast: to affright.--adj. GHAST'FUL (Spens.), dreary, dismal.--adv. GHAST'FULLY, frightfully.--ns. GHAST'LINESS, GHAST'NESS (Shak.).--adj. GHAST'LY, death-like: hideous. [A.S. g['æ]stlic, terrible. See AGHAST.]

GHAT, GHAUT, gawt, n. in India, a mountain-pass: a chain of mountains: landing-stairs for bathers on the sides of a river or tank. [Hind. gh[=a]t.]

GHAZAL, gaz'al, n. a form of Persian verse in which the first two lines rhyme, and for this rhyme a new one must be found in the second line of each succeeding couplet: a piece of music in which a simple theme is constantly recurring.--Also GAZ'EL, GHAZ'EL. [Pers. arghazel, a love-poem.]

GHAZEL. Same as GAZELLE.

GHAZI, gä'z[=e], n. a veteran Mohammedan soldier, one who has fought for the faith. [Ar., 'a warrior.']

GHEBER, GHEBRE, g[=e]'b[.e]r, n. Same as GUEBRE.

GHEE, g[=e], n. an Indian clarified butter, generally prepared from buffaloes' milk. [Hind. gh[=i].]

GHERKIN, g[.e]r'kin, n. a small cucumber used for pickling. [Dut. agurkje, a gherkin; a word of Eastern origin, as in Pers. khiyár, a cucumber, Byzantine angourion, a water-melon.]

GHETTO, get'[=o], n. the Jews' quarter in Italian cities, to which they used to be strictly confined. [It.]

GHIBELLINE, gib'e-lin, n. one of a party in Italy in the Middle Ages which supported the imperial authority, as opposed to the Guelfs. [See GUELF.]

GHOST, g[=o]st, n. the soul of man: a spirit appearing after death: (Shak.) a dead body: (slang) one who writes a statesman's speeches for him, &c.--v.i. to appear to.--adj. GHOST'-LIKE.--n. GHOST'LINESS.--adj. GHOST'LY, spiritual, religious: pertaining to apparitions.--ns. GHOST'-MOTH, a species of moth very common in Britain, its caterpillar destructive to hop-gardens; GHOST'-ST[=O]'RY, a story in which ghosts figure; GHOST'-WORD, a fictitious word that has originated in the blunder of a scribe or printer--common in dictionaries.--GIVE UP THE GHOST (B.), to die.--HOLY GHOST, the Holy Spirit, the third person in the Trinity. [A.S. gást; Ger. geist.]

GHOUL, g[=oo]l, n. an Eastern demon which devours the dead.--adj. GHOUL'ISH. [Pers.]

GHYLL, an unnecessary variant of gill, a ravine.

GIAMBEAUX, zham'b[=o], n.pl. (Spens.) armour for the legs. [Fr.,--jambe, leg.]

GIANT, j[=i]'ant, n. an individual whose stature and bulk exceed those of his species or race generally: a person of extraordinary powers:--fem. G[=i]'antess.--adj. gigantic.--ns. G[=I]'ANTISM, G[=i]'antship, the quality or character of a giant.--adj. G[=I]'ANTLY, giant-like.--n. G[=I]'ANT-POW'DER, a kind of dynamite.--adj. G[=I]'ANT-RUDE (Shak.), enormously rude or uncivil.--n. G[=I]'ANTRY, giants collectively. [O. Fr. geant (Fr. géant)--L.,--Gr. gigas, gigantos.]

GIAOUR, jowr, n. infidel, a term applied by the Turks to all who are not of their own religion. [Turk. jawr--Ar. káfir, an infidel.]

GIB, jib, n. the projecting arm of a crane: a wedge-shaped piece of metal holding another in place, &c.--v.t. to fasten with such.

GIB, jib, n. a cat--Also GIB'-CAT (Shak.). [A corr. of Gilbert, as 'Tom-cat,' hardly for glib=lib.]

GIBBE, jib, n. (Shak.) an old worn-out animal.

GIBBERISH, gib'[.e]r-ish, n. rapid, gabbling talk: unmeaning words.--adj. unmeaning.--v.i. GIBB'ER, to speak senselessly or inarticulately.--n. GIBB'LE-GABBLE, gabble. [See GABBLE.]

GIBBET, jib'et, n. a gallows on which criminals were suspended after execution: the projecting beam of a crane.--v.t. to expose on a gibbet. [O. Fr. gibet, a stick; origin unknown.]

GIBBON, gib'un, n. a genus of tailless anthropoid apes, with very long arms, natives of the East Indies.

GIBBOUS, gib'us, adj. hump-backed: swelling, convex, as the moon when nearly full--also GIBB'OSE.--ns. GIBBOS'ITY, GIBB'OUSNESS.--adv. GIBB'OUSLY. [L. gibbosus=gibberosus--gibber, a hump.]

GIBE, JIBE, j[=i]b, v.t. to sneer at: to taunt.--n. a taunt: contempt.--n. GIB'ER, one who gibes.--adv. GIB'INGLY. [Ice. geipa, to talk nonsense.]

GIBEL, gib'el, n. the Prussian carp, without barbules.

GIBEONITE, gib'[=e]-on-[=i]t, n. a slave's slave--from Josh., ix.

GIBLETS, jib'lets, n.pl. the internal eatable parts of fowl, taken out before cooking it.--adj. GIB'LET, made of giblets. [O. Fr. gibelet; origin unknown; not a dim. of gibier, game.]

GIBUS, zh[=e]'bus, n. a crush-hat, opera-hat. [Fr.]

GID, gid, n. staggers in sheep.--Also STUR'DY (q.v.).

GIDDY, gid'i, adj. unsteady, dizzy: that causes giddiness: whirling: inconstant: thoughtless.--adv. GIDD'ILY.--n. GIDD'INESS.--adjs. GIDD'Y-HEAD'ED, thoughtless, wanting reflection; GIDD'Y-PACED (Shak.), moving irregularly. [From A.S. giddian, to sing, be merry, gid, a song.]

GIE, g[=e], v. a Scotch form of give.

GIER-EAGLE, j[=e]r'-[=e]'gl, n. (B.) a species of eagle. [See GYRFALCON.]

GIF, gif, conj. an obsolete form of if.

GIFT, gift, n. a thing given: a bribe: a quality bestowed by nature: the act of giving.--v.t. to endow with any power or faculty.--adj. GIFT'ED, endowed by nature: intellectual.--ns. GIFT'-HORSE, a horse given as a gift; GIFT'LING, a little gift.--LOOK A GIFT HORSE IN THE MOUTH, to criticise a gift. [Give.]

GIG, gig, n. a light, two-wheeled carriage: a long, light boat: (U.S.) sport, fun.--v.t. and v.i. GIG'GIT (U.S.), to convey or move rapidly.--ns. GIG'MAN, one who drives or keeps a gig--a favourite term of Carlyle's for a narrow philistinism based on the possession of a little more money than others, whence GIG'MANESS, GIGMAN'ITY, GIG'M[=A]NIA. [M. E. gigge, a whirling thing (cf. WHIRLIGIG); prob. related to Ice. geiga, to turn in a wrong direction. Cf. JIG.]

GIGANTIC, j[=i]-gan'tik, adj. suitable to a giant: enormous--also GIGANT[=E]'AN.--adj. GIGANTESQUE', befitting a giant.--adv. GIGAN'TICALLY.--ns. GIGAN'TICIDE, the act of killing a giant; GIGANTOL'OGY, description of giants; GIGANTOM'ACHY, a war of giants. [L. gigas, gigantis, a giant, cæd[)e]re, to kill.]

GIGGLE, gig'l, v.i. to laugh with short catches of the breath, or in a silly manner.--n. a laugh of this kind.--ns. GIGG'LER; GIGG'LING. [M. E. gagelen, to cackle; cf. Ice. gagl, a goose.]

GIGLET, gig'let, n. a giddy girl: a wanton--also GIG'LOT.--adj. (Shak.) inconstant. [Prob. Ice. gikkr, a pert person; perh. related to gig. See JIG.]

GIGOT, jig'ut, n. a leg of mutton. [Fr.,--O. Fr. gigue, a leg: a fiddle; a word of unknown origin.]

GILA MONSTER. See MONSTER.

GILD, gild, v.t. to cover or overlay with gold: to cover with any gold-like substance: to gloss over: to adorn with lustre:--pr.p. gild'ing; pa.t. and pa.p. gild'ed or gilt.--ns. GILD'ER, one who coats articles with gold; GILD'ING, act or trade of a gilder: gold laid on any surface for ornament.--GILDED CHAMBER, the House of Lords; GILD THE PILL, to do something to make a disagreeable thing seem less so. [A.S. gyldan--gold. See GOLD.]

GILL, gil, n. one of the breathing organs in fishes and certain other aquatic animals: the flap below the bill of a fowl. [Cf. Dan. giælle, a gill; Ice. gjölnar (pl.), gills; Sw. gäl.]

GILL, jil, n. a measure=¼ pint.--n. GILL'-HOUSE, a dram-shop. [O. Fr. gelle; cf. Low L. gillo, a flask; allied to Fr. jale, a large bowl, Eng. gallon.]

GILL, jil, n. a girl, because of the commonness of the name Gillian, cf. 'Jack and Jill:' ground-ivy: beer flavoured with ground-ivy.--n. GILL'-FLIRT, a wanton girl. [From Gillian or Juliana (from Julius), a female name, contracted Gill, Jill.]

GILL, gil, n. a small ravine, a wooded glen.--Also GHYLL. [Ice.]

GILLIE, GILLY, gil'i, n. a youth, a man-servant, esp. to one hunting. [Gael. gille, a lad, Ir. giolla.]

GILLYFLOWER, jil'i-flow-[.e]r, n. popular English name for stock, wallflower, &c., from its clove-like smell. [O. Fr. giroflée--Gr. karyophyllon, the clove-tree--karyon, a nut, phyllon, a leaf.]

GILPY, GILPEY, gil'pi, n. (Scot.) a boisterous boy or girl.

GILRAVAGE, gil-rav'[=a]j, n. (Scot.) a noisy frolic, disorder.--v.i. to plunder, spoil.

GILT, gilt, pa.t. and pa.p of gild.--n. that which is used for gilding.--adjs. GILD'ED; GILT'-EDGED, having the edges gilt: of the highest quality, as 'gilt-edged securities'=those stocks whose interest is considered perfectly safe.--n. GILT'-HEAD, a popular name for several fishes, esp. a sparoid fish with a half-moon-shaped gold spot between the eyes.

GILT, gilt, n. (Shak.) money.

GIMBAL, gim'bal, n. a contrivance for suspending the mariner's compass, so as to keep it always horizontal. [Through Fr. from L. gemelli, twins.]

GIMBLET. Same as GIMLET.

GIMCRACK, jim'krak, n. a toy: a gewgaw: a trivial mechanism--also JIM'CRACK.--n. GIM'CRACKERY. [Prov. gim or jim, neat, and crack, a lively boy.]

GIMLET, gim'let, n. a small tool for boring holes by turning it with the hand.--v.t. to pierce with a gimlet: (naut.) to turn round (an anchor) as if turning a gimlet.--adj. GIM'LET-EYED, very sharp-sighted. [O. Fr. gimbelet, from Teut.; cf. Eng. wimble.]

GIMMAL, gim'al, n. a gimbal: (Shak.) anything consisting of parts moving within each other or interlocked--a quaint piece of mechanism--also GIMM'ER.--adj. (Shak.) made or consisting of double rings.

GIMMER, gim'[.e]r, n. a two-year-old ewe. [Ice. gymbr; cf. Sw. gimmer, Dan. gimmer.]

GIMP, gimp, n. a kind of trimming, &c., of silk, woollen, or cotton twist.--v.t. to make or furnish with gimp. [Fr. guimpe, from Old High Ger. wimpal, a light robe; Eng. wimple.]

GIN, jin, n. Same as Geneva, of which it is a contraction.--ns. GIN'-FIZZ, a drink of gin, lemon-juice, effervescing water, &c.; GIN-PAL'ACE, GIN'-SHOP, a shop where gin is sold; GIN'-SLING, a cold beverage of gin and water, sweetened and flavoured.

GIN, jin, n. the name of a variety of machines, esp. one with pulleys for raising weights, &c.: a pump worked by rotary sails: (B.) a trap or snare.--v.t. to trap or snare: to clear cotton of its seeds by a machine:--pr.p. gin'ning; pa.p. ginned.--ns. GIN'-HORSE, a mill-horse; GIN'-HOUSE, a place where cotton is ginned. [Contr. from engine.]

GIN, jin, n. an Australian native woman.

GIN, gin, v.i. to begin.--n. GIN'NING, beginning.

GIN, gin, a prov. form of against.

GIN, gin, a Scotch form of gif=if.

GINETE, ch[=e]-n[=a]'t[=a], n. a trooper, horse-soldier. [Sp.]

GING, ging, n. a gang or company. [A.S. genge, a troop, gangan, to go. See GANG.]

GINGELLY-OIL, jin-jel'i-oil, n. the oil of Indian sesame.

GINGER, jin'j[.e]r, n. the root of a plant in the East and West Indies, with a hot and spicy taste, useful as a condiment or stomachic.--ns. GINGERADE', an aerated drink flavoured with ginger; GIN'GERBEER, an effervescent drink flavoured with ginger; GIN'GERBREAD, sweet bread flavoured with ginger; GIN'GER-COR'DIAL, a cordial made of ginger, lemon-peel, raisins, water, and sometimes spirits; GIN'GERNUT, a small cake flavoured with ginger and sweetened with molasses.--adj. GIN'GEROUS, like ginger.--ns. GIN'GERPOP, weak gingerbeer; GIN'GERSNAP, a thin brittle cake spiced with ginger; GIN'GER-WINE, a liquor made by the fermentation of sugar and water, and flavoured with various spices, chiefly ginger.--GINGERBREAD WARE, or WORK, cheap and tawdry ornamental work.--TAKE THE GILT OFF THE GINGERBREAD, to destroy the illusion. [M. E. gingivere--O. Fr. gengibre--L. zingiber--Gr. zingiberis--Sans. çriñga-vera--çriñga, horn, vera, shape.]

GINGERLY, jin'j[.e]r-li, adv. with soft steps: cautiously. [From a Scand. root, seen in Sw. gingla, to totter.]

GINGHAM, ging'ham, n. a kind of cotton cloth, woven from coloured yarns into stripes or checks, manufactured chiefly for dresses. [Fr. guingan, acc. to Littré, a corr. of Guingamp, in Brittany.]

GINGING, gin'jing, n. (prov.) the lining of a shaft.

GINGIVAL, jin-j[=i]'val, adj. pertaining to the gums.--n. GINGIV[=I]'TIS, inflammation of the gums. [L. gingivæ.]

GINGKO, ging'k[=o], n. a Chinese tree, allied to the yew, with edible fruit--the Maiden-hair-tree. [Jap. gingk[=o]--Chin. yin-hing--yin, silver, hing, apricot.]

GINGLE, jing'l. Same as JINGLE.

GINGLYMUS, jing'gli-mus (or ging'-), n. a joint that permits flexion and extension in a single plane, as at the elbow and ankle:--pl. GING'LYM[=I]. [Gr.]

GINNET, jin'net, n. obsolete form of jennet.

GINNING. See GIN (2).

GINNY-CARRIAGE, jin'i-kar'[=a]j, n. a small strong carriage used for conveying materials on a railway.

GINSENG, jin'seng, n. a plant of genus Aralia, and its root, a Chinese panacea for exhaustion of body or mind. [Chin. jin-tsan.]

GIP, jip, n. Same as GYP.

GIPSY, GYPSEY, GYPSY, jip'si, n. one of a wandering race, originally from India, now scattered over Europe: one with a dark complexion: a sly, roguish woman.--adj. unconventional, outdoor.--ns. GIP'SYDOM; GIP'SYISM.--GIPSY HAT, a hat for women, with large flaps at the sides; GIPSY TABLE, a form of light fancy table; GIPSY WAGON, a wagon or van like a dwelling on wheels, used by gipsies and travelling photographers. [Egyptian, because once supposed to come from Egypt.]

GIRAFFE, ji-raf', n. the camelopard, an African quadruped with remarkably long neck and legs. [Fr.,--Sp. girafa--Ar. zar[=a]f.]

GIRANDOLE, jir'an-d[=o]l, n. a branched chandelier, generally projecting from a wall, and used as a stand for candles or lamps, or for flowers: a rotating firework. [Fr.,--It. girandola--girare--L. gyr[=a]re, to turn round--gyrus--Gr. gyros, a circle.]

GIRASOL, jir'a-sol, n. a bluish-white translucent opal with reddish reflections. [It.,--girare, and sole--L. sol, the sun.]

GIRD, g[.e]rd, v.i. to gibe, jeer (with at).--v.t. (obs.) to taunt.--n. (obs.) a sneer. [A.S. gyrd, gierd, rod.]

GIRD, g[.e]rd, v.t. to bind round: to make fast by binding: to surround: to clothe, furnish:--pa.t. and pa.p. gird'ed or girt.--n. GIRD'ER, one of the principal pieces of timber in a floor binding the others together: in engineering, any simple or compound beam of wood, iron, or steel used to support joisting, walls, arches, &c., in various kinds of bridges.--GIRD ONE'S SELF, to tuck up loose garments under the girdle: to brace the mind for any trial or effort. [A.S. gyrdan; cf. Ger. gürten, garden, Eng. yard.]

GIRDING, g[.e]rd'ing, n. (B.) a covering.

GIRDLE, g[.e]rd'l, n. that which encircles, esp. a band or belt for the waist: an enclosure, compass, limit: in jewellery, a horizontal line surrounding a stone.--v.t. to bind, as with a girdle: to enclose: to make a circular incision, as through the bark of a tree to kill it.--n. GIRD'LE-BELT, a belt for girding the waist.--p.adj. GIRD'LED (Shak.), surrounded with, or as with, a girdle.--n. GIRD'LER, one who girdles: a maker of girdles. [A.S. gyrdel--gyrdan, to gird.]

GIRDLE, g[.e]rd'l, n. a Scotch form of griddle.

GIRKIN, g[.e]r'kin, n. Same as GHERKIN.

GIRL, g[.e]rl, n. a female child: a young unmarried woman: a maid-servant.--n. GIRL'HOOD, the state or time of being a girl.--adj. GIRL'ISH, of or like a girl.--adv. GIRL'ISHLY--n. GIRL'ISHNESS. [Prob. from Old Low Ger. gör, a child, with dim. suffix -l.]

GIRLOND, obsolete form of garland.

GIRN, g[.e]rn, v.i. (Scot.) to grin, snarl. [Grin.]

GIRNEL, g[.e]r'nel, n. (Scot.) a granary, meal-chest. [Variant of garner.]

GIRONDIST, ji-rond'ist, n. a member of the moderate republican party during the French Revolution, so called because its earliest leaders, Vergniaud, Guadet, &c., were sent up to the Legislative Assembly (Oct. 1791) by the Gironde department.--Also GIRON'DIN.

GIRR, gir, n. (Scot.) a hoop.

GIRT, g[.e]rt, v.t. to gird.--pa.p. of a ship moored so taut by her cables to two oppositely placed anchors as to be prevented from swinging to the wind or tide.

GIRTH, g[.e]rth, n. belly-band of a saddle: measure round the waist.--Also GIRT.

GIST, jist, n. the main point or pith of a matter. [From an old French proverb, 'I know where the hare lies'--i.e. I know the main point--O. Fr. gist (Fr. gît)--O. Fr. gesir (Fr. gésir), to lie--L. jac[=e]re.]

GITTERN, git'ern, n. a kind of guitar, a cithern.--v.i. to play on the gittern. [Most prob. Old Dut. ghiterne--L. cithara--Gr. kithara. See GUITAR.]

GIUST, j[=oo]st, n. (Spens.). Same as JOUST.

GIUSTO, j[=u]s't[=o], adj. (mus.) suitable, regular. [It.,--L. justus, just.]

GIVE, giv, v.t. to bestow: to impart: to yield: to grant: to permit: to afford: to furnish: to pay or render, as thanks: to pronounce, as a decision: to show, as a result: to apply, as one's self: to allow or admit.--v.i. to yield to pressure: to begin to melt: to grow soft: to open, or give an opening or view, to lead (with upon, on, into):--pr.p. giv'ing; pa.t. g[=a]ve; pa.p. given (giv'n).--p.adj. GIV'EN, bestowed: specified: addicted, disposed to: admitted, supposed.--ns. GIV'ER, one who gives or bestows; GIV'ING, the act of bestowing: (Shak.) an alleging of what is not real.--GIVE AND TAKE, to give and get fairly, fair measure on both sides; GIVE BIRTH TO, to bring forth: to originate; GIVE CHASE, to pursue; GIVE EAR, to listen; GIVE FORTH, to emit, to publish; GIVE GROUND, place, to give way, to yield; GIVE IN TO, to yield assent or obedience to; GIVE IT TO ONE (coll.), to scold or beat anybody severely; GIVE LINE, HEAD, REIN, &c., to give more liberty or scope--the metaphor from angling and driving; GIVE ONE'S SELF AWAY, to betray one's secret by a slip of the tongue, &c.; GIVE OUT, to report, to emit; GIVE OVER, to cease; GIVE THE LIE TO, to charge openly with falsehood; GIVE TONGUE, to bark; GIVE UP, to abandon; GIVE WAY, to fall back, to yield, to withdraw: to begin rowing--usually as a command to a crew. [A.S. giefan; Goth. giban, Ger. geben.]

GIVES, j[=i]vz, n. Same as GYVES.

GIZZ, giz, n. (Scot.) the face.

GIZZARD, giz'ard, n. the muscular stomach of a bird. [M. E. giser--O. Fr. gezier--L. gigerium, only in pl. gigeria, cooked entrails of poultry.]

GIZZEN, giz'n, v.i. (Scot.) to shrink from dryness so as to leak: to wither.--adj. leaky.

GLABROUS, gl[=a]'brus, adj. smooth: having no hairs or any unevenness.--adj. GL[=A]'BR[=A]TE, smooth, glabrous. [L. glaber, smooth.]

GLACÉ, gla-s[=a]', adj. iced: glossy, lustrous, esp. of a thin silk material. [Fr.]

GLACIAL, gl[=a]'shi-al, adj. icy: frozen: pertaining to ice or its action, esp. to glaciers.--ns. GL[=A]'CIALIST, one who attributes the phenomena of the drift in geology to the action of glaciers; GL[=A]CI[=A]'TION, the act of freezing: ice: the process of becoming covered with glaciers. [Fr.,--L. glacialis--glacies, ice.]

GLACIER, gl[=a]'sh[=e]r, or glas'i-[.e]r, n. a field or, more properly, a slowly moving river of ice, such as is found in the hollows and on the slopes of lofty mountains. [Fr.,--glace, ice--L. glacies, ice.]

GLACIS, gl[=a]'sis, or gla-s[=e]', n. a gentle slope: (fort.) a smooth sloping bank. [Fr.,--O. Fr. glacer, to freeze--glace, ice.]

GLAD, glad, adj. pleased: cheerful: bright: giving pleasure.--v.t. to make glad:--pr.p. glad'ding; pa.p. glad'ded.--v.t. GLAD'DEN, to make glad: to cheer: to animate.--adj. GLAD'FUL (Spens.).--n. GLAD'FULNESS.--adv. GLAD'LY.--n. GLAD'NESS.--adj. GLAD'SOME, glad: joyous: gay.--adv. GLAD'SOMELY.--n. GLAD'SOMENESS. [A.S. glæd; Ger. glatt, smooth, Ice. glaðr, bright, Dan. glad.]

GLADE, gl[=a]d, n. an open space in a wood.--adj. GL[=A]'DY, having glades. [Scand.; Ice. glaðr, bright, Norw. glette, a clear spot among clouds.]

GLADIATOR, glad'i-[=a]-tor, n. in ancient Rome, a professional combatant with men or beasts in the arena.--adjs. GLAD'I[=A]TE, sword-shaped; GLADIAT[=O]'RIAL, GLADI[=A]'TORY, GLADIAT[=O]'RIAN.--ns. GLAD'IATORSHIP; GL[=A]'DIUS, the cuttle-bone or pen of a cuttle-fish. [L., a swordsman--gladius, a sword.]

GLADIOLE, glad'i-[=o]l, GLADIOLUS, gla-d[=i]'o-lus, glad-i-[=o]'lus, n. the plant sword-lily:--pl. GLAD[=I]'OL[=I]. [L. gladiolus, dim. of gladius.]

GLADSTONE, glad'ston, n. a four-wheeled two-seated carriage with driver's seat and dickey: a kind of light travelling-bag, opening wide. [From the great statesman, W. E. Gladstone (1809-98).]

GLAGOLITIC, glag-o-lit'ik, adj. of or pertaining to Glagol, an ancient Slavonic alphabet, apparently derived from the cursive Greek of the 9th century, only used in the liturgical books of the Dalmatian Slavs. [Old Bulgarian glagolu, a word.]

GLAIKIT, gl[=a]k'it, adj. (Scot.) giddy, foolish.--ns. GLAIK, a deception, a quick glance; GLAIK'ITNESS, levity.--FLING THE GLAIKS IN FOLK'S EEN (Scot.), to throw dust in people's eyes. [See GLEEK.]

GLAIR, gl[=a]r, n. the clear part of an egg used as varnish: any viscous, transparent substance: mud.--v.t. to varnish with white of eggs.--adjs. GLAIR'Y, GLAIR'EOUS, GL[=A]R'EOUS. [Fr. glaire--Low L. clara ovi, white of egg--L. clarus, clear.]

GLAIVE, gl[=a]v, n. a weapon like a halberd, fixed on a long shaft, its edge on the outer curve.--Also GLAVE. [O. Fr. glaive--L. gladius, a sword.]

GLAMOUR, glam'[.e]r, n. the supposed influence of a charm on the eyes, making them see things as fairer than they are: fascination: enchantment. [Merely a corruption of gramarye or grammar, meaning grammar, then magic.]

GLANCE, glans, n. a sudden shoot of light: a darting of the eye: a momentary view: a term applied to minerals exhibiting a pseudo-metallic lustre.--v.i. to dart a ray of light or splendour: to snatch a momentary view: to fly off obliquely: to make a passing allusion.--v.t. to dart suddenly or obliquely: to hint.--n. GLANCE'-COAL, any hard coal, like anthracite, so called from its metallic lustre.--adv. GLANC'INGLY. [From a Teut. root seen in Sw. glans, Dut. glans, Ger. glanz, lustre, and allied to Eng. glint.]

GLAND, gland, n. a secreting structure, which in various ways alters the material brought to it by the blood, extracting and excreting waste products as in the kidneys, or manufacturing valuable by-products, such as the glycogen and bile of the liver: (bot.) a small cellular spot which secretes oil or aroma.--adjs. GLANDIF'EROUS, bearing acorns or nuts; GLAND'IFORM, resembling a gland: nut-shaped; GLAND'[=U]LAR, GLAND'[=U]LOUS, containing, consisting of, or pertaining to glands.--n. GLAND'[=U]LE, a small gland.--adj. GLAND[=U]LIF'EROUS. [F. glande--L. glans, glandis, an acorn.]

GLANDERS, gland'[.e]rz, n. a malignant, contagious, and fatal disease of the horse or ass, showing itself esp. on the mucous membrane of the nose, upon the lungs, and on the lymphatic system.--adj. GLAND'ERED, affected with glanders.

GLARE, gl[=a]r, n. a clear, dazzling light: overpowering lustre: a piercing look.--v.i. to shine with a clear, dazzling light: to be ostentatiously splendid: to look with piercing eyes.--adj. GLAR'ING, bright and dazzling: barefaced: notorious.--adv. GLAR'INGLY.--n. GLAR'INGNESS. [Perh. from A.S. glær, a pellucid substance, amber.]

GLAREOUS. See GLAIR.

GLASS, glas, n. a combination of silica with some alkali or alkaline earth, such as lime, &c., used for window panes, mirrors, lenses, &c.: anything made of glass, esp. a drinking-vessel, a mirror, &c.: the quantity of liquid a glass holds: any fused substance like glass, with a vitreous fracture: (pl.) spectacles.--adj. made of glass.--v.t. to case in glass.--ns. GLASS'-BLOW'ER, one who blows and fashions glass; GLASS'-BLOW'ING, the process of making glass, by taking a mass of glass reduced by heat to a viscid state, and inflating it; GLASS'-COACH, a coach for hire having glazed windows; GLASS'-CRAB, the larval form of rock lobsters, &c., but formerly regarded as adults, and made into a genus or even family; GLASS'-CUT'TER; GLASS'-CUT'TING, the act or process of cutting, shaping, and ornamenting the surface of glass.--adj. GLASS'-FACED (Shak.), reflecting the sentiments of another, as in a mirror.--n. GLASS'FUL, the contents of a glass.--adj. GLASS'-GAZ'ING (Shak.), addicted to viewing one's self in a mirror.--ns. GLASS'-GRIND'ING, the ornamenting of glass by rubbing with sand, emery, &c.; GLASS'-HOUSE, a glass manufactory: a house made of glass.--adv. GLASS'ILY.--n. GLASS'INESS.--adj. GLASS'-LIKE.--ns. GLASS'-PAINT'ING, the art of producing pictures on glass by means of staining it chemically; GLASS'-P[=A]'PER, paper coated with finely pounded glass, and used like sand-paper; GLASS'-SOAP, an oxide of manganese and other substances used by glass-blowers to remove colouring from glass; GLASS'WARE, articles made of glass; GLASS'-WORK, articles made of glass; GLASS'WORT, a plant so called from its yielding soda, used in making glass.--adjs. GLASS'Y, made of or like glass; GLASS'Y-HEAD'ED (Tenn.), having a bald, shining head.--ns. CUT'-GLASS, flint-glass shaped or ornamented by cutting or grinding on a wheel; GROUND'-GLASS, any glass that has been depolished by a sand-blast, grinding, or etching with acids, so as to destroy its transparency; PLATE'-GLASS, glass cast in large thick plates.--LIVE IN A GLASS HOUSE=to be open to attack or retort.--MUSICAL GLASSES (see HARMONICA).--WATER, or SOLUBLE, GLASS, the soluble silicate of soda or of potash formed when silica is fused with an excess of alkali, used for hardening artificial stone, as a cement, and for rendering calico, &c., uninflammable. [A.S. glæs; Dut., Ger., and Sw. glas; cog. with glow, gleam, glance, glare.]

GLASSITE, glas'[=i]t, n. one of a religious sect founded by John Glas (1695-1773), a minister of the Church of Scotland, who was deposed in 1730 for maintaining that a congregation with its eldership is, in its discipline, subject to no jurisdiction but that of Jesus Christ. The sect is now better known as the Sandemanians, from the name of Glas's son-in-law.

GLASWEGIAN, glas-w[=e]j'i-an, n. and adj. a native or citizen of Glasgow.

GLAUBERITE, glaw'ber-[=i]t, n. a grayish-white mineral, a compound of the sulphates of sodium and calcium, found chiefly in rock-salt. [From the German Johann Rudolf Glauber, 1604-68.]

GLAUBER-SALT. See SALT.

GLAUCOMA, glawk-[=o]'ma, n. an insidious disease of the eye, marked by increased tension within the eyeball, growing dimness of vision, and an excavation of the papilla of the optic nerve--also GLAUC[=O]'SIS.--adj. GLAUCOM'ATOUS. [See GLAUCOUS.]

GLAUCONITE, glaw'k[=o]-n[=i]t, n. the mineral, a silicate of iron, which gives a green colour to some of the beds of the greensand strata, whence their name.--adj. GLAUCONIT'IC. [Fr.,--Gr. glaukos, bluish-green.]

GLAUCOUS, glaw'kus, adj. sea-green: grayish-blue: (bot.) covered with a fine green bloom.--n. GLAUCES'CENCE.--adj. GLAUCES'CENT, somewhat glaucous. [L. glaucus, bluish--Gr. glaukos, blue or gray.]

GLAUCUS, glaw'kus, n. a genus of Gasteropods, in the warmer parts of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. [Gr. glaukos, a fish--glaukos, bluish-green.]

GLAUM, gläm, v.i. and v.t. (Scot.) to grasp eagerly (with at).

GLAUR, glär, a Scotch form of glair.

GLAUX, gläks, n. a genus of Primulaceæ, called also Sea milkwort and Black saltwort, common along sea-coasts of northern Europe--formerly used in soda-making. [L.,--Gr. glaux, milk-vetch.]

GLAVE. See GLAIVE.

GLAZE, gl[=a]z, v.t. to furnish or set with glass: to cover with a thin surface of glass or something glassy: to give a glassy surface to.--n. the glassy coating put upon pottery: any shining exterior.--ns. GL[=A]Z'ER, a workman who glazes pottery, paper, &c.; GL[=A]'ZIER, one who sets glass in window-frames, &c. (for glazer; like law-y-er for law-er); GL[=A]Z'ING, the act or art of setting glass: the art of covering with a vitreous substance: (paint.) semi-transparent colours put thinly over others to modify the effect. [M. E. glasen--glas, glass.]

GLEAM, gl[=e]m, v.i. to glow or shine: to flash.--n. a small stream of light: a beam: brightness.--n. GLEAM'ING, a sudden shoot of light.--adj. GLEAM'Y, casting beams or rays of light. [A.S. gl['æ]m, gleam, brightness (see GLIMMER); akin to glass, glow.]

GLEAN, gl[=e]n, v.t. to gather in handfuls after the reapers: to collect (what is thinly scattered).--v.i. to gather the corn left by a reaper.--n. that which is gleaned: the act of gleaning.--ns. GLEAN'ER; GLEAN'ING. [O. Fr. glener (Fr. glaner), through Low L. glen[=a]re, glena, from Teut.]

GLEBE, gl[=e]b, n. the land belonging to a parish church or ecclesiastical benefice: (mining) a piece of earth containing ore: (arch.) turf.--ADJS. GLEB'OUS, GLEB'Y, cloddy, turfy. [Fr.,--L. gleba, a clod.]

GLEDE, gl[=e]d, n. (B.) the common kite, a rapacious bird. [A.S. glida, from, glídan, to glide.]

GLEDGE, glej, v.i. to squint: to look cunningly.--n. a knowing look. [See GLEY.]

GLEE, gl[=e], n. joy: mirth and gaiety: (mus.) a song or catch in parts.--adj. GLEE'FUL, merry.--ns. GLEE'MAID'EN, a female minstrel; GLEE'MAN, a minstrel.--adj. GLEE'SOME, merry. [A.S. gleó, mirth; Ice. glý.]

GLEED, gl[=e]d, n. a hot coal or burning ember. [A.S. gléd; cf. Dut. gloed, Ger. glut, Sw. glöd.]

GLEEK, gl[=e]k, n. (Shak.) a jest or scoff, a trick: an old game at cards for three, each having twelve, and eight being left for the stock.--v.i. (Shak.) to gibe or sneer, to spend time in sport or fun. [Prob. cog. with A.S. gelác, play, Ice. leik.]

GLEET, gl[=e]t, n. a glairy discharge from a mucous surface.--adj. GLEET'Y. [O. Fr. glete, glecte, a flux.]

GLEG, gleg, adj. clever: apt: (Scot.) sharp. [Ice. glöggr, clever; cf. A.S. gleáw, wise, Ger. glau, clear.]

GLEN, glen, n. a narrow valley worn by a river: a depression between hills. [Celt., as in Gael. and Ir. gleann, W. glyn.]

GLENE, gl[=e]'n[=e], n. the pupil, eyeball: a socket.--adjs. GL[=E]'NOID, -AL, slightly cupped. [Gr.]

GLENGARRY, glen-gar'i, n. a cap of thick-milled woollen, generally rising to a point in front, with ribbons hanging down behind--worn by the Highlanders of Scotland. [Glengarry, a glen in West Inverness-shire.]

GLENLIVET, glen-l[=e]v'et, n. a good Scotch whisky. [Glenlivet, a valley in Banffshire.]

GLEY, gl[=i], gl[=e], v.i. to squint.--p.adj. GLEYED (Scot.), squint-eyed. [Ice. gljá, to glitter; Dan. glo.]

GLIADIN. See GLUTIN.

GLIB, glib, adj. moving easily: voluble.--v.i. to move freely.--adv. GLIB'LY.--n. GLIB'NESS. [A contr. of Dut. glibberig, slippery.]

GLIB, glib, n. (Spens.) a bush of hair hanging over the eyes. [Gael., a lock of hair.]

GLIB, glib, v.t. (Shak.) to emasculate, to castrate. [Perh. an error for lib, to castrate.]

GLIDE, gl[=i]d, v.i. to slide smoothly and easily: to flow gently: to pass rapidly.--n. act of gliding: the joining of two sounds without a break: a smooth and sliding kind of waltz-step.--adj. GLID'DERY, slippery.--n. GL[=I]D'ER, one who, or that which, glides.--adv. GL[=I]D'INGLY. [A.S. glídan, to slip; Ger. gleiten.]

GLIFF, glif, n. a fright, a scare: (Scot.) a moment.--Also GLIFT. [M. E. gliffen, to be terrified.]

GLIM, glim, n. (coll.) a light: (slang) an eye. [A.S. gleomu; cf. Ger. glimm, a spark.]

GLIMMER, glim'[.e]r, v.i. to burn or appear faintly.--n. a faint light: feeble rays of light: (min.) mica.--ns. GLIMM'ER-GOWK (Tenn.), an owl; GLIMM'ERING, a glimmer: an inkling.--adv. GLIMM'ERINGLY. [M. E. glimeren; most prob. directly Scand.; Dan. glimre, to glimmer, Sw. prov. glim, a glance.]

GLIMPSE, glimps, n. a short gleam: a weak light: transient lustre: a hurried view: fleeting enjoyment: the exhibition of a faint resemblance.--v.i. to appear by glimpses.--v.t. to get a glimpse of. [M. E. glimsen, to glimpse, a variant of glimmer.]

GLINT, glint, v.i. to shine, gleam: (Burns) to move quickly.--v.t. to reflect.--n. a gleam. [From Scand.; Old Dan. glinte, to shine.]

GLISK, glisk, n. (Scot.) a glimpse. [M. E. glissen--A.S. glisian, to glance.]

GLISSADE, glis-[=a]d', v.i. to slide or glide down.--n. act of sliding down a slope.

GLIST, glist, n. a dark ferruginous mineral found in lodes, micaceous iron ore.

GLISTEN, glis'n, v.i. to glitter or sparkle with light: to shine.--n. glitter. [M. E. glis-ien, to shine--A.S. glisnian, to shine; cf. Dut. glinsteren.]

GLISTER, glis't[.e]r, v.i. to sparkle, glitter.--adj. GLIS'TERING (Shak.), glittering. [M. E. glistren; see above.]

GLIT, a Scotch form of gleet.

GLITTER, glit'[.e]r, v.i. to glisten, to sparkle with light: to be splendid: to be showy.--n. lustre: brilliancy.--adjs. GLITT'ERAND (Spens.), sparkling, glittering; GLITT'ERING, shining: splendid: brilliant.--adv. GLITT'ERINGLY. [M. E. gliteren; cf. Ice. glitra, Mid. High Ger. glitzern.]

GLOAMING, gl[=o]m'ing, n. twilight, dusk--(Scot.) GLOAMIN. [A.S. glómung; akin to gloom.]

GLOAT, gl[=o]t, v.i. to look eagerly, in a bad sense: to view with a wicked joy. [Ice. glotta, to grin.]

GLOBATE, -D, gl[=o]b'[=a]t, -ed, adj. like a globe: circular. [L. glob[=a]re, -[=a]tum, to form into a ball--globus.]

GLOBE, gl[=o]b, n. a ball: a round body, a sphere: the earth: a sphere representing the earth (terrestrial globe) or the heavens (celestial globe): (obs.) a group.--v.t. to form in a circle.--ns. GLOBE'-FISH, one of a genus of fishes found in warm seas, remarkable for its power of swelling out its body to a globular form; GLOBE'-FLOW'ER, a small palæarctic genus of plants of the order Ranunculaceæ, with a globe of large showy sepals enclosing the small inconspicuous linear petals; GLOBE'-TROT'TER, one who travels for pleasure around the world; GLOBE'-TROT'TING; GL[=O]'BIN, a proteid constituent of red blood corpuscles.--adjs. GL[=O]BOSE', GL[=O]B'OUS, resembling a globe.--n. (Milt.) a globe.--n. GL[=O]BOS'ITY.--adjs. GLOB'[=U]LAR, GLOB'[=U]LOUS, GLOB'[=U]LOSE, like a globe: spherical.--n. GLOB[=U]LAR'ITY.--adv. GLOB'[=U]LARLY.--ns. GLOB'[=U]LE, a little globe or round particle--also GLOB'[=U]LET; GLOB'[=U]LIN, GLOB'[=U]LINE, a substance closely allied to albumen, which forms the main ingredient of the blood globules, and also occurs in the crystalline lens of the eye; GLOB'[=U]LITE, the name given by Vogelsang to minute crystallites of spherical, drop-like form.--adj. GL[=O]B'Y (Milt.), round. [O. Fr.,--L. globus; gleba, a clod.]

GLOBIGERINA, glob-i-je-r[=i]'na, n. a genus typical of Globigerinidæ, a pelagic family of foraminifers.

GLODE, gl[=o]d (Spens.), pa.t. of glide.

GLOME, gl[=o]m, n. (bot.) a globular head of flowers.--adj. GLOM'EROUS. [L. glomus=globus.]

GLOMERATE, glom'[.e]r-[=a]t, v.t. to gather into a ball: to collect into a spherical mass.--adj. growing in rounded or massive forms: conglomerate.--n. GLOMER[=A]'TION, act of gathering into a ball: a body formed into a ball. [L. g_lomer[=a]re_, -[=a]tum--glomus, glomeris, a clew of yarn.]

GLOOM, gl[=oo]m, n. partial darkness: cloudiness: heaviness of mind, sadness: hopelessness: sullenness.--v.i. to be sullen or dejected: to be cloudy or obscure.--v.t. to fill with gloom.--adv. GLOOM'ILY.--n. GLOOM'INESS.--p.adj. GLOOM'ING (Shak.), shining obscurely.--n. twilight: gloaming.--adj. GLOOM'Y, dim or obscure: dimly lighted: sad, melancholy. [A.S. glóm, gloom; prov. Ger. glumm, gloomy.]

GLORIA, gl[=o]'ri-a, n. a doxology.--GLORIA IN EXCELSIS, the 'Greater Doxology'--'Glory be to God on high;' GLORIA PATRI, the 'Lesser Doxology'--'Glory be to the Father, and to the Son, and to the Holy Ghost, as it was,' &c. [L. gloria, glory.]

GLORIFY, gl[=o]'ri-f[=i], v.t. to make glorious: to honour: to exalt to glory or happiness: to ascribe honour to, to worship:--pa.p. gl[=o]'rified.--n. GLORIFIC[=A]'TION. [L. gloria, glory, fac[)e]re, to make.]

GLORY, gl[=o]'ri, n. renown: honour: the occasion of praise: an object of pride: excellency: splendour: brightness: in religious symbolism, a combination of the nimbus and the aureola, but often erroneously used for the nimbus: a burst of sunlight: a luminous glow of reflected light upon clouds: vain-glory: (B.) the presence of God: the manifestation of God to the blessed in heaven: heaven.--v.i. to boast: to be proud of anything: to exult:--pa.p. gl[=o]'ried.--adj. GL[=O]'RIED (Milt.), illustrious, honourable.--ns. GL[=O]'RIOLE, a halo or glory; GLORI[=O]'SA, a genus of Liliaceæ, of which the best-known species, a native of India, is a herbaceous perennial, with beautiful red and yellow flowers.--adj. GL[=O]'RIOUS, noble, splendid: conferring renown: (coll.) elated, tipsy.--adv. GL[=O]'RIOUSLY.--ns. GL[=O]'RIOUSNESS; GL[=O]'RY-HOLE, an opening through which to see the inside of a furnace: a place for concealing articles of value; GL[=O]'RYING, boasting; GL[=O]'RY-PEA, a leguminous Australian plant with red flowers. [O. Fr. glorie--L. gloria (for cloria), akin to clarus, from root of L. clu[=e]re, Gr. klu-ein, to be famed; Eng. loud.]

GLOSS, glos, n. brightness or lustre, as from a polished surface: external show.--v.t. to give a superficial lustre to: to render plausible: to palliate. [Ice. glossi, brightness, glóa, to glow. See GLASS.]

GLOSS, glos, n. a remark to explain a subject: a comment.--v.i. to comment or make explanatory remarks.--adj. GLOSS[=A]'RIAL, relating to a glossary: containing explanation.--ns. GLOSS'ARIST, a writer of a glossary; GLOSS'ARY, a vocabulary of words requiring special explanation: a dictionary; GLOSS[=A]'TOR, GLOSS'ER, a writer of glosses or comments, a commentator; GLOSS'IC, a phonetic alphabet devised by Mr A. J. Ellis (1814-90) for the scientific expression of speech-sounds--to be used concurrently with the Nomic or existing English orthography; GLOSS[=I]'TIS, inflammation of the tongue; GLOSS'OCELE, swelled tongue; GLOSSOG'RAPHER.--adj. GLOSSOGRAPH'ICAL.--n. GLOSSOG'RAPHY, the writing of glossaries or comments.--adj. GLOSSOLOG'ICAL.--ns. GLOSSOL'OGIST; GLOSSOL'OGY, the science of language, comparative philology: the knowledge of the definition of technical terms--also GLOTTOL'OGY; GLOSSOT'OMY, dissection of the tongue. [L. glossa, a word requiring explanation--Gr. gl[=o]ssa, the tongue.]

GLOSSY, glos'i, adj. smooth and shining: highly polished.--adv. GLOSS'ILY.--n. GLOSS'INESS.

GLOTTIS, glot'is, n. the opening of the larynx or entrance to the windpipe.--adj. GLOTT'AL; GLOTT'IC, pertaining to the tongue or to glottology. [Gr. gl[=o]ttis--gl[=o]tta, the tongue.]

GLOTTOLOGY. See GLOSSOLOGY.

GLOUT, glowt, v.i. to be sulky.--n. a sulky look, the sulks. [See GLOAT.]

GLOVE, gluv, n. a covering for the hand, with a sheath for each finger: a boxing-glove.--v.t. to cover with, or as with, a glove.--adj. GLOVED, covered with a glove.--ns. GLOVE'-FIGHT, a boxing-match in which the hands are gloved; GLOVE'-MON'EY, a gratuity given to servants, officers of a court, &c.; GLOV'ER, one who makes or sells gloves; GLOVE'-SHIELD, a shield worn by a knight on the left-hand gauntlet to parry blows; GLOVE'-STRETCH'ER, a scissors-shaped instrument for inserting into the fingers of gloves to stretch them.--HANDLE WITHOUT GLOVES, to treat with vigour or with scant ceremony; THROW DOWN, TAKE UP, THE GLOVE, to offer, or to accept, a challenge. [A.S. glóf; cf. Scot. loof, Ice. lôfi, palm.]

GLOW, gl[=o], v.i. to shine with an intense heat: to feel great heat of body: to be flushed: to feel the heat of passion: to be ardent.--n. shining or white heat: unusual warmth: brightness of colour: vehemence of passion.--p.adj. GLOW'ING, shining with intense light, white with heat: ardent, fervent, fiery.--adv. GLOW'INGLY.--ns. GLOW'-LAMP, an incandescent lamp, usually electric; GLOW'-WORM, a name given to many beetles in the sub-family Lampyrides, having phosphorescent structures on the abdomen. [A.S. glówan, to glow; Ger. glühen, Ice. glóa, to glow.]

GLOWER, glow'[.e]r, v.i. to stare frowningly: to scowl.--n. a fierce or threatening stare.

GLOXINIA, glok-sin'i-a, n. a genus of plants of the order Gesneraceæ, almost stemless, with bright bell-shaped flowers. [From Gloxin, a German botanist.]

GLOZE, gl[=o]z, v.i. to give a false meaning to: to flatter: to wheedle: (obs.) to comment.--v.t. to palliate by specious explanation.--n. (obs.) an explanation.--n. GL[=O]'ZING, flattery, deceit. [See GLOSS (2).]

GLUCINUM, gl[=oo]-s[=i]'num, n. a white metal prepared from beryl--its oxide, GLUC[=I]'NA, white, tasteless, insoluble in water.--adj. GL[=U]'CIC, pertaining to sugar.--ns. GLUCIDE'--Saccharin (q.v.); GLUCOHÆ'MIA, the presence of an excessive quantity of glucose in the blood; GLUC[=O]SE', the peculiar kind of sugar in the juice of fruits: the sugar-syrup obtained by the conversion of starch into sugar by sulphuric acid--grape-sugar, &c.; GLU'COSIDE, any of those vegetable products which, on treatment with acids or alkalies, yield a sugar or some closely allied carbohydrate; GLUCOS[=U]R'IA, the presence of glucose in the urine. [Gr. glykys, sweet.]

GLUE, gl[=oo], n. an adhesive substance obtained by boiling the skins, hoofs, &c. of animals.--v.t. to join with glue:--pr.p. glu'ing; pa.p. glued.--ns. GLUE'-POT, a vessel for melting glue; GLU'ER, one who cements with glue.--adj. GLU'EY, containing glue: sticky: viscous.--n. GLU'EYNESS.--adj. GLU'ISH, having the nature of glue.--n. MARINE'-GLUE, not a glue, but a cementing composition, used in shipbuilding, for paying seams in ships' decks after being caulked. [Fr. glu--Low L. glus, glutis--glu[)e]re, to draw together.]

GLUM, glum, adj. frowning: sullen: gloomy.--adv. GLUM'LY.--n. GLUM'NESS.--adj. GLUMP'ISH, glum.--n.pl. GLUMPS, the sulks.--adj. GLUMP'Y, sulky. [M. E. glomben, glommen, to frown: prob. related to Sw. glomma, Low Ger. glummen.]

GLUME, gl[=oo]m, n. a term applied to certain bracts in grasses and sedges.--adjs. GLUM[=A]'CEOUS, GLU'MAL, GLUMIF'EROUS, GLU'MOSE, GLU'MOUS. [L. gluma, husk--glub[)e]re, to peel off bark.]

GLUT, glut, v.t. to swallow greedily: to feast to satiety: to supply in excess:--pr.p. glut'ting; pa.p. glut'ted.--n. an over-supply: anything that obstructs the passage. [L. glut[=i]re, to swallow.]

GLUTÆUS, GLUTEUS, gl[=oo]-t[=e]'us, n. one of the natal or buttock muscles.--adjs. GLUT[=E]'AL, GLUT[=E]'AN. [Gr. gloutos, the rump.]

GLUTEN, gl[=oo]'ten, n. the nitrogenous part of the flour of wheat and other grains, insoluble in water.--ns. GLU'TIN, GL[=I]'ADIN, the separable viscid constituent of wheat-gluten, soluble in alcohol. [L. gluten, the same as glus. See GLUE.]

GLUTINATE, gl[=oo]'tin-[=a]t, v.t. to unite, as with glue.--n. GLUTIN[=A]'TION.--adj. GLU'TINATIVE, having the quality of cementing: tenacious.--ns. GLUTINOS'ITY, GLU'TINOUSNESS.--adj. GLU'TINOUS, gluey: tenacious: (bot.) covered, as a leaf, with slimy moisture. [L. glutin[=a]re, -[=a]tum.]

GLUTTON, glut'n, n. one who eats to excess: a popular name of the wolverine, a carnivorous quadruped of the weasel family.--v.i. GLUTT'ONISE, to eat to excess, like a glutton.--adjs. GLUTT'ONOUS, GLUTT'ONISH, given to, or consisting in, gluttony.--adv. GLUTT'ONOUSLY.--n. GLUTT'ONY, excess in eating. [Fr. glouton--L. gluton-em--glutt[=i]re, to devour.]

GLYCERINE, glis'[.e]r-in, n. a colourless, viscid, neutral, inodorous fluid, of a sweet taste, soluble in water and alcohol. [Fr.,--Gr. glykeros--glykys, sweet.]

GLYCOCOLL, gl[=i]'k[=o]-kol, n. amido-acetic acid, a crystalline solid of sweetish taste, very soluble in water, a product of various processes of decomposition of animal matters.--Also GLY'CIN. [Formed from Gr. glykys, sweet, kolla, glue.]

GLYCOGEN, gl[=i]'k[=o]-jen, n. animal starch, a substance first discovered by Claude Bernard in the human liver--when pure, a white, amorphous, tasteless powder, insoluble in alcohol. [Formed from Gr. glykys, sweet, gen[=e]s, producing.]

GLYCOL, gl[=i]'kol, n. the type of a class of artificial compounds forming chemically a link between alcohol and glycerine. [Formed from glyc(erine) and (alcoh)ol.]

GLYCONIC, gl[=i]-kon'ik, adj. and n. of or pertaining to the ancient Greek poet Glycon, or the verse attributed to him, consisting of four feet--one a dactyl, the others trochees.

GLYPH, glif, n. (archit.) an ornamental channel or fluting, usually vertical.--adjs. GLYPH'IC; GLYPHOGRAPH'IC.--ns. GLYPHOG'RAPHY, a process of taking a raised copy of a drawing by electrotype; GLYPH'OGRAPH, a plate formed by this process.--adj. GLYP'TIC, pertaining to carving on stone, &c.: (min.) figured.--n.pl. GLYP'TICS, the art of engraving, esp. on precious stones.--adj. GLYPTOGRAPH'IC.--ns. GLYPTOG'RAPHY, the art of engraving on precious stones; GLYPTOTH[=E]'CA, a place for keeping sculpture. [Gr. glyph[=e]--glyphein, to carve.]

GLYPTODON, glip'to-don, n. a gigantic fossil armadillo of South America with fluted teeth. [Gr. glyptos, carved, odous, odontos, tooth.]

GMELINA, mel'i-na, n. a genus of verbenaceous trees. [From Samuel Gottlieb Gmelin (1744-74).]

GNAPHALIUM, na-f[=a]'li-um, n. a genus of composite herbs of the aster family, the cudweed or everlasting. [L.,--Gr. gnaphalion, a downy plant.]

GNAR, när, v.i. to snarl or growl.--Also GNARR, KNAR, GNARL. [From a Teut. root found in Ger. knurren, Dan. knurre, to growl; formed from the sound.]

GNARL, närl, n. a twisted knot in wood.--adj. GNARLED, knotty, twisted. [From a Teut. root, as in Ger. knurren, Dan. knort, a knot, gnarl, and prob. akin to gnarl in the sense of pressing close together.]

GNASH, nash, v.t. to strike the teeth together in rage or pain.--v.i. to grind the teeth.--n. a sudden snap.--adv. GNASH'INGLY. [M. E. gnasten--Sw. knastra, to crash; cf. Ger. knastern, Dan. knaske.]

GNAT, nat, n. a genus of dipterous insects of numerous species, esp. abundant in marshy districts--the female lives on the blood of animals.--n. GNAT'LING. [A.S. gnæt; Ice. gnata, to clash.]

GNATHIC, nath'ik, adj. of the jaws--also GN[=A]'THAL.--ns. GNATH'ISM, the classification of mankind based on measurements of the jaw; GNATH[=I]'TIS, inflammation of the cheek or upper jaw; GNATHOPLAST'Y, the formation of a cheek by plastic surgery; GNATHOP'ODA, the xiphosura: the arthropoda. [Gr. gnathos, the jaw.]

GNATHONIC, -AL, nä-thon'ik, -al, adj. flattering. [From Gnatho, a character in Terence's Eunuchus--Gr. gnathos, the jaw.]

GNAW, naw, v.t. to bite so as to make a noise with the teeth: to bite off by degrees: to corrode or wear away: to bite in agony or rage: (fig.) to torment.--v.i. to use the teeth in biting.--n. GNAW'ER, a rodent. [A.S. gnagan; cf. Dut. knagen, Ice. naga, prov. Eng. nag, to tease.]

GNEISS, n[=i]s, n. (geol.) a species of stratified rock composed of quartz, feldspar, and mica.--adjs. GNEISS'OID, having some of the characters of gneiss; GNEISS'OSE, having the structure of gneiss. [Ger. gneiss, a miners' word of unknown origin.]

GNOME, n[=o]m, n. a pithy and sententious saying, generally in verse, embodying some moral sentiment or precept.--GNOMIC POETS, a class of writers of this form in Greek literature. [Gr. gn[=o]m[=e], an opinion--gn[=o]nai, gign[=o]skein, to know.]

GNOME, n[=o]m, n. a sprite guarding the inner parts of the earth and its treasures: a dwarf or goblin. [Fr.,--a word traced by Littré to Paracelsus, and perh. formed from Gr. gn[=o]m[=e], intelligence.]

GNOMON, n[=o]'mon, n. the pin of a dial, whose shadow points to the hour: the index of the hour-circle of a globe: (geom.) the name given to the sum of any three of the parts of a rectangle when divided into four parts by cross-lines parallel to its sides: interpreter, as in Bengel's Gnomon Novi Testamenti.--adjs. GNOMON'IC, -AL, pertaining to the art of dialling.--adv. GNOMON'ICALLY.--ns. GNOMON'ICS, the art of dialling; GNOMONOL'OGY, a treatise on dialling. [Gr. gn[=o]m[=o]n, an interpreter--gn[=o]nai, to know.]

GNOSTIC, nos'tik, n. (theol.) one of a sect in the beginning of the Christian era which maintained that knowledge (gn[=o]sis) and not faith (pistis) was the way of salvation, allegorised away the great facts of Christ's person and work, and represented individual life as the result of a process of emanation from the original essence.--adj. having knowledge: knowing, cunning: pertaining to the Gnostics.--ns. GN[=O]'SIS, knowledge: mystical knowledge; GNOS'TICISM, the eclectic doctrines of the Gnostics. [Gr. gn[=o]stikos, good at knowing--gign[=o]skein, to know.]

GNU, n[=u], n. a genus of antelopes native to South Africa, of which the best-known species has characters of the ox, buffalo, and horse. [Hottentot.]

GO, g[=o], v.i. to pass from one place to another: to be in motion: to proceed: to walk: to depart from: to lead in any direction: to extend: to tend: to be about to do: to pass in report: to pass, as in payment: to be accounted in value: to happen in a particular way: to turn out: to fare: to give way:--pr.p. g[=o]'ing; pa.t. went; pa.p. gone (gon).--n. affair, matter, as in 'a pretty go:' fashion, as in 'all the go:' energy, activity.--adj. GO'-AHEAD', dashing, energetic.--ns. GO'-BETWEEN', G[=O]'ER-BETWEEN' (Shak.), one who is agent between two parties; GO'-BY, escape by artifice: evasion: any intentional disregard: in coursing, the act of passing by or ahead in motion.--adj. GO-TO-MEET'ING (coll.), used of clothes, good and fit for public use.--GO ABOUT (B.), to set one's self about: to seek: to endeavour; GO ABOUT ONE'S BUSINESS, to attend to one's duties: to be off; GO ABROAD, to go to a foreign country: to leave one's house; GO AGAINST, to invade: to be repugnant to; GO ASIDE, to err: to withdraw, retire; GO AT, to attack; GO BEYOND (B.), to overreach; GO DOWN, to sink, decline: to be believed or accepted; GO FAR, to last long; GO FOR, to pass for: to attack: to take up a line of policy; GO FOR NOTHING, to have no value; GO HARD WITH, to be in real difficulty or danger; GO IN AND OUT, to come and go freely; GO IN FOR, to be in favour of: to aim after; GO IN UNTO, to have sexual intercourse with; GO IT, to act in a striking or dashing manner--often in imperative by way of encouragement; GO OFF, to leave: to die: to explode: to fade; GO ON, to proceed; GO ONE BETTER, to take a bet and add another more to it: to excel another in fitness for some purpose; GO ONE'S WAY, to depart; GO OUT, to become extinct or expire; GO OVER, to study, to examine; GO THE WHOLE HOG, to go to the fullest extent; GO THROUGH, to perform thoroughly, to accomplish; GO THROUGH FIRE AND WATER, to undertake any trouble or risks for one's end (from the usage in ancient ordeals); GO TO, come now (a kind of interjection, like the L. agedum, the Gr. [Greek: age nun]); GO TO PIECES, to break up entirely, to be dismembered; GO TO THE WALL, to be pushed aside, passed by; GO UNDER, to be called by some title or character: to be overwhelmed or ruined, to die; GO WELL, to prosper; GO WITH, to accompany: to agree, accord; GO WITHOUT SAYING, to be plainly self-evident (Fr. Cela va sans dire).--GREAT GO, a degree examination, compared with LITTLE GO, a preliminary examination in the university of Cambridge; LET GO, to release, to quit hold of; NO GO, not possible: of no use. [A.S. gán, contr. for gangan, to go; cf. Ger. gehen, Dut. gaan.]

GOAD, g[=o]d, n. a sharp-pointed stick, often shod with iron, for driving oxen: a stimulus.--v.t. to drive with a goad: to urge forward. [A.S. gád, a goad; cf. Ice. gaddr, a goad.]

GOAF, g[=o]f, n. a rick: the coal-waste left in old workings.

GOAL, g[=o]l, n. a mark set up to bound a race: the winning-post--also the starting-post: the end aimed at: the two upright posts between which the ball is kicked in the game of football: the act of sending the ball between or over the goal-posts: an end or aim. [Fr. gaule, a pole; prob. of Teut. origin, as Old Fris. walu, a staff, Goth. walus; but acc. to Littré from L. vallus, a stake.]

GOAT, g[=o]t, n. the well-known quadruped, allied to the sheep.--ns. GOAT'CH[=A]FER, the dor or dung-beetle; GOAT[=EE]', a beard left on the chin, while the rest of the face is shaven; GOAT'-HERD, one who tends goats.--adj. GOAT'ISH, resembling a goat, esp. in smell: lustful: wanton.--ns. GOAT'ISHNESS; GOAT'-MOTH, a large moth common throughout Europe and Asia, having a thick heavy body, and measuring three inches or more across the wings; GOAT'S'-BEARD, GOAT'S'-RUE, GOAT'S'-THORN, names of plants; GOAT'SKIN, the skin of the goat, leather made from it; GOAT'SUCKER, a kind of swallow erroneously thought to suck goats. [A.S. gát; Ger. geiss, Dut. geit.]

GOB, gob, n. the mouth: a mouthful, lump: refuse coal.--v.i. to pack away such as a support to the walls.--ns. GOB'BING, GOB'BIN, coal refuse.

GO-BANG, g[=o]-bang', n. a game played on a checker-board of 256 squares, with fifty coloured counters, the object being to get five counters in a row. [Jap. goban.]

GOBBET, gob'et, n. a mouthful: (obs.) a little lump.--GOBE MOUCHE, a silly credulous fellow. [O. Fr. gobet, from Celt.; Gael. gob, the mouth.]

GOBBLE, gob'l, v.t. to swallow in lumps: to swallow hastily.--v.i. to make a noise in the throat, as a turkey.--n. (golf) a rapid straight putt so strongly played that if the ball had not gone into the hole, it would have gone a long way past.--n. GOBB'LER, a turkey-cock. [O. Fr. gober, to devour; Celt.]

GOBELIN, gob'e-lin, n. a rich French tapestry. [From the Gobelins, a famous family of French dyers settled in Paris as early as the 15th century.]

GOBLET, gob'let, n. a large drinking-cup without a handle. [O. Fr. gobelet, dim. of gobel--Low L. cupellus, a dim. of L. cupa, a cask. See Cup.]

GOBLIN, gob'lin, n. a frightful phantom: a fairy: a mischievous sprite. [O. Fr. gobelin--Low L. gobelinus--Gr. kobalos, a mischievous spirit.]

GOBY, g[=o]'bi, n. a genus of small carnivorous sea-fishes, with nests of seaweed. [L. gobius--Gr. k[=o]bios.]

GO-CART, g[=o]'-kärt, n. a wheeled apparatus for teaching children to walk.

GOD, god, n. the Supreme Being: the Creator and Preserver of the world: an object of worship, an idol: (B.) a ruler:--fem. GOD'DESS: (pl.) the occupants of the gallery of a theatre.--v.t. (Shak.) to deify.--interj. GOD'-A-MER'CY (Shak.), probably a corruption of 'God have mercy!'--ns. GOD'CHILD; GOD'DAUGHTER; GOD'DESS-SHIP (Byron), state or quality of a goddess; GOD'FATHER, GOD'MOTHER, the persons who, at baptism, guarantee a child's religious education.--adjs. GOD'-FORSAK'EN, miserable, as if forsaken by God; GOD'-FEAR'ING, reverencing God.--n. GOD'HEAD, state of being a god: deity: divine nature--also rarely GOD'HOOD.--adj. GOD'LESS, living without God: impious: atheistical.--adv. GOD'LESSLY.--n. GOD'LESSNESS.--adj. GOD'LIKE, like God: divine.--ns. GODLI'NESS; GOD'LING (Dryden), a little god.--adj. GOD'LY, like God in character: pious: according to God's law.--advs. GOD'LY, GOD'LILY.--ns. GOD'LY-HEAD (Spens.), goodness; GOD'SEND, an unexpected piece of good fortune; GOD'SHIP, the rank or character of a god: a divinity; GOD'-SMITH (Dryden), a maker of idols; GOD'SON; GOD'SPEED, a wish for good speed or success.--adv. GOD'WARD, toward God.--GOD'S ACRE, a burial-ground (imitated from Ger. Gottesacker); GOD'S TRUTH, an absolute truth--an emphatic asseveration.--HOUSEHOLD GODS, among the Romans, the special gods presiding over the family: anything bound up with home interests. [A.S. god; Ger. gott, Goth. guth, Dut. god; all from a Teut. root gutha, God, and quite distinct from good.]

GOD-DEN, a variant of good-den.

GODROON, go-dr[=oo]n', n. (archit.) an inverted fluting or beading. [Fr. godron, a plait.]

GODWIT, god'wit, n. a genus of birds of the snipe family, with long bill and long slender legs, with a great part of the tibia bare. [Perh. from A.S. gód, good, wiht, creature.]

GOËL, g[=o]'[=a]l, n. the avenger of blood among the Hebrews, the nearest relative whose duty it was to hunt down the murderer. [Heb.]

GOER, g[=o]'[.e]r, n. one who, or that which, goes: a horse, considered in reference to his gait.

GOETY, g[=o]'[=e]-ti, n. black magic.--adj. GOET'IC. [Gr., go[=e]s, a sorcerer.]

GOFF, a variant of golf.

GOFFER, gof'[.e]r, v.t. to plait or crimp.--n. GOFF'ERING, plaits or ruffles, or the process of making them; indented tooling on the edge of a book. [O. Fr. gauffrer--goffre, a wafer.]

GOGGLE, gog'l, v.i. to strain or roll the eyes.--adj. rolling: staring: prominent.--n. a stare or affected rolling of the eye: (pl.) spectacles with projecting eye-tubes: blinds for shying horses.--adj. GOGG'LE-EYED, having prominent, distorted, or rolling eyes. [Prob. related to Ir. and Gael. gog, to nod.]

GOGLET, gog'let, n. a water-cooler.

GOING, g[=o]'ing, n. the act of moving: departure: (B.) course of life.--GOING FORTH (B.), an outlet; GOINGS, or GOINGS OUT (B.), utmost extremity: departures or journeys; GOINGS ON, behaviour.

GOITRE, GOITER, goi't[.e]r, n. a tumour on the forepart of the throat, being an enlargement of one of the glands (see CRETINISM).--adjs. GOI'TRED, GOI'TERED, affected with goitre; GOI'TROUS, pertaining to goitre. [Fr. goître--L. guttur, the throat.]

GOLD, g[=o]ld, n. one of the precious metals much used for coin: money: riches: anything very precious: yellow, gold colour.--adj. made of or like gold.--ns. GOLD'-BEAT'ER, one whose trade is to beat gold into gold-leaf; GOLD'-BEAT'ERS'-SKIN, the outer coat of the cæcum of the ox; GOLD'-BEAT'ING.--adj. GOLD'-BOUND (Shak.), encompassed with gold.--ns. GOLD'-CLOTH, cloth woven with threads of gold; GOLD'-CREST, a golden-crested bird of genus Regulus; GOLD'-DIG'GER, one who digs for or mines gold, esp. a placer-miner; GOLD'-DUST, gold in dust or very fine particles, as it is sometimes found in rivers.--adj. GOLD'EN, made of gold: of the colour of gold: bright: most valuable: happy: highly favourable.--v.t. to become golden.--ns. GOLD'EN-AGE, an early period in history, a time of innocence and happiness; GOLD'EN-EYE, a species of oceanic ducks which breed in the Arctic regions, and are winter visitants of Britain.--adj. GOLD'EN-HILT'ED (Tenn.), having a hilt made of, or mounted with, gold.--adv. GOLD'ENLY (Tenn.), splendidly, delightfully.--ns. GOLD'EN-ROD, any herb of the genus Solidago, of the aster family; GOLD'-F[=E]'VER, a mania for seeking gold; GOLD'-FIELD, a region where gold is found; GOLD'FINCH, the most beautiful of English finches, with very handsome plumage, in which black, crimson-red, yellow, and white are, in the adult male, exquisitely mingled; GOLD'FISH, a Chinese and Japanese fresh-water fish, nearly allied to the carp--in its native waters it is brownish, but when domesticated becomes golden-yellow; GOLD'-FOIL, gold beaten into thin sheets, used by dentists; GOLD'ILOCKS, GOLD'YLOCKS, a common name for Ranunculus (q.v.); GOLD'-LACE, lace made of gold-thread; GOLD'-LEAF, gold beaten extremely thin, or into leaves; GOLD'-LIL'Y, the yellow lily; GOLD'-MINE, a mine from which gold is dug; GOLD'-PLATE, vessels and utensils of gold collectively; GOLD'SMITH, a worker in gold and silver; GOLD'SPINK (Scot.), the goldfinch; GOLD'STICK, the colonel of a regiment of life-guards who attends the sovereign on state occasions--he receives a gold rod with his commission; GOLD'-THREAD, a ranunculaceous plant found from Denmark to Siberia, with evergreen leaves, resembling those of the strawberry: a thread formed of a strip of gold-leaf laid over a thread of silk; GOLD'-WASH'ER, one who obtains gold by washing it from sand and GRAVEL: a cradle or other implement for washing gold from auriferous dirt; GOLD'-WIRE, wire made of or covered with gold.--Golden beetle, the name popularly given to many members of the Chrysomela genus of coleopterous insects, marked by their metallic splendour of colour; GOLDEN BULL (L. bulla aurea), an edict issued by the Emperor Charles IV. in 1356, mainly for the purpose of settling the law of imperial elections; GOLDEN FLEECE, in Greek mythology, the fleece of the ram Chrysomallus, the recovery of which was the object of the famous expedition of the Argonauts--it gave its name to a celebrated order of knighthood in Austria and Spain, founded in 1429; GOLDEN HORDE, the Kipchaks, a Turkic people, whose empire was founded in central and southern Russia by Batu in the 13th century; GOLDEN LEGEND (L. aurea legenda), a celebrated medieval collection of lives of the greater saints, the work of Jacobus de Voragine (1230-98); GOLDEN NUMBER for any year, the number of that year in the Metonic Cycle, and as this cycle embraces nineteen years, the golden numbers range from one to nineteen; GOLDEN ROSE, a rose formed of wrought gold, and blessed by the Pope in person on the fourth Sunday in Lent, usually presented to some Catholic prince. [A.S. gold; Ice. gull, Ger. gold, Goth. gulth, Russ. zlato, Gr. chrysos.]

GOLF, golf, n. a game played with a club and ball, in which he who drives the ball into a series of small holes in the ground with fewest strokes is the winner.--ns. GOLF'ER; GOLF'ING. [Dut. kolf, a club; cf. Ger. kolbe, Ice. kólfr.]

GOLGOTHA, gol'go-tha, n. the scene of our Lord's crucifixion, near Jerusalem: a charnel-house. [Heb.]

GOLIARD, gol'yard, n. a medieval monk who amused his superiors at table by merry jests.--n. GOL'IARDERY.--adj. GOLIAR'DIC.--n. GOL'IAS, the title assumed by the authors of several medieval satirical poems--Walter Map makes 'Bishop Golias' the type of the ribald priest. [O. Fr.]

GOLIATH, g[=o]-l[=i]'ath, n. a giant.--v.i. to exaggerate extravagantly.--n. GOL[=I]'ATH-BEE'TLE, a genus of tropical beetles of very large size, the male sometimes measuring about four inches. [From Goliath, the Philistine giant in 1 Sam. xvii.]

GOLLAR, gol'ar, v.i. (prov.) to scold or speak loudly.

GOLOE-SHOES. See GALOSH.

GOLOMYNKA, g[=o]-l[=o]-ming'ka, n. a fish found only in Lake Baikal, resembling the gobies.

GOLOSH, go-losh', n. Same as GALOSH.

GOMARIST, g[=o]'mar-ist, n. a follower of Francis Gomarus (1563-1641), a vehement opponent of the Arminians, who mainly through his influence were expelled from the Reformed Church at the Synod of Dort in 1618.

GOMBEENISM, gom-b[=e]n'izm, n. the practice of depending on money-lenders.--n. GOMBEEN'MAN, a grasping and usurious money-lender in Ireland.

GOMERIL, gom'[.e]r-il, n. (Scot.) a stupid fellow.

GOMPHIASIS, gom-f[=i]'a-sis, n. looseness of the teeth, esp. the molars.--n. GOMPH[=O]'SIS, a kind of synarthrosis or immovable articulation, as of the teeth in the jaw. [Gr., gomphios, a tooth.]

GOMUTI, g[=o]-m[=oo]'ti, n. the sago-palm: the black fibre it yields.--Also GOMU'TO. [Malay.]

GONAD, gon'ad, n. (biol.) a mass of undifferentiated generative tissue.

GONAGRA, gon'a-gra, n. gout in the knee.--ns. GONAL'GIA, any painful affection of the knee; GONARTHR[=I]'TIS, inflammation of the knee-joint. [Gr. gony, knee, agra, a taking, algos, pain.]

GONDOLA, gon'do-la, n. a long, narrow boat (averaging 30 feet by 4) used chiefly on the canals of Venice--(Spens.) GON'DELAY.--n. GONDOLIER (gon'dol-[=e]r), one who rows a gondola. [It., a dim. of gonda--Gr. kondy--a drinking-vessel, said to be a Pers. word.]

GONE, gon, pa.p. of go, lost, passed beyond help: weak, faint, feeling a sinking sensation: wide of the mark, of an arrow: (slang) entirely given up to (with on).--ns. GONE'NESS, a sinking sensation; GON'ER (slang), one ruined beyond recovery.

GONFALON, gon'fa-lon, n. an ensign or standard with streamers--also GON'FANON.--n. GONFALONIER', one who bears a gonfalon: the chief magistrate in many Italian cities because of his bearing this flag. [O. Fr. gonfanon--Mid. High Ger. gundfano--gund, battle, fano (Ger. fahne), a flag.]

GONG, gong, n. a Chinese instrument of percussion, made of a mixture of metals, and shaped into a basin-like form, flat and large, with a rim a few inches deep. [Malay.]

GONGORISM, gong'gor-izm, n. a florid, inverted, and pedantic style of writing, introduced by the Spanish poet Luis de Góngora y Argote (1561-1627), some of whose distinctive features reappeared in Euphuism.

GONGYLUS, gon'ji-lus, n. a round deciduous body connected with the reproduction of certain seaweeds. [Gr., 'round.']

GONIATITES, g[=o]-ni-a-t[=i]'t[=e]z, n. a genus of fossil cephalopodous mollusca, kindred to the Ammonites. [Gr. gonia, an angle, lithos, a stone.]

GONIDIA, g[=o]-nid'i-a, n.pl. an old term in lichenology for the green cells (algal constituents) of the thallus:--sing. GONID'IUM, a naked or membranous-coated propagative cell produced asexually. [Formed from Gr. gon[=e], generation, seed.]

GONIOMETER, g[=o]-ni-om'e-t[.e]r, n. an instrument for measuring solid angles, indispensable to the crystallographer. [G[=o]nia, an angle, metron, measure.]

GONOPHORE, gon'o-f[=o]r, n. the ultimate generative zooid of a hydrozoan, originating directly the generative elements. [Gr. gonos, seed, pherein, to bear.]

GONORRHEA, gon-or-r[=e]'a, n. a specific contagious inflammatory discharge of mucus from the membrane of the urethra or vagina. [Gr. gonorrhoia--gonos, seed, rheein, to flow.]

GOOD, good, adj. having qualities, whether physical or moral, desirable or suitable to the end proposed: promoting success, welfare, or happiness: virtuous: pious: kind: benevolent: proper: fit: competent: satisfactory: sufficient: valid: sound: serviceable: beneficial: real: serious, as in 'good earnest:' not small, considerable, as in 'good deal:' full, complete, as in 'good measure:' unblemished, honourable, as in 'good name:'--comp. bett'er; superl. best.--n. that which promotes happiness, success, &c.--opp. to Evil: prosperity: welfare: advantage, temporal or spiritual: moral qualities: virtue: (B.) possessions: (pl.) household furniture: movable property: merchandise (in composition, the equivalent of U.S. freight).--interj. well! right!--adv. well.--ns. GOOD'-BREED'ING, polite manners formed by a good breeding or education; GOOD'-BROTH'ER (Scot.), a brother-in-law.--n. or interj. GOOD'-BYE, contracted from 'God be with you:' farewell, a form of address at parting.--adj. GOOD'-CONDI'TIONED, being in a good state.--ns. or interjs. GOOD'-DAY, a common salutation, a contraction of 'I wish you a good day;' GOOD'-DEN, a corruption of good-e'en; GOOD'-E'EN, GOOD'-[=E]V'EN, GOOD'-[=E]VE'NING, a salutation on meeting or parting in the evening.--adj. GOOD'-FACED (Shak.), having a handsome face.--ns. GOOD'-FELL'OW, a jolly or boon companion: a reveller; GOOD'-FELL'OWSHIP, merry or pleasant company: conviviality.--n.pl. GOOD'-FOLK, a euphemism for the fairies, of whom it is best to speak respectfully.--adj. GOOD'-FOR-NOTH'ING, worthless, useless.--n. an idle person.--ns. GOOD'-FR[=I]'DAY, a fast in memory of our Lord's crucifixion, held on the Friday of Passion-week; GOOD'-H[=U]'MOUR, a cheerful temper, from the old idea that temper depended on the humours of the body.--adj. GOOD'-H[=U]'MOURED.--adv. GOOD'-H[=U]'MOUREDLY.--n. GOOD'INESS, weak, priggish, or canting goodness.--adj. GOOD'ISH, pretty good, of fair quality or quantity.--interj. GOOD'-LACK, an expression of surprise or pity--a variation of 'Good Lord,' under the influence of alack.--n. GOOD'LINESS.--adv. GOOD'LY (Spens.), excellently, kindly.--adj. good-like: good-looking: fine: excellent:--comp. GOOD'LIER; superl. GOOD'LIEST.--ns. GOOD'LYHEAD (Spens.), goodness; GOOD'LYHOOD, grace; GOODMAN' (B.), the man or master of the house--the correlative to it is GOODWIFE'.--ns. and interjs. GOOD'-MORN'ING, GOOD'-MORR'OW, a salutation at meeting in the morning.--n. GOOD'-N[=A]'TURE, natural goodness and mildness of disposition.--adj. GOOD'-N[=A]'TURED.--adv. GOOD'-N[=A]'TUREDLY.--n. GOOD'NESS, virtue: excellence: benevolence: a term of emphasis, as in 'For goodness' sake;' 'Oh, goodness!'--n. and interj. GOOD'-NIGHT, a common salutation, a contraction of 'I wish you a good night.'--interj. GOOD'-NOW, an exclamation of wonder, surprise, or entreaty.--ns. GOODS'-EN'GINE, an engine used for drawing goods-trains; GOOD'-SENSE, sound judgment; GOOD'-SPEED, a contraction of 'I wish you good speed;' GOODS'-TRAIN, a train of goods wagons.--adj. GOOD'-TEM'PERED, possessing a good temper.--ns. GOOD'-WIFE, the mistress of a family; GOOD'-WILL, benevolence; well-wishing: the established custom or popularity of any business or trade--often appearing as one of its assets, with a marketable money value; GOOD'Y, good-wife: good-woman: probably formed from good-wife.--adj. GOOD'Y, mawkishly good: weakly benevolent or pious--also GOOD'Y-GOOD'Y.--n. a sweetmeat.--GOOD FOR ANYTHING, ready for any kind of work; GOODMAN'S CROFT, a strip of ground, or corner of a field, once left untilled in Scotland, to avert the malice of the devil from the crop.--GOOD TEMPLAR, a member of a temperance society founded in the United States in 1852, and introduced into England in 1868, its organisation modelled on that of the Freemasons, with lodges, passwords and grips, and insignia.--AS GOOD AS, the same as, no less than; BE AS GOOD AS ONE'S WORD, to be depended on; FOR GOOD, FOR GOOD AND ALL, finally, in conclusion, to end the whole matter; Make good, to fulfil, perform; STAND GOOD, to be lastingly good: to remain; THINK GOOD, to be disposed, to be willing. [A.S. gód; closely akin to Dut. goed, Ger. gut, Ice. góðr, Goth. gods.]

GOORKHA, g[=oo]r'kä, n. one of the dominant race in Nepal, descended from Hindu immigrants, and claiming a Rajput origin, short, thick-set men, making excellent soldiers.

GOOROO. See GURU.

GOOSANDER, g[=oo]s-an'd[.e]r, n. a web-footed bird in the duck family, in the same genus as the Mergansers, a native of the Arctic regions. [Formed from goose and gander.]

GOOSE, g[=oo]s, n. (pl. GEESE) a web-footed animal like a duck, but larger and stronger: a tailor's smoothing-iron, from the likeness of the handle to the neck of a goose: a stupid, silly person: a game of chance once common in England, in which the players moved counters forward from one compartment on a board to another, the right to a double move being secured when the card bearing the picture of a goose was reached.--v.t. (slang) to hiss off the stage.--ns. GOOSE'-CAP, a silly person; GOOSE'-CORN, a coarse rush; GOOSE'-EGG, a zero, denoting a miss or failure to score at an athletic or other contest; GOOSE'-FISH, a common name in America for the angler-fish (see ANGLER); GOOSE'-FLESH, a puckered condition of the skin, like that of a plucked goose, through cold, fear, &c.; GOOSE'-FOOT, pigweed; GOOSE'-GRASS, a species of Bedstraw (q.v.), a common weed in hedges and bushy places in Britain, Europe, and America; GOOSE'-NECK, an iron swivel forming the fastening between a boom and a mast: a bent pipe or tube with a swivel-joint; GOOSE'-QUILL, one of the quills or large wing-feathers of a goose, used as pens; GOOS'ERY, a place for keeping geese: stupidity; GOOSE'-SKIN, a kind of thin soft leather; GOOSE'-STEP (mil.), the marking of time by raising the feet alternately without making progress; GOOSE'-WING, one of the clews or lower corners of a ship's mainsail or foresail when the middle part is furled or tied up to the yard.--adj. GOOSE'-WINGED, having only one clew set: in fore-and-aft rigged vessels, having the mainsail on one side and the foresail on the other, so as to sail wing-and-wing.--n. GOOS'EY, a goose: a blockhead. [A.S. gós; Ice. gás, Ger. gans, L. anser, Gr. ch[=e]n, Sans. hamsa.]

GOOSEBERRY, g[=oo]z'ber-i, n. the berry or fruit of a shrub of the same name.--PLAY GOOSEBERRY, to accompany lovers, &c., for propriety. [Prof. Skeat says goose- is for grose- or groise-, which appears in O. Fr. groisele, grosele, gooseberry, Scot. grossart, from the Mid. High Ger. krus (Ger. kraus), crisp, curled.]

GOOSEBERRY-FOOL, n. See FOOL (2).

GOPHER, g[=o]'f[.e]r, n. a name in America applied to the prairie dog, the pouched rat, and to the land tortoise of the southern states.--v.i. to burrow, to mine in a small way. [Fr. gaufre.]

GOPHER, g[=o]'f[.e]r, n. (B.) a kind of wood, generally supposed identical with cypress. [Heb.]

GOPURA, g[=o]'p[=oo]-ra, n. in Southern India, a pyramidal tower over the gateway of a temple.

GORAL, g[=o]'ral, n. a Himalayan goat-antelope.

GORAMY, g[=o]'ra-mi, n. a fish found in the Eastern Archipelago, highly esteemed for the table, and used in Mauritius, the West Indies, &c.--Also GOU'RAMI.

GOR-BELLIED, gor'-bel-id, adj. (Shak.) big-bellied, gluttonous. [Obs. gore--A.S. gor, filth, and belly.]

GORCOCK, gor'kok, n. the moorcock or red grouse:--fem. GOR'HEN. [Gor-, from gorse, furze; or imit.]

GORCROW, gor'kr[=o], n. the carrion-crow. [A.S. gor, filth, carrion, and crow.]

GORDIAN, gord'yan, adj. intricate: difficult.--v.t. (Keats) to tie up, knot.--CUT THE GORDIAN KNOT, to overcome a difficulty by violent measures--Alexander, unable to untie the fateful knot tied by Gordius, king of Phrygia, having cut it through with his sword.

GORDIUS, gor'di-us, n. a genus typical of Gordiidæ, a family of nematode worms with a hair-like body.

GORE, g[=o]r, n. clotted blood: blood.--adv. GOR'ILY (Tenn.), in a gory or bloody manner or state.--adj. GOR'Y, covered with gore: bloody.--GORY DEW, a dark-red slimy film sometimes seen on damp walls and in shady places. [A.S. gor, blood, dung; Sw. gorr, Ice. gor, gore.]

GORE, g[=o]r, n. a triangular piece let into a garment to widen it: a triangular piece of land.--v.t. to shape like or furnish with gores: to pierce with anything pointed, as a spear or horns.--n. GOR'ING, a piece of cloth cut diagonally to increase its apparent width.--adj. cut gradually sloping, so as to be broader at the clew than at the earing--of a sail. [A.S. gára, a pointed triangular piece of land--gár, a spear with triangular blade.]

GORGE, gorj, n. the throat: a narrow pass among hills: (fort.) the entrance to an outwork.--v.t. to swallow greedily: to glut.--v.i. to feed.--adj. GORGED, having a gorge or throat: glutted: (her.) having a crown or coronet about the neck.--n. GORG'ET, a piece of armour for the throat: a military ornament round the neck (see ARMOUR).--HAVE ONE'S GORGE RISE, to be disgusted or irritated; HEAVE THE GORGE, to retch. [O. Fr.,--L. gurges, a whirlpool.]

GORGEOUS, gor'jus, adj. showy: splendid: magnificent.--adv. GOR'GEOUSLY.--n. GOR'GEOUSNESS. [O. Fr. gorgias, gaudy--gorgias, a ruff--gorge, the throat.]

GORGON, gor'gun, n. one of three fabled female monsters (Stheno, Euryale, and Medusa), of horrible aspect, winged, with hissing serpents for hair--every one who looked on Medusa was turned to stone: anything very ugly.--adjs. GOR'GON, GORG[=O]'NEAN, GORGONESQUE', GORG[=O]'NIAN, like a gorgon: very ugly or terrific.--n. GORGONEI'ON, a mask of the gorgon.--v.t. GOR'GONISE (Tenn.), to turn to stone. [L. gorgon--Gr. gorg[=o]--gorgos, grim.]

GORGONZOLA, gor-gon-z[=o]'la, n. a highly esteemed cheese.

GORILLA, gor-il'a, n. a great African ape, the largest known anthropoid, generally referred to the same genus with the chimpanzee. [African.]

GORMAND, older form of gourmand.--v.i. GOR'MAND[=I]SE, to eat hastily or voraciously.--ns. GOR'MAND[=I]SER; GOR'MAND[=I]SING, the act or habit of eating voraciously; GOR'MANDISM, gluttony.

GORSE, gors, n. a prickly shrub growing on waste places, the furze or whin.--adj. GORS'Y. [A.S. gorst.]

GOSHAWK, gos'hawk, n. a short-winged hawk, once used for hunting wild-geese and other fowl, not having a toothed bill, like the falcons proper. [A.S. góshafoc--gós, goose, hafoc, hawk.]

GOSLING, goz'ling, n. a young goose. [A.S. gós, goose, double dim. -l-ing.]

GOSPEL, gos'pel, n. the Christian revelation: the narrative of the life of Christ, as related by Matthew, Mark, Luke, or John: the stated portion of these read at service: the teaching of Christ: a system of religious truth: absolute truth.--v.t. (Shak.) to instruct in the gospel.--n. GOS'PELLER, a preacher: an evangelist.--v.t. GOS'PELLISE, to square with the gospel. [A.S. godspell; commonly derived from A.S. gód, good, and spell, story, and so a translation of Gr. eu-anggelion, good news; but more prob. from god, God, and spell, a narrative, God-story; so also the Ice. is guðspjall, God-story, and not góðspjall, good-story; and the Old High Ger. was gotspell, got (God) -spel, not guot (good) -spel.]

GOSS, gos, n. (Shak.). See GORSE.

GOSSAMER, gos'a-m[.e]r, n. very fine spider-threads which float in the air or form webs on bushes in fine weather: any thin material.--adj. light, flimsy.--adj. GOSS'AMERY, like gossamer: flimsy. [M. E. gossomer; Prof Skeat thinks it is a corr. of 'goose-summer' or 'summer-goose,' from the downy appearance of the film. Ger. sommer-fäden, summer-threads, also mädchen-sommer, maiden-summer.]

GOSSAN, gos'an, n. (prov.) decomposed rock, usually ferruginous, forming the upper part of a metallic vein.--Also GOZZ'AN.

GOSSIP, gos'ip, n. one who runs about telling and hearing news: idle talk: a familiar acquaintance: a boon-companion.--v.i. to run about telling idle tales: to talk much: to chat: (Shak.) to stand godfather to.--n. GOSS'IPING, the act or practice of one who gossips or tattles.--p.adj. having the character of one who gossips: tattling.--n. GOSS'IPRY.--adj. GOSS'IPY. [Orig. a sponsor in baptism, or one related in the service of God; M. E. gossib (earlier form, godsib)--God, and sib, related; cf. Ger. sippe, Ice. sif, affinity, Scot. sib, related.]

GOSSOON, go-s[=oo]n', n. a boy-servant in Ireland. [From Fr. garçon, a boy.]

GOSSYPIUM, go-sip'i-um, n. a malvaceous genus of herbs and shrubs, native to the tropics, yielding the cotton of commerce. [L. gossypion.]

GOT, GOTTEN. See under GET.

GOTH, goth, n. one of an ancient Teutonic nation, originally settled on the southern coasts of the Baltic, which migrated to Dacia in the 3d century, and later founded kingdoms in Italy, southern France, and Spain: a rude or uncivilised person, a barbarian.--adj. GOTH'IC, belonging to the Goths or their language: barbarous: romantic: denoting a style of architecture with high-pointed arches, clustered columns, &c. (applied in reproach at the time of the Renaissance).--v.t. GOTH'ICISE, to make Gothic: to bring back to barbarism.--n. GOTH'ICISM, a Gothic idiom or style of building: rudeness of manners. [The native names Gutans (sing. Guta) and Gutôs (sing. Guts), Gutthiuda, 'people of the Goths;' Latinised as Gothi, Gotthi.]

GOTHAMITE, goth'a-m[=i]t, GOTHAMIST, goth'a-mist, n. a simpleton: a wiseacre. [From Gotham, a village of Nottinghamshire, with which name are connected many of the simpleton stories of immemorial antiquity. So of Gordon in Scotland, Kampan in Holland, the Schildburgers in Germany, &c.]

GOUACHE, gwash, n. a method of water-colour painting with opaque colours, mixed with water, honey, and gum, presenting a dead surface: work painted according to this method. [Fr.]

GOUDA, gow'da, n. a kind of cheese from Gouda.

GOUGE, gowj, or g[=oo]j, n. a chisel, with a hollow blade, for cutting grooves or holes.--v.t. to scoop out, as with a gouge: to force out, as the eye with the thumb. [O. Fr.,--Low L. guvia, a kind of chisel.]

GOUJEERS, g[=oo]'j[=e]rz, n. (Shak.) venereal disease.--Goujere, often GOOD YEAR, used as a slight imprecation, as pox; cf. 2 Henry IV., II. iv. 64. [Perh. Fr. gouge, a prostitute, goujat, a blackguard.]

GOURA, gow'ra, n. a genus of beautifully crested, ground-loving pigeons, native to New Guinea.

GOURAMI. See GORAMY.

GOURD, g[=o]rd, or g[=oo]rd, n. a large fleshy fruit: rind of a gourd used as a drinking-cup: the gourd plant: (pl.) hollow dice used by cheating gamblers.--ns. GOURD'INESS; GOURD'-WORM, a fluke or trematode worm, esp. the liver-fluke.--adj. GOURD'Y, having the legs swollen--of a horse. [O. Fr. gourde, contr. from cougourde--L. cucurbita, a gourd.]

GOURMAND, g[=oo]r'mand, n. one who eats greedily: a glutton.--adj. voracious: gluttonous--also GOR'MAND.--n. GOURMET (goor-m[=a]', or -met'), an epicure, originally one with a delicate taste in wines. [Fr. gourmand, a glutton; origin unknown.]

GOUSTY, gows'ti, adj. dreary.--adj. GOUS'TROUS, stormy: (Scot.) rude. [Same as GUSTY.]

GOUT, gowt, n. an acute inflammation of the smaller joints, and esp. of the great toe, in persons of luxurious habits and past middle life: (obs.) a drop.--adv. GOUT'ILY.--ns. GOUT'INESS; GOUT'WORT, GOUT'WEED, an umbelliferous European plant, long supposed to be good for gout.--adj. GOUT'Y, relating to gout: diseased with or subject to gout. [O. Fr. goutte--L. gutta, a drop, the disease supposed to be caused by a defluxion of humours.]

GOUT, g[=oo], n. taste: relish. [Fr.,--L. gustus, taste.]

GOVERN, guv'[.e]rn, v.t. to direct: to control: to rule with authority: (gram.) to determine the mood, tense, or case of.--v.i. to exercise authority: to administer the laws.--adj. GOV'ERNABLE.--ns. GOV'ERNALL (Spens.), government; GOV'ERNANCE, government: control: direction: behaviour; GOVERNANTE (guv-[.e]r-nant', or guv'-), a governess (obs.); GOV'ERNESS, a lady who has charge of the instruction of young ladies: a tutoress (Daily-governess, one who goes every day to her pupils' house; Nursery-, having charge of young children only, tending as well as teaching them; Resident-, living in the family of her pupils).--v.i. to act as governess.--n. GOV'ERNESS-CART, a light two-wheeled vehicle with two face-to-face seats at the sides only.--adj. GOV'ERNING, having control.--n. GOV'ERNMENT, a ruling or managing: control: system of governing: the body of persons authorised to administer the laws, or to govern a state: the territory over which sovereign power extends: (gram.) the power of one word in determining the form of another: (Shak.) conduct.--adj. of or pursued by government.--adj. GOVERNMENT'AL, pertaining to or sanctioned by government.--ns. GOV'ERNOR, a ruler: one invested with supreme authority: a tutor: (slang) a father or master: (mach.) a regulator, or contrivance for maintaining uniform velocity with a varying resistance: (B.) a pilot; GOV'ERNOR-GEN'ERAL, the supreme governor in a country: a viceroy; GOV'ERNORSHIP.--GOVERNMENTAL THEORY (see GROTIAN). [O. Fr. governer--L. gubern[=a]re--Gr. kybernan.]

GOWAN, gow'an, n. (Scot.) the wild daisy. [Ir. and Gael. gugan, bud, daisy.]

GOWD, Scotch for gold.

GOWF, gowf, v.t. (Scot.) to strike, cuff. [A modification of golf.]

GOWK, GOUK, gowk, n. a stupid fellow, a fool.

GOWL, gowl, v.i. (Scot.) to cry or howl. [M. E. goulen--Scand., Ice. gaula, to bellow.]

GOWN, gown, n. a woman's upper garment: a long loose robe worn officially by clergymen, lawyers, college lecturers, &c.--v.t. to invest with the gown.--adj. GOWNED, dressed in a gown.--ns. GOWN'MAN, GOWNS'MAN, one whose professional habit is a gown, as a divine or lawyer, and esp. a member of an English university. [M. E. goune--W. gwn, akin to gwnio, to stitch; Ir. gunn, Gael. gun.]

GOWPEN, gowp'en, n. (Scot.) the hollow of the hand or of the two hands held together: a handful. [Scand.; Ice. gaupn, Sw. göpen, Dan. gövn; Low Ger. göpse, göpsch, Ger. dial. gauf, gaufel.]

GRAAFIAN, grä'fi-an, adj. pertaining to the follicle or little sac in the ovary in which an ovum matures--in mammals. [Named from the discoverer of these, Regnier de Graaf, 1641-73.]

GRAAL. Same as GRAIL, a dish.

GRAB, grab, n. a vessel on the Malabar coast, having two or three masts.

GRAB, grab, v.t. (coll.) to seize or grasp suddenly: to lay hands on:--pr.p. grab'bing; pa.p. grabbed.--n. a sudden grasp or catch, acquisition by violent or unjust means: that which is seized: a simple card game.--ns. GRAB'-BAG, a bag containing a variety of articles to be obtained by putting in the hand and seizing one, as at charity bazaars, &c.: any dishonest means of seizing such profit or spoil as comes handiest; GRAB'BER. [Scand.; Sw. grabba, to grasp; Ger. greifen, to seize.]

GRABBLE, grab'l, v.i. to grope. [Freq. of grab.]

GRACE, gr[=a]s, n. easy elegance in form or manner: what adorns and commends to favour: embellishment: favour: pardon: the undeserved mercy of God: divine influence: eternal life or salvation: a short prayer at meat: an act or decree of the governing body of an English university: a ceremonious title in addressing a duke or an archbishop: (pl.) favour, friendship (with good): (myth.) the three sister goddesses in whom beauty was deified (the Greek Charites), Euphrosyne, Aglaia, Thalia.--v.t. to mark with favour: to adorn.--n. GRACE'-CUP, a cup or health drunk at the last of the feast.--adjs. GRACED (Shak.), virtuous, chaste; GRACE'FUL, elegant and easy: marked by propriety or fitness, becoming.--adv. GRACE'FULLY.--n. GRACE'FULNESS.--adjs. GRACE'LESS, wanting grace or excellence: depraved: wicked.--adv. GRACE'LESSLY.--n. GRACE'LESSNESS.--ns. GRACE'-NOTE (mus.), a note introduced as an embellishment, not being essential to the harmony or melody; GRACE'-STROKE, a finishing stroke, coup de grâce; GRACI[=O]'SO, a clown in Spanish comedy, a favourite.--adj. GR[=A]'CIOUS, abounding in grace or kindness: benevolent: proceeding from divine favour: acceptable.--adv. GR[=A]'CIOUSLY.--ns. GR[=A]'CIOUSNESS, state or quality of being gracious, affability; GR[=A]CIOUS'ITY, the same, but usually in a bad sense, as implying duplicity.--DAYS OF GRACE, three days allowed for the payment of a note or bill of exchange, after being due according to its date; FALL FROM GRACE, to backslide, to lapse from the state of grace and salvation--an impossibility according to Calvinists.--GOOD GRACIOUS, an exclamation of surprise.--IN THE GOOD GRACES OF, in the friendship of; SAVING GRACE, divine grace so bestowed as to lead to salvation; TAKE HEART OF GRACE, to take courage from favour shown. [Fr.,--L. gratia, favour--gratus, agreeable; Gr. charis, grace.]

GRACILE, gras'il, adj. slender, gracefully slight in form.--n. GRACIL'ITY. [L. gracilis, slender.]

GRACKLE, grak'l, n. the common name of many birds of the starling family, all tropical or subtropical.--Also GRAK'LE. [L. graculus, a jackdaw.]

GRADE, gr[=a]d, n. a degree or step in rank or dignity: the degree of slope on a road as compared with the horizontal: a class of animals produced by crossing a common breed with one purer--also adj.: a group of animals branching off from a common stem.--v.t. GR[=A]'DATE, to cause to blend gradually from one tint of colour to another.--v.i. to effect gradation.--adv. GRAD[=A]'TIM, gradually.--n. GRAD[=A]'TION, a rising step by step: progress from one degree or state to another: position attained: state of being arranged in ranks: (mus.) a diatonic succession of chords: (paint.) the gradual blending of tints.--adjs. GRAD[=A]'TIONAL; GRAD[=A]'TIONED, formed by gradations or stages; GRAD'ATORY, proceeding step by step, adapted for walking or forward movement; GR[=A]'DIENT, gradually rising: rising with a regular slope.--n. the degree of slope on a road or railway: the difference in the height of the barometer between one place and another place at some distance: an incline.--ns. GR[=A]D'IENTER, a surveyor's instrument for determining grades; GR[=A]D'IN, GRADINE', one of a series of rising seats, as in an amphitheatre: a raised step or ledge behind an altar; GRADIN'O, a decoration for the gradin.--adj. GRAD'[=U]AL, advancing by grades or degrees: regular and slow.--n. in the Roman Church, the portion of the mass between the epistle and the gospel, formerly always sung from the steps of the altar: the book containing such anthems--also GRAIL.--ns. GRAD'[=U]ALISM, GRAD[=U]AL'ITY.--adv. GRAD'[=U]ALLY.--v.t. GRAD'[=U][=A]TE, to divide into regular intervals: to mark with degrees: to proportion.--v.i. to pass by grades or degrees: to pass through a university course and receive a degree.--n. one admitted to a degree in a college, university, or society.--p.adj. GRAD'[=U][=A]TED, marked with degrees, as a thermometer.--ns. GRAD'UATESHIP; GRAD[=U][=A]'TION; GRAD'[=U][=A]TOR, a mathematical instrument for graduating or dividing lines into regular intervals; GRADUC'TION (astron.), the division of circular arcs into degrees, minutes, &c.; GR[=A]'DUS, a dictionary of Greek or Latin prosody--contraction of gradus ad Parnassum, a step or stair to Parnassus, the abode of the Muses.--DOWN, and UP, GRADE, a descending or ascending part, as of a road. [Fr.,--L. gradus, a step--gradi, to step.]

GRADELY, gr[=a]d'li, adv. (prov.) readily, speedily.--Also GRAITH'LY.

GRADGRIND, gräd'gr[=i]nd, n. one who regulates all human things by rule and compass and the mechanical application of statistics, allowing nothing for sentiment, emotion, and individuality. [From Thomas Gradgrind in Dickens's Hard Times.]

GRAF, gräf, n. a German title of dignity equivalent to Count:--fem. GRÄFIN.

GRAFF, graf, n. (Scot.) a grave. A variant of grave.

GRAFF, n. and v. (B.). Same as GRAFT.

GRAFFITO, graf-f[=e]'to, n. the name given to certain classes of mural inscriptions, such as the scribblings of schoolboys and idlers, found at Pompeii, Rome, and other ancient cities:--pl. GRAFFITI (-f[=e]'t[=e]). [It.--graffiare, to scratch--Low L. graphium, a style.]

GRAFT, graft, v.t. to make an incision in a tree or plant, and insert in it a small branch of another, so as to make a union of the two: to insert in something anything not belonging to it: to incorporate one thing with another: to transplant, as a piece of tissue, from one part to another.--v.i. to insert cuttings into a tree.--n. a small branch used in grafting.--ns. GRAFT'ER; GRAFT'ING. [O. Fr. graffe (Fr. greffe)--L. graphium--a style or pencil (which the inserted slip resembled)--Gr. graphein, to write.]

GRAIL, gr[=a]l, n. (Spens.) small particles of any kind, as sand. [O. Fr. graile (Fr. grêle), hail--L. gracilis, slender.]

GRAIL, See GRADUAL.

GRAIL, gr[=a]l, n. in medieval legend, the Holy Cup used by Christ at the Last Supper. [Orig. the San Greal, 'Holy Dish' (not Sang Real, 'Holy Blood'), in which it is said Joseph of Arimathea collected our Lord's blood; from O. Fr. graal or greal, a flat dish--Low L. gradale, a flat dish, app. a corr. of Low L. cratella, a dim. of crater, a bowl. Diez suggests as the origin a lost cratalis, from cratus, Low L. form of crater.]

GRAIN, gr[=a]n, n. a single small hard seed: (coll.) the seeds of certain plants which form the chief food of man: corn, in general: a minute particle: a very small quantity: the smallest British weight, supposed to be the average weight of a seed or well-ripened ear of corn: the arrangement of the particles or fibres of anything, as stone or wood: texture, as of leather: the crimson dye made from cochineal insects, which, in the prepared state, resemble grains of seed--hence to dye in grain is to dye deeply, also to dye in the wool: innate quality or character of anything.--v.t. to form into grains, cause to granulate: to paint in imitation of wood, marble, &c.: in tanning, to take the hair off.--n. GRAIN'AGE, duties on grain.--adj. GRAINED, rough: furrowed.--ns. GRAIN'ER, one who paints in imitation of the grain of wood; GRAIN'ING, painting so as to imitate the grain of wood: a process in tanning in which the grain of the leather is raised.--adj. GRAIN'Y, having grains or kernels.--GRAINS OF PARADISE, an aromatic and pungent seed imported from Guinea.--AGAINST THE GRAIN, against the fibre of the wood--hence against the natural temper or inclination; WITH A GRAIN OF SALT, with reservation, as of a story that cannot be admitted (L. cum grano salis). [Fr.,--L. granum, seed, akin to corn.]

GRAIN, gr[=a]n, n. a prong, fork: a kind of harpoon.

GRAINING, gr[=a]n'ing, n. a kind of dace found in the Mersey and in Swiss lakes: a small fish of the same genus, resembling the dace.

GRAIP, gr[=a]p, n. (Scot.) a three or four pronged fork used for lifting dung or digging potatoes. [A form of grope. Cf. Sw. grepe, Dan. greb.]

GRAITH, gr[=a]th, n. apparatus for work, travelling, &c., equipment.--v.t. (Scot.) to make ready, to dress.--adjs. GRAITH, GR[=A]DE, ready, free.--LIFT ONE'S GRAITH, to collect one's tools and leave the mine. [Ice. greidhr, ready; cf. A.S. ger['æ]de, ready.]

GRAKLE. See GRACKLE.

GRALLÆ, gral'[=e], GRALLATORES, gral-a-t[=o]'r[=e]z, n.pl. an old order of wading and running birds, including rails, snipes and curlews, cranes, herons and bitterns, storks, and numerous other families.--adjs. GRALLAT[=O]'RIAL, GRALL'ATORY, GRALL'IC, GRALL'INE. [L. grallator--grallæ, stilts, contr. of gradulæ, dim. of gradus, a step--gradi, to step.]

GRALLOCH, GRALLOCK, gral'ok, v.t. to disembowel.

GRAM, gram, n. (Rossetti) misery.--Also GRAME. [A.S. grama, anger.]

GRAM, gram, n. a word used in commerce for chick peas exported from British India. [Anglo-Ind., perh. from Port, grão--L. granum, a grain.]

GRAM, GRAMME, gram, n. the unit of mass in the metric system, equal to 15.432 troy grains. [Fr.,--L.,--Gr. gramma, a letter, a small weight.]

GRAMARY, gram'a-ri, n. magic: enchantment.--Also GRAM'ARYE. [M. E. gramery, skill in grammar, hence magic--O. Fr. gramaire, grammar.]

GRAMERCY, gra-m[.e]r'si, interj. great thanks--an obsolete expression of obligation, with surprise. [O. Fr. grammerci, grantmerci, great thanks.]

GRAMINEÆ, gr[=a]-min'[=e]-[=e], n.pl. the order of grasses.--adjs. GRAMIN[=A]'CEOUS, GRAMIN'EAL, GRAMIN[=E]'OUS, like or pertaining to grass: grassy; GRAMINIF[=O]'LIOUS, bearing leaves; GRAMINIV'OROUS, feeding or subsisting on grass and herbs. [L. gramen, graminis, grass, folium, a leaf, vor[=a]re, to eat greedily.]

GRAMMAR, gram'ar, n. the science of the right use of language: a book which teaches grammar: any elementary work.--ns. GRAMM[=A]'RIAN, one versed in, or who teaches, grammar; GRAMM'AR-SCHOOL, a school in which grammar, esp. Latin grammar, is taught: a higher school, in which Latin and Greek are taught.--adjs. GRAMMAT'IC, -AL, belonging to, or according to, the rules of grammar.--adv. GRAMMAT'ICALLY.--n. GRAMMAT'ICASTER, a piddling grammarian.--v.t. GRAMMAT'IC[=I]SE, to make grammatical.--v.i. to act the grammarian.--ns. GRAMMAT'ICISM, a point of grammar; GRAMM'ATIST, a grammarian. [O. Fr. gramaire; from Low L. gramma, a letter, with the termination -arius--Gr. gramma, a letter--graphein, to write.]

GRAMME. See GRAM.

GRAMOPHONE, gram'o-f[=o]n, n. an instrument of the phonograph type for recording and reproducing articulate speech--invented by E. Berliner. [Gr. gramma, a letter, ph[=o]n[=e], sound.]

GRAMPUS, gram'pus, n. a large voracious fish of the dolphin family, common in almost all seas. [A sailor's corr. of It. gran pesce, or Sp. gran pez, great fish--L. grandis piscis, great fish.]

GRANADILLA, gran-a-dil'a, n. the edible fruit of a species of passion-flower. [Sp.]

GRANARY, gran'ar-i, n. a storehouse for grain or threshed corn. [L. granaria--granum.]

GRAND, grand, adj. of great size, extent, power, or dignity: splendid: illustrious: noble: sublime: chief: covering the whole field, or including all details: (mus.) containing all the parts proper to a given form of composition: of the second degree of parentage or descent, as Grand'father, a father or mother's father; Grand'child, a son or daughter's child; so Grand'mother, Grand'son, Grand'daughter, &c.--ns. GRAN'DAM, an old dame or woman: a grandmother; GRAND'-DUKE, a title of sovereignty over a grand-duchy, first created by the Pope in 1569 for the rulers of Florence and Tuscany, assumed by certain German reigning princes and by the princes of the imperial family of Russia; GRANDEE', since the 13th century the most highly privileged class of nobility in the kingdom of Castile, in which the members of the royal family were included: a man of high rank or station; GRANDEE'SHIP; GRANDEUR (grand'[=u]r), vastness: splendour of appearance: loftiness of thought or deportment; GRANDIL'OQUENCE.--adj. GRANDIL'OQUENT, speaking grandly or bombastically: pompous--(rare) GRANDIL'OQUOUS.--adv. GRANDIL'OQUENTLY.--adj. GRAN'DIOSE, grand or imposing: bombastic.--adv. GRAN'DIOSELY.--ns. GRANDIOS'ITY; GRAND'-JU'ROR, member of a GRAND'-JU'RY, a special jury which decides whether there is sufficient evidence to put an accused person on trial.--adv. GRAND'LY.--ns. GRAND'MAMMA, GRAND'MA, a grandmother; GRAND'-MAS'TER, title of the head of the religious orders of knighthood (Hospitallers, Templars, and Teutonic Knights): the head, for the time being, of the Freemasons, &c.--adj. GRAND'MOTHERLY, like a grandmother, over-anxious to direct the whole life of another.--ns. GRAND'-NEPH'EW, the grandson of a brother or sister; GRAND'NESS; GRAND'-NIECE, the granddaughter of a brother or sister; GRAND'PAPA, GRAND'PA, a grandfather; GRAND'-PAR'ENT, a grandfather or grandmother; GRAND'-PIÄ'NO, a large kind of piano, of great compass and power; GRAND'SIRE, a grandfather: any ancestor; GRAND'STAND, an elevated erection on a race-course, &c., affording a good view; GRAND'-UN'CLE, the brother of a grandfather or grandmother--also GREAT'-UN'CLE.--GRAND SEIGNIOR (see SEIGNIOR); GRAND VIZIR (see VIZIR). [Fr. grand--L. grandis, great.]

GRANDISONIAN, gran-di-s[=o]'ni-an, adj. like the novelist Richardson's hero, Sir Charles Grandison, polite and chivalrous to an extreme and tedious degree.

GRANGE, gr[=a]nj, n. a farm-house with its stables and other buildings: (Milt.) a granary: (U.S.) a lodge of the order of 'Patrons of Husbandry.'--n. GRAN'GER, a member of a farmer's grange.--adj. pertaining to such. [O. Fr. grange, barn--Low L. granea--L. granum, grain.]

GRANGERISM, gr[=a]n'jer-izm, n. the practice of cutting plates and title-pages out of many books to illustrate one book.--v.t. GRAN'GERISE, to practise grangerism. [From James Granger (1716-76), whose Biographical History of England (1769) gave an impetus to this.]

GRANIFEROUS, gran-if'[.e]r-us, adj. bearing seeds like grain.--adjs. GRAN'IFORM, formed or shaped like a grain or seed; GRANIV'OROUS, eating grain: feeding on seeds. [L. granum, grain, ferre, to carry, forma, form, vor[=a]re, to devour.]

GRANITE, gran'it, n. an igneous crystalline rock, composed of grains of quartz, feldspar, and mica, and of a whitish, grayish, or reddish colour.--adj. GRANIT'IC, pertaining to, consisting of, or like granite.--n. GRANITIFIC[=A]'TION.--adjs. GRANIT'IFORM, GRAN'ITOID, of the form of or resembling granite; GRANOLITH'IC, composed of cement formed of pounded granite. [It. granito, granite, lit. grained--L. granum, grain.]

GRANNY, gran'i, n. a grandmother: an old woman--also GRAND'AM.--n. GRANN'Y-KNOT, a knot like a reef-knot, but having the second tie across, difficult to untie when jammed.

GRANT, grant, v.t. to bestow or give over: to give possession of: to admit as true what is not yet proved: to concede.--v.i. (Shak.) to consent.--n. a bestowing: something bestowed, an allowance: a gift: (Eng. law) conveyance of property by deed.--adj. GRANT'ABLE.--ns. GRANT[=EE]' (law), the person to whom a grant, gift, or conveyance is made; GRANT'ER, GRANT'OR (law), the person by whom a grant or conveyance is made.--TAKE FOR GRANTED, to presuppose as certainly true. [O. Fr. graanter, craanter, creanter, to promise, as if from a Low L. credent[=a]re--L. cred[)e]re, to believe.]

GRANULE, gran'[=u]l, n. a little grain: a fine particle.--adjs. GRAN'[=U]LAR, GRAN'[=U]LARY, GRAN'[=U]LOSE, GRAN'[=U]LOUS, consisting of or like grains or granules.--adv. GRAN'[=U]LARLY.--v.t. GRAN'[=U]L[=A]TE, to form or break into grains or small masses: to make rough on the surface.--v.i. to be formed into grains.--adj. granular: having the surface covered with small elevations.--n. GRAN[=U]L[=A]'TION, act of forming into grains, esp. of metals by pouring them through a sieve into water while hot: (pl.) the materials of new texture as first formed in a wound or on an ulcerated surface.--adjs. GRAN[=U]LIF'EROUS; GRAN'[=U]LIFORM.--n. GRAN'[=U]L[=I]TE, a schistose but sometimes massive aggregate of quartz and orthoclase with garnets. [L. granulum, dim. of granum, grain.]

GRAPE, gr[=a]p, v.i. a Scotch form of grope.

GRAPE, gr[=a]p, n. the fruit of the grape-vine, or of any of the many species of the genus Vitis: a mangy tumour on the legs of horses: grapeshot.--n. GRAPE'-HY'ACINTH, a genus of bulbous-rooted plants, nearly allied to the hyacinths.--adj. GRAPE'LESS, without the flavour of the grape, said of wine.--ns. GRAP'ERY, a place where grapes are grown; GRAPE'SHOT, shot or small iron balls clustered or piled on circular plates round an iron pin, which scatter on being fired; GRAPE'-STONE, the stone or seed of the grape; GRAPE'-SU'GAR, dextrose; GRAPE'-VINE, the vine that bears grapes.--adj. GRAP'Y, made of or like grapes.--SOUR GRAPES, things despised because they cannot be attained (from Æsop's fable of the fox and the grapes). [O. Fr. grappe, a cluster of grapes; from Old High Ger. chrapho, a hook. It properly meant a hook, then clustered fruit, hooked on, attached to, a stem (Brachet).]

GRAPH, graf, n. a representation by means of lines, exhibiting the nature of the law according to which some phenomena vary: -graph is used as a terminal in many Greek compounds to denote an agent which writes, &c., as telegraph, seismograph, or the thing written, as in autograph, &c.--adjs. GRAPH'IC, -AL, pertaining to writing, describing, or delineating: picturesquely described: vivid.--adv. GRAPH'ICALLY.--ns. GRAPH'ICNESS; GRAPHIOL'OGY, the science or art of writing or delineating, or a treatise thereon; GRAPH'IS, a genus of lichens, remarkable for the resemblance which the fructification assumes to the forms of the letters of Oriental alphabets; GRAPH'[=I]TE, a mineral, commonly called blacklead or plumbago (though containing no lead), largely used in making pencils.--adj. GRAPHIT'IC.--ns. GRAPH'IUM, a stylus; GRAPHOL'OGY, the science of estimating character, &c., from handwriting.--GRAPHIC ARTS, painting, drawing, engraving, as opposed to music, sculpture, &c.; GRAPHIC GRANITE, a variety of granite with markings like Hebrew characters. [Gr. graph[=e], a writing--graphein, to write.]

GRAPHOLITE, graf'o-l[=i]t, n. a kind of slate for writing on.--n. GRAPHOM'ETER, an instrument used by surveyors for measuring angles.--adjs. GRAPHOMET'RIC, -AL, pertaining to or determined by a graphometer.--ns. GRAPH'OPHONE, an instrument for recording sounds, based on the principle of the phonograph; GRAPH'OTYPE, a process intended to supersede wood-engraving, but superseded by zincotype. [Gr. graphein, to write, lithos, a stone, metron, a measure, phon[=e], a sound, typos, an impression.]

GRAPNEL, grap'nel, n. a small anchor with several claws or arms: a grappling-iron. [Fr. grappin--grappe, a hook, with dim. suff. -el.]

GRAPPLE, grap'l, v.t. to seize: to lay fast hold of.--v.i. to contend in close fight.--ns. GRAPP'LEMENT (Spens.), a grappling, close fight; GRAPP'LING-[=I]'RON, a large grapnel for seizing hostile ships in naval engagements. [O. Fr. grappil--grappe, a hook.]

GRAPTOLITE, grap'to-l[=i]t, n. one of a group of fossil hydrozoa, having simple or branched polyparies, usually strengthened by a horny-like rod--the 'solid axis.' [Gr. graptos--graphein, to write, lithos, a stone.]

GRASP, grasp, v.t. to seize and hold by clasping with the fingers or arms: to catch at: to comprehend.--v.i. to endeavour to seize: to catch (with at).--n. gripe of the hand: reach of the arms: power of seizing: mental power of apprehension.--adj. GRASP'ABLE.--n. GRASP'ER.--p.adj. GRASP'ING, seizing: avaricious: encroaching.--adv. GRASP'INGLY.--n. GRASP'INGNESS.--adj. GRASP'LESS, feeble, relaxed. [M. E. graspen--grapsen, as clasp--M. E. claspen; allied to grope, grapple.]

GRASS, gras, n. common herbage: an order of plants (Gramineæ), the most important in the whole vegetable kingdom, with long, narrow leaves and tubular stem, including wheat, rye, oats, rice, millet, and all those which supply food for nearly all graminivorous animals: short for asparagus--sparrow-grass: time of grass, spring or summer: the surface of a mine.--v.t. to cover with grass: to feed with grass: to bring to the grass or ground, as a bird or a fish--(various perennial fodder grasses are timothy, fox-tail, cock's-foot, and the fescue grasses, Italian rye-grass, &c.).--ns. GRASS'-CLOTH, a name applied to different kinds of coarse cloth, the fibre of which is rarely that of a grass, esp. to the Chinese summer-cloth made from Boehmeria nivea, which is really a nettle; GRASS'-CUT'TER, one of the attendants on an Indian army, whose work is to provide provender for the baggage-cattle; GRASS'ER, an extra or temporary worker in a printing-office.--adjs. GRASS'-GREEN, green with grass: green as grass; GRASS'-GROWN, grown over with grass.--ns. GRASS'HOPPER, a saltatorial, orthopterous insect, nearly allied to locusts and crickets, keeping quiet during the day among vegetation, but noisy at night; GRASS'INESS; GRASS'ING, the exposing of linen in fields to air and light for bleaching purposes; GRASS'-LAND, permanent pasture; GRASS'-OIL, a name under which several volatile oils derived from widely different plants are grouped; GRASS'-PLOT, a plot of grassy ground; GRASS'-TREE, a genus of Australian plants, with shrubby stems, tufts of long wiry foliage at the summit, and a tall flower-stalk, with a dense cylindrical spike of small flowers; GRASS'-WID'OW, a wife temporarily separated from her husband, often also a divorced woman, or one deserted by her husband; GRASS'-WRACK, the eel-grass growing abundantly on the sea-coast.--adj. GRASS'Y, covered with or resembling grass, green.--GO TO GRASS, to be turned out to pasture, esp. of a horse too old to work: to go into retirement, to rusticate: to fall violently (of a pugilist); LET THE GRASS GROW UNDER ONE'S FEET, to loiter, linger.--SPANISH GRASS (see ESPARTO). [A.S. gærs, græs; Ice., Ger., Dut., and Goth. gras; prob. allied to green and grow.]

GRASSUM, gräs'um, n. (Scots law) a lump sum paid by persons who take a lease of landed property--in England, 'premium' and 'fine.'

GRATE, gr[=a]t, n. a framework composed of bars with interstices, esp. one of iron bars for holding coals while burning.--adj. GRAT'ED, having a grating.--ns. GRATICUL[=A]'TION, the division of a design into squares for convenience in making an enlarged or diminished copy; GRAT'ING, the bars of a grate: a partition or frame of bars. [Low L. grata, a grate--L. crates, a hurdle. See CRATE.]

GRATE, gr[=a]t, v.t. to rub hard or wear away with anything rough: to make a harsh sound: to irritate or offend.--n. GRAT'ER, an instrument with a rough surface for grating down a body.--adj. GRAT'ING, rubbing hard on the feelings: harsh: irritating.--adv. GRAT'INGLY. [O. Fr. grater, through Low L., from Old High Ger. chraz[=o]n (Ger. kratzen), to scratch, akin to Sw. kratta.]

GRATEFUL, gr[=a]t'f[=oo]l, adj. causing pleasure: acceptable: delightful: thankful: having a due sense of benefits.--adv. GRATE'FULLY.--ns. GRATE'FULNESS; GRATIFIC[=A]'TION, a pleasing or indulging: that which gratifies: delight; GRAT'IFIER.--v.t. GRAT'IFY, to do what is agreeable to: to please: to soothe; to indulge:--pa.p. grat'ified.--p.adj. GRAT'IFYING. [O. Fr. grat--L. gratus, pleasing, thankful, and suff. -ful.]

GRATILLITY, gra-til'i-ti, n. (Shak.) gratuity.

GRATIS, gr[=a]'tis, adv. for nothing: without payment or recompense. [L., contr. of gratiis, abl. pl. of gratia, favour--gratus.]

GRATITUDE, grat'i-t[=u]d, n. warm and friendly feeling towards a benefactor: thankfulness. [Fr.,--Low L. gratitudo---L. gratus.]

GRATUITY, gra-t[=u]'i-ti, n. a present: an acknowledgment of service, generally pecuniary.--adj. GRAT[=U]'ITOUS, done or given for nothing: voluntary: without reason, ground, or proof.--adv. GRAT[=U]'ITOUSLY. [Fr.,--Low L. gratuitatem--L. gratus.]

GRATULATORY, grat'[=u]-la-tor-i, adj. congratulatory.--adj. GRAT'ULANT, congratulatory.--v.t. GRAT'UL[=A]TE, to congratulate.--n. GRATUL[=A]'TION, congratulation.

GRAVAMEN, grav-[=a]'men, n. grievance: the substantial or chief ground of complaint or accusation: the name for the statement of abuses, grievances, &c. sent by the Lower to the Upper House of Convocation. [L.,--gravis, heavy.]

GRAVE, gr[=a]v, v.t. to carve or cut on a hard substance: to engrave.--v.i. to engrave:--pa.p. graved or gr[=a]v'en.--n. a pit graved or dug out, esp. one in which to bury the dead: any place of burial: the abode of the dead: (fig.) death: destruction.--n.pl. GRAVE'-CLOTHES, the clothes in which the dead are buried.--n. GRAVE'-DIG'GER, one who digs graves.--adj. GRAVE'LESS (Shak.), without a grave, unburied.--ns. GRAVE'-MAK'ER (Shak.), a grave-digger; GRAVE'-STONE, a stone laid over, or placed at the head of, a grave as a memorial; GRAVE'YARD, a yard or enclosure used as a burial-ground.--WITH ONE FOOT IN THE GRAVE, on the very borders of death. [A.S. grafan; Dut. graven, Ger. graben; Gr. graphein, to scratch, L. scrib[)e]re, to write.]

GRAVE, gr[=a]v, v.t. to smear with graves or greaves, a mixture of tallow, rosin, &c. boiled together.--ns.pl. GRAVES, GREAVES, tallow-drippings. [See GREAVES.]

GRAVE, gr[=a]v, adj. of importance: serious: not gay or showy: sober: solemn; weighty: (mus.) not acute: low.--n. the grave accent, or its sign (`).--adv. GRAVE'LY.--n. GRAVE'NESS. [Fr.,--L. gravis.]

GRAVE, gr[=a]v, n. a count, prefect, a person holding office, as in landgrave, margrave, burgrave, &c. [Dut. graaf, Ger. graf.]

GRAVEL, grav'el, n. small stones often intermixed with sand: small collections of gravelly matter in the kidneys or bladder.--v.t. to cover with gravel: to puzzle, perplex:--pr.p. grav'elling; pa.p. grav'elled.--adj. GRAV'ELLY.--ns. GRAV'EL-PIT, a pit from which gravel is dug; GRAV'EL-WALK, a footpath covered with gravel. [O. Fr. gravele (Fr. gravier); prob. Celt., as in Bret. grouan, sand, W. gro, pebbles.]

GRAVEN, gr[=a]v'n, pa.p. of grave, to carve, engrave.

GRAVEOLENT, grav'[=e]-o-lent, adj. giving forth an offensive smell.--n. GRAV'EOLENCE.

GRAVER, gr[=a]v'[.e]r, n. an engraver: a tool for engraving on hard substances, a burin.

GRAVID, grav'id, adj. heavy, esp. as being with child: pregnant. [L. gravidus--gravis, heavy.]

GRAVIGRADE, grav'i-gr[=a]d, adj. walking heavily.--n. an animal like the megatherium, &c.

GRAVING, gr[=a]v'ing, n. an act of graving or cutting out on hard substances: that which is graved or cut out: carved-work: act of cleaning a ship's bottom.--n. GRAV'ING-DOCK, a dock into which ships are taken to have their bottoms cleaned.

GRAVITY, grav'i-ti, n. weightiness: that attraction between bodies, or acceleration of one toward another, of which the fall of a body to the ground is an example: state of being grave or sober: relative importance: (mus.) lowness of a note.--n. GRAVIM'ETER, an instrument for determining specific gravities.--v.i. GRAV'IT[=A]TE, to be acted on by gravity: to tend towards the earth: to be strongly attracted towards anything.--n. GRAVIT[=A]'TION, act of gravitating: the tendency of all bodies to attract each other.--adj. GRAV'IT[=A]TIVE.--SPECIFIC GRAVITY (see SPECIFIC). [Fr. gravité--L. gravitat-em--gravis, heavy.]

GRAVY, gr[=a]v'i, n. the juices from meat while cooking.--n. GRAV'Y-BOAT, a vessel for gravy or sauce. [Earlier greavy; prob. originally an adj. formed greaves, the dregs of tallow.]

GRAY, GREY, gr[=a], adj. of a white colour mixed with black: ash-coloured: (fig.) aged, gray-haired, mature.--n. a gray colour: an animal of a grayish colour, as a horse, &c.--v.t. to cause to become gray: to give a soft effect to a photograph by covering the negative while printing with a ground-glass plate: to depolish.--v.i. to grow or become gray.--n. GRAY'BEARD, one with a gray beard--hence an old man: a coarse earthenware vessel for holding liquors, a bellarmine.--adjs. GRAY'-COAT'ED (Shak.), having a gray coat; GRAY'-EYED (Shak.), having gray eyes.--n. GRAY'-FLY (Milt.), the trumpet or gad fly.--adjs. GRAY'-HAIRED, GRAY'-HEAD'ED, having gray hair.--n. GRAY'HOUND (same as GREYHOUND).--adj. GRAY'ISH, somewhat gray.--ns. GRAY'-LAG, the common gray or wild goose; GRAY'LING, a silvery gray fish of the salmon family, but with a smaller mouth and teeth, and larger scales.--adv. GRAY'LY.--ns. GRAY'NESS; GRAY'-OWL, the common tawny owl; GRAY'STONE, a grayish or greenish volcanic rock allied to basalt; GRAYWETH'ER (see GREYWETHER).--GRAY MARE (see MARE). [A.S. gr['æ]g; allied to Ger. grau, and L. ravus, tawny.]

GRAYWACKE, GREYWACKE, grä'wak-e, n. a kind of sandstone, consisting of rounded pebbles and sand firmly united together. [Ger. grauwacke--grau, gray, wacke, a flint.]

GRAZE, gr[=a]z, v.t. to eat or feed on grass: to feed or supply with grass: (obs.) to tend while grazing.--v.i. to eat grass: to supply grass.--ns. GRAZ'ER, an animal which grazes; GRAZIER (gr[=a]'zh[.e]r), one who grazes or pastures cattle and rears them for the market; GRAZ'ING, the act of feeding on grass: the feeding or raising of cattle. [From grass.]

GRAZE, gr[=a]z, v.t. to pass lightly along the surface. [Ety. dub.; perh. only a special use of graze above; perh. coined from rase (Fr. raser), the initial g due to the analogy of grate.]

GREASE, gr[=e]s, n. soft thick animal fat: oily matter of any kind: an inflammation in the heels of a horse, marked by swelling, &c.--v.t. (sometimes pron. gr[=e]z) to smear with grease, to lubricate--also used figuratively, to cause to go easily: (obs.) to bribe--as in to 'grease the palm.'--adv. GREAS'ILY.--n. GREAS'INESS.--adj. GREAS'Y, of or like grease or oil: smeared with grease: smooth: fat. [O. Fr. gresse, fatness, gras, fat--L. crassus, gross.]

GREAT, gr[=a]t, adj. large: long continued: superior: distinguished: highly gifted: noble: mighty: sublime: of high rank: chief: proud, arrogant: weighty: difficult: important: pregnant, teeming: indicating one degree more remote in the direct line of descent, as GREAT'-GRAND'FATHER, GREAT'-GRAND'SON.--adj. GREAT'-BEL'LIED (Shak.), pregnant.--n. GREAT'COAT, an overcoat.--v.t. GREAT'EN (Browning), to make great.--v.i. to become great.--ns. GREAT'-GRAND'CHILD, the child of a grandchild; GREAT'-GRAND'MOTHER, the mother of a grand-parent.--adj. GREAT'-HEART'ED, having a great or noble heart: high-spirited: noble.--adv. GREAT'LY.--ns. GREAT'NESS; GREAT'-PRIM'ER (see PRIMER); GREATS, the final examination in the Honours Schools at Oxford, &c.; GREAT'-UN'CLE, usually grand-uncle, a grandfather's or grandmother's brother.--GREAT DANE, one of a breed of large close-haired dogs from Denmark, a boar-hound; GREAT POWERS, the chief countries of Europe--France, Germany, Russia, Great Britain, Austro-Hungary; GREAT SCHISM, the division between the Latin and Greek Churches, begun in the 9th century, and culminating in 1054; GREAT SEA, the Mediterranean; GREAT UNWASHED, an absurd term sometimes applied to the working classes generally.--GREATER BRITAIN, the whole colonial empire of Great Britain.--THE GREAT, people of rank. [A.S. greát; Dut. groot, Ger. gross; perh. allied to grand, gross, grow.]

GREAVE, gr[=e]v, n. (Spens.) a groove, a grove.

GREAVE. See GREEVE.

GREAVES, gr[=e]vz, n.pl. the sediment of melted tallow pressed into cakes for dogs' food.--Also GRAVES. [Prov. Sw. grevar, tallow-leavings; cf. Ger. griebe.]

GREAVES, gr[=e]vz, n.pl. ancient armour for the legs, of leather, &c. [O. Fr. greves--greve, shin-bone.]

GREBE, gr[=e]b, n. an aquatic bird, having a long conical beak, short wings, and no tail. [Fr. grèbe; from Celt., as in Bret. krib, a comb, W. crib, crest.]

GRECIAN, gr[=e]'shan, adj. pertaining to Greece.--n. a native of Greece: one well versed in the Greek language and literature: (B.) a Hellenising Jew, or Jew who spoke Greek: one of the senior boys of Christ's Hospital: (slang) an Irish labourer newly over.--v.t. GR[=E]'CISE, to make Grecian: to translate into Greek.--v.i. to speak Greek.--n. GR[=E]'CISM, an idiom of the Greek language.--adj. GR[=E]'CO-R[=O]'MAN, of or pertaining to both Greece and Rome, esp. to the art cultivated by Greeks under Roman domination (see also WRESTLING).--GRECIAN BEND, a foolish mode of walking with a slight bend forward, at one time affected by a few women who fondly thought to imitate the pose of a figure like the Venus of Milo. [Fr. Grec--L. Græcus--Gr. Graikos.]

GRECQUE, grek, n. a vessel with a perforated bottom for making coffee without grounds: a Greek fret.

GREE, gr[=e], n. (Spens.) good-will, favour: the prize of the day.--v.i. (Shak.) to agree. [O. Fr. gre--L. gratus, pleasing. See AGREE.]

GREE, gr[=e], n. degree, rank: a step:--pl. GREES, GRECE, GRESE, steps--in turn used as a sing. and spelt GREECE, GREESE, GRIECE, GRIZE, a flight of steps, a staircase, a degree (GREES'ING, GRES'SING, and even GR[=E]'CIAN are obs. forms).--adj. GRIECED, having steps. [O. Fr. gre--L. gradus. See GRADE.]

GREEDY, gr[=e]d'i, adj. having a voracious appetite: covetous: eagerly desirous.--n. GREED, an eager desire or longing: covetousness.--adv. GREED'ILY.--n. GREED'INESS. [A.S. gr['æ]dig; Dut. gretig.]

GREEK, gr[=e]k, adj. Grecian.--n. a Grecian: the language of Greece: (B.) a Greek by race, or more frequently a Gentile as opposed to a Jew, a Hellenising Jew, a Jew naturalised in foreign countries: a cunning rogue, a merry fellow: any language of which one is ignorant, jargon, anything unintelligible.--adj. GREEK'ISH.--GREEK ARCHITECTURE, the orders developed in ancient Greece (Corinthian, Doric, Ionic); GREEK CHURCH, the church of those Christians who follow the ancient rite of the East and accept the first seven councils, rejecting all later innovations and papal supremacy--it is called Orthodox by reason of its vindications of dogma, and Eastern from its geographical distribution; GREEK CROSS (see CROSS); GREEK FIRE, a composition, burning either in or under water, supposed to have been made of asphalt, nitre, and sulphur, long kept secret by the Greeks of the Byzantine empire for their exclusive use in war; GREEK GIFT, a treacherous gift (from Virgil's Æneid, ii. 49).--AT THE GREEK CALENDS, never, the Greeks having no calends.

GREEN, gr[=e]n, adj. of the colour of growing plants: growing: vigorous: new: unripe: inexperienced, simple, raw, easily imposed on: young.--n. the colour of growing plants: a small green or grassy plat, esp. that common to a village or town for public or merely ornamental purposes: the plot of grass belonging to a house or group of houses, usually at the back: (golf) the whole links on which the game is played, the putting-ground round the individual holes, generally counted as 20 yards from the hole all round: (pl.) fresh leaves: wreaths: the leaves and stems of green vegetables for food, esp. plants of the cabbage kind, spinach, &c.: a political party at Constantinople, under Justinian, opposed to the Blues.--ns. GREEN'BACK, popular name for the paper money first issued by the United States in 1862; GREEN'-CLOTH, a gaming-table: a department of the royal household, chiefly concerned with the commissariat--from the green cloth on the table round which its officials sat; GREEN'-CROP, a crop of green vegetables, as grasses, turnips, &c.; GREEN'-EARTH, a mineral of a green colour and earthy character, used as a pigment by painters in water-colours; GREEN'ERY, green plants: verdure.--adj. GREEN'-EYED, having green eyes: (fig.) jealous--GREEN-EYED MONSTER, jealousy.--ns. GREEN'FINCH, GREEN LINNET, a native bird of the finch family, of a green colour, slightly mixed with gray and brown; GREEN'GROCER, a grocer or dealer who retails greens, or fresh vegetables and fruits; GREEN'-HAND, an inferior sailor; GREEN'-HEART, or Bebeeru, a very hard variety of wood found in the West Indies and South America; GREEN'HORN, a raw, inexperienced youth; GREEN'HOUSE, a building, chiefly covered with glass and artificially heated, for the protection of exotic plants, or to quicken the cultivation of other plants or fruit; GREEN'ING (Keats), a becoming green: a kind of apple green when ripe.--adj. GREEN'ISH, somewhat green.--n. GREEN'ISHNESS.--adv. GREEN'LY, immaturely, unskilfully.--ns. GREEN'NESS; GREEN'ROOM, the retiring-room of actors in a theatre, which originally had the walls coloured green; GREEN'SAND, a sandstone in which green specks of iron occur; GREEN'SHANK, a bird of the snipe family, in the same genus as the redshank and some of the sandpipers; GREEN'-SICK'NESS, chlorosis (see under CHLORINE); GREEN'-SNAKE, a harmless colubrine snake common in the southern United States; GREEN'STONE, a rock term, now disused, for any dark-green basic crystalline (trap-rock); GREEN'SWARD, sward or turf green with grass; GREEN'-TEA (see TEA); GREENTH, greenness, verdure; GREEN'-TUR'TLE (see TURTLE); GREEN'-VIT'RIOL (see VIT'RIOL); GREEN'-WEED, a name given to certain half-shrubby species of genista; GREEN'WOOD, a wood or collection of trees covered with leaves: wood newly cut--also used as an adj., as in 'the greenwood shade.'--adj. GREEN'Y.--GREEN IN MY EYE, in a colloquial question=Do I look credulous or easily imposed on?--GREEN, or EMERALD, ISLE, IRELAND.--GREENSTICK FRACTURE (see FRACTURE). [A.S. gréne; Ger. grün, Dut. groen, green, Ice. grænn, allied to grow.]

GREENGAGE, gr[=e]n'g[=a]j, n. a green and very sweet variety of plum. [Said to be named from Sir W. Gage of Hengrave Hall, near Bury, before 1725.]

GREESE, GREESING. See GREE (2).

GREET, gr[=e]t, v.t. to salute or address with kind wishes: to send kind wishes to: to congratulate.--v.i. to meet and salute:--pr.p. greet'ing; pa.p. greet'ed.--n. GREET'ING, expression of kindness or joy: salutation. [A.S. grétan, to go to meet; Dut. groeten, Ger. grüssen, to salute.]

GREET, gr[=e]t, v.i. (Spens.) to cry, weep.--adj. GREET'ING, mournful.--n. weeping. [A.S. gr['æ]tan; Goth. gretan.]

GREEVE, gr[=e]v, n. (Scot.) a reeve, a steward.--Also GREAVE, GRIEVE. [Not like reeve from A.S. geréfa; but from Ice. greifi; cf. Ger. graf.]

GREFFIER, gref'ier, n. a registrar, a prothonotary. [Fr.]

GREGARIOUS, gre-g[=a]'ri-us, adj. associating or living in flocks and herds.--adj. GREG[=A]'RIAN.--n. GREG[=A]-RIANISM.--adv. GREG[=A]'RIOUSLY.--n. GREG[=A]'RIOUSNESS. [L. gregarius--grex, gregis, a flock.]

GREGORIAN, gre-g[=o]'ri-an, adj. belonging to or established by Pope Gregory; as the Gregorian chant or tones, introduced by Gregory I. (6th century), and the calendar, reformed by Gregory XIII. (1582): one of an 18th-century English brotherhood.

GREIT, gr[=e]t. Same as GREET (2).

GREMIAL, gr[=e]'mi-al, n. a piece of cloth laid on a bishop's knees to keep his vestments clean from oil at ordinations. [Fr.,--L. gremium, the lap.]

GRENADE, gre-n[=a]d', n. a small shell of iron or annealed glass, filled with powder and bits of iron, and thrown from the hand, or with a shovel over a parapet. [Fr.,--Sp. granada--L. granatus, full of seeds--granum, a grain, seed.]

GRENADIER, gren-a-d[=e]r', n. (orig.) a soldier who threw grenades: then, a member of the first company of every battalion of foot: now only used as the title of the first three battalions of the foot-guards.

GRENADINE, gren-a-d[=e]n', n. a thin kind of silk used for ladies' dresses, shawls, &c. [Fr.]

GRESSORIAL, gres-[=o]'ri-al, adj. adapted for walking, belonging to the Gressoria, a sub-order of orthopterous insects with slender bodies and long legs. [L. gressus, pa.p. of gradi, to walk.]

GRETNA, gret'na.--GRETNA-GREEN MARRIAGE, a runaway marriage across the Border to Gretna in Dumfriesshire.

GRÈVE, gr[=a]v, n. the Tyburn of ancient Paris.

GREVES, gr[=e]vz, n.pl. (Milt.) armour for the legs--a form of greaves.

GREW, gr[=oo], pa.t. of grow.

GREY, gr[=a]. Same as GRAY.--GREY FRIARS (see FRIAR); GREY HEN, a stone bottle for holding liquor; GREYS=Scots Greys (see SCOT).

GREYHOUND, gr[=a]'hownd, n. a tall and slender dog, kept for the chase, with great powers of speed and great keenness of sight. [M. E. greihund; Ice. greyhundr--Ice. grey, a dog, hundr, a hound.]

GREYWETHER, gr[=a]-we_th_'er, n. a large block of hard sandstone found sporadically over south and south-east England.--Also GRAYWETH'ER, but not Grayweather. [Gray and wether--i.e. 'gray ram.']

GRICE, gr[=i]s, n. a little pig.--Also GRISE. [Ice.]

GRIDDLE, grid'l, n. a flat iron plate for baking cakes. [O. Fr. gredil, grëil--Low L. craticulum, dim. of cratis, a hurdle.]

GRIDE, gr[=i]d, v.t. to cut with a grating sound, to pierce harshly: to grate, jar upon:--pr.p. gr[=i]d'ing; pa.p. gr[=i]d'ed.--n. a harsh grating sound. [Gird.]

GRIDELIN, grid'e-lin, n. a kind of violet-gray colour. [Fr. gris de lin, gray of flax.]

GRIDIRON, grid'[=i]-urn, n. a frame of iron bars for broiling flesh or fish over the fire: a frame of wood or iron cross-beams to support a ship during repairs.--v.t. to cover with parallel bars or lines.--n. GRID, a grating of parallel bars: a gridiron: (elect.) a battery-plate somewhat like a grating, esp. a zinc plate in a primary battery, or a lead plate in a secondary or storage battery. [M. E. gredire, a griddle. From the same source as griddle; but the term. -ire became confused with M. E. ire, iron.]

GRIECE. See GREE (2).

GRIEF, gr[=e]f, n. heaviness of heart: sorrow: regret: mourning: cause of sorrow: affliction: (B.) bodily as well as mental pain.--adjs. GRIEF'FUL (Spens.), full of grief; GRIEF'LESS, sorrowless; GRIEF'SHOT (Shak.), pierced with grief. [Fr.,--L. gravis, heavy.]

GRIEVE. See GREEVE.

GRIEVE, gr[=e]v, v.t. to cause grief or pain of mind to: to make sorrowful: to vex: (B.) also to inflict bodily pain.--v.i. to feel grief: to mourn.--n. GRIEV'ANCE, cause of grief: burden: hardship: injury: grief.--adv. GRIEV'INGLY (Shak.), in sorrow, sorrowfully.--adj. GRIEV'OUS, causing grief: burdensome: painful: atrocious: hurtful.--adv. GRIEV'OUSLY, in a grievous manner: (B.) severely.--n. GRIEV'OUSNESS. [O. Fr. grever--L. grav[=a]re, gravis, heavy.]

GRIFFIN, grif'in, GRIFFON, grif'un, n. an imaginary animal, with the body and legs of a lion, and the crooked beak and wings of an eagle: a new-comer in India, a novice: a watchful guardian, esp. over a young woman: a duenna.--adj. GRIFF'INISH.--n. GRIFF'INISM. [Fr. griffon--L. gryphus--Gr. gryps--grypos, hook-nosed.]

GRIG, grig, n. a cricket, grasshopper: a small lively eel, the sand-eel. [Prob. a form of crick, in cricket.]

GRILL, gril, v.t. to broil on a gridiron: to torment.--v.i. to undergo torment, to be in a broil.--n. a grated appliance for broiling meat, &c., a gridiron.--ns. GRILL'[=A]DE, anything grilled or broiled on a gridiron; GRILL'[=A]GE, a construction of cross-beams supporting an erection on marshy grounds.--adj. GRILLED, embossed with small rectangular indentations.--n. GRILL'-ROOM, a restaurant, where beefsteaks, &c., are grilled to one's order. [Fr. griller--gril, a gridiron--L. craticula, dim. of cratis, a grate.]

GRILLE, gril, n. a lattice, or grating, or screen, or open-work of metal, generally used to enclose or protect a window, shrine, &c.: a grating in a convent or jail door. [Fr. See GRILL.]

GRILSE, grils, n. a young salmon on its first return from salt water. [Skeat suggests a corr. of Dan. graalax, Sw. grålax, 'gray salmon,' from Dan. graa, Sw. grå, gray; and Dan., Sw., Ice. lax, Ger. lachs, a salmon. Others suggest Ir. greal sach.]

GRIM, grim, adj. of forbidding aspect: ferocious: ghastly: sullen: stern, unyielding.--adv. GRIM'LY.--n. GRIM'NESS. [A.S. grim; Ger. grimmig--grimm, fury, Dut. grimmig, Ice. grimmr.]

GRIMACE, gri-m[=a]s', n. a distortion of the face, in jest, &c.: a smirk.--v.i. to make grimaces.--adj. GRIMACED', with a grimace: distorted. [Fr.; of uncertain origin, perh. from Ice. gríma, a mask.]

GRIMALKIN, gri-mal'kin, n. an old cat, a cat generally. [Gray, and malkin, a dim. of Moll=Mary.]

GRIME, gr[=i]m, n. ingrained dirt.--v.t. to soil deeply.--adv. GRIM'ILY.--n. GRIM'INESS.--adjs. GRIM'-LOOKED (Shak.), having a grim or dismal aspect; GRIM'Y, foul, dirty. [From a Teut. root seen in Dan. grim, soot, Fris. grime, a dark spot on the face.]

GRIMM'S LAW. See LAW.

GRIN, grin, v.i. to set the teeth together and withdraw the lips: to smile with some accompanying distortion of the features, expressive of derision, stupid admiration, &c.--v.t. to express by grinning:--pr.p. grin'ning; pa.p. grinned.--n. act of grinning: a forced or sardonic smile.--p.adj. GRIN'NING, making grins. [A.S. grennian; Ice. grenja, Ger. greinen, Dut. grijnen, to grumble, Scot. girn; allied to Eng. groan, Fr. grogner.]

GRIN, grin, n. a snare or trap. [A.S. grín.]

GRIND, gr[=i]nd, v.t. to reduce to powder by friction: to wear down or sharpen by rubbing: to rub together: to oppress or harass: to set in motion by a crank.--v.i. to be moved or rubbed together: to drudge at any tedious task: to read hard:--pr.p. gr[=i]nd'ing; pa.t. and pa.p. ground.--n. hard or distasteful work: laborious study for a special examination, &c.--ns. GRIND'ER, he who, or that which, grinds: a double or jaw tooth that grinds food: a coach or crammer of students for examination: a hard student; GRIND'ERY, a place where knives, &c., are ground, or where they are sold: shoemakers' materials; GRIND'ING, act or process of reducing to powder.--p.adj. harassing.--n. GRIND'STONE, a circular revolving stone for grinding or sharpening tools.--KEEP ONE'S NOSE TO THE GRINDSTONE, to subject one to severe continuous toil or punishment.--TAKE A GRINDER (Dickens), to put the left thumb to the nose, and to work a visionary coffee-mill round it with the right--a gesture of contempt. [A.S. grindan.]

GRINGO, gring'g[=o], n. an Englishman or American among Spanish-speaking Americans. [Sp. 'gibberish,' prob. Griego, Greek.]

GRIP, grip, n. a small ditch or trench, a drain.--Also GRIPE. [M. E. grip, grippe; cf. Low Ger. gruppe.]

GRIP, grip, n. grasp or firm hold with the hand, &c.: the handle or part by which anything is grasped: a mode of grasping, a particular mode of grasping hands for mutual recognition, as by Freemasons: a clutching device connecting a car with a moving traction-cable: oppression: pinching distress.--v.t. to take fast hold of, to grasp or gripe:--pr.p. grip'ping; pa.p. gripped, gript.--v.t. GR[=I]PE, to grasp with the hand: to seize and hold fast: to squeeze: to give pain to the bowels.--n. fast hold, grasp: forcible retention: a griffin: a usurer: (pl.) severe spasmodic pain in the intestines.--n. GR[=I]P'ER.--p.adj. GR[=I]P'ING, avaricious: of a pain that catches or seizes acutely.--adv. GR[=I]P'INGLY, in a griping or oppressive manner.--ns. GRIPPE, influenza or epidemic catarrh; GRIP'PER, one who, or that which, grips.--adj. GRIP'PLE (Spens.), griping, grasping: greedy.--n. a gripe.--n. GRIP'-SACK, a hand-satchel.--LOSE ONE'S GRIP, to lose hold or control. [A.S. grípan, grap, gripen; Ice. grípa, Ger. grei'fen, Dut. grijpen; allied to grab.]

GRIQUA, grek'wa, n. one of a mixed race in South Africa, descended from Boer fathers and Hottentot or Bush women.

GRISAILLE, gr[=e]-z[=a]l', n. a style of decorative painting in grayish tints in imitation of bas-reliefs: a stained-glass window in this style. [Fr.,--gris, gray.]

GRIS-AMBER, gris'-am'b[.e]r, n. (Milt.)--ambergris.

GRISE, GRIZE. See GREE (2).

GRISELDA, gris-el'da, n. a woman of exemplary gentleness and patience, from the name of the heroine of a tale retold by Boccaccio, Petrarch, and Chaucer (Clerkes Tale).

GRISEOUS, gris'[=e]-us, adj. bluish-gray.

GRISETTE, gri-zet', n. a gay young Frenchwoman of the lower class. [Fr. grisette, a gray gown, which used to be worn by that class--gris, gray.]

GRISKIN, gris'kin, n. (prov.) the spine of a hog. [Obs. gris, grice, a pig--Ice. griss, a young pig.]

GRISLED, griz'ld. Same as GRIZZLED.

GRISLY, griz'li, adj. frightful: hideous.--n. GRIS'LINESS. [A.S. gryslíc, ágrísan, to dread; Ger. grässlich.]

GRIST, grist, n. corn for grinding at one time: supply: profit.--n. GRIST'-MILL, a mill for grinding grain.--Bring grist to the mill, to be a source of profit. [A.S. grist, gerst, a grinding; from root of grind.]

GRISTLE, gris'l, n. a soft elastic substance in animal bodies--also called Cartilage.--n. GRIST'LINESS.--adj. GRIST'LY. [A.S. gristle--grist, grinding.]

GRIT, grit, n. the coarse part of meal: gravel: a kind of hard sandstone: firmness of character, spirit: (pl.) oats coarsely ground, groats.--ns. GRIT'STONE; GRIT'TINESS.--adj. GRIT'TY, having hard particles: sandy: determined, plucky. [A.S. greót; Dut. grut, groats, Ger. gries, gravel.]

GRIT, grit, a Scotch form of great.

GRIZE. See GREE (2).

GRIZZLE, griz'l, n. a gray colour.--adjs. GRIZZ'LED, gray, or mixed with gray; GRIZZ'LY, of a gray colour.--n. the grizzly bear (Ursus horribilis) of the Rocky Mountains. [M. E. grisel--Fr. gris, gray--Mid. High Ger. grís, gray, Ger. greis.]

GROAN, gr[=o]n, v.i. to utter a moaning sound in distress: (fig.) to be afflicted: to express disapprobation of a speaker by means of audible groans or similar sounds.--n. a deep moaning sound as of distress: a sound of disapprobation.--adj. GROAN'FUL (Spens.), sad, agonising.--n. GROAN'ING, a deep moan as of pain: any low rumbling sound. [A.S. gránian.]

GROAT, grawt, or gr[=o]t, n. an English silver coin, worth fourpence--only coined after 1662 as Maundy money--the silver fourpenny-piece, coined from 1836-56, was not called a groat: a very small sum, proverbially. [Old Low Ger. grote, a coin of Bremen--orig. grote sware, 'great pennies,' as compared with the smaller copper coins, five to the groat.]

GROATS, gr[=o]ts, n.pl. the grain of oats deprived of the husks. [M. E. grotes, prob. Ice. grautr, barley; cog. with A.S. grút, coarse meal.]

GROBIAN, gr[=o]'bi-an, n. a boorish rude fellow. [Ger. grob, coarse; cf. gruff--Dut. grof.]

GROCER, gr[=o]s'[.e]r, n. a dealer in tea, sugar, &c.--n. GROC'ERY (generally used in pl.), articles sold by grocers. [Earlier grosser or engrosser, a wholesale dealer; O. Fr. grossier--gros, great.]

GROG, grog, n. a mixture of spirits and cold water, without sugar.--ns. GROG'-BLOSS'OM, a redness of the nose due to drinking; GROG'GERY (U.S.), a low public-house; GROG'GINESS, state of being groggy; GROG'GING, extracting the spirit from the wood of empty spirit-casks with water.--adj. GROG'GY, affected by grog, partially intoxicated: (boxing) weak and staggering from blows: applied to a horse that bears wholly on his heels in trotting.--n. GROG'-SHOP, a dram-shop. [From 'Old Grog,' the nickname of Admiral Vernon, who introduced it about 1745--from his grogram breeches.]

GROGRAM, grog'ram, n. a kind of coarse cloth of silk and mohair. [O. Fr. grosgrain.]

GROIN, groin, n. the part of the body on either side of the belly where the thigh joins the trunk: (archit.) the angular curve formed by the crossing of two arches.--v.t. to form into groins, to build in groins.--n. GROIN'-CEN'TRING, the centring of timber during construction.--adj. GROINED, having angular curves made by the intersection of two arches.--n. GROIN'ING.--UNDERPITCH GROINING, a kind of vaulting used when the main vault of a groined roof is higher than the transverse intersecting vault, as in St George's Chapel, Windsor--sometimes called Welsh groining. [Ice. grein, division, branch--greina, to divide; Sw. gren, branch, space between the legs; Scot. graine, grane, the branch of a tree or river.]

GROIN, groin, v.i. (obs.) to grunt, to growl. [O. Fr. grogner--L. grunn[=i]re, to grunt.]

GROLIER, gr[=o]'lye, n. a book or a binding from the library of the French bibliophile, Jean Grolier (1479-1565).--adj. GROLIERESQUE', after the style of Grolier's bindings, with geometrical or arabesque figures and leaf-sprays in gold lines.

GROMMET, grom'et, n. a ring formed of a single strand of rope, laid in three times round, fastening the upper edge of a sail to its stay: a ship-boy. [O. Fr.]

GROMWELL, grom'wel, n. a herb of the borage family. [O. Fr. grumel--L. grumulus, a hillock.]

GROOM, gr[=oo]m, n. one who has the charge of horses: a title of several officers of the royal household: a bridegroom.--v.t. to tend, as a horse.--n. GROOMS'MAN, the attendant on a bridegroom at his marriage. [Prob. from A.S. guma (in bride_groom_), a man, Goth. guma, Ice. gumi, L. homo.]

GROOVE, gr[=oo]v, n. a furrow, or long hollow, such as is cut with a tool.--v.t. to grave or cut a groove or furrow in. [Prob. Dut. groef, groeve, a furrow; cog. with Ger. grube, a pit, Ice. gróf, Eng. grave.]

GROPE, gr[=o]p, v.i. to search for something, as if blind or in the dark.--v.t. to search by feeling.--adv. GROP'INGLY, in a groping manner. [A.S. grápian, to seize; allied to grab, gripe.]

GROSBEAK, gr[=o]s'b[=e]k, n. a name applied to not a few highly specialised finches (Fringillidæ), with thick, heavy, seed-crushing bills--also to many other birds, as the cardinal grosbeaks and the rose-breasted grosbeak. [Gross and beak.]

GROSCHEN, gr[=o]'shen, n. a small silver coin till 1873-76 current in the north of Germany, in value 1/30th of a thaler. [Ger.,--L. grossus, thick.]

GROSER, gr[=o]'ser, n. (prov.) a gooseberry--(Scot.) GROS'SART.--adj. GROSSUL[=A]'CEOUS, pertaining to the gooseberry. [See GOOSEBERRY.]

GROSS, gr[=o]s, adj. coarse: rough: dense: palpable, glaring, shameful: whole: coarse in mind: stupid: sensual: obscene.--n. the main bulk: the whole taken together: a great hundred--i.e. twelve dozen.--adv. GROSS'LY.--n. GROSS'NESS.--IN GROSS, in bulk, wholesale. [Fr. gros--L. grossus, thick.]

GROTESQUE, gr[=o]-tesk', adj. extravagantly formed: ludicrous.--n. (art) extravagant ornament, containing animals, plants, &c. not really existing.--adv. GROTESQUE'LY.--ns. GROTESQUE'NESS; GROTESQU'ERY. [Fr. grotesque--It. grotesca--grotta, a grotto.]

GROTIAN, gr[=o]'shi-an, adj. of or pertaining to Hugo Grotius (1583-1645), the Latinised form of Huig van Groot, founder of the science of international law.--GROTIAN THEORY, the theory that man is essentially a social being, and that the principles of justice are of perpetual obligation and in harmony with his nature; GROTIAN, or GOVERNMENTAL, THEORY OF THE ATONEMENT, a divine acquittal for Christ's sake, rather than a real satisfaction on the part of Christ.

GROTTO, grot'[=o], n. a cave: a place of shade, for pleasure--also GROT:--pl. GROTT'OS--n. GROTT'O-WORK, a grotto-like structure. [It. grotta (Fr. grotte)--L. crypta--Gr. krypt[=e], a crypt.]

GROUND, grownd, pa.t. and pa.p. of grind.

GROUND, grownd, n. the surface of the earth: a portion of the earth's surface: land, field, soil: the floor, &c.: position: field or place of action: (lit. or fig.) that on which something is raised: foundation: sufficient reason: (art) the surface on which the figures are represented.--v.t. to fix on a foundation or principle: to instruct in first principles: to cover with a layer of plaster, &c., as a basis for painting: to coat with a composition, as a surface to be etched.--v.i. to strike the bottom and remain fixed.--ns. GROUND'AGE, the tax paid by a ship for the space occupied while in port; GROUND'-ANG'LING, fishing without a float, with a weight placed a few inches from the hook--called also Bottom-fishing; GROUND'-ASH, a sapling of ash; GROUND'-BAIT, bait dropped to the bottom of the water.--adv. GROUND'EDLY (Browning), on good grounds.--ns. GROUND'ER, at baseball, &c., a ball thrown low rather than rising into the air; GROUND'-FLOOR, the floor of a house on a level with the street or exterior ground; GROUND'-GAME, hares, rabbits, as distinguished from winged game; GROUND'-HOG, the American marmot, or woodchuck: the aardvark of Africa; GROUND'-HOLD (Spens.), ground-tackle; GROUND-ICE, the ice formed at the bottom of a water first--also AN'CHOR-ICE; GROUND'ING, the background of embroidery, &c.; GROUND'-[=I]'VY, a common British creeping-plant whose leaves were once used for flavouring ale (gill-ale or gell-ale).--adj. GROUND'LESS, without ground, foundation, or reason.--adv. GROUND'LESSLY.--ns. GROUND'LESSNESS; GROUND'LING, a fish which keeps near the bottom of the water, esp. the spinous loach: a spectator in the pit of a theatre---hence one of the common herd: (pl.) the vulgar.--adj. (Lamb) base.--ns. GROUND'-NUT, ground-bean, or pea-nut, the fruit of the annual leguminous plant Arachis hypogæa; GROUND'-OAK, a sapling of oak; GROUND'-PLAN, plan of the horizontal section of the lowest or ground story of a building: GROUND'-PLOT, the plot of ground on which a building stands; GROUND'-RENT, rent paid to a landlord for the use of the ground for a specified term, usually in England ninety-nine years.--n.pl. GROUNDS, dregs of drink: sediment at the bottom of liquors (explained by Skeat as Celtic--Gael. grunndas, lees, grunnd, bottom, Ir. gruntas, grunnt, bottom).--ns. GROUND'SELL, GROUND'SILL, the timber of a building which lies next to the ground; GROUND-SQUIRR'EL, the chipmuck or hackee; GROUND'-SWELL, a broad, deep undulation of the ocean, proceeding from a distant storm; GROUND'-TACK'LE, the tackle necessary for securing a vessel at anchor; GROUND'WORK, that which forms the ground or foundation of anything: the basis: the essential part: the first principle.--GROUND ANNUAL, in the law of Scotland, an annual payment, sometimes called a rent-charge, made for land--a substitute for feu-duty.--BE ON ONE'S OWN GROUND, to be dealing with a matter in which one is specially versed; BREAK GROUND, to take the first step in any project; FALL TO THE GROUND, to come to nothing; GAIN GROUND, to advance, to obtain an advantage; GIVE GROUND, to yield advantage; LOSE GROUND, to retire, to lose advantage; SLIPPERY GROUND, an insecure footing; STAND, or HOLD, ONE'S GROUND, to stand firm. [A.S. grund; most prob. grund-en, pa.p. of grindan, and orig. meaning 'earth ground small;' cog. with Ger. grund, Ice. grunnr.]

GROUNDSEL, grownd'sel, n. an annual plant, about a foot high, with small yellow flowers. [A.S. grundeswelge--grund, ground, swelgan, to swallow.]

GROUP, gr[=oo]p, n. a number of persons or things together: a number of individual things related, in some definite way differentiating them from others: (art) a combination of figures forming a harmonious whole.--v.t. to form into a group or groups.--v.i. to fall into harmonious combination.--n. GROUP'ING (art), the act of disposing and arranging figures or objects in a group. [Fr. groupe--It. groppo, a bunch, knot--Teut.; cf. Ger. kropf, protuberance.]

GROUSE, grows, n. the heathcock or moorfowl, a plump bird with a short curved bill, short legs, and feathered feet, which frequents Scotch moors and hills--the Scotch ptarmigan, red-grouse: any bird of the family Tetraonidæ, and sub-family Tetraoninæ. [Prob. from the older grice (on the analogy of mouse, mice)--O. Fr. griesche, gray.]

GROUT, growt, n. coarse meal: the sediment of liquor: lees: a thin coarse mortar: a fine plaster for finishing ceilings.--n. GROUT'ING, the filling up or finishing with grout: the stuff so used.--adj. GROUT'Y, thick, muddy: sulky. [A.S. grút, coarse meal; cog. with Dut. grut, Ice. grautr, porridge, Ger. grütze, groats.]

GROVE, gr[=o]v, n. a wood of small size, generally of a pleasant or ornamental character: an avenue of trees: (B.) an erroneous translation of Asherah, the wooden upright image of the lewdly worshipped goddess Ashtoreth; also of Heb. eshel in Gen. xxi. 33.--GROVES OF ACADEME, the shady walks of the Academy at Athens, any place of learned pursuits. [A.S. gráf, a grove--grafan, pa.t. gróf, to dig.]

GROVEL, grov'el, v.i. to crawl on the earth, esp. in abject fear, &c.: to be base or mean:--pr.p. grov'elling; pa.p. grov'elled.--n. GROV'ELLER.--adj. GROV'ELLING, mean. [Explained by Skeat as due to M. E. groveling, flat on the ground, properly an adv., also grofling--Ice. grûfa.]

GROW, gr[=o], v.i. to become enlarged by a natural process: to advance towards maturity: to increase in size: to develop: to become greater in any way: to extend: to improve: to pass from one state to another: to become.--v.t. to cause to grow: to cultivate:--pa.t. grew (gr[=oo]); pa.p. grown.--ns. GROW'ER; GROW'ING; GROWTH, a growing: gradual increase: progress: development: that which has grown: product.--GROW ON, to gain in the estimation of; GROW OUT OF, to issue from, result from: to pass beyond in development, to give up; GROW TO, to advance to; GROW TOGETHER, to become united by growth; GROW UP, to advance in growth, become full-grown; to take root, spring up. [A.S. grówan; Ice. gróa; conn. with green.]

GROWL, growl, v.i. to utter a deep, murmuring sound like a dog: to grumble surlily.--v.t. to express by growling.--n. a murmuring, snarling sound, as of an angry dog.--ns. GROWL'ER, one who growls: a fish of the Perch family, abundant in North American rivers, so named from the sound it emits: (slang) a four-wheeled cab: (Amer.) a jug or pitcher used for carrying beer; GROWL'ING, grumbling, snarling: a rumbling sound.--adv. GROWL'INGLY. [Dut. grollen, to grumble; allied to Gr. gryllizein, to grunt.]

GROYNE, groin, n. a wooden breakwater. [GROIN.]

GRUB, grub, v.i. to dig in the dirt: to be occupied meanly: (slang) to eat.--v.t. to dig or root out of the ground (generally followed by up): (slang) to supply with victuals:--pr.p. grub'bing; pa.p. grubbed.--n. the larva of the beetle, moth, &c.: (slang) something to eat.--n. GRUB'BER, he who, or that which, grubs: an agricultural implement for grubbing out weeds, &c., or for clearing and stirring up the soil, with obliquely placed tines or teeth set in a frame and moved forward on wheels.--v.i. and v.t. GRUB'BLE, to grope.--n. GRUB'-STREET, a street in London inhabited by booksellers' hacks and shabby writers generally.--adj. applied to any mean literary production. [Prob. A.S. grápian, to grope.]

GRUDGE, gruj, v.t. to murmur at: to look upon with envy: to give or take unwillingly.--v.i. to show discontent.--n. secret enmity or envy: an old cause of quarrel.--adjs. GRUDGE'FUL (Spens.), full of grudge, envious; GRUDG'ING, given to grudge.--adv. GRUDG'INGLY, unwillingly. [M. E. grochen, grucchen--O. Fr. grocer, groucer, from an imitative root seen in Gr. gry, the grunt of a pig; also in growl, grunt.]

GRUEL, gr[=oo]'el, n. a thin food made by boiling oatmeal in water. [O. Fr. gruel (Fr. gruau), groats--Low L. grutellum, dim. of grutum, meal--Old Low Ger. grut, groats, A.S. grút.]

GRUESOME, gr[=oo]'sum, adj. horrible: fearful: dismal, depressing.--vs.i. GRUE, GREW, to shudder: to feel horror or repulsiveness. [Scand.; Dan. gru, horror, with suff. -som; cf. Dut. gruwzaam, Ger. grausam.]

GRUFF, gruf, adj. rough, stern, or abrupt in manner: churlish.--adv. GRUFF'LY.--n. GRUFF'NESS. [Dut. grof; cog. with Sw. grof, Ger. grob, coarse.]

GRUM, grum, adj. morose: surly: deep in the throat, as a sound.--adv. GRUM'LY.--n. GRUM'NESS. [A.S. grom; cf. Dan. grum.]

GRUMBLE, grum'bl, v.i. to murmur with discontent: to growl: to rumble.--n. the act of grumbling.--ns. GRUM'BLER; GRUMBLET[=O]'NIAN, one of the country party as opposed to the court party, after 1689.--adv. GRUM'BLINGLY. [Old Dut. grommelen, freq. of grommen to mutter.]

GRUME, gr[=oo]m, n. a thick consistence of fluid: a clot, as of blood.--adjs. GRUM'OUS, GRUM'OSE, thick: clotted. [O. Fr. grume, a bunch (Fr. grumeau, a clot)--L. grumus, a little heap.]

GRUMPH, grumf, n. (Scot.) a grunt.--v.i. to grunt.--n. GRUMPH'IE, a sow.

GRUMPY, grum'pi, adj. surly: dissatisfied: melancholic.--adv. GRUM'PILY. [Grumble.]

GRUNDY, grund'i, MRS, the invisible censor morum who is frequently appealed to in the phrase, 'But what will Mrs Grundy say?' in Thomas Morton's play, Speed the Plough (1800).

GRUNT, grunt, v.i. to make a sound like a pig: to utter guttural sounds.--n. a short, guttural sound, as of a hog.--ns. GRUNT'ER; GRUNT'ING.--adv. GRUNT'INGLY. [M. E. grunten--A.S. grunian; cf. Ger. grunzen, L. grunn[=i]re; all imit.]

GRUTCH, gruch, v.t. or v.i. (Spens.) to grudge.

GRUYÈRE, gr[=oo]-y[=a]r', n. a famous whole-milk cheese, made at Gruyère and many other places in the canton of Freiburg, Switzerland.

GRYDE, gr[=i]d, v.i. (Spens.) to gride.

GRYFON, GRYPHON, grif'on, n. obsolete forms of griffin.--Also GRYPE.

GRYPOSIS, gri-p[=o]'sis, n. a curvature, esp. of the nails.